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ARCHITECTURE AND ENERGY

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SOLAR SYSTEM AND EARTH

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The only planet known to support life, Earth is a complex system ofair, water and land. Its blue expanse of ocean, its thin yet dynamicveil of atmosphere, and its brown and green jigsaw of continents, allgive Earth a vitality unknown anywhere else in the universe.

Earth is the third planet from the sun and the fifth largest in thesolar system. Earth's diameter is just a few hundred kilometres largerthan that of Venus. The four seasons are a result of Earth's axis of

rotation being tilted more than 23 degrees.

Oceans at least 2.5 miles (4

kilometres) deep cover nearly

70 percent of Earth's surface.

Fresh water exists in the liquid

phase only within a narrow

temperature span (32 to 212

degrees Fahrenheit/ 0 to 100

degrees Celsius). This

temperature span is especially

narrow when contrasted with

the full range of temperatures

found within the solar system.

The presence and distribution

of water vapour in the

atmosphere is responsible formuch of Earth's weather.

SOLAR SYSTEM AND EARTH

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RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGYAny energy resource that is

naturally regenerated over a short

time scale and derived directly

from the sun (such as thermal,

photochemical, and photoelectric),

indirectly from the sun (such aswind, hydropower, and

photosynthetic energy stored in

biomass), or from other natural

movements and mechanisms of

the environment (such as

geothermal and tidal energy).

Renewable energy does notinclude energy resources derived

from fossil fuels, waste products

from fossil sources, or waste

products from inorganic sources.

This includes

SUNLIGHT,

GEOTHERMAL HEAT,WIND,

TIDES,

WATER,

BIOMASS

This energy cannot be exhausted

and is constantly renewed.

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A (VERY) SHORT HISTORY OF GREEN BUILDINGS Nearly all pre-industrial buildings were designed using local materials and labor, to be responsive to climate, site and

culture.

Beginning in the 1930s, the advent of new materials such as reflective glass, reinforced concrete, and steel, new

technologies such as air conditioning, large HVAC units, and world wide transportation networks, combined with cheap

fossil fuels, allow designers to ignore the context and climate of buildings.

In the 1970s, the energy crisis and concerns about the degradation of the environment spark interest in energy efficiency,

renewable energy, and natural building materials. The movements does not revolutionize building practices as hoped, due

primarily to the return of cheap energy prices.

Mainstream interest in environmentally responsible buildings emerged in the late 1990s, and gained momentum as

suburban sprawl, peak oil, global warming got widely reported.

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SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

What can be learnt from history?

In the past, human beings lived in harmony with their

environmentComfort requirements were differentSmall population meant ample space, modestrequirements, low energy needs and emissionsWaste products mostly recyclable & bio-degradableMobile communitiesLow threat to the environment

These typical Kerala

(India) houses use

rainwater harvesting

methods and pitched

roof for shading

Well Articulated

windows in Hawa

Mahal,Jaipur provides

cool breeze in a desert

area

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Nomadic life & sparse requirements drove the architecture of the past and made it sustainable

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Buildings in cold climates characterized by:

Small windows that allowed little light into spacesresulting in minimal heat gains/loss andcooling/heating loads

Building mass with high thermal storage capacitiesLow standards for heating and sanitary systems

These castles in Europe use small fenestrations to minimize heat loss

ECOLOGICAL BUILDING

ECOLOGICAL BUILDING

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Buildings in temperate zones characterizedby:

Tendency to locate living areasunderground to utilize coolness ofthe earth and create ventilationthrough buoyancy

Small window & roof elementsminimizing heat transfer

Use of narrow courtyards to promoteventilation

Fine grained cities that cause mutualshading

Use of water as an architectural

element

ECOLOGICAL BUILDING

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The Industrial Age is characterized by:

Migration of ever increasing population fromrural to urban areas

Extremely poor living conditions for most

people Industrialization & rapid advances in

technology Increased demands for energy met through

use of coal & gas Sharp increase in emissions; indiscriminate

dumping of wastes No efforts to protect environment, conserve

natural reserves Beginning of an environmental calamity

ECOLOGICAL BUILDING

Alarming number of industries, poor living

conditions, deteriorating environment mark theindustrial era

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The early & mid 20thcentury is characterized by:

Urbanization, technological development, industrialization,concentration of labor in cities at a frantic pace

Concentration of workplaces in small areas Shortening of distances for communication & information Maximized utilization of available spaces An architecture & technology that pays no respect to the environment

& energy consumption A false sense of Manhas overcome nature Skyscrapers, fully automated climate control

ECOLOGICAL BUILDING

New York the city of skyscrapers

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Late 20thcentury architecture characterized by:

Renewed search for elegant architectural solution with respect to energy use, environment &ventilation

Facades designed for natural ventilation Creation of climate buffer zones (halls and atria) Improved heat insulation & sun protection Implementation of energy recovery & waste treatment systems Major energy crisis in 1973 Architects, engineers & clients turn to ECOLOGICAL BUILDING DESIGN

ECOLOGICAL BUILDING

Commerzbank headquarters in Germany

by Architect Norman Foster uses gardenterraces every 12 floors

Menara Mesiniaga by Ken Yeang in

Malaysia is a revolutionary high-risebuilding design using sustainable

principles

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THE GREAT BLASKET ISLAND, IRELAND

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Although there is evidence of prehistoric dwellings in theexposed western parts of the island, the historical village wasbuilt on the side of the island facing the mainland. The little

houses huddle against the hillside for shelter, with their gablewalls facing the sea.

THE GREAT BLASKET ISLAND, IRELAND

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MESA VERDE TREE HOUSE,COLORADO

Mesa Verde National Park's archaeological sitesspan over 700 years of Native American history.The renowned cliff dwellings, the height of thePuebloans' architecture, include more than 600units.

MESA VERDE TREE HOUSE COLORADO

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The great Mesa Verde is 25 miles long with cliffs that reach 2,000 feet above theMancos and Montezuma valley floors. Located in south-west Colorado, Mesa

Verde National Park contains over 600 cliff dwellings, with adobe pit houses,pueblo structures, and stone towers, and an additional 4,100 archaeological sites.Many of these sites, such as Spruce Tree House, Square Tower House and FireTemple, were built towards the end of the Ancestral Puebloan occupation of themesa.Hidden under large cliff overhangs, it is clear that they provided protection fromthe elements and were likely defensive postures.Each cliff dwelling was adapted to the topography of its alcove, making the

hundreds of archaeological sites unique.

MESA VERDE TREE HOUSE, COLORADO

HAVELIS IN SHEKHAWATI RAJASTHAN

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HAVELIS IN SHEKHAWATI, RAJASTHAN

Internal courtyard with high building mass all around it leads to induced ventilation, lowering of temperatures byconvective cooling and natural lightingSince the inner courtyard generally has some vegetation (generally Tulsi) while the outer courtyard generally hashard surface, the inner one would be cooler as compared to the outer. In between the two is a transitory spacewith deferred entry and a small opening. It induces draft of cooler air from the inner courtyard. Thus the transitionspace always received cool air draft and and is the favourite place to sit during day and rainy season

HAVELIS IN SHEKHAWATI RAJASTHAN

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HAVELIS IN SHEKHAWATI, RAJASTHAN

Climate responsive features of Shekhawati Havelis:

Compact settlement plan

Narrow street with tall buildings around

Courtyard Planning

Construction Technology

Small openings with tick shutters, jali screens and jharokhas

Wind Towers

Ceiling Heights

Materials and Construction

Light Colored iexternal facade

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CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

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CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

HIGH PERFORMANCE ENVELOPECavity Walls, Double Glazed Units, & Roof insulation

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

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CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

GREEN ROOFS & WALLS

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/01/23/amazing-green-roof-art-school-in-singapore/

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ENERGY MODELING &DAYLIGHT SIMULATION

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

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RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

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RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

The building reinforces archetypal elements of traditional Arabic architecture: the interior, the treatment of lightand filters through racks and overlapping frames. The southern front is the best example of this dual loyaltybecause it reinterprets a number of commonly used geometric figures in the Arab culture, giving them acontemporary form of mobile lenses, very similar to those of a camera. The game of space-related expansion and

contraction; a hall that evokes the great mosques, and a deep sense of the use of reflections, refractions and theeffects of light, provide some magic to this place.