A ORAII 997 PUSfO NATIONAL INC LONG BEACH CA F/0 /7NX SITIS INVESTIGATION. OTECHNICAL EVALUATION. VERIFICATION .TC(U)JUN S0 F0470-"--46O0

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j FN-TR-2 7-RV-I

I

MX SITING INVESTIGATIONGEOTECHNICAL EVALUATION

i VERIFICATION STUDY - RALSTON VALLEY,NEVADAJ VOLUME I - SYNTHESIS

I Prepared for:U.S. Department of the Air ForceBallistic Missile Office (BMO)Norton Air Force Base, California 92409

I I Prepared by:Fugro National, Inc.

33777 Long Beach BoulevardB ILong Beach, California 90807

I 15 June 1980

I0

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dets Entered)__

READ INSTRUCTIONSREPORT DOCUMENTATrION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

I. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

T (. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

I-3 he 6h S. PERFORMING OG. REPORT NUMBERVo>,. ) I i/- T a-27.--- t~Lfl-7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(&)

F-oC{ AX s 'G-'"- A , TI:,'Qa R0"-fl- 1--,- C-XO (D.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASKp.,....C ,i AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

I -1,,CA Co. 9 O3.).I I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

5s. OECLASSI FCATION/DOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

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IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on revere. side If necessary and identify by block number)

Ir a e () 8:y!,i 6 c) ,c. Sf f xf 0-7/bTh iT "' 2 -.-

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DD I JAN 73 1473 EDITION OF NOV 65 IS OBSOLETESECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Wh41 en Data Entered)

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FN-TR-27-RV-I

FOREWORD

This report was prepared for the Department of the Air Force,Ballistic Missile Office (BMO), in compliance with Contract No.F04704-80-C-0006, CDRL Item 004A2. It contains an evaluation ofthe suitability of Ralson Valley, Nevada, for siting the MX LandMobile Advanced ICBM system and presents the geological, geo-physical, and soils engineering data upon which the evaluationis based.

This report is included as one of several being prepared to des-cribe Verification studies in the Nevada-Utah region even thoughthese data were gathered during an earlier phase of investiga-tion called Characterization and does not include all facets ofa Verification study. Reports on the Characterization studiescontained only brief summaries of results, so it was decided topublish details of the investigations and results, in the styleof Verification reports, for the two Characterization studies Inthe Nevada-Utah region.

The Verification studies, which were stated in 1979, are thefinal phase of a site-selection process which was begun in 1977.The Verification objectives are to define sufficient suitablearea for deployment of the MX system and to provide preliminarysoils engineering data. Previous phases of the site selectionprocess were Screening, Characterization, and Ranking. inpreparing this report, it has been assumed that the reader willbe familiar with the previous studies.

Volume I of this report Is a synthesis of the data obtained-during the study. It contains discussions relative to the

horizontal and vertical shelter basing modes. Volume II is adetailed compilation of the data which may be used for independ-

ent interpretations or analyses.

T.1NAHNt.IC

FN-TR-27-RV-I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageFOREWOR ....................................... ..... o.....

1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................... *............... 1

1.1 Purpose and Background ......................... 11.2 Verification Objectives ........................ 51.3•• Sc p of St d . ... ............. * . ........... oo . 5

1.4 Discussion of Analysis Techniques .............. 5

1.4.1 Determination of Suitable Area .......... 51.4.2 Determination of Basin-Fill Character-

istics .................................. 8

2.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ............................. 10

2.1 Suitable Area .......................... ....... 102.2 Basin-Fill Characteristics ..................... 10

2.2.1 Surficial Soils ........................ 102.2.2 Subsurface Soils ........................ 12

2.3 Construction Considerations .................... 122.3.1 Grading ................................. 132.3.2 Roads .................................. 132.3.3 Excavatability and Stability ............ 13

3.0 GEOTECHNICAL SUMMARY ......... * ................ .. 15

3.1 Geographic Setting ............................. 153.2 Geologic Setting ............................... 15

3.2.1 Rock Types .............................. 153.2.2 Structure ...................................... 173.2.3 Surficial Geologic Units ................ 18

3.3 Surface Soils ... ..................... .......... 193.4 Subsurface Soils ................... o........... 203.5 Depth to Rock . ................................. 263.6 Depth to Water ... ...................... ....... 303.7 Terrain ............. 0........................... 31

- BIBLIOGRAPHY ... ................. .. . .. . ........... 33

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FN-TR-27-RV-I

Table of Contents (Cont.)

LIST OF TABLES

Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION1-1 Field Techniques, Verification Studies ........ 31-2 Scope of Activities, Ralston Valley ........... 6

2.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS2-1 Estimated Suitable Area ....................... 11

3.0 GEOTECHNICAL SUMMARY3-1 Characteristics of Subsurface Soils ........... 233-2 Shallow Seismic Refraction Velocity Profiles .. 273-3 Deep Seismic Refraction Velocity Profiles ..... 283-4 Downhole Seismic Velocity Profiles ............ 29

LIST OF FIGURES

1.0 INTRODUCTION1-1 Nevada-Utah Verification Reports, To Date

(15 March 1980), FY 79 ...................... 4

3.0 GEOTECHNICAL SUMMARY3-1 Location Map ...... 0............................ 163-2 Soil Profile 1-1' ................... . ....... 213-3 Soil Profile 2-2' ......... * .......... 223-4 Range of Gradation of Subsurface Soils ....... 24,

25

LIST OF DRAWINGS

2.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS2-1 Suitable Area, Horizontal and Ver- Located at End of

tical Shelter, Ralston Valley, Section 2.0Nevada

3.0 SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATION3-1 Activity Locations3-2 Surficial Geologic Units All Drawings Are3-3 Depth to Rock Located at End

- 3-4 Depth to Water of Section 3.03-5 Terrain1

iii

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FN-TR-27-RV-I

Table of Contents (Cont.)

