eecs 252 graduate computer architecture lec 17 – advanced memory hierarchy 2

EECS 252 Graduate Computer Architecture

Lec 17 Advanced Memory Hierarchy 2

David PattersonElectrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, Berkeley

http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pattrsnhttp://vlsi.cs.berkeley.edu/cs252-s06

CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2

*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Review [1]Memory wall inspires optimizations since so much performance lost thereReducing hit time: Small and simple caches, Way prediction, Trace cachesIncreasing cache bandwidth: Pipelined caches, Multibanked caches, Nonblocking cachesReducing Miss Penalty: Critical word first, Merging write buffersReducing Miss Rate: Compiler optimizationsReducing miss penalty or miss rate via parallelism: Hardware prefetching, Compiler prefetchingAuto-tuners search replacing static compilation to explore optimization space?DRAM Continuing Bandwidth innovations: Fast page mode, Synchronous, Double Data Rate


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Review [2/2]VM Monitor presents a SW interface to guest software, isolates state of guests, and protects itself from guest software (including guest OSes)Virtual Machine RevivalOvercome security flaws of large OSesManage Software, Manage HardwareProcessor performance no longer highest priority


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*OutlineVirtual MachinesXen VM: Design and PerformanceAdministriviaAMD Opteron Memory HierarchyOpteron Memory Performance vs. Pentium 4Fallacies and PitfallsDiscuss Virtual Machines paperConclusion


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Virtual Machine Monitors (VMMs)Virtual machine monitor (VMM) or hypervisor is software that supports VMsVMM determines how to map virtual resources to physical resourcesPhysical resource may be time-shared, partitioned, or emulated in software VMM is much smaller than a traditional OS; isolation portion of a VMM is 10,000 lines of code


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*VMM Overhead?Depends on the workloadUser-level processor-bound programs (e.g., SPEC) have zero-virtualization overhead Runs at native speeds since OS rarely invokedI/O-intensive workloads OS-intensive execute many system calls and privileged instructions can result in high virtualization overhead For System VMs, goal of architecture and VMM is to run almost all instructions directly on native hardwareIf I/O-intensive workload is also I/O-bound low processor utilization since waiting for I/O processor virtualization can be hidden low virtualization overhead


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Requirements of a Virtual Machine MonitorA VM Monitor Presents a SW interface to guest software, Isolates state of guests from each other, and Protects itself from guest software (including guest OSes)Guest software should behave on a VM exactly as if running on the native HW Except for performance-related behavior or limitations of fixed resources shared by multiple VMsGuest software should not be able to change allocation of real system resources directlyHence, VMM must control everything even though guest VM and OS currently running is temporarily using themAccess to privileged state, Address translation, I/O, Exceptions and Interrupts,


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Requirements of a Virtual Machine MonitorVMM must be at higher privilege level than guest VM, which generally run in user mode Execution of privileged instructions handled by VMME.g., Timer interrupt: VMM suspends currently running guest VM, saves its state, handles interrupt, determine which guest VM to run next, and then load its state Guest VMs that rely on timer interrupt provided with virtual timer and an emulated timer interrupt by VMMRequirements of system virtual machines are same as paged-virtual memory: At least 2 processor modes, system and userPrivileged subset of instructions available only in system mode, trap if executed in user modeAll system resources controllable only via these instructions


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*ISA Support for Virtual MachinesIf plan for VM during design of ISA, easy to reduce instructions executed by VMM, speed to emulateISA is virtualizable if can execute VM directly on real machine while letting VMM retain ultimate control of CPU: direct executionSince VMs have been considered for desktop/PC server apps only recently, most ISAs were created ignoring virtualization, including 80x86 and most RISC architecturesVMM must ensure that guest system only interacts with virtual resources conventional guest OS runs as user mode program on top of VMMIf guest OS accesses or modifies information related to HW resources via a privileged instructione.g., reading or writing the page table pointerit will trap to VMMIf not, VMM must intercept instruction and support a virtual version of sensitive information as guest OS expects


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Impact of VMs on Virtual MemoryVirtualization of virtual memory if each guest OS in every VM manages its own set of page tables?VMM separates real and physical memory Makes real memory a separate, intermediate level between virtual memory and physical memorySome use the terms virtual memory, physical memory, and machine memory to name the 3 levelsGuest OS maps virtual memory to real memory via its page tables, and VMM page tables map real memory to physical memoryVMM maintains a shadow page table that maps directly from the guest virtual address space to the physical address space of HWRather than pay extra level of indirection on every memory accessVMM must trap any attempt by guest OS to change its page table or to access the page table pointer


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*ISA Support for VMs & Virtual MemoryIBM 370 architecture added additional level of indirection that is managed by the VMM Guest OS keeps its page tables as before, so the shadow pages are unnecessary(AMD Pacifica proposes same improvement for 80x86)To virtualize software TLB, VMM manages the real TLB and has a copy of the contents of the TLB of each guest VMAny instruction that accesses the TLB must trapTLBs with Process ID tags support a mix of entries from different VMs and the VMM, thereby avoiding flushing of the TLB on a VM switch


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Impact of I/O on Virtual MemoryI/O most difficult part of virtualizationIncreasing number of I/O devices attached to the computer Increasing diversity of I/O device typesSharing of a real device among multiple VMsSupporting many device drivers that are required, especially if different guest OSes are supported on same VM systemGive each VM generic versions of each type of I/O device driver, and let VMM to handle real I/OMethod for mapping virtual to physical I/O device depends on the type of device:Disks partitioned by VMM to create virtual disks for guest VMsNetwork interfaces shared between VMs in short time slices, and VMM tracks messages for virtual network addresses to ensure that guest VMs only receive their messages


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Example: Xen VMXen: Open-source System VMM for 80x86 ISA Project started at University of Cambridge, GNU license modelOriginal vision of VM is running unmodified OSSignificant wasted effort just to keep guest OS happyparavirtualization - small modifications to guest OS to simplify virtualization 3 Examples of paravirtualization in Xen:To avoid flushing TLB when invoke VMM, Xen mapped into upper 64 MB of address space of each VM Guest OS allowed to allocate pages, just check that didnt violate protection restrictions To protect the guest OS from user programs in VM, Xen takes advantage of 4 protection levels available in 80x86 Most OSes for 80x86 keep everything at privilege levels 0 or at 3.Xen VMM runs at the highest privilege level (0) Guest OS runs at the next level (1) Applications run at the lowest privilege level (3)


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Xen changes for paravirtualizationPort of Linux to Xen changed 3000 lines, or 1% of 80x86-specific code Does not affect application-binary interfaces of guest OSOSes supported in Xen 2.0

http://wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/OSCompatibility

OS Runs as host OSRuns as guest OS Linux 2.4 Yes Yes Linux 2.6 Yes Yes NetBSD 2.0 No Yes NetBSD 3.0 Yes Yes Plan 9 No Yes FreeBSD 5 No Yes


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Xen and I/OTo simplify I/O, privileged VMs assigned to each hardware I/O device: driver domains Xen Jargon: domains = Virtual MachinesDriver domains run physical device drivers, although interrupts still handled by VMM before being sent to appropriate driver domain Regular VMs (guest domains) run simple virtual device drivers that communicate with physical devices drivers in driver domains over a channel to access physical I/O hardware Data sent between guest and driver domains by page remapping


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*CS252: Administrivia Advanced Memory Hierarchy (Ch 5) this weekMonday 4/10: James Laudon on Sun T1/NiagaraPh.D. Stanford 94 multiprocessor architect DASH / SGI OriginWed 4/12 Mon 4/17 Storage (Ch 6)Handout Chapter 6Project Update Meeting Wednesday 4/19Monday 4/24 Quiz 2 5-8 PM (Mainly Ch 4 to 6)Wed 4/26 Bad Career Advice / Bad Talk Advice Project Presentations Monday 5/1 (all day)Project Posters 5/3 Wednesday (11-1 in Soda)Final Papers due Friday 5/5 (email Archana, who will post papers on class web site)


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Xen PerformancePerformance relative to native Linux for Xen for 6 benchmarks from Xen developers

Slide 6: User-level processor-bound programs? I/O-intensive workloads? I/O-Bound I/O-Intensive?


Chart1

1

0.9704797048

0.9186046512

0.9527421237

0.956937799

0.9922779923

Xen/Linux

Performance relative to native Linux

Sheet1

L5671.00Linux (native)Linux (native)Xen (VM)Vmware (VM)Linux (User Mode)

X5671.00Xen (VM)SPEC INT20001.001.000.980.97

V5540.98Vmware (VM)Linux build time1.000.970.790.49

U5500.97Linux (User Mode)OSDB-IR1.000.920.470.38

SPEC INT2000 (score)OSDB-OLTP1.000.950.120.18

L2631.00dbench1.000.960.740.27

X2710.97SPEC WEB991.000.990.290.33

V3340.79Xen/LinuxVMware Workstation 3.2User Mode Linux

U5350.49SPEC INT2000100%1.01.0

Linux build time (s)Linux build time97%0.80.5

L1721.00PostgreSQL Inf. Retrieval92%0.50.4

X1580.92PostgreSQL OLTP95%0.10.2

V800.47dbench96%0.70.3

U650.38SPEC WEB9999%0.30.3

OSDB-IR (tup/s)

L17141.00

X16330.95

V1990.12

U3060.18

OSDB-OLTP (tup/s)

L4181.00

X4000.96

V3100.74

U1110.27

dbench (score)

L5181.00

X5140.99

V1500.29

U1720.33

SPEC WEB99 (score)

Sheet1

00

00

00

00

00

00

Xen/Linux

VMware Workstation 3.2


Sheet2

0

0

0

0

0

0

Xen/Linux


Sheet3

*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Xen Performance, Part IISubsequent study noticed Xen experiments based on 1 Ethernet network interfaces card (NIC), and single NIC was a performance bottleneck


Chart1

942942849

18821878849

24621539849

24461593849

Linux

Xen-privileged driver VM ("driver domain")

Xen-guest VM + driver VM

Number of Network Interface Cards

Receive Throughput (Mbits/sec)

Figure 8 events web server

# commands

# set style data histogram

# set style fill pattern border -1

# set yrange [0:4.5]

# set size 0.6,0.6

# plot 'file' using ($2/$3):xtic(1) title 2, '' using ($3/$3) title 3, '' using ($4/$3) title 4, '' using ($5/$3) title 5

# set xlabel "Profiled Hardware Event"

# set ylabel "Relative costs"

# set terminal postscript eps

# profile for the 1 NIC runs

#profiled parameterLinuxxen-domain0xen-guest0xen-guest1

arbitLinux (1 CPU)Xen-priviledged driver VM (1 CPU)Xen-guest VM + driver VM (1 CPU)Xen-guest VM + driver VM (2 CPUs)

