AllAboutElectricCarsCharlesSIh

EmeritusProf.ElectricalEngineeringUniversityofDelaware

ih@udel.edu

電車的一切

AllAboutElectricCars

CharlesSIhEmeritusProf.ElectricalEngineering

UniversityofDelawareih@udel.edu

A. IntroductionBriefHistoryDefinition

B. ComparisonIC(Conventional)CarElectricCar(EC)EV(ElectricVehicle)PHEV(Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle)FuelCellVehicles

C.AvailableElectricCars

D.ECAdvantagesandRemainingIssues

E. Economics

F. 2016VoltSpecificationsMyExperience

F. Conclusion

A. Introduction

BriefHistoryAbout100yrsago,peoplealsointerestedinEC(ElectricCar)becauseICcarsdifficulttostartandnottoomanyhighwaystodrivingon.1916WoodsMotorVehicle,"hybrid"$2,650.Othercars,$360.RecentinterestinEC,duetoGovernmentregulationstoreducegreenhousegas.Carsproduce40%ofgreenhousegasinCa.

A. Introduction

BriefHistory(cont.)

Jan.1996,GMEV1.$35,000 withNickel-Cadmiumbattery,doubletheER,$18,000vs$600leadacidbattery.TheGMstoppedtheEV1projectin2002.WhoKilledtheElectricCar?TheVoltwasintroducedin2011andNissanLeafandTeslamodelSin2012.AllnewEC'suselithiumionbatterieswithevenhigherER.

A. IntroductionEC(ElectricCar)DefinitionPropelledonlybyelectricalmeans

EV(ElectricVehicle)isEC

PHEV(Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle)MaybeormaynotbeECbymydefinition

A. IntroductionEC(ElectricCar)DefinitionPropelledonlybyelectricalmeans

PHEV(Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle)

ER(ElectricRange)>30milesisECER<30milesismostlikelynotEC

B. ComparisonsIC(Conventional)Car

ElectricCar(EC)EV(ElectricVehicle)PHEV(Plug-inHybridElectricVehicle)

(InElectricmode)

FuelCellVehicles

B. ComparisonsIC(Conventional)Car

InternalCombustionEngine,lowerefficiency,lowtorqueatlowspeed(usetransmission,gearbox),energyconversionirreversible,usingfossilfuelandemittinggreenhousegases.

Currentlystillthemosteconomicalandconvenienttooperate.

B.ComparisonElectricCar(EC)EV(ElectricVehicle)andPHEV(ER>30miles)

Muchhigherefficiency,providesrequiredtorqueatallspeed,greataccelerations,energyconversionreversible,regenerativespeedreductionandbrakingpossible,maynotneedfossilfuelandthusemittingnogreenhousegasespossible.

Tooexpensive,slowcharging,lackcharginginfrastructure.

B.ComparisonsFuelCellVehiclesManyappealingfeatures:emittingnogreenhousegases,quickrefueling,longdrivingranges.

However,fuelcelltechnologynotyetmatureandsusceptibletodamage,greenhydrogenveryexpensive,conventionalhydrogensourceworsethanGHgas,onetonofhydrogen,alsoproducing9to12tonsofCO2.Transportationofhydrogennotsimple.

C. AvailableElectricCarsElectricVehicle(EV)

TeslaModel,S,240miles,$71,000TeslaModelX,250miles,$80,000

NissanLEAF,107miles,$29,000ChevroletSparkEV,82miles,$26,000TeslaModel3,200miles,$35,000ChevroletBolt,200miles,$37,500TeslaModelSP100D,>300miles.k

C. AvailableElectricCarsElectricVehicle(EV)(Cont.)

MercedesB-ClassElectricDrive,85miles,$42,400Fiat500e,84miles,$32,600VolkswagenE-Golf,83miles,$29,800BMWi3,81miles,$43,300SmartElectricDrive,68miles,$25,000Mitsubishii-MiEV,62miles,$23,800

C. AvailableElectricCarsPlug-inHybridElectricVehicle(PHEV)

ChevyVolt,53miles,$34,000.ForbesTestDrive,idealEV,8/24/16

CadillacELR,37miles,$76,000

KarmaAutomotiveRevero,50miles,$1,150,000MitsubishiOutlanderGX5h,32miles,£40,899.AudiA3E-Tron,16miles,$37,900BMW330e,14miles,$43,700BMWi8,25miles,$137,000BMWX5xdrive40e ,13miles,$64,000

C. AvailableElectricCarsPlug-inHybridElectricVehicle(PHEV)(Cont.)

FordC-MaxEnergi,19miles,$32,600FordFusionEnergi,19miles,$33,900HyundaiSonata,27miles,$35,400.6speedauto

transmission.MercedesC350,20miles,$46,400MercedesS550,20miles,TBD(Biggercar)PorscheCayenneS,14miles,$78,000PorschePanameraS,16miles,$93,000Porsche918Spyder,12miles,$845,000

C. AvailableElectricCarsPlug-inHybridElectricVehicle(PHEV)(Cont.)

ToyotaPrius(Prime),22miles,TBDVolvoXC90T8,17miles,$69,000McLarenP1,Coupe,19miles,$1,150,000

D. ECAdvantagesandRemainingIssues

Electricmotorsaresimple,efficiency,90%.goodtorqueatallspeed.No"transmissions".

Bestaccelerationpossible."Tanktowheel",3– 4timesmoreefficient

thanICcars.(80%vs20%).Regenerativebraking/speedreductioncan

recover70%oftheenergy,reducingbrakewear.

Chargingefficiency90%,Wirelesscharging,80%

D. ECAdvantagesandRemainingIssues(cont.)

Maynotneedfossilfuelandthusnogreen-gasemission.Nolocalgasemissions.