ILIST OF APPENDICES

LAPPENDIXA1.0 Glossary of Terms

! A2.0 Exclusion CriteriaA3.0 Engineering Geologic ProceduresA4.0 Geophysical ProceduresA5.0 Engineering Procedures

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TABLE OF CONTENTSI VOLUME IIPage

FOREWORD

1.0 GEOLOGIC STATION DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.0 GROUND-WATER DATA ............ . . . . . . . 6

3.0 SEISMIC REFRACTION DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4.0 BORING LOGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9

5.0 TRENCH LOGS . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . 16

6.0 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . 17I7.0 DOWNHOLE SEISMIC VELOCITY DATA .. ......... . . 23

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FN-TR-27-RV-I

I1.0 INTRODUCTION

L _

1.1 PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND

[ This report presents the results of geotechnical studies whichwere conducted in the southern half of Ralston Valley, Nevada,hduring the summer of 1977. The work was done as part of Fugro

National's Characterization Studies, which were summarized in

report FN-TR-26e. This more detailed report follows the format

of reports covering Fugro National's Verification Program, even

though the Characterization field investigation did not include

all the elements of a Verification investigation. The report

contains two volumes. This volume is a synthesis of the data.

Volume II is a compilation of the data from each activity.

This work is a phase of a site selection process which started

in 1977. The objective of the site selection process is to

identify and rank geotechnically suitable areas which are

sufficiently large for deployment of the Missile-X (MX), an

advanced intercontinental ballistic missile system. The phases

are called Screening, Characterization, Ranking, and Veri-

fication. Screening employed existing information from litera-

ture to identify areas which appeared to be suitable for deploy-

ment of MX. Both Characterization and Verification programs

use field studies. Characterization studies emphasized collec-

9tion of information to characterize geologic units with re-

spect to construction of the MX basing options. Verification

studies also obtain information on construction properties of

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the geological units, but special emphasis is given to drawing

I more reliable useable area boundaries than those drawn duringIthe Screening studies. Table 1-1 summarizes the investigative

techniques being employed during Verification studies and points

jout those which were not used in Ralston Valley. Another dif-ference between the two programs is that, for Verification, more

I of the investigations were done near the valley margins than inthe Characterization studies.

The site selection schedule is shown in the following diagram,

which also identifies the Fugro National technical report for

each element in the process. As shown, the verification Program

1977 1978 1979 1980

Coarse Screening, FN-TR-16

Intermediate Screening, FN4-TR-17

Fine Screening, FN-TR-24

Characterization, FN-TR-26

OW* Ranking, F-R2

Verification, FN-TR-27

I Verification, ContinuingIis continuing in 1980. The valleys for which reports have been

issued on the Verification studies are shown in Figure 1-1.

I This report is included because the detail of content is at thej same level as for Verification reports, even though the emphasis

of the field investigation was different.

.1R "TEAL O

FN -Ti- 27 -IV

( OBJECTIVES VERIFICATION OF INTERMEDIATE/FINE

DATA FOR EVALUATIONS - TERRAIN PARAMETERS 5 5TO ROC

FIELD TECHNIQUES AND -- Geologic mapping Geologic mapping

APPLICATIONS • Identification and limits , Surface limits of i

of areas with slopes greater

than 10% grade - Subsurface limits 4from topographic a

* Identification and limits geologic interprets

of areas with high incidenceof 10%, slopes (rolling * Geomorphic expressiterrain) erosi-on history

Seismic refraction -

- Subsurface projecti

rock limits

- Delineation of reelhigh (-7000 fps)velocities

o Borings

. Occurrence of roti

I Gravity surveys (1• Overall basin 5

I relationships* Range-bounding

IExisting data'Published literaI

I

516115W 80

EDIATE/FINE SCREENING SUITABLE AREA CHARACTERIST

501/5,501/15 EXTENT AND GOHSCLPOETEDEPTH TO ROCK DEPTH TO GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS GEOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

logic mapping Existing data Geologic mapping Seismic refraction surveys

urface limits of rock * Available well records and * Extent of surficial soil * Compressional waveInterpretation units velocities

ubsuriace limits of rock

from topographic and Borings - Surficiat soil types Electrical resistivitylologic interpretationsuvya * Occurrence of ground water Borings surveys

somorphic expression and * Electrical conductivity ofrosi-on history Electrical resistivity/ Identification of subsurface soilsic refraction surveys seismic refraction surveys soil types soilic reractin sure s Layer ing of soil

Provide supplemental data * In situ soildensity andubsurfa ce projection of to support presence or consistency

ck limits absence of ground water• amples for laboratory

elineation of rock from Geologic mapping testingIgh (--7000 fps) p-wave

1locfties * Obtain water depths from Trenches, test pits! andwells encountered in field surficial samples*

9sSoccfentification of surface

currence of rock and subsurface soil types

Ity suiveys (DMA) * Degree of induration andcementation of soils

lbtionshaps a In situ moisture and density

of soilslas-bounding faults

t Samples for laboratorying data testing

bulshed literature Cone penetrometer tests*

*In situ soil strength

Laboratory tests

* Physical properties

* Engineering properties -

shear strength.

compressibility

0 Chemical properties

ACTERISTICS OF BASIN FILL I I . RECOMMENDATIONS FORI FUTURE VERIFICATIONSTUDIESI

OPERTIES ROAD DESIGN DATA AND SATABILITY j

Ion surveys Trenches, test pits, and 'Borings

wave Sufca ape Subsurface soil types

-Identification of soil types *Prsneocblsad

Stivity * In situ soil density and boutldersmoisture * In situ density of subsurface

ductivity of *Thickness of low strength soils

surficil soil Stabil1ity of vertical walls

ii Cone penetrometer tests Trenches and test pits'

