eee 2013 papers

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ABE Technologies044-27225742- KANCHEEPURAM

VIBRATIONAL ENERGY HARVESTING FROM HUMAN GAIT

ABSTRACT

Over the past two decades, there has been significant interest In converting mechanical

energy from human motion Into electrical energy. This electrical energy can then be used to

Recharge batteries in electronic devices or directly power small scale, Low-power circuits. A

number of commercial devices use human power to produce Electricity such as hand-crank

generators (for powering Flashlights, radios, and recharging mobile devices), and pedal

Generators (that can be used to power larger electrical devices typically generating between 100

and 1000Wand can be as high As 1000 W). However, these generators require concentrated

human Effort for long periods of time, which might preclude the User from doing other tasks. Itis desirable to scavenge or harvest Energy from human movement, while the user is performing

His/her everyday activities. Some of the earliest work to harvest energy from human gait Dates

back almost 250 years and include the self-winding Watch and closely related modern

electromechanical (or so called Electrical) self-winding watches, and various shoe mounted Foot

cranks Driven by the potential to power small, portable electronic devices, the first work in self-

powered electrical Energy harvesting included electromagnetic vibration in A device carried on

the hip, and piezoelectric strain energy Harvesting by a device mounted in the heel of a shoe.

This Initial work has lead to substantial interest in gait powered energy Harvesting.

The mechanical energy generated from the movement of the human movement into

electrical energy. The output of accelerometer and piezo plate is given to the ADC for analog to

digital conversion and then to microcontroller in order to monitor the value of energy generated.

The outputs of transducers are also given to boost controller. The obtained energy is boosted up

using Boost Controller and given to DC-DC converter. The output of the DC-DC converter is

stored in a storage device. The stored energy is inverted to AC voltage and is given to the relay

and utilized for other purposes for lighting lamps for example. The voltage control is provided by

the microcontroller.

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EXISTING SYSTEM

Energy harvesting sources including solar, wind and thermal each with a different

optimal size. They either waste much available energy due to impedance mismatch, or they

require active digital control that incurs overhead, or they work with only one specific type of

source. No more research on the vibration domain.

DISADVANTAGES Construction cost is high in normal energy harvesting like wind, solar. Not will be compact.

More storage device required.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

This paper has investigated the optimal power that can be extracted from human gait over

a wide speed range using electromechanical vibration conversion from human movement. Driven

by the potential to power small portable electronic devices, more recent research in energy

harvesting from gait has focused on 1) increasing the power output 2) energy harvesting from the

motion of backpacks during walking, and 3) minimizing energy expenditure by controlling the breaking force.

ADVANTAGES Good output power. Easy Method. Portable Technologies.

Boost level increased

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PDMS MICROCANTILEVER-BASED FLOW SENSOR

INTEGRATION FOR LAB-ON-A-CHIP

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a simple practical method is presented to fabricate a high aspect ratio

horizontal polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro cantilever-based flow sensor integrated into a

micro fluidic device. A multilayer soft lithography process is developed to fabricate a thin

PDMS layer involving the PDMS micro cantilever and the micro fluidics network. A three-layer

fabrication technique is explored for the integration of the micro flow meter. The upper andlower PDMS layers are bonded to the thin layer to release the micro cantilever for free

deflection. A 3-D finite element analysis is carried out to simulate fluid-structure interaction and

estimate cantilever deflection under various flow conditions. The dynamic range of flow rates

that is detectable using the flow sensor is assessed by both simulation and experimental methods

and compared. Limited by the accuracy of the 1.76- m resolution of the image acquisition

method, the present setup allows for flow rates as low as 35 L/min to be detected. This is equal

to 0.8- N resolution in equivalent force at the tip. This flow meter can be integrated into any

type of microfluidicbased lab-on-a-chip in which flow measurement is crucial, such as flow

cytometry and particle separation applications.

