ee330 week 1-2.ppt
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Q1. When was the frst PC sold?A1. 1981
Q2. What was its name?A2. IBM PC
Q3. What is the central comonent o! a PC?
A3. CP"#Processor#Microrocessor
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Q$. What is the di%erence &etween PChardware and so!tware?
A$. Broadl'( the comonents that 'o) canto)ch h'sicall'( are hardware while all
ro*rams#ro*rammin* +which 'o) cannotto)ch, that are r)n on the PC or that r)nsome de-ices on the PC are collecti-el' calledsoftware.
Q. What is a PC oeratin* s'stem ?A. It is the so!tware#ro*ram that /oerates0
the PC and is )sed !or &asic ho)seeein*tass.
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Q. Who made the frst PC oeratin* s'stem?
A. Microso!t Cororation.
Q. What is the di%erence &etween PCmemor' and stora*e?
A. 4enerall'( the electronic area wherero*rams are loaded !or r)nnin*( and wherecom)tations and calc)lations are done !oreach acti-it' is PC memory while the m)chlar*er electronic area( where )ser
fles#doc)ments#ima*es etc. are stored( iscalled storage.
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Q8. What are the two t'es o! memor' in aPC?A8. 5ead6Write Memor' +5AM, and 5ead67nl'
Memor' +57M,.
Q9. ame !o)r common stora*e de-ices?A9. ard6dis :ri-e( ;lo'6:is( C:657M(
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Q11. ame !o)r t'ical com)ter
eriherals.A11. Monitor( e'&oard( mo)se( rinter.
Q12. he old st'le monitors are o!ten called
C5 monitors@ what does C5 stand !or?A12. Cathode 5a' )&e.
Q13. he new st'le thin6at monitors arecalled C: monitors@ what does C: stand!or?
A13. i)id Cr'stal :isla'.
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Q1$. What does "=B stand !or?
A1$. "ni-ersal =erial B)s.Q1. ow man' &its are in a B'te?A1. Di*ht.
Q1. ow man' &'tes are in a EB'te?
A1. 1>2$.
Q1. ow man' B'tes are in an MB'te?
A1. 1>2$F1>2$ G 1>$8
Q18. ow man' MB'tes are in a 4B'te?A18. 1>2$.
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Q19. What is a &it( an'wa'?
A19. /&it0 ori*inated !rom /binar' di*it0. It isthe smallest )nit o! in!ormation )sed incom)ters( t'icall' a />0 or a /10.
Q2>. ame f-e Windows -ersions?
A2>. Windows9( Windows98( WindowsMD(Windows2>>>( WindowsHP.
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Q21. ame an' ten hi*h le-el ro*rammin*lan*)a*es. A21. ;755A( I=P( C( Pascal( BA=IC#
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Q23. What is an /interr)t0 !or acom)ter ro*ram?
A23. An interr)t is the occ)rrence o! acondition K an e-ent K that ca)ses atemorar' s)sension o! a com)terro*ram while the condition is ser-iced &'
another ro*ram.
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Q2$. What does 7=I stand !or and what isthe 7=I Model?
A2$. 7en ='stems Interconnection. he7=I Model is an a&stract descrition !orla'ered comm)nications and com)ternetwor rotocol desi*n.
Q2. What does each core do in a m)lti6core rocessor?
A2. Dach core eFec)tes a searate tas ina ro*ram which increases the o-erallseed o! eFec)tion i! the ro*ram is writtento tae ad-anta*e o! the m)ltile cores.
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Q2. What does := stand !or and what does
this si*ni!'? A2. :omain ame ='stem. It is a
hierarchical namin* s'stem !or com)ters(ser-ices( or an' reso)rce connected to the
Internet or a ri-ate networ. It associates-ario)s in!ormation with domain namesassi*ned to each o! the articiants.
Q2. Brie' descri&e what is a we& ser-er?
A2. A we& ser-er is a com)ter ro*ramthat deli-ers +ser-es, content( s)ch as we&a*es( )sin* the 'erteFt rans!er Protocol. he term can also re!er to the com)ter or
-irt)al machine r)nnin* the ro*ram. 11
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Q28. ow wo)ld 'o) defne a /we&&rowser0?
A28. A we& &rowser is a so!twarealication !or retrie-in*( resentin*( and
tra-ersin* in!ormation reso)rces on theWorld Wide We&.
Q29. What are ro*rammin* lan*)a*es
that are not o&Lect oriented( called? A29. P r o c e d ) r a l +ro*rammin*,
lan*)a*es.
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Q3>. ist three !eat)res o! 7&Lect 7riented
Pro*rammin* techni)es A3>. 77 Pro*rammin* techni)es ma'
incl)de !eat)res s)ch as data a&straction(encas)lation( mod)larit'( ol'morhism(
and inheritance. Q31. What is Client6=er-er com)tin*? A31. Client6ser-er com)tin* or networin* is
a distri&)ted alication architect)re thatartitions tass or wor loads &etweenser-ice ro-iders +ser-ers, and ser-icere)esters( called clients. 7!ten clients andser-ers oerate o-er a com)ter networ onsearate hardware.