*In situ soil strength* bsfaeoitys

*Thickness of low strengthsurficial soils -*Subsurface soil density and

cenmentat ion

Labortory ests Stability of vertical walls

* Phsica prpertes Thickness of low strength

e Compaction and Call date surf icial soils

Suitbiliy ofsoilfor se Presence of cobbles and boulders

as road subgrade, subbase Laboratory testsor base

Exising ata Physical properties

" Suitability of soils for use ,Egneigpoete

as road subgrade, subbbase, Geologic mappingor base

Distribution of soil types" Behavior of compacted soils

Seismic refection surveys

*Escavatability

* Ths 515 s ees ,strmet,.'tst~ts.surisla amle.netFIELD TECHNIQUES

electrical reistivity measurements made In *eaeihm VsVRIICTI#SUDE

Mi SITING INVESTIGATION TAML

DEPARTMENT OF THlE AIR FORCE - SAUSO -

3L.- 1111, 111

lot.

do CC"I 10

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III ______________________

VERIFICATION!! REOTSNVDT

* ME STING IYESIIGTION

* OIPRIMET OF ~lE IR iner mg~ ATOA.S .

us"4

FN-TR-27-RV-I5

1.2 VERIFICATION OBJECTIVES

The Verification studies have two major objectives:

1. Verify and refine suitable area boundaries for horizon-tal and vertical shelter basing modes.

:1 2. Provide preliminary physical and engineering character-istics of the soils.

The data in this report are more pertinent to objective 2 than

4 1 objective 1.1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY

The field work in Ralston Valley was done in August 1977. Table

1-2 lists the types and number of field activities that were

performed in Ralston Valley. The techniques of investigation

are discussed in the appendix.

Access was arranged through the Tonopah Resource Area office of

the Battle Mountain, Nevada, district office of the Bureau of

Land Management (BLM). At BLM's request, all field activities

were performed along existing roads or trails to minimize site

disturbance. Archeological and environmental surveys were

performed at each proposed activity location. Activity loca-

tions were changed in those few instances where a potential

environmental or archeological disturbance was identified.

1.4 DISCUSSION OF ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

1.4.1 Determination of Suitable Area

The number of field activities performed during these investiga-

tions is small relative to the area being studied. The reader

should be aware of the limitations of the investigations and

£ UATSUN*L

I FN-TO-27-RV

GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

TYPE OF ACTIVITY NUMBER OFT O A VACTIVITIES

I Geologic mapping stations 58Shallow refraction 15

Down Hole Velocity 3

Deep Refraction 2

I ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING-LABORATORY TESTS NUMBER OF BORINGS NOMINAL DEPTH

NUMBER OF 4 300(91)TYPE OF TEST TESTS _

Moisture/density 120 9 75-100(2330)

Specific gravity 16 2 30 (9)

Sieve analysis 142 NUMBER OF TRENCHES NOMINAL DEPTH____________F EET ( MET ENS)

I Hydrometer 63 8 18 (5)Atterberg limits 31

Consolidation 7

3 Unconfined compression 12Triaxial compression 21

Direct shear 18

3 Compaction 4CBR 3 SCOPE OF ACTIVITIESChemical analysis 0 RALSTON VALLEY, NEVADA

MX SITING INVESTIGATION TAIL

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE - WO 1-2

- N NTIU L.OI15 JUN

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I FN-TR-2 7-RV-I

must recognize that there may be additional revisions regarding

I the suitability of areas as the studies continue. Maps showinginterpretations of depth to rock, depth to water, and terrain

conditions are included in Section 3.0.4a. Depth to rock: For Verification studies, 50- and 150-foot (15- to 46-in) depth to rock contours are based on geologic,

geophysical, and L aring data. In Ralston Valley, the borings

and geophysical lines are generally several miles from outcrops.

Therefore the locations of the contours are based primarily on

geologic interpretation. The interpretation considers the

presence or absence of range-bounding faults, bedding plane

I attitudes, topographic slopes, evidence of erosional featuressuch as pediments, and the presence or absence of young volcanic

L rocks.1 b. Depth to water: The depth to water map is a literature

based evaluation using existing wells. Ground water at a depth

of less than 150 feet is encountered only in a local area

northwest of Thunder Mountain. Consequently, the depth to water

1 appears to have no major influence on the final suitable areacalculated for Ralston valley.

c. Terrain: During Screening Studies, areas were excluded

because of unsuitable terrain. The major exclusion criterion

was a maximum permissible grade of ten percent. In many of the

I areas studied, detailed topographic maps have not been made, and3 the available maps do not show topographic conditions with

sufficient detail to make an accurate evaluation of terrain

suitability.

ji fJ GRU NATIONIAL. INC.

5 FN-TR-2 7-RV-I 8

The best available topographic maps of Ralston Valley are at a

scale of 1:62,500. In addition to these maps, 1:60,000 scale

black and white aerial photographs, and field observations were

used as the basis for interpreting terrain conditions.

j 1.4.2 Determination of Basin-Fill CharacteristicsThe primary objective of Characterization studies was to provide

preliminary physical and engineering properties of the basin-

fill materials. These data will be used for preliminary engi-

* neering design studies, will assist in planning future site-

specific studies, and will be used by other MX participants.

The investigations of engineering properties were designed pri-

marily to obtain information needed for construction activities.

For Verification studies particular emphasis has been placed on

the surficial soil conditions as related to road construction, a

major cost item. However, during Characterization, only limited

data were acquired on surficial soil characteristics since a

hardened trench was the prime basing mode at that time. Major

emphasis was placed on soil conditions in the upper 20 feet

(6 m) since this would be the approximate depth of excavation

for the trench (as well as the horizontal shelter basing mode).