"Instr"13005151473422734815

"L-2"319832001383510470

"I-TLB"423268781196512159

"D-TLB"1119130872462627262

Linux (1 CPU)Xen-priviledged driver VM (1 CPU)Xen-guest VM + driver VM (1 CPU)Xen-guest VM + driver VM (2 CPUs)

"Instr"13005151473422734815

1.22.62.7

"L-2"319832001383510470

1.04.33.3

"I-TLB"423268781196512159

"D-TLB"1119130872462627262

11.722.024.4

all_knot_prof.data for figure 8

Relative to Xen-domain0

Linux (1 CPU)Xen-priviledged driver VM (1 CPU)Xen-guest VM + driver VM (1 CPU)Xen-guest VM + driver VM (2 CPUs)

Intructions0.861.002.262.30

L2 misses1.001.004.323.27

I-TLB misses0.621.001.741.77

D-TLB misses0.091.001.882.08

Figure 8


0000000000000000

0000000000000000

0000000000000000

0000000000000000

Linux (1 CPU)

Xen-priviledged driver VM (1 CPU)

Xen-guest VM + driver VM (1 CPU)

Xen-guest VM + driver VM (2 CPUs)

Linux (1 CPU)




Linux (1 CPU)




Linux (1 CPU)




Event count relative to Xen-priviledged driver domain


Request rate (reqs/sec)Throughput (Mbits/sec)

LinuxXen-priviledged driver domainXen-guest0Xen-guest1

10008.138.138.138.13

200016.2716.2716.2716.27

300024.424.424.424.4

400032.5232.5232.5232.52

500040.6640.5240.5240.52

600048.848.845.5148.8

700056.9556.9543.156.95

800065.165.143.165.1

900073.273.145073.14

1000081.4181.4152.581.41

1100089.5389.5353.0389.53

1200097.4697.465397.46

13000105.76105.75105.75

14000113.9113.9113.9

15000122.05122.04107.1

16000130.298.23106.8

17000138.3370.9491.7

18000146.4765.53104.6

19000154.660.26104.51

20000122.7557.02104.5

21000119.2257.14

22000103.0866.33

2300096.8955.83

2400089.7250.53


0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

Linux

Xen-priviledged driver domain

Xen-guest0

Xen-guest1

Figure 3 Rcv Thruput

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Xen guest VM +privileged driver VM

Xen privileged driver VM only

Lunix

Linux


Xen-guest0

Request Rate (Reqs/sec)

Throughput (Mbits/sec)

# commands



# set yrange [0:3000]

# set size 0.6,0.6

# plot 'file' using 2:xtic(1) title 2, '' using 3 title 3

# set xlabel "Number of NICs"

# set ylabel "Aggregate Throughput (Mb/s)"


#number of NICSMb/s(linux)xenXen-domain0

arbitLinuxXen-privileged driver VM ("driver domain")

1942942

218821878

324621539

424461593

LinuxXen-privileged driver VM ("driver domain")Xen-guest VM + driver VM

1942942849

218821878849

324621539849

424461593849

Number of NICs

0

000

000

000

000

Linux

Xen-privileged driver VM ("driver domain")




MBD00A6E44D.xls

Chart5

0.858585858612.25965537732.2984749455

0.99937514.32343753.271875

0.615295143911.73960453621.76781041

0.085504699311.88171467872.0831359364

Linux

Xen-privileged driver VM only





# commands




# set size 0.6,0.6







arbitLinuxXen-privileged driver VM onlyXen-guest VM + driver VMXen-guest VM + driver VM (2 CPUs)

"Instr"13005151473422734815

"L-2"319832001383510470

"I-TLB"423268781196512159

"D-TLB"1119130872462627262

LinuxXen-privileged driver VM onlyXen-guest VM + driver VMXen-guest VM + driver VM (2 CPUs)

"Instr"13005151473422734815

"L-2"319832001383510470

"I-TLB"423268781196512159

"D-TLB"1119130872462627262

11.722.024.4





L2 misses1.001.004.323.27

I-TLB misses0.621.001.741.77

D-TLB misses0.091.001.882.08

Figure 8


Linux







10008.138.138.138.13

200016.2716.2716.2716.27

300024.424.424.424.4

400032.5232.5232.5232.52

500040.6640.5240.5240.52

600048.848.845.5148.8

700056.9556.9543.156.95

800065.165.143.165.1

900073.273.145073.14

1000081.4181.4152.581.41

1100089.5389.5353.0389.53

1200097.4697.465397.46

13000105.76105.75105.75

14000113.9113.9113.9

15000122.05122.04107.1

16000130.298.23106.8

17000138.3370.9491.7

18000146.4765.53104.6

19000154.660.26104.51

20000122.7557.02104.5

21000119.2257.14

22000103.0866.33

2300096.8955.83

2400089.7250.53


Linux


Xen-guest0

Xen-guest1


Xen guest VM+driver VM (1 CPU)

Xen priviledged driver VM (1 CPU)

Lunix(1 CPU)

Xen guest VM+driver VM (2 CPUs)

Linux


Xen-guest1

Xen-guest0



# commands




# set size 0.6,0.6






arbitLinuxXen-priviledged driver VM ("driver domain")

1942942

218821878

324621539

424461593

LinuxXen-priviledged driver VM ("driver domain")Xen-guest VM + driver VM

1942942800

218821878930

324621539930

424461593930

Number of NICs

0

Linux

Xen-priviledged driver VM ("driver domain")




*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Xen Performance, Part III> 2X instructions for guest VM + driver VM> 4X L2 cache misses12X 24X Data TLB misses


Chart3

0.858585858612.2596553773

0.99937514.3234375

0.615295143911.7396045362

0.085504699311.8817146787

Linux




Chart5

0.858585858612.25965537732.2984749455

0.99937514.32343753.271875

0.615295143911.73960453621.76781041

0.085504699311.88171467872.0831359364

Linux






# commands




# set size 0.6,0.6







arbitLinuxXen-privileged driver VM onlyXen-guest VM + driver VMXen-guest VM + driver VM (2 CPUs)

"Instr"13005151473422734815

"L-2"319832001383510470

"I-TLB"423268781196512159

"D-TLB"1119130872462627262


"Instr"13005151473422734815

"L-2"319832001383510470

"I-TLB"423268781196512159

"D-TLB"1119130872462627262

11.722.024.4





L2 misses1.001.004.323.27

I-TLB misses0.621.001.741.77

D-TLB misses0.091.001.882.08

Figure 8


000

000

000

000

Linux







10008.138.138.138.13

200016.2716.2716.2716.27

300024.424.424.424.4

400032.5232.5232.5232.52

500040.6640.5240.5240.52

600048.848.845.5148.8

700056.9556.9543.156.95

800065.165.143.165.1

900073.273.145073.14

1000081.4181.4152.581.41

1100089.5389.5353.0389.53

1200097.4697.465397.46

13000105.76105.75105.75

14000113.9113.9113.9

15000122.05122.04107.1

16000130.298.23106.8

17000138.3370.9491.7

18000146.4765.53104.6

19000154.660.26104.51

20000122.7557.02104.5

21000119.2257.14

22000103.0866.33

2300096.8955.83

2400089.7250.53


0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

Linux


Xen-guest0

Xen-guest1


0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

Xen guest VM+driver VM (1 CPU)

Xen priviledged driver VM (1 CPU)

Lunix(1 CPU)

Xen guest VM+driver VM (2 CPUs)

Linux


Xen-guest1

Xen-guest0



# commands




# set size 0.6,0.6






arbitLinuxXen-priviledged driver VM ("driver domain")

1942942

218821878

324621539

424461593

LinuxXen-priviledged driver VM ("driver domain")Xen-guest VM + driver VM

1942942800

218821878930

324621539930

424461593930

Number of NICs

0

000

000

000

000

Linux

Xen-priviledged driver VM ("driver domain")




*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Xen Performance, Part IV> 2X instructions: page remapping and page transfer between driver and guest VMs and due to communication between the 2 VMs over a channel4X L2 cache misses: Linux uses zero-copy network interface that depends on ability of NIC to do DMA from different locations in memory Since Xen does not support gather DMA in its virtual network interface, it cant do true zero-copy in the guest VM12X 24X Data TLB misses: 2 Linux optimizationsSuperpages for part of Linux kernel space, and 4MB pages lowers TLB misses versus using 1024 4 KB pages. Not in XenPTEs marked global are not flushed on a context switch, and Linux uses them for its kernel space. Not in XenFuture Xen may address 2. and 3., but 1. inherent?


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Protection and Instruction Set ArchitectureExample Problem: 80x86 POPF instruction loads flag registers from top of stack in memoryOne such flag is Interrupt Enable (IE)In system mode, POPF changes IE In user mode, POPF simply changes all flags except IE Problem: guest OS runs in user mode inside a VM, so it expects to see changed a IE, but it wontHistorically, IBM mainframe HW and VMM took 3 steps:Reduce cost of processor virtualizationIntel/AMD proposed ISA changes to reduce this costReduce interrupt overhead cost due to virtualizationReduce interrupt cost by steering interrupts to proper VM directly without invoking VMM2. and 3. not yet addressed by Intel/AMD; in the future?


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*80x86 VM Challenges18 instructions cause problems for virtualization:Read control registers in user model that reveal that the guest operating system in running in a virtual machine (such as POPF), and Check protection as required by the segmented architecture but assume that the operating system is running at the highest privilege levelVirtual memory: 80x86 TLBs do not support process ID tags more expensive for VMM and guest OSes to share the TLB each address space change typically requires a TLB flush


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Intel/AMD address 80x86 VM ChallengesGoal is direct execution of VMs on 80x86Intel's VT-xA new execution mode for running VMs An architected definition of the VM state Instructions to swap VMs rapidly Large set of parameters to select the circumstances where a VMM must be invoked VT-x adds 11 new instructions to 80x86Xen 3.0 plan proposes to use VT-x to run Windows on Xen AMDs Pacifica makes similar proposalsPlus indirection level in page table like IBM VM 370Ironic adding a new modeIf OS start using mode in kernel, new mode would cause performance problems for VMM since 100 times too slow


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*OutlineVirtual MachinesXen VM: Design and PerformanceAdministriviaAMD Opteron Memory HierarchyOpteron Memory Performance vs. Pentium 4Fallacies and PitfallsDiscuss Virtual Machines paperConclusion


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*AMD Opteron Memory Hierarchy12-stage integer pipeline yields a maximum clock rate of 2.8 GHz and fastest memory PC3200 DDR SDRAM48-bit virtual and 40-bit physical addressesI and D cache: 64 KB, 2-way set associative, 64-B block, LRUL2 cache: 1 MB, 16-way, 64-B block, pseudo LRUData and L2 caches use write back, write allocate L1 caches are virtually indexed and physically taggedL1 I TLB and L1 D TLB: fully associative, 40 entries 32 entries for 4 KB pages and 8 for 2 MB or 4 MB pages L2 I TLB and L1 D TLB: 4-way, 512 entities of 4 KB pagesMemory controller allows up to 10 cache misses8 from D cache and 2 from I cache


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Opteron Memory Hierarchy PerformanceFor SPEC2000I cache misses per instruction is 0.01% to 0.09% D cache misses per instruction are 1.34% to 1.43% L2 cache misses per instruction are 0.23% to 0.36% Commercial benchmark (TPC-C-like)I cache misses per instruction is 1.83% (100X!)D cache misses per instruction are 1.39% ( same)L2 cache misses per instruction are 0.62% (2X to 3X)How compare to ideal CPI of 0.33?