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Q32. What is a /comiler0?
A32. A comiler is a com)ter ro*ram +orset o! ro*rams, that trans!orms so)rcecode written in a com)ter lan*)a*e +theso)rce lan*)a*e, into another com)terlan*)a*e +the tar*et lan*)a*e( o!tenha-in* a &inar' !orm nown as o&Lectcode,. he most common reason !or
wantin* to trans!orm so)rce code is tocreate an eFec)ta&le ro*ram.
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◦ "ses o! Com)ter etwors
◦ etwor ardware
◦ etwor =o!tware
◦ 5e!erence Models
◦ DFamle etwors
◦ etwor =tandardiation
◦ Metric "nits
Revised: August 2011
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Com)ter networs are collections o!a)tonomo)s com)ters( e.*.( the Internet
he' ha-e man' )sesN◦ B)siness Alications »
◦ ome Alications »◦ Mo&ile "sers »
hese )ses raiseN◦ =ocial Iss)es »
his teFt co-ers networs !or all o! these)ses
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request
response
Comanies )se networs and com)ters !orreso)rce sharin* with the client6ser-ermodelN
7ther o)lar )ses are comm)nication(e.*.( email(
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omes contain man' networed de-ices(e.*.( com)ters(
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a&lets( latos( and smart hones areo)lar de-ices@ Wi;i hotsots and 34cell)lar ro-ide wireless connecti-it'.
Mo&ile )sers comm)nicate( e.*.( -oice and
teFts( cons)me content( e.*.( -ideo andWe&( and )se sensors( e.*.( 4P=. Wireless and mo&ile are related &)t
di%erentN
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◦ etwor ne)tralit' O no networ restrictions
◦ Content ownershi( e.*.( :MCA taedowns ?
◦ Anon'mit' ? and censorshi ?
◦ Pri-ac'( e.*.( We& tracin* ? and roflin* ?
◦ he!t( e.*.( &otnets ? and hishin* ?
◦ :MCA G :i*ital Millenni)m Co'ri*ht Act
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etwors can &e classifed &' their scaleN
Scale Type
Vicinity A! "erson#$ Are# !et%or&' »
(ui$ding )A! ")oc#$ Are# !et%or&' »*ity +A! "+etropo$it#n Are# !et%or&' »
*ountry ,A! ",ide Are# !et%or&' »
$#net -.e /nternet "net%or& o #$$ net%or&s'
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Connect de-ices o-er the ran*e o! aerson
DFamle o! a Bl)etooth +wireless, PAN
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Connect de-ices in a home or oce &)ildin* Called enterrise networ in a coman'
,ire$ess )A!
%it. 80211
,ired )A! %it.
s%itc.ed t.ernet
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Connect de-ices o-er a metroolitan area
DFamle MA &ased on ca&le
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Connect de-ices o-er a co)ntr' DFamle WA connectin* three &ranch
ocesN
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An I=P +Internet =er-ice Pro-ider, networ isalso a WA.
C)stomers &)' connecti-it' !rom the I=P to)se it.
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A
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◦ Protocol la'ers »
◦ :esi*n iss)es !or the la'ers »
◦ Connection6oriented -s. connectionless
ser-ice »◦ =er-ice rimiti-es »
◦ 5elationshi o! ser-ices to rotocols »
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Protocol la'erin* is the main str)ct)rin* method
)sed to di-ide ) networ !)nctionalit'.
Dach rotocol
instance tals -irt)all'to its eer
Dach la'ercomm)nicates onl' &')sin* the one &elow
ower la'er ser-icesare accessed &' aninter!ace
At &ottom( messa*esare carried &' themedi)m
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DFamleN the hilosoher6translator6
secretar' architect)re Dach rotocol at di%erent la'ers ser-es a
di%erent )rose
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Dach lower la'er adds its own header +with
control in!orm6ation, to the messa*e totransmit and remo-es it on recei-e
a'ers ma' also slit and Loin messa*es( etc.
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Dach la'er sol-es a artic)lar ro&lem &)tm)st incl)de mechanisms to address aset o! rec)rrin* desi*n iss)es
Issue Example mechanisms at different layers
Re$i#i$ity despite#i$ures
*odes or error detectioncorrection "32 33'Routing #round #i$ures "52'
!et%or& gro%t.#nd evo$ution
Addressing "56' #nd n#ing "71'rotoco$ $#yering "13'
A$$oc#tion o resources
$i&e #nd%idt.