Limited data were obtained from borings drilled to a depth of

160 feet (49.m) (and beyond), which is the depth of interest for

the vertical shelter basing mode. The length of the seismic

refraction lines was also chosen to obtain Information to

150-foot (46-n) depth or beyond.

1135.. NATIONAL. 1ine0.

I FN-TR-27-RV-I

The geologic map showing the distribution of surficial soils is

based on the interpretation of aerial photos, field mapping, and

If information from trenches.

Data obtained from trenches, borings, seismic refraction lines,

and laboratory tests were used to estimate soil properties to a

a depth of 20 feet (6 m) . The data are limited to that obtained

from eight trenches and 15 borings. There may be soil condi-

tions that were not encountered by these 23 data points. Thus,

the range of properties presented in the report is subject to

revision.

I The soil parameters between a depth of 20 and 160 feet (6 and1 49 m) are based on data obtained from only 15 borings. The

spacing between borings ranged from 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km).

I Thus the data presented may not be representative of the entire

valley.II

I

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I jGEU NATIONAL. 1 940

FN-TR-27-RV-II 10

2.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

U

S2.1 SUITABLE AREA

5 The results of the suitable area interpretation are shown inDrawing 2-1 and listed in Table 2-1. The excluded areas are

I based on depth to rock and water, and terrain conditions (Appen-dix A2.0). The area interpreted to be suitable for the horizon-

tal basing mode is 225 square miles (583 km2 ). Suitable area

is reduced to 195 square miles (505 km2 ) for the vertical

shelter basing mode.

The total area of Lill materials in Ralston Valley,

excluding rock outc, approximately 290 square miles

(751 km2 ). Geotechrlica' constraints (terrain, depth to rock

and/or water) exclude 23 percent of this area for the horizontal

shelter basing mode. The exclusion is increased to 33 percent

1for the vertical shelter basing mode.1 2.2 BASIN-FILL CHARACTERISTICS

This section contains brief descriptions of the soils in the

valley. More detailed information is presented in Sections 3.3

1 and 3.4.2.2.1 Surficial Soils

Coarse-grained soils are the predominant surficial soils, cover-

1Ing approximately 90 to 95 percent of the area. They range fromgravels with little fines to sands with appreciable amounts of

l gravel and/or fines. The fine-grained soils are generally

1

I FN-TR-27-NV

AREA MI2 (M 2.,

VERIFICATION STEVALLEY SAEBEGINNING SUITABLE AREA

AREA HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

RALSTON NEVADA 290 (751) 225 (583) 195 (505)

I

EXCLUSIONS AREA MI2 (KU2) PERCENT REDUCTION**

-50 FEET (15M)TO ROCK 60 (155) 21

I '- 150 FEET (46M)TO ROCK 97 (225) 30

- 50 FEET (15i) 3 (8) 1TO WATER

-150 FEET (46M) 6 (16) 2TO WATER

1 TERRAIN 2 (5) 1*BEGINNING AREA COMPOSED OF BASIN-FILL MATERIALS EXCLUDING ALL ROCK OUTCROPS

ALL LARGE SQUARE MILE AREAS ARE ROUNDED OFF TO NEAREST FIVE SQUARE MILEINCREMENT. METRIC CONVERSIONS ARE ROUNDED OFF TO NEAREST ONE SQUARE KILOMETERINCREMENT.

**PERCENT REDUCTIONS, BASED ON BEGINNING AREA, ARE ROUNDED OFF TO NEAREST WHOLE

PERCENT. WATER EXCLUSIONS AND ROCK EXCLUSIONS OVERLAP, WATER EXCLUSIONPERCENTAGES ARE IN ADDITION TO RESPECTIVE ROCK3 EXCLUSION PERCENTAGES.

3 ESTIMATED SUITABLE AREARALSTON VALLEY, NEVADA

MX SITING INVESTIGATION TAILEDEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE - 8N 2-1

3 15 JUN R NATIONAL, UNGi. ...o~1 )UK- --.-so-o

IFN-TR-27-RV-I

12

Inon-plastic silts and clays. They are mainly confined to an

active playa in the southern portion of the valley.

1 2.2.2 Subsurface Soilssubsurface soils in the valley are predominantly coarse-grained,

consisting of sandy gravels, gravelly sands, silty sands, and

clayey sands. Fine-grained soils (sandy silts and sandy clays)

probably occur in about five to ten percent of the subsurface

I and are generally associated with buried playa and lacustrinedeposits at the southern end of the valley. Variation in areal

extent of playas in the geologic past has resulted in local

Iinterfingering of coarse and fine-grained deposits in the sub-surface near playa margins.IThe coarse-grained soils are generally medium dense to dense

below 2 to 5 feet (0.6 to 1.5 m), are poorly graded with coarse

to fine sand and/or gravel, exhibit low compressibilities, and

Ipossess moderate to high shear strengths. The fine-grainedsoils exhibit low plasticity, low to moderate compressibilities,

and low to high shear strengths. Variable calcium carbonate

cementation exists in the subsurface soils.

1 2.3 CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONSGeotechnical factors and conditions pertaining to construction

j of the MX system in suitable areas are discussed in this sec-tion. Both the horizontal shelter and vertical shelter basing

I modes are considered.

- jiir N IAL. IN.

S""_

V FN-TR-27-RV-I13

3a 2.3.1 GradingMean surficial slopes in the suitable area are approximately one

to two percent (range of zero to six percent). About two per-

3 Icent of the suitable area has surface gradients exceeding fivepercent. Therefore, preconstruction grading will be minimal for

most of the valley.