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*CPI breakdown for Integer ProgramsCPI above base attributable to memory 50%L2 cache misses 25% overall (50% memory CPI)Assumes misses are not overlapped with the execution pipeline or with each other, so the pipeline stall portion is a lower bound


Chart2

0.33333333330.106240.2604266667

0.33333333330.096530.2901366667

0.33333333330.003690.4829766667

0.33333333330.151050.3756166667

0.33333333330.137180.3894866667

0.33333333330.296490.2501766667

0.33333333330.565210.1014566667

0.33333333330.302830.3838366667

0.33333333330.346250.6004166667

0.33333333331.204060.2426066667

0.33333333330.931910.5847566667

0.33333333331.251510.9851566667

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI

Sheet3

Base CPIPipeline StallMemory CPITotal CPI% CPI-base in Memory

TPC-C like0.330.921.312.5759%

perlbmk0.330.240.130.7035%

crafty0.330.200.190.7249%

eon0.330.480.000.821%

gzip0.330.320.210.8639%

gap0.330.370.150.8629%

vortex0.330.170.380.8869%

bzip20.330.060.611.0091%

gcc0.330.360.331.0248%

parser0.330.540.401.2843%

vpr0.33(0.01)1.461.78101%

twolf0.330.511.011.8566%52%

TPC-C0.330.921.312.5759%53%

CFP2000 Avg0.330.330.491.1560%

sixtrack0.330.260.030.6312%

mesa0.330.350.090.7821%

wupwise0.330.180.310.8363%

mgrid0.330.220.340.8960%

applu0.330.010.620.9798%

facerec0.330.030.711.0796%

galgel0.330.170.571.0777%

apsi0.330.260.581.1769%

ammp0.330.280.581.1968%

fma3d0.330.430.571.3457%

lucas0.330.520.881.7363%

swim0.331.000.551.8835%

equake0.331.210.802.3540%

art0.330.961.733.0364%59%

Sheet3

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Base CPI

Pipeline Stall

Memory CPI

CPI

Sheet2

0.33333333330.26238666670.03428

0.33333333330.35187666670.09479

0.33333333330.18241666670.31425

0.33333333330.22061666670.33605

0.33333333330.01378666670.62288

0.33333333330.03115666670.70551

0.33333333330.16735666670.56931

0.33333333330.25520666670.58146

0.33333333330.27824666670.57842

0.33333333330.43484666670.57182

0.33333333330.52112666670.87554

0.33333333331.00030666670.54636

0.33333333331.21468666670.80198

0.33333333330.96347666671.73319

Base CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

Max Memory CPI

CPI

CPI breakdown

BenchmarkAvg CPIIcache missesDcache missesL2 missesITLB L1 missesDTLB L1 missesITLB L2 missesDTLB L2 misses

per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.

TPC-C like2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

CINT2000 total1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06

Miss Penalty771607777

Peak CPI0.3333333333

memory CPI

TPC-C like1.310.130.100.990.020.060.000.01

CINT2000 total0.770.010.100.570.000.090.00.01

Base CPI0.33

Memory CPI (no overlap)0.77

Pipeline Stalls (no overlap)0.19


Base CPIMemory CPIPipeline StallL2 Memory% Memory L2per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.

TPC-C like0.331.310.920.9975%2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

Miss Pen771607777

CINT2000 total0.330.770.190.5774%1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06INT

gzip0.330.210.320.028%0.860.0116.030.100.0111.060.000.09INT

vpr0.331.46(0.01)0.9263%1.780.0223.365.730.0150.520.003.22INT

gcc0.330.330.360.1444%1.021.9419.040.900.794.530.000.19INT

mcf0.3318.20(5.47)16.6191%13.060.02148.90103.820.0150.490.0026.98INT

crafty0.330.190.200.015%0.723.154.050.060.1618.070.000.01INT

parser0.330.400.540.2153%1.280.0814.801.340.0111.560.000.65INT

eon0.330.000.480.00%0.820.060.450.000.010.050.000.00INT

perlbmk0.330.130.240.0754%0.701.362.410.430.933.510.000.31INT

gap0.330.150.370.0960%0.860.764.270.580.053.380.000.33INT

vortex0.330.380.170.1949%0.883.675.861.170.6815.780.001.38INT

bzip20.330.610.060.4778%1.000.0110.572.940.008.170.000.63INT

twolf0.331.010.510.7271%1.850.0826.184.490.0214.790.000.01INT

52%

CFP2000 total0.330.490.330.3674%1.150.0813.432.260.013.700.000.79FP

wupwise0.330.310.180.2785%0.830.006.561.660.000.220.000.17FP

swim0.330.551.000.3259%1.880.0130.872.020.000.590.000.41FP

mgrid0.330.340.220.2264%0.890.0116.541.350.000.350.000.25FP

applu0.330.620.010.5588%0.970.018.483.410.002.420.000.13FP

mesa0.330.090.350.0222%0.780.031.580.130.018.780.000.17FP

galgel0.330.570.170.3867%1.070.0118.632.380.007.620.000.67FP

art0.331.730.961.3276%3.030.0056.968.270.001.200.000.41FP

equake0.330.801.210.5366%2.350.0637.293.300.001.200.000.59FP

facerec0.330.710.030.6389%1.070.019.313.940.001.210.000.20FP

ammp0.330.580.280.3866%1.190.0216.582.370.008.610.003.25FP

lucas0.330.880.520.7080%1.730.0017.354.360.004.800.003.27FP

fma3d0.330.570.430.4885%1.340.2011.843.020.050.360.000.21FP

sixtrack0.330.030.260.0375%0.630.030.530.160.010.660.000.01FP

apsi0.330.580.260.4068%1.170.5013.812.480.0110.370.001.69FP

71%

CINT2000 Avg0.330.190.771.30

mcf0.33(5.47)18.20

Base CPIMin Pipeline StallMax Memory CPITotal CPI

TPC-C like0.330.921.312.57

perlbmk0.330.240.130.70

crafty0.330.200.190.72

eon0.330.480.000.82

gzip0.330.320.210.86

gap0.330.370.150.86

vortex0.330.170.380.88

bzip20.330.060.611.00

gcc0.330.360.331.02

parser0.330.540.401.28

vpr0.33(0.01)1.461.78

twolf0.330.511.011.85

TPC-C0.330.921.312.57

CFP2000 Avg0.330.330.491.15

sixtrack0.330.260.030.63

mesa0.330.350.090.78

wupwise0.330.180.310.83

mgrid0.330.220.340.89

applu0.330.010.620.97

facerec0.330.030.711.07

galgel0.330.170.571.07

apsi0.330.260.581.17

ammp0.330.280.581.19

fma3d0.330.430.571.34

lucas0.330.520.881.73

swim0.331.000.551.88

equake0.331.210.802.35

art0.330.961.733.03

CPI breakdown

0.33333333330.106240.2604266667

0.33333333330.096530.2901366667

0.33333333330.003690.4829766667

0.33333333330.151050.3756166667

0.33333333330.137180.3894866667

0.33333333330.296490.2501766667

0.33333333330.565210.1014566667

0.33333333330.302830.3838366667

0.33333333330.346250.6004166667

0.33333333331.204060.2426066667

0.33333333330.931910.5847566667

0.33333333331.251510.9851566667

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI

Sheet1

0.33333333330.034280.2623866667

0.33333333330.094790.3518766667

0.33333333330.314250.1824166667

0.33333333330.336050.2206166667

0.33333333330.622880.0137866667

0.33333333330.705510.0311566667

0.33333333330.569310.1673566667

0.33333333330.581460.2552066667

0.33333333330.578420.2782466667

0.33333333330.571820.4348466667

0.33333333330.875540.5211266667

0.33333333330.546361.0003066667

0.33333333330.801981.2146866667

0.33333333331.733190.9634766667

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI

Opteron SPEC CPU2000 Rates



TPC-C like2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

CINT2000 total1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06


Peak CPI0.3333333333

memory CPI

TPC-C like1.270.130.100.990.020.020.000.01

CINT2000 total0.710.010.100.570.000.020.00.01

Base CPI0.33





TPC-C like0.331.250.990.9979%2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