The performance of the flow sensor is tested by introducing various flow rates into the

micro fluidic device and measuring the deflection of t he cantilevers tip using an optical

microscope. It will convert the mechanical energy generated from the flow sensor into electrical

energy. The output of flow sensor is given to the ADC for analog to digital conversion and then

to microcontroller in order to monitor the value of energy generated. The output of flow sensor is

also given to boost controller. The obtained energy is boosted up using Boost Controller and

given to DC-DC converter. The output of the DC-DC converter is stored in a storage device. The

stored energy is inverted to AC voltage and is given to the relay and utilized for other purposes

for lighting lamps for example. The voltage control is provided by the microcontroller.

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EXISTING SYSTEM




source. No more research on the domain.

DISADVANTAGES Construction cost is high in normal energy harvesting like wind, solar. Not will be compact. More storage device required.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this paper, a high aspect ratio PDMS micro-cantilever based flow sensor is presented.

The performance of the flow sensor is tested by introducing various flow rates into the micro

fluidic device and measuring the deflection of the cantilevers tip using an optical microscope.

Driven by the potential to power small portable electronic devices, more recent research in

energy harvesting from gait has focused on 1) increasing the power output 2) energy harvesting

from the motion of backpacks during walking, and 3) minimizing energy expenditure by

controlling the breaking force.

ADVANTAGES Good output power. Easy Method. Portable Technologies. Boost level increased

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ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY SCAVENGING FROM

CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a novel method for scavenging energy for electric power systems

sensing applications by the use of permanent magnets that couple to the magnetic field generated

by an alternating current flowing through a nearby conductor. The resulting mechanical energy is

converted to electrical energy using piezoelectric transduction. This electromechanical AC

energy scavenging method is an attractive alternative to coil based AC energy scavengers in

cases where the scavengers cannot encircle the conductor. In such cases, the electromechanicalAC energy scavenger has the potential to produce significantly more power than comparable

coil-based methods. The components of an electromechanical AC energy scavenger are

described in detail, and experimental data from prototypes that are fabricated and tested in our

laboratory are shown. The 20 cm3 prototypes generated up to 2.7 mW of power each from 20 A

of nearby current. Theoretical power densities of electromechanical AC energy scavengers are

compared to the power densities of representative coil-based methods, showing that in some

cases the electromechanical AC scavengers can generate an order of- magnitude more power

than coil-based AC scavengers. This paper demonstrates that electromechanical AC energy

scavenging is a potential method for powering small size low cost stick-on wireless sensor

networks

The damper, placed in contact with the cantilever beam acts as source of vibration for

power generation. MEMS sensor placed on the beam, it will convert the mechanical energy

generated from the movement of the beam into electrical energy. The output of MEMS is given

to the ADC for analog to digital conversion and then to microcontroller in order to monitor thevalue of energy generated. The output of MEMS is also given to boost controller. The obtained

energy is boosted up using Boost Controller and given to DC-DC converter. The output of the

DC-DC converter is stored in a storage device. The stored energy is inverted to AC voltage and

is given to the relay and utilized for other purposes for lighting lamps for example. The voltage

control is provided by the microcontroller.

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EXISTING SYSTEM






PROPOSED SYSTEM

This paper has investigated the optimal power that can be extracted from human gait over

a wide speed range using electromechanical vibration conversion from human movement. Driven



motion of backpacks during walking, and 3) minimizing energy expenditure by controlling the

breaking force.

ADVANTAGES Good output power. Easy Method. Portable Technologies.