1 2.3.2 RoadsThe predominant coarse-grained surficial soils will generally

I provide good subgrade support for roads where they are in adense state. However, most of these soils do not appear to be

dense near the surface. The subgrade supporting properties of

jthe granular surficial soils can be improved by mechanical com-paction. The vertical extent of low strength surficial soils

1is not known. Drainage incision depths are generally less than6 feet (1.8 m) in approximately 95 percent of the area. In the

remainder of the valley, the depth of drainage incision ranges

from 6 to 20 feet (1.8 to 6.1 m). Therefore, the overall cost

of drainage structures for roads will be low.12.3.3 Excavatability and Stability

i The soils in the construction zone are generally medium dense tovery dense and possess variable calcium carbonate cementation.

Fine-grained soils occur in less than ten percent of the subsur-

face.

Horizontal Shelter: Excavation for the horizontal shelter can

be done with conventional equipment such as scrapers, backhoes,

j and dozers. Excavation will be easy in approximately 70 to 80U

I~~W NI ATUMue. 1".

* I FN-TR-2 7-RV-I14

1 percent of the area;, however, excavat.on will be moderately5 difficult in the remaining area due to presence of cobbles,

boulders, and strong calcium carbonate cementation in the

3 subsurface. Difficult excavation generally will be limited tothe areas adjacent to the mountain fronts. Results of the soils

engineering investigation indicate that excavations for con-

* struction of shelters should be cut back to slopes ranging from

3/4:1 to 1 1/2:1 (horizontal:vertical) for stability. The wide

I variation in slope angle is due to variation in density andshear strength which depend on soil composition and degree of

I cementation.

I Vertical Shelter: Compressional wave velocities in the upper120 feet (36 m) indicate that large diameter auger drills could

be used for vertical shelter excavation. Most excavation will

j be in granular soils with only intermittent cemented or cohesivesoil intervals. Therefore, the vertical walls of these excava-

1 tions probably will require the use of slurry or other stabili-zing techniques.

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. , RALSTON VALLEY, NEVAD)A

UKl SITING INVESTIGATIONomen

D O-F- THE AIR.......- W-2-

PN-TR-2 7-RV-I 15

I3.0 GEOTECHNICAL SUMMARY

3.1 GEOGRAPHIC SETTING

Ralston Valley is in western Nye County, Nevada (Figure 3-1).

The valley is bounded on the west by the San Antonio Mountains

and on the east by the Monitor Range and the Monitor Hills. The

area investigated is bounded on the north by an extension of

Ralston Valley and on the south by the Nellis Air Force Base

Bombing and Gunnery Range. The northern boundary of the Ralston

Valley study lies along a township division line about 3 miles

north of Thunder Mountain. U.S. Highway 6 and State Highway 8A

provide paved highway access through the valley, while graded

roads and four-wheel drive trails provide access within the

valley. The nearest town is Tonopah, Nevada, less than 10 miles

(16 kin) to the west on U.S. Highway 6.

3.2 GEOLOGIC SETTING

3.2.1 Rock Types

Tertiary volcanic rocks are the dominant rock type exposed in

the mountains surrounding Ralston Valley (Stewart and Carlson,

1978; Cornwall, 1972). Of these rocks, welded and nonwelded

ash-flow tuff predominates, especially on the eastern side of

the valley. Andesite and basalt flows form extensive outcrops

on the western side of the valley. Small granitic intrusions of

3 Cretaceous and early Tertiary age occur in the southwest. Smallscattered outcrops of Paleozoic limestone, shale, and sandstone

are found in the south on both sides of the valley, and probably

underlie the Tertiary volcanic rocks.

1 iUGRU 14114WINa.. IN.

FN-Tlk-27-RV

4

STONECABIN VALLE!T

ILL

00

Wasi-

IN

RALSTO 1.12t -VA LEY

7, 4 T n(dler

a Got*

TOPei

t tiot?rPoo

-11TL.

pahis

41e 42 44. 46

SCALE, 1:500,000-p

0 5 0cl Peak

STATUTE N I LES

0 10

a pop KILOMETERSG LDF 1616"'

LOCATION MAPA a RALSTON VALLEY, NEVADA

Mx SITING INVESTIGATION3-1DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE - 000

107 OnoNATIONfillL INC.

15 JUN 80

i FN-TR-27-RV-I17

I3.2.2 Structures

I The Ralston Valley area lies east of a zone of disrupted struc-* ture which separates the Sierra Nevada Batholith from the Basin

and Range province (Bonham and Garside, 1979). This zone rough-

ly corresponds to a prominent zone of topographic disruptions

called the Walker Lane (Locke and others, 1979). Walker Lane

I I typically contains major strike slip faults although Ekren andothers (1976) and Bonham and Garside (1979) state there is

little indication of large scale Tertiary aged faulting of this

type in the Ralston Valley area.

Generally, Ralston Valley exhibits typical Basin and Range

structure. It is bounded by the north-trending San Antonio

j Mountains on the west, and by the Monitor Range and MonitorHills on the east. The dominant fault direction trends to the

I north, with lesser faulting oriented to the northwest andeast-northeast (Stewart and Carlson, 1974). The area of most

pronounced faulting is in the San Antonio Mountains where

jpredominantly normal faults offset rocks of early and middleTertiary age (Stewart and Carlson, 1974). Gravity data indicate

Ithat Ralston Valley may be bounded on the east by a normalfault. No bedrock occurs at the surface to the west of this

proposed fault, and a pediment is inferred east of it (Fugro

I National, Inc., 1978, FN-TR-26E). The valley basin is inter-preted as a collapsed caldera overlain by younger volcanic rocks

1 and basin-fill deposits (Fugro National, Inc., 1978, FN-TR-26E).I

r,,oC~fl...-..a.. i.

k IFN-TR-27-RV-I18I

3.2.3 Surficial Geologic Units

Alluvial fans of younger and intermediate relative ages are the

predominant surficial geologic units within Ralston Valley

(Drawing 3-2). Soil types range from sandy gravel near the

mountain fronts to silty sand near the center of the valley.