Miss Pen771602277

CINT2000 total0.330.710.260.5780%1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06INT

perlbmk0.330.110.260.0765%0.701.362.410.430.933.510.000.31INT

crafty0.330.100.290.0110%0.723.154.050.060.1618.070.000.01INT

eon0.330.000.480.00%0.820.060.450.000.010.050.000.00INT

gzip0.330.150.380.0211%0.860.0116.030.100.0111.060.000.09INT

gap0.330.140.390.0968%0.860.764.270.580.053.380.000.33INT

vortex0.330.300.250.1963%0.883.675.861.170.6815.780.001.38INT

bzip20.330.570.100.4783%1.000.0110.572.940.008.170.000.63INT

gcc0.330.300.380.1448%1.021.9419.040.900.794.530.000.19INT

parser0.330.350.600.2162%1.280.0814.801.340.0111.560.000.65INT

vpr0.331.200.240.9276%1.780.0223.365.730.0150.520.003.22INT

twolf0.330.930.580.7277%1.850.0826.184.490.0214.790.000.01INT

mcf0.3317.94(5.22)16.6193%13.060.02148.90103.820.0150.490.0026.98INT

58%

CFP2000 total0.330.470.350.3677%1.150.0813.432.260.013.700.000.79FP

sixtrack0.330.030.270.0383%0.630.030.530.160.010.660.000.01FP

mesa0.330.050.400.0241%0.780.031.580.130.018.780.000.17FP

wupwise0.330.310.180.2785%0.830.006.561.660.000.220.000.17FP

mgrid0.330.330.220.2265%0.890.0116.541.350.000.350.000.25FP

applu0.330.610.030.5589%0.970.018.483.410.002.420.000.13FP

galgel0.330.530.210.3872%1.070.0118.632.380.007.620.000.67FP

facerec0.330.700.040.6390%1.070.019.313.940.001.210.000.20FP

apsi0.330.530.310.4075%1.170.5013.812.480.0110.370.001.69FP

ammp0.330.540.320.3871%1.190.0216.582.370.008.610.003.25FP

fma3d0.330.570.440.4885%1.340.2011.843.020.050.360.000.21FP

lucas0.330.850.550.7082%1.730.0017.354.360.004.800.003.27FP

swim0.330.541.000.3259%1.880.0130.872.020.000.590.000.41FP

equake0.330.801.220.5366%2.350.0637.293.300.001.200.000.59FP

art0.331.730.971.3277%3.030.0056.968.270.001.200.000.41FP

74%

CINT2000 Avg0.330.260.711.30

mcf0.33(5.47)18.20


TPC-C like0.330.991.252.57

perlbmk0.330.260.110.70

crafty0.330.290.100.72

eon0.330.480.000.82

gzip0.330.380.150.86

gap0.330.390.140.86

vortex0.330.250.300.88

bzip20.330.100.571.00

gcc0.330.380.301.02

parser0.330.600.351.28

vpr0.330.241.201.78

twolf0.330.580.931.85

TPC-C0.330.991.252.57

CFP2000 Avg0.330.350.471.15

sixtrack0.330.260.030.63

mesa0.330.350.090.78

wupwise0.330.180.310.83

mgrid0.330.220.340.89

applu0.330.010.620.97

facerec0.330.030.711.07

galgel0.330.170.571.07

apsi0.330.260.581.17

ammp0.330.280.581.19

fma3d0.330.430.571.34

lucas0.330.520.881.73

swim0.331.000.551.88

equake0.331.210.802.35

art0.330.961.733.03

perlbmk0.330.260.110.70

crafty0.330.290.100.72

eon0.330.480.000.82

gzip0.330.380.150.86

gap0.330.390.140.86

vortex0.330.250.300.88

bzip20.330.100.571.00

gcc0.330.380.301.02

parser0.330.600.351.28

vpr0.330.241.201.78

twolf0.330.580.931.85

TPC-C0.330.991.252.57

sixtrack0.330.260.030.63

mesa0.330.350.090.78

wupwise0.330.180.310.83

mgrid0.330.220.340.89

applu0.330.010.620.97

facerec0.330.030.711.07

galgel0.330.170.571.07

apsi0.330.260.581.17

ammp0.330.280.581.19

fma3d0.330.430.571.34

lucas0.330.520.881.73

swim0.331.000.551.88

equake0.331.210.802.35

art0.330.961.733.03


000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

BenchmarkAvg CPIIcache missesDcache missesL2 missesITLB L1 missesDTLB L1 missesITLB L2 missesDTLB L2 missesIcache missesDcache missesL2 missesITLB L1 missesDTLB L1 missesITLB L2 missesDTLB L2 misses

per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.

TPC-C like2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.711.83%1.39%0.62%0.33%0.90%0.01%0.17%

%%%%%%%

CINT2000 total1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06INT0.09%1.43%0.36%0.03%1.25%0.00%0.11%

164.gzip0.860.0116.030.100.0111.060.000.09INT0.001%1.603%0.010%0.001%1.106%0.000%0.009%

175.vpr1.780.0223.365.730.0150.520.003.22INT0.002%2.336%0.573%0.001%5.052%0.000%0.322%

176.gcc1.021.9419.040.900.794.530.000.19INT0.194%1.904%0.090%0.079%0.453%0.000%0.019%

181.mcf13.060.02148.90103.820.0150.490.0026.98INT0.002%14.890%10.382%0.001%5.049%0.000%2.698%

186.crafty0.723.154.050.060.1618.070.000.01INT0.315%0.405%0.006%0.016%1.807%0.000%0.001%

197.parser1.280.0814.801.340.0111.560.000.65INT0.008%1.480%0.134%0.001%1.156%0.000%0.065%

252.eon0.820.060.450.000.010.050.000.00INT0.006%0.045%0.000%0.001%0.005%0.000%0.000%

253.perlbmk0.701.362.410.430.933.510.000.31INT0.136%0.241%0.043%0.093%0.351%0.000%0.031%

254.gap0.860.764.270.580.053.380.000.33INT0.076%0.427%0.058%0.005%0.338%0.000%0.033%

255.vortex0.883.675.861.170.6815.780.001.38INT0.367%0.586%0.117%0.068%1.578%0.000%0.138%

256.bzip21.000.0110.572.940.008.170.000.63INT0.001%1.057%0.294%0.000%0.817%0.000%0.063%

300.twolf1.850.0826.184.490.0214.790.000.01INT0.008%2.618%0.449%0.002%1.479%0.000%0.001%

CFP2000 total1.150.0813.432.260.013.700.000.79FP0.01%1.34%0.23%0.00%0.37%0.00%0.08%

168.wupwise0.830.006.561.660.000.220.000.17FP0.000%0.656%0.166%0.000%0.022%0.000%0.017%

171.swim1.880.0130.872.020.000.590.000.41FP0.001%3.087%0.202%0.000%0.059%0.000%0.041%

172.mgrid0.890.0116.541.350.000.350.000.25FP0.001%1.654%0.135%0.000%0.035%0.000%0.025%

173.applu0.970.018.483.410.002.420.000.13FP0.001%0.848%0.341%0.000%0.242%0.000%0.013%

177.mesa0.780.031.580.130.018.780.000.17FP0.003%0.158%0.013%0.001%0.878%0.000%0.017%

178.galgel1.070.0118.632.380.007.620.000.67FP0.001%1.863%0.238%0.000%0.762%0.000%0.067%

179.art3.030.0056.968.270.001.200.000.41FP0.000%5.696%0.827%0.000%0.120%0.000%0.041%

183.equake2.350.0637.293.300.001.200.000.59FP0.006%3.729%0.330%0.000%0.120%0.000%0.059%

187.facerec1.070.019.313.940.001.210.000.20FP0.001%0.931%0.394%0.000%0.121%0.000%0.020%

188.ammp1.190.0216.582.370.008.610.003.25FP0.002%1.658%0.237%0.000%0.861%0.000%0.325%

189.lucas1.730.0017.354.360.004.800.003.27FP0.000%1.735%0.436%0.000%0.480%0.000%0.327%

191.fma3d1.340.2011.843.020.050.360.000.21FP0.020%1.184%0.302%0.005%0.036%0.000%0.021%

200.sixtrack0.630.030.530.160.010.660.000.01FP0.003%0.053%0.016%0.001%0.066%0.000%0.001%

301.apsi1.170.5013.812.480.0110.370.001.69FP0.050%1.381%0.248%0.001%1.037%0.000%0.169%

2.020.41.01.713.00.70.01.6Min0.000%0.045%0.000%0.000%0.005%0.000%0.000%

2.2229.31.02.7325.02.40.02.2Max0.367%14.890%10.382%0.093%5.052%0.000%2.698%

Inverse0.77Icache missesDcache missesL2 missesITLB L1 missesDTLB L1 missesITLB L2 missesDTLB L2 misses

0.87per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.

0.38910505842.57Not MCF0.000%0.045%0.000%0.000%0.005%0.000%0.000%

Notes:NOT MCF0.367%5.696%0.827%0.093%5.052%0.000%0.327%

- Data measured on uniprocessor Opteron based systems

- Metrics are averaged over the entire benchmark run

- Only SPEC CPU2000 base results are given. All CPU2000 benchmarks run in 64-bit mode.

- TPC-C like benchmark is run in 32-bit mode.

- Contact: [email protected] 512-602-5581 or 512-576-9485 mobile



TPC-C like2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

CINT2000 total1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06INT

164.gzip0.860.0116.030.100.0111.060.000.09INT

175.vpr1.780.0223.365.730.0150.520.003.22INT

176.gcc1.021.9419.040.900.794.530.000.19INT

181.mcf13.060.02148.90103.820.0150.490.0026.98INT

186.crafty0.723.154.050.060.1618.070.000.01INT

197.parser1.280.0814.801.340.0111.560.000.65INT

252.eon0.820.060.450.000.010.050.000.00INT

253.perlbmk0.701.362.410.430.933.510.000.31INT

254.gap0.860.764.270.580.053.380.000.33INT

255.vortex0.883.675.861.170.6815.780.001.38INT

256.bzip21.000.0110.572.940.008.170.000.63INT

300.twolf1.850.0826.184.490.0214.790.000.01INT

CFP2000 total1.150.0813.432.260.013.700.000.79FP

168.wupwise0.830.006.561.660.000.220.000.17FP

171.swim1.880.0130.872.020.000.590.000.41FP

172.mgrid0.890.0116.541.350.000.350.000.25FP

173.applu0.970.018.483.410.002.420.000.13FP

177.mesa0.780.031.580.130.018.780.000.17FP

178.galgel1.070.0118.632.380.007.620.000.67FP

179.art3.030.0056.968.270.001.200.000.41FP

183.equake2.350.0637.293.300.001.200.000.59FP

187.facerec1.070.019.313.940.001.210.000.20FP

188.ammp1.190.0216.582.370.008.610.003.25FP

189.lucas1.730.0017.354.360.004.800.003.27FP

191.fma3d1.340.2011.843.020.050.360.000.21FP

200.sixtrack0.630.030.530.160.010.660.000.01FP

301.apsi1.170.5013.812.480.0110.370.001.69FP

2.020.41.01.713.00.70.01.6

2.2229.31.02.7325.02.40.02.2

Notes:






*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*CPI breakdown for Floating Pt. ProgramsCPI above base attributable to memory 60%L2 cache misses 40% overall (70% memory CPI)Assumes misses are not overlapped with the execution pipeline or with each other, so the pipeline stall portion is a lower bound