Boost level increased

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PIEZOELECTRIC VIBRATORY-CANTILEVER FORCE SENSORSAND AXIAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR INDIVIDUAL

TRIAXIAL TACTILE SENSING

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a novel method for scavenging energy for electric power systems

sensing applications by the use of permanent magnets that couple to the magnetic field generated

by an alternating current flowing through a nearby conductor. The resulting mechanical energy isconverted to electrical energy using piezoelectric transduction. This electromechanical AC

energy scavenging method is an attractive alternative to coil based AC energy scavengers in

cases where the scavengers cannot encircle the conductor. In such cases, the electromechanical

AC energy scavenger has the potential to produce significantly more power than comparable

coil-based methods. The components of an electromechanical AC energy scavenger are

described in detail, and experimental data from prototypes that are fabricated and tested in our

laboratory are shown. The 20 cm3 prototypes generated up to 2.7 mW of power each from 20 A

of nearby current. Theoretical power densities of electromechanical AC energy scavengers are

compared to the power densities of representative coil-based methods, showing that in some

cases the electromechanical AC scavengers can generate an order of- magnitude more power

than coil-based AC scavengers. This paper demonstrates that electromechanical AC energy

scavenging is a potential method for powering small size low cost stick-on wireless sensor

networks

The damper, placed in contact with the cantilever beam acts as source of vibration for power generation. MEMS sensor placed on the beam, it will convert the mechanical energy

generated from the movement of the beam into electrical energy. The output of MEMS is given

to the ADC for analog to digital conversion and then to microcontroller in order to monitor the

value of energy generated. The output of MEMS is also given to boost controller. The obtained

energy is boosted up using Boost Controller and given to DC-DC converter. The output of the

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DC-DC converter is stored in a storage device. The stored energy is inverted to AC voltage and

is given to the relay and utilized for other purposes for lighting lamps for example. The voltage

control is provided by the microcontroller.

EXISTING SYSTEM






PROPOSED SYSTEM

This paper has investigated the optimal power that can be extracted from human gait overa wide speed range using electromechanical vibration conversion from human movement. Driven



motion of backpacks during walking, and 3) minimizing energy expenditure by controlling the

breaking force.

ADVANTAGES Good output power. Easy Method. Portable Technologies. Boost level increased

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INTEGRATION AND OPERATION OF A SINGLE-PHASEBIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER WITH TWO BUCK/BOOST MPPTS

FOR DC-DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONSABSTRACT

Many types of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic (PV), wind, tidal, and geothermalenergy, have attracted a lot of attention over the past decade. Among these natural resources, the

PV energy is a main and appropriate renewable energy for low-voltage dc-distribution systems,

owing to the merits of clean, quiet, pollution free, and abundant. In the dc-distribution

applications, a power system, including renewable distributed generators (DGS), dc loads

(lighting, air conditioner, and electric vehicle), and a bidirectional inverter, is shown in fig. 1, in

which two PV arrays with two maximum power point trackers (MPPTS) are implemented.

However, the I V characteristics of the PV arrays are nonlinear, and they require MPPTS to

draw the maximum power from each PV array. Moreover, the bidirectional inverter has to fulfill

grid connection (sell power) and rectification (buy power)with power-factor correction (PFC) to

control the power flow between dc bus and ac grid, and to regulate the dc bus to a certain range

of voltages, such as 380 10 v.

Nowadays, a conventional two-stage configuration is usually adopted in the PV inverter

systems. Each MPPT is realized with a boost converter to step up the PV-array voltage close to

the specified dc-link voltage. The boost converter is operated in by-pass mode when the PV-array voltage is higher than the dc-link voltage, and the inverter will function as an MPPT.

The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 1 senses the change in the suns position and gives

signal to the control circuit in order to tackle the change in the position of the solar panel. The

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control circuit gives signal to run the motor in forward direction. LDR 2 detects the sun set and

gives signal to the control circuit to run the motor in reverse direction until the proxy switch gets

activated. The position of the panel will be displayed in LCD at which LDR is absorbing the

energy from the sun. the output from the panel we boost using the DC-DC booster and store in

the battery through the super capacitor for the function of uniform storage purpose.