Mixed playa and younger alluvial deposits occupy the central

portion of the valley. Major surficial geologic units mapped

consist of the following:

o Older Alluvial Fan Deposits (A5o) - This Pleistocene unitis the least extensive alluvial unit in the valley. Itoccurs adjacent to mountain flanks on the western side ofthe valley and consists of silty sand with gravel. Theunit is in part underlain by shallow rock. Cementation isweak; caliche development varies from Stage II to StageIII. Areal extent is on the order of one percent of thevalley.

o Intermediate Alluvial Fan Deposits (A5i) - This Pleistoceneunit is a more widespread alluvial unit discontinuouslyoccurring in a fairly narrow band along the base of themountain ranges on the western and northeastern sides ofthe valley. The portion of this fan type that abuts theflanks of the ranges is irregularly underlain by shallowvolcanic rock. The unit generally occurs as a weak tomoderately cemented gravelly sand or silty sand withcaliche development varying from Stage II to Stage III.

Areal extent is about 15 to 20 percent of the valley.

o Younger Alluvial Fan Deposits (A5y) - Holocene youngeralluvium is the most widespread alluvial unit in thevalley. It occurs in the valley bottom adjacent to inter-mediate alluvial fans but does not completely occupy thecentral portion of the valley. The composition of this fantype varies from gravelly sand with silt to silty or clayeysand with gravel. Cementation varies from none to weak;caliche development varies from none to Stage II. Arealextent is about 25 to 30 percent of the valley.

o Fluvial Deposits (Al) - Holocene fluvial deposits occurprimarily along the topographic axis of the valley (locatedalong the western side of the valley). Composition variesfrom sandy silt to silty sand. Areal extent is less thanfive percent of the valley.

, NINA.I.

I FN-TR-27-RV-I19

IIo Eolian Deposits (A3d, A3s) - Holocene wind-blown depositsI occur primarily on the southern and southeastern sides of

I the valley. Minor deposits of dune sands occur in thenorthern part of the valley. The unit consists mainly ofsand with very minor percentages of - :avel and/or silt and

j clay. Cementation is nonexistent; i. caliche developmentis apparent. Areal extent is less than ten percent of thevalley.

o Lacustrine Deposits (A4, A4o) - This unit designationincludes Holocene playa deposits and Quaternary-Tertiaryolder playa and lacustrine deposits. The youngest playadeposits (active playa) occur in the southwestern part ofi the valley. The older lacustrine deposits occur as narrowlinear bar deposits in the southern part of the valley.Playa deposits vary from sandy silt to clay. Lacustrinedeposits are silty sand. Areal extent of these units isless than five percent of the valley.

As depicted on Drawing 3-2, various combinations of the above

surficial basin-fill deposits exist in the center of the valley.

The most widespread combination is of playa and younger alluvial

fan deposits (the unit marked A5y/A4f). Other less abundant

mixed units also exist (e.g. A3d/A5y, A3s/A5y, etc.). The total

areal extent of all such mixed units is approximately 30 to 40

percent of the valley.

3.3 SURFACE SOILS

The geotechnical engineering program in Ralston Valley consisted

of only borings and trenches. Therefore, information pertaining

1 to surficial soils is very limited.The surficial soils are predominantly coarse-grained covering

approximately 90 to 95 percent of the area. They consist of

3 gravelly, silty, and/or clayey sands and sandy gravels. Thefine-grained soils consist of non-plastic to slightly plastic

'i.. ATmuAL, MOS.

I FN-TR- 27 -RV- I

20Isilts and clays. The surficial soils have variable calcium

I carbonate cementation.

1 3.4 SUBSURFACE SOILSSubsurface soils are predominantly coarse-grained (granular)

with only a limited extent of fine-grained soils present in the

southern extremities of the valley near Mud Lake. The coarse

grained soils include sandy gravels, gravelly sands, silty

sands, and clayey sands. Subsurface fine-grained soils are

* I associated with the active playa at the southern end of the

*valley where borings encountered alternating layers of sand and

silt or clay. Some interfingering of alluvial deposits and

playa deposits is apparent just north of the active playa where

borings also encountered alternating layers of sand and silt

or clay. Fine-grained soils are estimated to compose five to

ten percent of the subsurface deposits. The composition of sub-

I surface soil with depth, as determined from borings is illus-

trated in the soil profiles presented in Figure 3-2 and 3-3.

The characteristics of subsurface soils, determined from field

jand laboratory tests, are presented in Table 3-1 and the rangesof gradation of the subsurface soils are shown in Figure 3-4.!Coarse-grained subsurface soils are poorly to well graded, con-

j tain coarse to fine sands and gravels, and are medium dense todense below 2 to 5 feet (0.6 to 1.5 m). Several of the coarse-

I grained soils contain appreciable fines and are classified as3 clayey sands or clayey gravels. Caliche development (cementa-

tion) ranges from none to moderate with thin lenses at shallow

I -oU, NTo AL., @N.

RV-S-1 2 V -1ELE. 5770' ELEV. 5545'

0-0 (ic i (1759.) 0I690.)

-5 Stud

-10

- sw-s.C.3

(420

CL.

ca a-

-30 SM 0

35 *a' UP-lU

12--40

L45SM TO T.O. 101.3' UPANM. L. SC. 01-OC. GO-GC,

(30.9) 30 MNI S 31U T .9. 301.7'

JUN2Gs)

RV-B-1 4 RV-B-2ELSY. 5940' ELIY. 5780'L

(hum) ~(1750m) ~ Ii

sw-sm ..

5

j2.-2

sw-SM

4-

0 - 8_ orn

TS -rec

OP-GM

Is ~ P -Test PitL" CS - Siurfj8ica o

co L.1,oam Test location

CL.