Chart4

0.33333333330.034280.2623866667

0.33333333330.094790.3518766667

0.33333333330.314250.1824166667

0.33333333330.336050.2206166667

0.33333333330.622880.0137866667

0.33333333330.705510.0311566667

0.33333333330.569310.1673566667

0.33333333330.581460.2552066667

0.33333333330.578420.2782466667

0.33333333330.571820.4348466667

0.33333333330.875540.5211266667

0.33333333330.546361.0003066667

0.33333333330.801981.2146866667

0.33333333331.733190.9634766667

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI

Sheet3

Base CPIPipeline StallMemory CPITotal CPI% CPI-base in Memory

TPC-C like0.330.921.312.5759%

perlbmk0.330.240.130.7035%

crafty0.330.200.190.7249%

eon0.330.480.000.821%

gzip0.330.320.210.8639%

gap0.330.370.150.8629%

vortex0.330.170.380.8869%

bzip20.330.060.611.0091%

gcc0.330.360.331.0248%

parser0.330.540.401.2843%

vpr0.33(0.01)1.461.78101%

twolf0.330.511.011.8566%52%

TPC-C0.330.921.312.5759%53%

CFP2000 Avg0.330.330.491.1560%

sixtrack0.330.260.030.6312%

mesa0.330.350.090.7821%

wupwise0.330.180.310.8363%

mgrid0.330.220.340.8960%

applu0.330.010.620.9798%

facerec0.330.030.711.0796%

galgel0.330.170.571.0777%

apsi0.330.260.581.1769%

ammp0.330.280.581.1968%

fma3d0.330.430.571.3457%

lucas0.330.520.881.7363%

swim0.331.000.551.8835%

equake0.331.210.802.3540%

art0.330.961.733.0364%59%

Sheet3

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Base CPI

Pipeline Stall

Memory CPI

CPI

Sheet2

0.33333333330.26238666670.03428

0.33333333330.35187666670.09479

0.33333333330.18241666670.31425

0.33333333330.22061666670.33605

0.33333333330.01378666670.62288

0.33333333330.03115666670.70551

0.33333333330.16735666670.56931

0.33333333330.25520666670.58146

0.33333333330.27824666670.57842

0.33333333330.43484666670.57182

0.33333333330.52112666670.87554

0.33333333331.00030666670.54636

0.33333333331.21468666670.80198

0.33333333330.96347666671.73319

Base CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

Max Memory CPI

CPI

CPI breakdown



TPC-C like2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

CINT2000 total1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06


Peak CPI0.3333333333

memory CPI

TPC-C like1.310.130.100.990.020.060.000.01

CINT2000 total0.770.010.100.570.000.090.00.01

Base CPI0.33





TPC-C like0.331.310.920.9975%2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

Miss Pen771607777

CINT2000 total0.330.770.190.5774%1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06INT

gzip0.330.210.320.028%0.860.0116.030.100.0111.060.000.09INT

vpr0.331.46(0.01)0.9263%1.780.0223.365.730.0150.520.003.22INT

gcc0.330.330.360.1444%1.021.9419.040.900.794.530.000.19INT

mcf0.3318.20(5.47)16.6191%13.060.02148.90103.820.0150.490.0026.98INT

crafty0.330.190.200.015%0.723.154.050.060.1618.070.000.01INT

parser0.330.400.540.2153%1.280.0814.801.340.0111.560.000.65INT

eon0.330.000.480.00%0.820.060.450.000.010.050.000.00INT

perlbmk0.330.130.240.0754%0.701.362.410.430.933.510.000.31INT

gap0.330.150.370.0960%0.860.764.270.580.053.380.000.33INT

vortex0.330.380.170.1949%0.883.675.861.170.6815.780.001.38INT

bzip20.330.610.060.4778%1.000.0110.572.940.008.170.000.63INT

twolf0.331.010.510.7271%1.850.0826.184.490.0214.790.000.01INT

52%

CFP2000 total0.330.490.330.3674%1.150.0813.432.260.013.700.000.79FP

wupwise0.330.310.180.2785%0.830.006.561.660.000.220.000.17FP

swim0.330.551.000.3259%1.880.0130.872.020.000.590.000.41FP

mgrid0.330.340.220.2264%0.890.0116.541.350.000.350.000.25FP

applu0.330.620.010.5588%0.970.018.483.410.002.420.000.13FP

mesa0.330.090.350.0222%0.780.031.580.130.018.780.000.17FP

galgel0.330.570.170.3867%1.070.0118.632.380.007.620.000.67FP

art0.331.730.961.3276%3.030.0056.968.270.001.200.000.41FP

equake0.330.801.210.5366%2.350.0637.293.300.001.200.000.59FP

facerec0.330.710.030.6389%1.070.019.313.940.001.210.000.20FP

ammp0.330.580.280.3866%1.190.0216.582.370.008.610.003.25FP

lucas0.330.880.520.7080%1.730.0017.354.360.004.800.003.27FP

fma3d0.330.570.430.4885%1.340.2011.843.020.050.360.000.21FP

sixtrack0.330.030.260.0375%0.630.030.530.160.010.660.000.01FP

apsi0.330.580.260.4068%1.170.5013.812.480.0110.370.001.69FP

71%

CINT2000 Avg0.330.190.771.30

mcf0.33(5.47)18.20


TPC-C like0.330.921.312.57

perlbmk0.330.240.130.70

crafty0.330.200.190.72

eon0.330.480.000.82

gzip0.330.320.210.86

gap0.330.370.150.86

vortex0.330.170.380.88

bzip20.330.060.611.00

gcc0.330.360.331.02

parser0.330.540.401.28

vpr0.33(0.01)1.461.78

twolf0.330.511.011.85

TPC-C0.330.921.312.57

CFP2000 Avg0.330.330.491.15

sixtrack0.330.260.030.63

mesa0.330.350.090.78

wupwise0.330.180.310.83

mgrid0.330.220.340.89

applu0.330.010.620.97

facerec0.330.030.711.07

galgel0.330.170.571.07

apsi0.330.260.581.17

ammp0.330.280.581.19

fma3d0.330.430.571.34

lucas0.330.520.881.73

swim0.331.000.551.88

equake0.331.210.802.35

art0.330.961.733.03

CPI breakdown

0.33333333330.106240.2604266667

0.33333333330.096530.2901366667

0.33333333330.003690.4829766667

0.33333333330.151050.3756166667

0.33333333330.137180.3894866667

0.33333333330.296490.2501766667

0.33333333330.565210.1014566667

0.33333333330.302830.3838366667

0.33333333330.346250.6004166667

0.33333333331.204060.2426066667

0.33333333330.931910.5847566667

0.33333333331.251510.9851566667

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI

Sheet1

0.33333333330.034280.2623866667

0.33333333330.094790.3518766667

0.33333333330.314250.1824166667

0.33333333330.336050.2206166667

0.33333333330.622880.0137866667

0.33333333330.705510.0311566667

0.33333333330.569310.1673566667

0.33333333330.581460.2552066667

0.33333333330.578420.2782466667

0.33333333330.571820.4348466667

0.33333333330.875540.5211266667

0.33333333330.546361.0003066667

0.33333333330.801981.2146866667

0.33333333331.733190.9634766667

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI




TPC-C like2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

CINT2000 total1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06


Peak CPI0.3333333333

memory CPI

TPC-C like1.270.130.100.990.020.020.000.01

CINT2000 total0.710.010.100.570.000.020.00.01

Base CPI0.33





TPC-C like0.331.250.990.9979%2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

Miss Pen771602277

CINT2000 total0.330.710.260.5780%1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06INT

perlbmk0.330.110.260.0765%0.701.362.410.430.933.510.000.31INT

crafty0.330.100.290.0110%0.723.154.050.060.1618.070.000.01INT

eon0.330.000.480.00%0.820.060.450.000.010.050.000.00INT

gzip0.330.150.380.0211%0.860.0116.030.100.0111.060.000.09INT

gap0.330.140.390.0968%0.860.764.270.580.053.380.000.33INT

vortex0.330.300.250.1963%0.883.675.861.170.6815.780.001.38INT

bzip20.330.570.100.4783%1.000.0110.572.940.008.170.000.63INT

gcc0.330.300.380.1448%1.021.9419.040.900.794.530.000.19INT

parser0.330.350.600.2162%1.280.0814.801.340.0111.560.000.65INT

vpr0.331.200.240.9276%1.780.0223.365.730.0150.520.003.22INT

twolf0.330.930.580.7277%1.850.0826.184.490.0214.790.000.01INT

mcf0.3317.94(5.22)16.6193%13.060.02148.90103.820.0150.490.0026.98INT

58%

CFP2000 total0.330.470.350.3677%1.150.0813.432.260.013.700.000.79FP

sixtrack0.330.030.270.0383%0.630.030.530.160.010.660.000.01FP

mesa0.330.050.400.0241%0.780.031.580.130.018.780.000.17FP

wupwise0.330.310.180.2785%0.830.006.561.660.000.220.000.17FP

mgrid0.330.330.220.2265%0.890.0116.541.350.000.350.000.25FP

applu0.330.610.030.5589%0.970.018.483.410.002.420.000.13FP

galgel0.330.530.210.3872%1.070.0118.632.380.007.620.000.67FP

facerec0.330.700.040.6390%1.070.019.313.940.001.210.000.20FP

apsi0.330.530.310.4075%1.170.5013.812.480.0110.370.001.69FP

ammp0.330.540.320.3871%1.190.0216.582.370.008.610.003.25FP

fma3d0.330.570.440.4885%1.340.2011.843.020.050.360.000.21FP

lucas0.330.850.550.7082%1.730.0017.354.360.004.800.003.27FP

swim0.330.541.000.3259%1.880.0130.872.020.000.590.000.41FP

equake0.330.801.220.5366%2.350.0637.293.300.001.200.000.59FP

art0.331.730.971.3277%3.030.0056.968.270.001.200.000.41FP

74%

CINT2000 Avg0.330.260.711.30

mcf0.33(5.47)18.20


TPC-C like0.330.991.252.57

perlbmk0.330.260.110.70

crafty0.330.290.100.72

eon0.330.480.000.82

gzip0.330.380.150.86

gap0.330.390.140.86

vortex0.330.250.300.88

bzip20.330.100.571.00

gcc0.330.380.301.02

parser0.330.600.351.28

vpr0.330.241.201.78

twolf0.330.580.931.85

TPC-C0.330.991.252.57

CFP2000 Avg0.330.350.471.15

sixtrack0.330.260.030.63

mesa0.330.350.090.78

wupwise0.330.180.310.83

mgrid0.330.220.340.89

applu0.330.010.620.97

facerec0.330.030.711.07

galgel0.330.170.571.07

apsi0.330.260.581.17

ammp0.330.280.581.19

fma3d0.330.430.571.34

lucas0.330.520.881.73

swim0.331.000.551.88

equake0.331.210.802.35

art0.330.961.733.03

perlbmk0.330.260.110.70

crafty0.330.290.100.72

eon0.330.480.000.82

gzip0.330.380.150.86

gap0.330.390.140.86

vortex0.330.250.300.88

bzip20.330.100.571.00

gcc0.330.380.301.02

parser0.330.600.351.28

vpr0.330.241.201.78

twolf0.330.580.931.85

TPC-C0.330.991.252.57

sixtrack0.330.260.030.63

mesa0.330.350.090.78

wupwise0.330.180.310.83

mgrid0.330.220.340.89

applu0.330.010.620.97

facerec0.330.030.711.07

galgel0.330.170.571.07

apsi0.330.260.581.17

ammp0.330.280.581.19

fma3d0.330.430.571.34

lucas0.330.520.881.73

swim0.331.000.551.88

equake0.331.210.802.35

art0.330.961.733.03


000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Base CPI

Max Memory CPI

Min Pipeline Stall

CPI

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

BenchmarkAvg CPIIcache missesDcache missesL2 missesITLB L1 missesDTLB L1 missesITLB L2 missesDTLB L2 missesIcache missesDcache missesL2 missesITLB L1 missesDTLB L1 missesITLB L2 missesDTLB L2 misses

per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.