EXISTING SYSTEM

In the past years numerous MPPT algorithms have been published. They differ in many

aspects such as complexity, cost or efficiency. To date, a number of MPPT algorithms have been

proposed in the literature, including perturb-and- observe method (2004), open- and short-circuit

method (2002), incremental conductance algorithm (1998),fussy logic (2006) and artificial

neural network (1998). However, it is pointless to use a more expensive or more complicated

method if with a simpler and less expensive one similar results can be obtained. This is the

reason why some of the proposed techniques are not used. The main technical requirements in

developing a practical PV system include which an optimal control that can extract the maximum

output power from the PV arrays under all operating and weather conditions.

DISADVANTAGES

Complexity algorithms difficult and unsatisfactory Its not trusted one.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

This paper presents the hardware design and implementation of a system that ensures a

perpendicular profile of the solar panel with the sun in order to extract maximum energy falling

on it. Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource as fossil fuel prices

Fluctuate. The unique feature of the proposed system is that instead of taking the earth as its

reference, it takes the sun as a guiding source. Its active sensors constantly monitor the sunlight

and rotate the panel towards the direction where the intensity of sunlight is maximum.

ADVANTAGES

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Maximum tracking Maximum power output compare other technique

SIMULTANEOUS FAULT SECTION ESTIMATION AND PROTECTIVEDEVICE FAILURE DETECTION USING PERCENTAGE

VALUES OF THE PROTECTIVE DEVICES ALARMS

ABSTRACT:

Fault location is historically one of the most appealing topics for people working in

Power Systems given that it involves several technical and scientific aspects, such as

electromagnetic transient, material engineering, instrumentation and measurement, reliability,

power electronic and so on. In the era of smartgrid, the demand of intelligent measurement

systems capable of providing quickly and with high accuracy the right location of faults in power

networks is growing fast.

In electrical power systems a large number of messages and alarms are transmitted to the

control center after the occurrence of disturbances. The role of the fault diagnosis function is to

estimate the power system section where the outage was originated, and identify relays and

circuit breakers improper operations. Thus, based on the identified fault section, a rapid and

accurate restoration action can be taken to minimize service interruption and limit damage to

equipments. According to expert systems were the earliest attempts in artificial intelligence

application to power system fault diagnosis. As shown in, an expert system can be used to

perform the fault section estimation and protection failure detection. However, commondrawbacks in methods based on expert systems involve knowledge-base maintenance and slow

response time.

The voltage sensor, current sensor are interfaced to the microcontroller through ADC.

each and every transmission line with power circuit (like step-down transformer and rectifier) are

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also interfaced with microcontroller. Incase high voltage goes to transmission line, that time

power circuit activated automatically. The values sensed are stored in the PC in a wired manner

using UART and location of the wire with fault can be displayed particular location.

Additionally fault where is occurred, also message send to EB section beforly by using the GSM

technology.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

In the methodologies presented in and the protection devices alarms are applied directly

to the artificial neural network inputs, which means that each neural network input is associated

with a specific alarm. Thus, the same intelligent system cannot be applied in different powersystems. A Similar conclusion can be obtained by considering other intelligent tools, such as the

aforementioned approaches. Another aspect is that the majority of the methodologies so far

proposed in the literature for fault diagnosis are limited to the fault section estimation, that is,

they do not accomplish the protective device failure detection.

DISADVANTAGES: No more monitoring

Uncertain information in fault diagnosis problems Convenient way to express incomplete

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The proposed approach became a unique solution which led to a specific structure for the

intelligent tool to be used to solve the problem of simultaneous fault section estimation and

protective devices failure detection. Thus, two artificial neural networks have been proposed to

perform the fault section estimation and three artificial neural networks to perform protection

devices failure detection .

ADVANTAGES:

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Sensors implementation. Remote monitoring with GSM. Two way control with fault diagnosis

FUZZY VIRTUAL REFERENCE MODEL SENSORLESS TRACKINGCONTROL FOR LINEAR INDUCTION MOTORS

ABSTRACT

Linear induction motors (LIMs) have characteristics such as high initial thrust force,alleviation of gear between motor and the motion devices, reduced mechanical losses, relatively

Small physical size of motion devices, low audible noise, etc. Due to these advantages, the LIM

is widely used in many industrial applications, e.g., transportation systems, conveyor systems,

and factory material handling.