+u$tip$e #ccess "42'
*ongestion contro$ "53 63'ecurity #g#instv#rious t.re#ts
*onidenti#$ity o ess#ges "82 86' Aut.entic#tion o counic#ting p#rties "87'
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=er-ice ro-ided &' a la'er ma' &e indso! eitherN◦ Connection6oriented( m)st &e set ) !or
on*oin* )se +and torn down a!ter )se,( e.*.(hone call
◦ Connectionless( messa*es are handledsearatel'( e.*.( ostal deli-er'
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A ser-ice is ro-ided to the la'er a&o-e as
rimiti-es 'othetical eFamle o! ser-ice rimiti-es
that ma' ro-ide a relia&le &'te stream+connection6oriented, ser-iceN
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'othetical eFamle o! how theserimiti-es ma' &e )sed !or a client6ser-erinteraction
*$ient erver
)/-! "0'
A**-R*/V
! "4'
/*;!!*- "6'
*;!!*- "1'
!
R*/V
/*;!!*- "5'
*onnect request
Accept response
Request or d#t#
Rep$y
isconnect
isconnect
"2'
"3'
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5ecaN◦ A la'er ro-ides a ser-ice to the one a&o-e
-erticalR
◦ A la'er tals to its eer )sin* a rotocol
horiontalR
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5e!erence models descri&e the la'ers in anetwor architect)re
◦ 7=I re!erence model »
◦ CP#IP re!erence model »
◦ Model )sed !or this teFt »
◦ Criti)e o! 7=I and CP#IP »
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A rinciled( international standard( se-enla'er model to connect di%erent s'stems
< rovides unctions needed y users < *onverts dierent represent#tions
< +#n#ges t#s& di#$ogs
< rovides end=to=end de$ivery
< ends p#c&ets over u$tip$e $in&s
< ends r#es o inor#tion
< ends its #s sign#$s
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A !o)r la'er model deri-ed !romeFerimentation@ omits some 7=I la'ers and)ses the IP as the networ la'er.
/ is t.e
>n#rro% %#ist?
o t.e /nternet
rotoco$s #re s.o%n in t.eir respective $#yers
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7=IN@
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◦ he Internet »
◦ 34 mo&ile hone networs »
◦ Wireless As »
◦ 5;I: and sensor networs »
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Be!ore the Internet was the A5PAD( adecentralied( acet6switched networ&ased on Baran0s ideas.
ARA!- topo$ogy in ept 1972
!odes #re /+s
or e#r$y routers
$in&ed to .osts
56 &ps $in&s
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he earl' Internet )sed =;D +1986199, as its &ac&one@ )ni-ersitiesconnected to *et on the Internet
!!- topo$ogy in 1988
-1 $in&s
"15 +ps'
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he modern Internet is more comleFN
◦ I=P networs ser-e as the Internet &ac&one◦ I=Ps connect or eer to eFchan*e trac at IXPs
◦ Within each networ ro)ters switch acets
◦ Between networs( trac eFchan*e is set &'
&)siness a*reements◦ C)stomers connect at the edge &' man' means Ca&le( :=( ;i&er6to6the6ome( 34#$4 wireless( dial)
◦ :ata centers concentrate man' ser-ers +Stheclo)dT,
◦ Most trac is content !rom data centers +es. -ideo,
◦ he architect)re contin)es to e-ol-e
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Arc.itecture o t.e /nternet
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34 networ is &ased on satial cells@ eachcell ro-ides wireless ser-ice to mo&ileswithin it -ia a &ase station
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Base stations connect to the core networ
to fnd other mo&iles and send data to thehone networ and Internet
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As mo&iles mo-e( &ase stations hand themo% !rom one cell to the neFt( and thenetwor tracs their location
B#ndover
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In 8>2.11( clients comm)nicate -ia an AP+Access Point, that is wired to the rest o!the networ.
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=i*nals in the 2.$4 I=M &and -ar' instren*th d)e to man' e%ects( s)ch asm)ltiath !adin* d)e to reections re)ires comleF transmission schemes( e.*.(
7;:M
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5adio &roadcasts inter!ere with each other(and radio ran*es ma' incomletel'o-erla C=MA +Carrier =ense M)ltile Access, desi*ns are
)sed
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Passi-e "; 5;I: networs e-er'da'o&LectsN a*s +sticers with not e-en a &atter', are laced
on o&Lects
5eaders send si*nals that the ta*s reect tocomm)nicate
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=ensor networs sread small de-ices o-eran areaN :e-ices send sensed data to collector -ia wireless
hos
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=tandards defne what is needed !orinteroera&ilit'
=ome o! the man' standards &odiesN
Body Area Examples
ITU -e$ecounic#tions C992 A)B264 +C4
IEEE *ounic#tions 8023 t.ernet80211 ,ii
IETF /nternet R* 2616 B--11R* 10341035 !
W3C ,e B-+)5 st#nd#rd* st#nd#rd
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Prefix Exp prefix exp
D"i$o' 103 "i$$i' 10=3
+"eg#' 106 E"icro' 10=6
C"ig#' 109 n"#no' 10=9