TPC-C like2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.711.83%1.39%0.62%0.33%0.90%0.01%0.17%

%%%%%%%

CINT2000 total1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06INT0.09%1.43%0.36%0.03%1.25%0.00%0.11%

164.gzip0.860.0116.030.100.0111.060.000.09INT0.001%1.603%0.010%0.001%1.106%0.000%0.009%

175.vpr1.780.0223.365.730.0150.520.003.22INT0.002%2.336%0.573%0.001%5.052%0.000%0.322%

176.gcc1.021.9419.040.900.794.530.000.19INT0.194%1.904%0.090%0.079%0.453%0.000%0.019%

181.mcf13.060.02148.90103.820.0150.490.0026.98INT0.002%14.890%10.382%0.001%5.049%0.000%2.698%

186.crafty0.723.154.050.060.1618.070.000.01INT0.315%0.405%0.006%0.016%1.807%0.000%0.001%

197.parser1.280.0814.801.340.0111.560.000.65INT0.008%1.480%0.134%0.001%1.156%0.000%0.065%

252.eon0.820.060.450.000.010.050.000.00INT0.006%0.045%0.000%0.001%0.005%0.000%0.000%

253.perlbmk0.701.362.410.430.933.510.000.31INT0.136%0.241%0.043%0.093%0.351%0.000%0.031%

254.gap0.860.764.270.580.053.380.000.33INT0.076%0.427%0.058%0.005%0.338%0.000%0.033%

255.vortex0.883.675.861.170.6815.780.001.38INT0.367%0.586%0.117%0.068%1.578%0.000%0.138%

256.bzip21.000.0110.572.940.008.170.000.63INT0.001%1.057%0.294%0.000%0.817%0.000%0.063%

300.twolf1.850.0826.184.490.0214.790.000.01INT0.008%2.618%0.449%0.002%1.479%0.000%0.001%

CFP2000 total1.150.0813.432.260.013.700.000.79FP0.01%1.34%0.23%0.00%0.37%0.00%0.08%

168.wupwise0.830.006.561.660.000.220.000.17FP0.000%0.656%0.166%0.000%0.022%0.000%0.017%

171.swim1.880.0130.872.020.000.590.000.41FP0.001%3.087%0.202%0.000%0.059%0.000%0.041%

172.mgrid0.890.0116.541.350.000.350.000.25FP0.001%1.654%0.135%0.000%0.035%0.000%0.025%

173.applu0.970.018.483.410.002.420.000.13FP0.001%0.848%0.341%0.000%0.242%0.000%0.013%

177.mesa0.780.031.580.130.018.780.000.17FP0.003%0.158%0.013%0.001%0.878%0.000%0.017%

178.galgel1.070.0118.632.380.007.620.000.67FP0.001%1.863%0.238%0.000%0.762%0.000%0.067%

179.art3.030.0056.968.270.001.200.000.41FP0.000%5.696%0.827%0.000%0.120%0.000%0.041%

183.equake2.350.0637.293.300.001.200.000.59FP0.006%3.729%0.330%0.000%0.120%0.000%0.059%

187.facerec1.070.019.313.940.001.210.000.20FP0.001%0.931%0.394%0.000%0.121%0.000%0.020%

188.ammp1.190.0216.582.370.008.610.003.25FP0.002%1.658%0.237%0.000%0.861%0.000%0.325%

189.lucas1.730.0017.354.360.004.800.003.27FP0.000%1.735%0.436%0.000%0.480%0.000%0.327%

191.fma3d1.340.2011.843.020.050.360.000.21FP0.020%1.184%0.302%0.005%0.036%0.000%0.021%

200.sixtrack0.630.030.530.160.010.660.000.01FP0.003%0.053%0.016%0.001%0.066%0.000%0.001%

301.apsi1.170.5013.812.480.0110.370.001.69FP0.050%1.381%0.248%0.001%1.037%0.000%0.169%

2.020.41.01.713.00.70.01.6Min0.000%0.045%0.000%0.000%0.005%0.000%0.000%

2.2229.31.02.7325.02.40.02.2Max0.367%14.890%10.382%0.093%5.052%0.000%2.698%

Inverse0.77Icache missesDcache missesL2 missesITLB L1 missesDTLB L1 missesITLB L2 missesDTLB L2 misses

0.87per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.per 1k instr.

0.38910505842.57Not MCF0.000%0.045%0.000%0.000%0.005%0.000%0.000%

Notes:NOT MCF0.367%5.696%0.827%0.093%5.052%0.000%0.327%








TPC-C like2.5718.3413.896.183.259.000.091.71

CINT2000 total1.300.9014.273.570.2512.470.001.06INT

164.gzip0.860.0116.030.100.0111.060.000.09INT

175.vpr1.780.0223.365.730.0150.520.003.22INT

176.gcc1.021.9419.040.900.794.530.000.19INT

181.mcf13.060.02148.90103.820.0150.490.0026.98INT

186.crafty0.723.154.050.060.1618.070.000.01INT

197.parser1.280.0814.801.340.0111.560.000.65INT

252.eon0.820.060.450.000.010.050.000.00INT

253.perlbmk0.701.362.410.430.933.510.000.31INT

254.gap0.860.764.270.580.053.380.000.33INT

255.vortex0.883.675.861.170.6815.780.001.38INT

256.bzip21.000.0110.572.940.008.170.000.63INT

300.twolf1.850.0826.184.490.0214.790.000.01INT

CFP2000 total1.150.0813.432.260.013.700.000.79FP

168.wupwise0.830.006.561.660.000.220.000.17FP

171.swim1.880.0130.872.020.000.590.000.41FP

172.mgrid0.890.0116.541.350.000.350.000.25FP

173.applu0.970.018.483.410.002.420.000.13FP

177.mesa0.780.031.580.130.018.780.000.17FP

178.galgel1.070.0118.632.380.007.620.000.67FP

179.art3.030.0056.968.270.001.200.000.41FP

183.equake2.350.0637.293.300.001.200.000.59FP

187.facerec1.070.019.313.940.001.210.000.20FP

188.ammp1.190.0216.582.370.008.610.003.25FP

189.lucas1.730.0017.354.360.004.800.003.27FP

191.fma3d1.340.2011.843.020.050.360.000.21FP

200.sixtrack0.630.030.530.160.010.660.000.01FP

301.apsi1.170.5013.812.480.0110.370.001.69FP

2.020.41.01.713.00.70.01.6

2.2229.31.02.7325.02.40.02.2

Notes:






*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Pentium 4 vs. Opteron Memory Hierarchy*Clock rate for this comparison in 2005; faster versions existed

CPUPentium 4 (3.2 GHz*)Opteron (2.8 GHz*)Instruction CacheTrace Cache (8K micro-ops)2-way associative, 64 KB, 64B blockData Cache8-way associative, 16 KB, 64B block, inclusive in L22-way associative, 64 KB, 64B block, exclusive to L2L2 cache8-way associative, 2 MB, 128B block16-way associative, 1 MB, 64B blockPrefetch8 streams to L21 stream to L2Memory200 MHz x 64 bits200 MHz x 128 bits


*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Misses Per Instruction: Pentium 4 vs. OpteronOpteron betterPentium betterD cache miss: P4 is 2.3X to 3.4X vs. OpteronL2 cache miss: P4 is 0.5X to 1.5X vs. OpteronNote: Same ISA, but not same instruction count2.3X3.4X0.5X1.5X