~25- L

. % NOTES:T.D.1. Ground surface ele

T.D 27.5' (84mn) are approximate2. T.D. aTotae Depth

30- 3. Soil types shown a

Unified Soil Class

explained in the a]

35-STATUTE MILES 0

KILOMETERS 0

1240-

45J.11C AND CIL T0 T.I. 75.0' DEPAR

ELEV. 5760' LOCATION MAP(1750. 0i 0

5

1'-2

SW-S4

20 -

0-

1. GroTedstrac l lvaincation civt lctin

T.O. 27.5' (8.4m)arapoxmt

2. T.O.in Total Depth30- 3. Soil types shown adjacent to soil column are based on

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and areexplained in the appendix.

-10

35- HORIZONTAL SCALESTATUTE MILES 0 12

KILOMETERS 0 1 2 3

1240-

SOIL PROFILE I-I'RALSTON VALLEY, NEVADA

45J MX SITING INVESTIGATION FSS

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE ms j 3-2UIN INATUU -

RV-8-15RV-S-8E EL.5 5 5 ELEY .5335'

SWSM PS

LLOLLa

LLa

C-

I L.

SIA

-30 .. \ SC

-35

12-40

L45S' AN % K 'o~ r.0 GW-MN Sw-SM SM, IL, AND SP

~2.3 f5 O~)To rO. 300 7' (9?.7ff?

E LEV. 5285' ELEV. 555-~~~~~~1 8 - m 111n 67i

sis

SP-SC S M 5LAJ

U-j

// C-3

cm20,C L

//m

C,.

30-T .0. 30.0 (9.lmI

40

CL ANO SP-SM TO T .0.100 .7 (30 7f,,

ELV-5-35 LOCATION MAPELEV. 5535'( 1687:n -

5

2

. 10

4

.- i* uiSM 15'-

LWL

-3 I EXPLANATION

=' B- Boring: 20- 6 T- Trench

P - Test PitCS - Surficial soil saiple at Cone Penetrometer

Test Location* -J

* - 25 -L" B- NOTES:J

1. Ground surface elevations shown at activity locationsare approximate

2. T.0. = Total Depth3. Soil types shown adjacent to soil column are based on

T.O. 30.0' (9.1m) 30 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and areexplained in the appendix.

10

HORIZONTAL SCALE35- STATUTE MILES 0 I 2

-- -- . I --

KILOMETERS 0 1 2 3

1240-

SOIL PROFILE 2-2'RALSTON VALLEY. NEVADA

45J_- 5I11N VETI AIt'4 I gu .i

J rtA A T 10 -1A .

-- __ *-.-*~-___ ___~kU7~i~rAPLA~h

FN-IR-27-RV

DEPTH RANGE 2' 20' (0.6

Coarse-grained soils

SOIL DESCRIPTION Sandy Gravels. Gravelly Sands, andSilty Sands

USCS SYMBOLS GW. GP, SP, SM

ESTIMATED EXTENT IN SUBSURFACE 90-95

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

DRY DENSITY pcf (kg,'m3) ( 016.4 F 4]

NOISfURE CONTENT 3.8-17.8 [14]

DEGREE OF CEMENTATION none to moderate

COBBLES 3-12 inches (8-30 cm) $ 0-10

GRAVEL % 0-83 [46]

SAND % 16-86 [46]

SILT AND CLAY % 1-45 [41]

LIQUID LIMIT 25 [ I]

PLASTICITY INDEX NP-i [4 ]

COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITY ips (ups) 940-4950 [29]____________________________________ (286-1509)

SHEAR STRENGTH DATA

UNCONFINED COMPRESSION S. - ksf (kN/M 2) NDA

-TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION c - ksf (kN/M 2), 00 = =48-~59 [e

DIRECT SHEAR c - ksf (kU/rn2). 00 c= =0 32 -57 [3]

NOTES**Charactsristics of soils between 2 and. 20 feet (0.1 and 6.0 meters) areI based on results of tests on samples from 15 borings, and 8 trenches, andresults of 15 seismic refraction surveys.

0Characteristics of soils below 20 feet (8 0 meters) are based on resultsof tests on samples from 13 borings and results of 15 seismic refractionsurveys.

15 ion6 /o

(0.6 -6.0m) 20' - 160' (6.0 - 49.0m)

Fine-grained soils Coarse-grained soils Fine-grained soils

NDA ~~~Sandy Gravels, Gravelly Sands, SiltySad Sitan SnyCasNOA ~~~Sauds, and Clayey SandsSadSitanSnyCls

GW, GC, SP. SM. SC. ML ,CL

90-95 5-10

00.9-122.5 83.6-110.0

(1 296-1962) [67] (1339-1762)

5.4-27.9 [61] 9.6-24.2 [i

none to moderate none to moderate

0-10 0

_________________0-74___ [62] 0-15 [1

22-87 [62] 13-50 [i

3-48 [62] 50-87 112]

32-36 [5 ] 26-27 [2]

NP-20 [6] NP-5 [6]1 670-5650 21] 2250-3250(509-1722) (585-991) [

2.1 (101) [1]14. [3]

c=O c =22 -49' Fl5]N_____________________________ (0) L 5 D

c=fl = 39-56, [4 c=0 [=i5](0) (0)

LJ -Number of tests performed. CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSURFACE SOILS

*NOA - No data available (insufficient data or tests not performed.) RALSTON VALLEY. NEVADA

V1 WIING INVESTIGATION TaA

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE - NOg 3-1

0 NONAF

I N-TR-27-RVSC A E LFN SAND SILT OR CLAY

CORE I FN - COARSEI MEDIUM I FINE ___________________________________

STANDARD SIEVE OPENING4 US STANDARD SIEVE NUMBER HYDROMETER3" I" 3/4" 3 8' 4 10 20 40 60 ' 00 200

00

e=.