Embedded technology uses PC or MCU the specified task and the programming is done

using assembly language programming or embedded C. Ours being a developing country the

power consumption is increasing on large scale to meet the growing need of the people. Power

generation is widely based on the non-renewable sources and these sources being depleting some

means have to be found for power saving.

The sensor is fixed to the induction motor which detects the power parameters of the

motor. When the induction motor suffers from any abnormality like as abnormal in temperature

and high voltage. Hence it can be easily detected by the sensors. The value is made to display

with the help of LCD. Additionally speed sensor and current sensor are also fixed to the motor

which determines the motor current and speed. The condition about the motor is sent through

wirelessly to the monitoring section. The values are analyzed in the receiver end through pc.

When the data level exceeds the buzzer connected to the microcontroller alarms.

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EXISTING SYSTEM The mathematical model of an LIM is similar to the conventional rotary induction motor.

However, the LIMs are more complicated since we must consider the end effects, which are

dependent on the speed of the mover, and electromechanical coupling constants, which are larger

than conventional rotary induction motors. The aforementioned facts motivate us to improve the

control for LIMs.

DISADVANTAGES

Increases the cost, weight, and complexity. It is not reliable.

PROPOSED SYSTEMThe hardware and software design of a wireless health monitoring system for induction

machine is presented in this paper. Vibration signals have been analyzed to detect the mechanical

faults. The implementations of analysis technique in time and frequency domain are given. The

proposed rotor imbalance detection technique is verified with different level of severity. Rotor

imbalance indicator can be used to estimate the range of severity level which is very useful part

of the predictive maintenance. The wireless health monitoring system is tested under various

operating conditions and is found to work satisfactorily.

ADVANTAGES Live monitoring system. Fault detection and diagnosis.

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DSP implementation.

HIGH-RESOLUTION PARAMETER ESTIMATION METHOD

TO IDENTIFY BROKEN ROTOR BAR FAULTS IN INDUCTION

MOTORS

ABSTRACT

The classical multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method has been widely used in

induction machine fault detection and diagnosis. This method can extract meaningful frequencies

but cannot give accurate amplitude information of fault harmonics. In this paper, we propose a

new frequency analysis of stator current to estimate fault-sensitive frequencies and their

amplitudes for broken rotor bars (BRBs). The proposed method employs a frequency estimator,

an amplitude estimator, and a fault decision module. The frequency estimator is implemented by

a zoom technique and a high-resolution analysis technique known as the estimation of signal

parameters via rotational invariance techniques, which can extract frequencies accurately. For

the amplitude estimator, a least squares estimator is derived to obtain amplitudes of fault

harmonics, without frequency leakage. In the fault decision module, the fault diagnosis index

from the amplitude estimator is used depending on the load conditions of the induction motors.

The fault index and corresponding threshold are optimized by using the false alarm and detection

probabilities. Experimental results obtained from induction motors show that the proposed

diagnosis algorithm is capable of detecting BRB faults with an accuracy that is superior to the

zoom-based MUSIC algorithm..

Embedded technology uses PC or MCU the specified task and the programming is done

using assembly language programming or embedded C. Ours being a developing country the

power consumption is increasing on large scale to meet the growing need of the people. Power

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generation is widely based on the non-renewable sources and these sources being depleting some

means have to be found for power saving.

The sensor is fixed to the induction motor which detects the power parameters of the

motor. When the induction motor suffers from any abnormality like as abnormal in temperature

and high voltage. Hence it can be easily detected by the sensors. The value is made to display

with the help of LCD. Additionally speed sensor and current sensor are also fixed to the motor

which determines the motor current and speed. The condition about the motor is sent through

wirelessly to the monitoring section. The values are analyzed in the receiver end through pc.