Chart1

3.49905844833.4651969004

1.77015906670.3413784983

1.62797720580.8163025337

1.2339812360.1755664967

4.68415928980.19326934

4.66914217021.9451292097

5.01586036616.1920687672

1.3099034460.723184898

3.58570534940.4991951275

3.96956736461.6074951627

SPECint2000

SPECfp2000

D cache: P4/Opteron

L2 cache: P4/Opteron

Ratio of MPI: Pentium 4/Opteron

D & L2 MPI, SPEC

Pentium 43.2 GHzOpteron2.8 GHzP4/O

12K16 K2 MBL1/L264 K64 K1 MBL1/L2

I cacheD cacheL2 cacheI cacheD cacheL2 cacheI cacheD cacheL2 cache

164.gzip0.0556.095.610.351620.0116.031.600.101605.03.53.5

175.vpr0.3541.354.141.96210.0223.362.345.73417.61.80.3

176.gcc3.9931.003.100.73421.9419.041.900.90212.11.60.8

181.mcf0.08183.7418.3718.23100.02148.9014.89103.8213.81.20.2

186.crafty5.5518.971.900.011,6363.154.050.410.06681.84.70.2

168.wupwise0.0530.633.063.2390.016.560.661.6649.44.71.9

171.swim0.07154.8415.4812.51120.0130.873.092.02156.85.06.2

172.mgrid0.0221.672.170.98220.0116.541.651.35121.81.30.7

173.applu0.0330.413.041.70180.018.480.853.4122.93.60.5

177.mesa0.516.270.630.21300.031.580.160.131216.94.01.6

MIN0.026.270.630.019.490.011.580.160.061.431.761.230.18

MAX5.55183.7418.3718.231,635.963.15148.9014.89103.82160.3017.635.026.19

I Pent4I OptD Pent4D OptL2 Pent4L2 Opt

gzip0.050.0156.0916.030.350.10

vpr0.350.0241.3523.361.965.73

gcc3.991.9431.0019.040.730.90

mcf0.080.02183.74148.9018.23103.82

crafty5.553.1518.974.050.010.06

wupeise0.050.0130.636.563.231.66

swim0.070.01154.8430.8712.512.02

mgrid0.020.0121.6716.540.981.35

applu0.030.0130.418.481.703.41

mesa0.510.036.271.580.210.13

I cacheD cacheL2 cache

gzip5.03.53.5

vpr17.61.80.3

gcc2.11.60.8

mcf3.81.20.2

crafty1.84.70.2

wupwise9.44.71.9

swim6.85.06.2

mgrid1.81.30.7

applu2.93.60.5

mesa16.94.01.6

D cache: P4/OpteronL2 cache: P4/Opteron

gzip33.5

vpr20.3

gcc20.8

mcf10.2

crafty50.2

wupwise51.9

swim56.2

mgrid10.7

applu40.5

mesa41.6

Median3.50.8

geomean2.760.86

gstdev

SPECratio2000base

P4OpteronRatioRatio Op/P4

gzip106612840.831.20

vpr110312440.891.13

gcc188014311.310.76

mcf196211631.690.59

crafty118318990.621.61

wupwise259728380.921.09

swim264022531.170.85

mgrid146217230.851.18

applu152621220.721.39

mesa140318400.761.31

All GM int158417430.941.10

All GM fp184319761.081.07

GM 5 int1,3871,3821.001.00

GM 5 fp1,8462,1220.871.15

D & L2 MPI, SPEC

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

I Pent4

I Opt

D Pent4

D Opt

L2 Pent4

L2 Opt

Misses per Intruction

New GeoMean

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

I cache

D cache

L2 cache

GeoMean

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

SPECint2000

SPECfp2000

D cache: P4/Opteron



SPEC2000 Pent4

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

D cache: P4/Opteron


SPECRatio


SPEC2000 Opt

BenchmarkItanium 2 SPECRatioln(Sample)ln(GM)(ln(S)-ln(GM))**2

gzip0.83(0.19)0.000.04

vpr0.89(0.12)0.000.02

gcc1.310.270.000.07

mcf1.690.520.000.27

Bold are beyondcrafty0.62(0.47)0.000.23

1 St.Dev. Range

N5

1/N0.2Sum ln(S)0.02Sum[(ln(S)-ln(GM))**2]0.62

Product1.0163530546div n0.00Sum[]/n0.12

GM (old)1.00GM (via ln)1.00expSQRT(Sum[]/n)0.35SQRT(Su

GM calculated old wayStDev(Sum(ln(S))0.39St Devexp(SQRT(Sum[]/n))1.42Gstdev

exp(StDev(Sum(ln(S)))1.48Gstdev

GM/Gstdev0.68lowGM/Gstdev0.71low

GM*Gstdev1.49highGM*Gstdev1.43high

GM, Gstdev, Range calculated beforeGM, Gstdev, Range calculated as on web page

BenchmarkItanium 2 SPECRatioln(Sample)ln(GM)(ln(S)-ln(GM))**2

wupwise0.92(0.09)0.000.01

swim1.170.160.000.02

mgrid0.85(0.16)0.000.03

applu0.72(0.33)0.000.11

Bold are beyondmesa0.76(0.27)0.000.08

1 St.Dev. Range

N5

1/N0.2Sum ln(S)(0.70)Sum[(ln(S)-ln(GM))**2]0.25

Product0.4988998701div n(0.14)Sum[]/n0.05

GM (old)0.87GM (via ln)0.87expSQRT(Sum[]/n)0.22SQRT(Su

GM calculated old wayStDev(Sum(ln(S))0.19St Devexp(SQRT(Sum[]/n))1.25Gstdev

exp(StDev(Sum(ln(S)))1.21Gstdev

GM/Gstdev0.72lowGM/Gstdev0.70low

GM*Gstdev1.05highGM*Gstdev1.09high

GM, Gstdev, Range calculated beforeGM, Gstdev, Range calculated as on web page

BenchmarkPentium 4 / Opteron RatiolnD cacheBenchmarkPentium 4 / Opteron RatiolnD cacheBenchmarkPentium 4 / Opteron RatiolnD cache

gzip3.51.25gzip3.51.25

vpr1.80.57vpr1.80.57

gcc1.60.49gcc1.60.49

mcf1.20.21mcf1.20.21

crafty4.71.54crafty4.71.54

wupwise4.71.54wupwise4.71.54

swim5.01.61swim5.01.61

mgrid1.30.27mgrid1.30.27

applu3.61.28applu3.61.28

mesa4.01.38mesa4.01.38

1055

0.125450.224509197810.14Sum ln0.258.28435863264.07Sum ln0.2436.65616481446.08Sum ln

GM2.761.01div nGM2.250.81div nGM3.371.22div n

2.76exp2.25exp3.37exp

0.56St Dev0.56St Dev0.54St Dev

1.76Gstdev1.75Gstdev1.72Gstdev

1.57low1.29low1.96low

4.84high3.95high5.82high

BenchmarkPentium 4 / Opteron RatiolnL2 cacheBenchmarkPentium 4 / Opteron RatiolnL2 cacheBenchmarkPentium 4 / Opteron RatiolnL2 cache

gzip3.51.24gzip3.51.24

vpr0.3(1.07)vpr0.3(1.07)

gcc0.8(0.20)gcc0.8(0.20)

mcf0.2(1.74)mcf0.2(1.74)

crafty0.2(1.64)crafty0.2(1.64)

wupwise1.90.67wupwise1.90.67

swim6.21.82swim6.21.82

mgrid0.7(0.32)mgrid0.7(0.32)

applu0.5(0.69)applu0.5(0.69)

mesa1.60.47mesa1.60.47

1055

0.10.2290200047(1.47)Sum ln0.20.0327657288(3.42)Sum ln0.26.98962035021.94Sum ln

GM0.86(0.15)div nGM0.50(0.68)div nGM1.480.39div n




0low0low1low

3high2high4high

BenchmarkPentium 4 / Opteron RatiolnSPECBenchmarkPentium 4 / Opteron RatiolnL2 cacheBenchmarkPentium 4 / Opteron RatiolnL2 cache

gzip0.83(0.19)gzip0.83(0.19)

vpr0.89(0.12)vpr0.89(0.12)

gcc1.310.27gcc1.310.27

mcf1.690.52mcf1.690.52

crafty0.62(0.47)crafty0.62(0.47)

wupwise0.92(0.09)wupwise0.92(0.09)

swim1.170.16swim1.170.16

mgrid0.85(0.16)mgrid0.85(0.16)

applu0.72(0.33)applu0.72(0.33)

mesa0.76(0.27)mesa0.76(0.27)

1055

0.10.507058407(0.68)Sum ln0.21.01635305460.02Sum ln0.20.4988998701(0.70)Sum ln

GM0.93(0.07)div nGM1.000.00div nGM0.87(0.14)div n




1low1low1low

1high1high1high

SPECint2000BaseBaseBasePeakPeakPeak

BenchmarksRef TimeRun TimeRatioRef TimeRun TimeRatio

164.gzip1400131106614001321063

175.vpr1400127110314001251119

176.gcc110058.518801100591865

181.mcf180091.81962180091.71963

186.crafty100084.51183100084.51183

197.parser1800134133818001341340

252.eon130064.82006130064.82006

253.perlbmk180093.21932180093.21932

254.gap110062.81751110062.51760

255.vortex190070.12709190070.12709

256.bzip21500124120515001251205

300.twolf3000183163830001831638

SPECint_base20001584

SPECint20001585

SPECfp2000BaseBaseBasePeakPeakPeak


168.wupwise160061.62597160061.62597

171.swim3100117264031001172640

172.mgrid1800123146218001231462

173.applu2100138152621001381526

177.mesa140099.81403140099.81403

178.galgel290085.73384290085.73384

179.art260055.34702260055.34702

183.equake13004727631300472763

187.facerec190098.71925190098.71925

188.ammp2200196112122001961121

189.lucas200091.42188200091.42188

191.fma3d2100143147121001431471

200.sixtrack11001736351100173635

301.apsi2600207125726002071257

SPECfp_base20001843

SPECfp20001843

SPEC CINT2000 Summary

Fujitsu Siemens Computers CELSIUS M440, Intel Pentium 4 640

Wed Nov 30 11:08:35 2005

HARDWARE

--------

Hardware Vendor: Fujitsu Siemens Computers

Model Name: CELSIUS M440, Intel Pentium 4 640

CPU: Intel Pentium 4 processor 640

CPU MHz: 3200

FPU: Integrated

CPU(s) enabled: 1 core, 1 chip, 1 core/chip (Hyper-Threading Technology disabled)

CPU(s) orderable: 1

Parallel: No

Primary Cache: 12k micro-ops I + 16KBD on chip

Secondary Cache: 2048KB(I+D) on chip

L3 Cache: N/A

Other Cache: N/A

Memory: 4 GB (4x1 GB DDR2-533, 2rank, CL4-4-4, with ECC)

Disk Subsystem: Serial ATA 7200 rpm

Other Hardware:

SOFTWARE

--------

Operating System: Windows XP Professional, Service Pack 2

Compiler: Intel(R) C++ Compiler for 32-bit app., Version 9.0,

- Build 20050912Z Package ID: W_CC_C_9.0.024

Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 (for libraries)

MicroQuill SmartHeap Library 7.4

File System: NTFS

System State: Default

NOTES

-----

Portability flags:

176.gcc: -Dalloca=_alloca /F10000000

186.crafty: -DNT_i386

253.perlbmk: -DSPEC_CPU2000_NTOS -DPERLDLL /MT

254.gap: -DSYS_HAS_CALLOC_PROTO -DSYS_HAS_MALLOC_PROTO

Feedback optimization:

+FDO: PASS1= -Qprof_gen PASS2= -Qprof_use

Baseline Tuning Flags:

for C programs:

-fast +FDO shlW32M.lib

for C++ program 252.eon:

-fast -Qcxx_features +FDO

Peak Tuning Flags:

164.gzip: -fast +FDO

175.vpr: -fast +FDO

176.gcc: -fast +FDO

181.mcf: -fast +FDO shlW32M.lib

186.crafty: -fast +FDO

197.parser: -fast +FDO

252.eon: -fast -Qcxx_features +FDO

253.perlbmk: -fast +FDO shlW32M.lib

254.gap: -fast +FDO

255.vortex -fast +FDO shlW32M.lib

256.bzip2: -fast +FDO

300.twolf: -fast +FDO shlW32M.lib

Extra Libraries:

shlW32M.lib = Microquill SmartHeap Library 7.4

see www.microquill.com

The system bus runs at 800 MHz

For information about Fujitsu Siemens Computers in your country please see:

http://www.fujitsu-siemens.com/countries

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

For questions about this result, please contact the tester.