Nonoisepollution.Maintainhighefficiencyinstop-and-gotraffic.InEC,powerismeasuredinkilowatts(kW).100 kWisabout134horsepower.Theperformanceisbetterthana134horsepowerICengine,muchbetterinaccelerationandhillclimbing.

D. ECAdvantagesandRemainingIssues(cont.)

RemainingIssues

ECCoststilltoohighIncompletechargingstandards,level1and2,OK.HighspeedDCcharging,nostandard.Chargingspeedslow,bothtechnicalandinfrastructure.Charginginfrastructureneedsimprovementquickly.

E.Economics

ECCoststilltoohighHighbatterycostpluscomplicatesystemdesignandcontrolelectronics(Firmware)forPHEVBatterycostisexpectedtogodown.

Governmentsusefinancialincentives(taxcredit,rebate)andother(carpoollanepermit)topromotemoreECuse.

E.Economics(cont.)

AllManufacturersclaimthattheoperationcostofEVislow,3~5centspermile.Allpublicationsstatethesame.Thisistrueonlyifyouchargethecarathomeatthemostfavorablerate.

TheelectricityrateintheU.S.iscomplicated.Itvarieswithlocationsandwiththetimeofday.

E.Economics(cont.)

IfyouplantobuyanEC,checkyourlocalratesandmakesuretousethemostfavorableratetochargecarattherighttime(usuallyafter12:00am).Inmanyplaces,therateistiered.Ifyoudon'tchangetheelectricityrateplan,thehighestrateisused.

Thebestistouseaseparatemeterforthecharging.

E.Economics(cont.)

Commercialchargingstationsareexpensiveandnotexpectedtogodown.Asacomparison,Homecharging,(8– 12)to40cents/kWh,ChargingStations,>50cents/kWh.Atthisrate,itismoreexpensivethangasoline.

TeslaModelS&X,freechargingforlife.Model3,TBD.Rumorsays,buyachargingplanor$40/charge.

F.2016Volt

SPECIFICATIONS2016ChevroletVoltPremier,GreenCaroftheYear,2016and2011

BasePrice$37,570EngineTypealuminumalloy,directfuelinjection,regulargasoline

Horsepower101@5600rpmTorque(lb-ft)103@n/arpm

F.2016Volt(cont.)SPECIFICATIONS(cont.)

ElectricMotorspermanentmagnetACsynchronousHorsepower149@n/arpm,Torque294@n/arpmTransmissionVoltec electricdrive

BatterytypeLi-Ion,18.4kWh,Electricrange,53miles!(veryconservative).Totalrange,420miles.

Brakes,front/rearventeddisc/soliddiscplusregenerativebraking.

F.2016Volt(cont.)

SPECIFICATIONS(cont.)

ControlforRegenerativeSpeedReductIon(braking).DrivetrainFrontpowertrain,front-wheeldriveEPAFuelEconomy- milespergallon(regulargas),42mpg,hybrid,0to60mph8.4sec

F.2016Volt(cont.)

LikeallEC's,extremetemperatures,coldorhot,canreduceDR(drive)rangebyasmuchas40%.

UsingACorheatingcanreduceDRby10– 20%.Youcanuseindividualseatheating.

F.2016Volt(cont.)MyExperience

Trade-in2012modelfor2016modellastDecember.$7,500Federaltaxcredit,$1,500CArebate,$1,000GMrebate,$700Costco"rebate"fromCostcoautopurchasingprogram.Gotthe"last"CAcar-poollanepermit.Installed5.4kWsolarpanelwhen2012modelwaspurchased.SomyVoltmaybeconsideredpollutionfree.Itusesonly4MWh out6MWhproduced.

F.2016Volt(cont.)MyExperience(cont.)

Funtodrive,briskacceleration,alwaysquiet.Alwaysdrivingcarefully,got72 milesER,book,75.Almostneverneedgasdrivinglocally.ToSanFrancisco,need1gallongasifgettingnofreecharging.UsingAC/HeatingreducesERby10%- 15%.Usingindividualseatheatingtosaveenergy.Regenerative"braking"recovers70%oftheenergy.DrivingexperienceswithVoltandTesla.

F.2016Volt(cont.)MyExperience(cont.)

Had40,000milesonmy2012Volt,noapparentre-duction inElectricRange.

March8,2016,ErickBelmer's 2012ChevroletVoltjustcrossed300,000miles(100,000electricmiles),onFacebook,noapparentdegradationinitsbatteryrangeorcapacity.Soquiteadurableandreliablecar.

G.Conclusion

EVisthecarofthefuture.PHEVistheECnowwithoutrangeanxietyandistheEVinthetransitionphase.Thetransitionphaseisnowinthefifthyearandmaylastanother5,10,15ormoreyears.ThecompletetransitiontoEVrequireslowcost,fastchargingandtemperaturetolerantbatteries.ItalsorequiresfaststandardchargingstationswithoutoverloadingtheGrid.

G.Conclusion(cont.)

ThecompleteelectricGridneedstoupgradetosupportthecharginginfrastructure.Thelandscapeofcharging(refueling)stationswillbedifferent.Ourdrivinghabitneedstochangeaccordingly.(ThenextslidedoesnotconsiderthethresholdPhenomena)

References

1.TheGuidetoElectric,Hybrid&Fuel-EfficientCars,ByJacquesDuvalandDanielBreton.JuniperPublishing,256pages,ISBN9781988002446,June2016.ListPrice$29.95.

2.CarWars,TheRise,TheFall,AndtheResurgenceofTheElectricCar,byJohnJ.Fialka.ThomasDunne Books,St.Martin'sPress,NewYork,2015.

TheEnd