When the data level exceeds the buzzer connected to the microcontroller alarms.

EXISTING SYSTEM The mathematical model of an LIM is similar to the conventional rotary induction motor.

However, the LIMs are more complicated since we must consider the end effects, which are

dependent on the speed of the mover, and electromechanical coupling constants, which are larger

than conventional rotary induction motors. The aforementioned facts motivate us to improve the

control for LIMs.

DISADVANTAGES

Increases the cost, weight, and complexity. It is not reliable.

PROPOSED SYSTEMThe hardware and software design of a wireless health monitoring system for induction

machine is presented in this paper. Vibration signals have been analyzed to detect the mechanical

faults. The implementations of analysis technique in time and frequency domain are given. The

proposed rotor imbalance detection technique is verified with different level of severity. Rotor

imbalance indicator can be used to estimate the range of severity level which is very useful part

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of the predictive maintenance. The wireless health monitoring system is tested under various

operating conditions and is found to work satisfactorily.

ADVANTAGES Live monitoring system. Fault detection and diagnosis. Low power wireless system.

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE FEASIBILITY OF POWER-LINE

COMMUNICATION IN AIRCRAFTS

ABSTRACT

Power-line communication (PLC) has been recently envisaged for transportation systems.

In the aeronautic sector, one of the important tendencies is the more electric aircraft, with the

replacement of hydraulic energy sources by electrical ones. However, each electric system needs

a power supply and a communication network. Reducing the cabling harnesses is currently a key

issue that could be solved by introducing PLC technology. In, few measurements of the transfer

function of a link between the left wing and the right wing and between a wing and the cockpit

of a military aircraft were presented, constraints on the processing time being emphasized. In, the

transfer function of a power line in a transport aircraft was modeled to optimize the

communication parameters.

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Power-line communication (PLC) is a potential solution for long haul transmission, last

mile access, and in building connection over low to high voltage power networks. By turning

virtually each wired device into a target of future value-added services, PLC acts as a

technological enabler spanning internet access, residential or business premises, smart grid, and

other municipal applications. Moreover, it enjoys the advantages of pervasive power cable

infrastructures and low implementation cost without rewiring. PLC is one of the promising

communication technologies. This technology literally transmits data on electric power from a

small number of sources (the generators) to a large number of sinks. PLC is very robust and can

be utilized anywhere using electricity. This point approaches low installation cost since it uses

existing line as communication path there is no need of using wired communication since we can

use with help of Existing communication. Binary data stream is modulated by channel coding atthe convolution encoder.

EXISTING SYSTEM

Power line communication (PLC) has seen a lot of interest in the past few years due to

the almost omnipresent nature of the power line grid. One of the potential applications of power

line communication is automatic reading of electric, gas and water meters. Even though

automatic meter reading (AMR) is a low data rate application, it demands both high reliability

and low computational complexity. Moreover, the power line channel proves unfavorable to

reliable communication due to its multipath nature, frequency selective effects, narrowband

interference and presence of strong impulse and colored background noises.

DISADVANTAGES No flexibility High cost Source of interferences

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PROPOSED SYSTEM

We propose an OFDM based modem design for using power lines as a communication

medium for AMR to completely meet the reliability and the low complexity demands of AMR.

Further, the power line channel manifests a very long impulse response. Hence, to maintain the

orthogonality between subcarriers in OFDM and hence be able to effectively use this technology

for PLC, the cyclic prefix is constrained to be longer than the long channel impulse response. A

novel channel shortening algorithm is presented to reduce the effective length of any channel,

which could be used in PLC.