For other inquiries, please contact [email protected].

Copyright 1999-2005 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation

Generated on Tue Dec 27 11:33:15 2005 by SPEC CPU2000 ASCII formatter v2.1

SPECint2000BaseBaseBasePeakPeakPeak


164.gzip140083.11685140082.8169114001091284140090.71543*

175.vpr14001021373140098.5142114001131244140090.21552*

176.gcc110055.91969110057.21923110076.91431110053.62052*

181.mcf1800236764180014812141800155116318001191516*

186.crafty100040.12492100039.22553100052.718991000501998*

197.parser18001401285180011016321800103174118001041733*

252.eon130044.82905130038.83352130050.12593130044.92895*

253.perlbmk180095.61883180083.321621800872068180085.22112*

254.gap110060.71813110060.7181311006018331100601833*

255.vortex190066287719006230651900692753190065.92881*

256.bzip2150096.41556150096.4155615001021476150099.21513*

300.twolf30001891587300014920083000171175430001332254*

SPECint_base200017431708

SPECint200019451940

SPECfp2000BaseBaseBasePeakPeakPeak


168.wupwise160056.42838160049.13261

171.swim3100138225331001332326

172.mgrid18001041723180096.81859

173.applu2100992122210085.82448

177.mesa140076.11840140057.82423

178.galgel2900903222290080.73596

179.art260098.52639260068.33805

183.equake130076.21706130069.21880

187.facerec190071.42661190071.82647

188.ammp2200134164122001251755

189.lucas2000108184920001021963

191.fma3d2100123171321001221720

200.sixtrack11001179391100112979

301.apsi2600152171126001461781

SPECfp_base20001976

SPECfp20002191

SPEC CFP2000 Summary

Advanced Micro Devices TYAN Tomcat K8E (S2865), AMD Opteron (TM) 154

Sun Dec 11 13:58:07 2005

Sun Dec 11 12:05:44 2005

Hardware Vendor: Advanced Micro Devices

Model Name: TYAN Tomcat K8E (S2865), AMD Opteron (TM) 154

CPU: AMD Opteron (TM) 154 (939 pin)

CPU MHz: 2800

FPU: Integrated

CPU(s) enabled: 1 core, 1 chip, 1 core/chip

CPU(s) orderable: 1

Parallel: No

Primary Cache: 64KBI + 64KBD on chip

Secondary Cache: 1024KB (I+D) on chip

L3 Cache: N/A

Other Cache: N/A

Memory: 2x512MB, DDR400 CL2

Disk Subsystem: IDE, 160 GB

Other Hardware: None

SOFTWARE

--------

Operating System: SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 9 for AMD64

Compiler: PathScale EKOPath(TM) Compiler

Suite, Release 2.3

File System: Linux/ext3

System State: Multi-user, run level 3

NOTES

-----

Tested by Advanced Micro Devices

+FDO: PASS1= -fb_create fbdata PASS2= -fb_opt fbdata

Baseline optimization flags:

C programs: -Ofast +FDO

C++ programs: -Ofast +FDO

Portability Flags:

186.crafty: -DLINUX_i386

252.eon: -DHAS_ERRLIST -DSPEC_CPU2000_LP64

253.perlbmk: -DSPEC_CPU2000_LINUX_I386 -DSPEC_CPU2000_NEED_BOOL

-DSPEC_CPU2000_GLIBC22 -DSPEC_CPU2000_LP64

254.gap: -DSYS_IS_USG -DSYS_HAS_IOCTL_PROTO -DSYS_HAS_TIME_PROTO

-DSYS_HAS_CALLOC_PROTO -DSPEC_CPU2000_LP64

255.vortex: -DSPEC_CPU2000_LP64

Peak Tuning:

164.gzip: -O3 -ipa -WOPT:val=0 -OPT:unroll_size=0 +FDO

175.vpr: -O3 -ipa -m32 +FDO

176.gcc: -O3 -IPA:plimit=10000 -LNO:opt=0 -OPT:goto=off +FDO

181.mcf: -O3 -ipa -IPA:field_reorder=on -m32 +FDO

186.crafty: -Ofast -CG:local_fwd_sched=on -LNO:opt=0 -WOPT:val=0 +FDO

197.parser: -O3 -ipa -m32 -IPA:ctype=on +FDO

252.eon: -Ofast -CG:gcm=off:p2align_freq=1:prefetch=off -IPA:plimit=4000

-OPT:treeheight=on -TENV:X=4:frame_pointer=off -fno-exceptions

-LNO:fu=10:full_unroll_outer=on -GRA:optimize_boundary=on +FDO

253.perlbmk: -O2 -ipa -OPT:Ofast:transform_to_memlib=off

-fno-math-errno -IPA:plimit=10000 +FDO

254.gap: basepeak = true

255.vortex: -Ofast -OPT:goto=off -CG:p2align=on

-GRA:optimize_boundary=on -IPA:min_hotness=120 +FDO

256.bzip2: basepeak = true

300.twolf: -O2 -CG:gcm=off:p2align_freq=100000

-OPT:Ofast:unroll_times_max=8:unroll_size=256:alias=disjoint

-WOPT:mem_opnds=on -m32 +FDO

Corsair CMX512-3200XL memory used in Dual Channel configuration

Memory timings manually set in BIOS: CAS=2, Trcd=2, Tras=5, Trp=2

BIOS rev 3.01

The tested system can be assembled using a standard ATX case and an Antec True 550

watt EPS12V Power Supply

*CS252 s06 Adv. Memory Hieriarchy 2*Fallacies and PitfallsNot delivering high memory bandwidth in a cache-based system10 Fastest computers at Stream benchmark [McCalpin 2005]Only 4/10 computers rely on data caches, and their memory BW per processor is 7X to 25X slower than NEC SX7


Chart1

876174.727380.459375

8540621668.08984375

60749237968.25

541178.133823.63125

43478413587

4145731619.42578125

4073516364.859375

34944614560.25

347712.35433.0046875

33255141568.875

System Memory BW

Per Processor Memory BW

Sheet1

Machine IDCOPYPer CPUncpus

---------------------------------------------

NEC_SX-7 (32)876,17527,380132

SGI_Altix_3000 (512)854,0621,6682512

NEC_SX-5-16A (16)607,49237,968316

NEC_SX-7 (16)541,17833,824416

NEC_SX-4 (32)434,78413,587532

SGI_Altix_3000 (256)414,5731,6196256

HP_AlphaServer (64)407,3516,365764

NEC_SX-4 (24)349,44614,560824

HP_AlphaServer (64)347,7125,433964

NEC_SX-5-16A (8)332,55141,569108

Sheet1

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Megabytes/sec

Bandwidth

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

System Memory BW

Per Processor Memory BW

STREAM "standard" results

This is the "standard" set of STREAMbenchmark results.

This set excludes the followingcategories:

Results for 32-bit operations and operands.

Assembly language, hand-coded,simulated, orother experimentalresults.

Obsolete or superceded results.

STREAM Memory Bandwidth --- John D.McCalpin,[email protected]

Revised to Mon Oct 3 20:33:16CDT 25

All results are in MB/s --- 1 MB=10^6 B, *not* 2^20 B

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Machine IDncpusCOPYPer CPUSCALEADDTRIAD

------------------------------------------------------------------------

NEC_SX-732876,17527,380865144.1869179.2872259.1data1

SGI_Altix_3000512854,0621,66885433810085940 1007828.0 data2

NEC_SX-5-16A16607,49237,968590390607412583069data3

NEC_SX-716541,17833,824539823.1548731.5548585.5data4

NEC_SX-432434,78413,587432886437358436954data5

SGI_Altix_3000256414,5731,619412108485323488274data6

HP_AlphaServer_GS1280-130064407,3516,365400142437010431450data7

NEC_SX-424349,44614,560347354342247345825data8

HP_AlphaServer_GS128064347,7125,433341890.6373126.5377727.8data9

NEC_SX-5-16A8332,55141,569332551371160366690data10

Cray_T932_321024-3E32310,7219,710302182359841359270data11

NEC_SX-78275,30534,413274726.8278324.5278244.7data12

NEC_SX-416247,44015,465247343250262250231data

Cray_T3E-1200512242,981246031288345284920data

Cray_T3E-900512240,428233501243368265803

Cray_T932_321024-3E24237,415230100281038282300data

HP_AlphaServer_GS1280-130032207,441207441226230224390data

NEC_SX-68202,627192306.2190231.3213024.3data

HP_AlphaServer_GS128032177,662171680.2186545.2180608.2data

NEC_SX-5-16A4168,486168509189555189517data

Cray_T3D-512161,4791681939177595304

Cray_T932_321024-3E16160,263154880193335194562data

IBM_eServer_p5-59564157,560152770.7168974173564.2data

NEC_SX-74138,980138876.3140393.1140384.7data

NEC_SX-64126,896126620.5127643127633.9data

NEC_SX-48126,084126084126725126724data

Cray_T3E-1200256121,503123064144679142580data

Cray_T3E-900256119,483116861107532126061

SGI_Altix_300064106,457105359123968124601data

Cray_C9016105,497104656101736103812data


Cray_T3D-25698,31684241.547824.145248.1

HP_AlphaServer_GS12801692,03892038100902100902data

SGI_Origin3800-50025687,02085514.4101695.699680.2data

NEC_SX-5-16A284,853848539535295328data

HP_Integrity_SuperDome_16cell6482,276812698303784049data

HP_Integrity_SuperDome_16cell3281,855808638273482353data

Cray_T932_321024-3E880,929781319870199343data

Cray_X1474,417775778362984455data

NEC_SX-7270,08469856.870572.670572.6data

Sun_F25K-1050-72chip14468,18467462.775402.776097.8data

NEC_SX-6263,77163665.763908.663908.4data

NEC_SX-4463,537635366369463692data

Cray_T3E-120012860,882615547233571283data

Sun_F25K-1050-64chip12860,41259495.266334.766506.4data

Cray_T3E-90012860,175587075717764952

Cray_C90855,07255391.860843.363229.6data

Sun_F15K7254,66547703.746090.750724.3data

SGI_Altix_30003253,431529336220162521data


Cray_T3D-12849,15642128.22391222625.2

HP_AlphaServer_GS1280845,203461025112550384data

HP_AlphaServer_ES80-1150844,415452034909149729d

eecs 252 graduate computer architecture lec 17 – advanced memory hierarchy 2

Documents

memory hieriarchy

memory wall

software vmm

advanced memory hierarchy

guest vm

guest osesguest software

highest prioritycs252

lines of codecs252 s06