ADVANTAGES Multiplex network reduces harness weight. Simple installation and easy expandable Increasing reliability by reducing harness wires. Security and ubiquity

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ACCURATE SAMPLING TIMING ACQUISITION FOR

BASEBAND OFDM POWER-LINE COMMUNICATION IN

NON-GAUSSIAN NOISE

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a novel technique is proposed to address the joint sampling timing

acquisition for baseband and broadband power-line communication (BB-PLC) systems using

Orthogonal-Frequency-Division-Multiplexing (OFDM), including the sampling phase offset

(SPO) and the sampling clock offset (SCO). Under pairwise correlation and joint Gaussian

assumption of received signals in frequency domain, an approximated form of the log-likelihood

function is derived. Instead of a high complexity two-dimension grid-search on the likelihood

function, a five-step method is employed for accurate estimations. Several variants are presented

in the same framework with different complexities. Unlike conventional pilot-assisted schemes

using the extra phase rotations within one OFDM block, the proposed technique turns to the

phase rotations between adjacent OFDM blocks. Analytical expressions of the variances and

biases are derived. Extensive simulation results indicate significant performance improvements

over conventional schemes. Additionally, effects of several noise models including non-

Gaussianity, cyclo-stationarity, and temporal correlation are analyzed and simulated. Robustness

of the proposed technique against violation of the joint Gaussian assumption is also verified by

simulations.

PLC is one of the promising communication technologies. This technology literally

transmits data on electric power from a small number of sources (the generators) to a large

number of sinks. PLC is very robust and can be utilized anywhere using electricity. This point

approaches low installation cost since it uses existing line as communication path There is noneed of using wired communication since we can use with help of Existing communication.With

of the help of PC, we can control 3 devices normally, since we can switch ON or OFF the load

such as motor, fan, buzzer etc.We can monitor the value of temperature sensor in PC itself.

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Binary data stream is modulated by channel coding at the convolutional encoder. The

channel coding compensates for the effect of channel fading. Then, the phase shift keying (PSK)

modulated signal is changed serial signal to a number of parallel frames. This signal is converted

to analog at the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and then transmitted via power lines. The

received signal experienced a variety of noises changed to digital signal again at the analog-to-

digital converter (ADC). Next, channel and impulsive noise are mitigated through the clipping

and equalizer block. Finally, the received signal is recovered as the original data stream via FFT

and demodulator.

EXISTING SYSTEM

Power line communication (PLC) has seen a lot of interest in the past few years due to

the almost omnipresent nature of the power line grid. One of the potential applications of power

line communication is automatic reading of electric, gas and water meters. Even though

automatic meter reading (AMR) is a low data rate application, it demands both high reliability

and low computational complexity. Moreover, the power line channel proves unfavorable to

reliable communication due to its multipath nature, frequency selective effects, narrowband

interference and presence of strong impulse and colored background noises. In this work, we

propose an OFDM based modem design for using power lines as a communication medium for

AMR to completely meet the reliability and the low complexity demands of AMR. Further, the power line channel manifests a very long impulse response. Hence, to maintain the orthogonality

between subcarriers in OFDM and hence be able to effectively use this technology for PLC, the

cyclic prefix is constrained to be longer than the long channel impulse response. A novel channel

shortening algorithm is presented to reduce the effective length of any channel, which could be

used in PLC.

DISADVANTAGES The interference in the power line cable that occurs between the electric signal and data

signal is not overcome in this project.

The data rate is low. The impulse response is large.

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PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this paper, we propose clipping scheme and equalizer as methods to reduce the

effects of impulsive noise and channel attenuation in power line communication (PLC) system.Clipping is cutting off the amplitude of the received signal over threshold level without its phase

change in order to reduce noise effects. The equalizer compensates for effects of PLC channel.

The performance is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER). From simulation results, it is

confirmed that the proposed clipping scheme has slightly better performance than conventional

PLC system. The results of the paper can be applied to PLC systems for smart grid. 1

ADVANTAGES It is very robust and can be utilized anywhere using electricity. It involves low installation cost since it uses existing line as communication path. It also receives high attention in smart grid industry because other technologies typically

spend the high cost about 50% of the investments making network infrastructure

eee 2013 papers

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