==

0300 0. .01. 030.? .05 . 0 .05 .001

GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS

1SOIL DESCRIPTION: Coane-Grained Soils1 from 2 to 20 feet (0.6-6.0m)

1RANG OF'4 GRDTO OF" SUSRFC SOILS06 10 0

1 DEPARTMENET D T OTEARFRE-m 3

3001.0 501 .50 15 JUN .90 U 001GRAN IZ I MLLMEE-

FN-TR-27-RV

GRAVEL CORE SAND F INHE SILT OR CLAYCOARSE f-FINE jqCA MEDIUM4

STANDARD SIEVE OPENING 4 IS STA4ARD SIEVE NUMBER HYDROMETER

003. 1~ 3/4" 3 0" 4 10 20 40 60 '00 200

Isca

fro 20t660et 6O4.m

L- 40

50.0a 10. 0 5.0 1.0a 0.5 0.?1 .05 .01 .0,05 .001

GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS

SOIL DESCRIPTION: Coare-Grained Soilsfrom 20 to 160 feet (6.0-49.0m)

-EATMN OF T- AI FOC --0 - ---

0 SF

WR N TU A N

15JU 0 UAF

. *.

I FN-TR-27-RV-I26

depths. These soils exhibit low compressibilities and moderate

I to high shear strength. Fine-gralned soils (sandy silts andsandy clays) range in consistency from soft to hard and ex-

hibit low to moderate compressibilitles and low to high shear

strengths. Soil plasticity ranges from none to slight. Calcium

carbonate cementation varies from weak to moderate. Results of

I shallow seismic surveys are summarized in Table 3-2 and Tablei 3-3 contains the velocity profiles from the deep seismic sur-

veys.

IThe soils in the construction zone (120 feet; 37 m) have a widerange of seismic compressional wave velocities (940 to 5650 fps;

287 to 1724 mps) , depending on their composition, consistency,

jcementation, and moisture content.

f |Seismic shear wave velocities (Table 3-4) were measured at threelocations. In the upper 20 feet (6 m) they ranged from 540 fps

(165 mps) to 1600 fps (488 mps). From 20 feet (6 m) to 140 feet

(43 m) depth they ranged from 1600 fps (488 mps) to 3000 fps

(914 mps).

Results of chemical tests indicate that potential for sulfate

attack of soils on concrete will range from *negligible" to

"considerable."

3.5 DEPTH TO ROCK

- Drawing 3-3 shows the approximate configuration of 50- and

150-foot (15- and 46m) depth to rock contours in Ralston Valley.

1 This interpretation is based on limited point data from borings,

~NJ ATION~A. IN.

fl~ul .-. 4b4b~7;

ACT11 -IV

ACTIVITY"O.V- S-I R-1 S-2 IR-2 S-3 R-3 S-4 R-4 S-5 R-5 S-61 R-6 S-i R-7 S-8DEPTH f ,,( ohm,, _ (p ohm- 's Ioh.-. I"3 ,oh.-m IP" Iohm-- ( ops) h_, ps ioh. (ps)"I0--0ft (opc) (Mp (ms (Mpsl (=

°M -m (m ,c'p.

0i 0L3 "-r-OAI 3

I to4950 MT)# 2250 (32)

414 4TU)567

-30

-i o II II )

-40II

II

I _ I I III II-IIoI1II

I I-90

15O --0

-,,o-20

_ 70

90 -95

- I I IIIIIiII III

-10" 4500t-_ 13 EPN51UCUN115

90t l 1 . 3

VELOCITY * DEPTH (iz~(60 m) 24)(2)AilfI-

*Approaimate depth above which thera Is no lndication of material

with a velocity as great as 7000 ipa (2 134mps). See Appendix A lor

an esplanatlo. ef hew this silesian depth is caleulated when the

ebserved velecitiee are all less then 7009 fps (2134 ups).

j f ui" " e a /,

• ' "- - ,,. .. . ... .I120il

-7 S- -I - S-9 R-9 S-10JR-10 S-lIR-11 S-121 -12 S-13JR-13 S-41- S-15R-1t5 S-16 R-16 S-1''PS ohm- u ps I 's ohumn-m .! ohf Ps-! om~ -! ohm-rn ps oh rn-rn ohm-rn paf ohm'.f. f PS

m I h -f Ps oht

(ups) (ps) (ups) (ups) (mpg) (ups) (ups) (Bps) (ops)1380137 1300 1290i25

SI 1440 I 228

2400 2950 O )i3050 2550 I73)3250 u I

4 A 3800 0 III

I I I IIII I I IJ J

II I I I I Ii i( 0 I I i

€ (1737)

I II I I- I I

I i ---I I I I I I..

3I I I I 0 I I

Il IItI I II I -I1~ II

I I I I 1 7II I II I III

I I I 3 I I I II I I I IIIII

SI I I °

I .65 lLL 1 I I15 I III

(1122) (50 m) (1479 (48 a)

S- 13R-R13 S-14IR-14 s-15S-15 s-161R-16 S-1R-17 S-1lB-IR18 S-191R-I9 S-20R-20o m - iohm-. p ohm-n 1p iohm- f.L ohm-. p m fp1 I p Iohmm DEPTH

(ps mo) I (upt) (ups) (mps) (ps) (Mps) o (it) ( W

240 9-40 Tm o-201

(TS+)I-'3jf)II i Io

3I i I I0I I40 I I -

i I I i I I4i Ii I i Io--,iII I I 1

IIII I I 60 -60-

-20

I I I II 170 -5500I -

)I I I 8 - 25I 0o I i I ,7 1(653), 9 -

-2 )1 i i I I ,oo_ - 303900(11- 9)1 i i i I I

IIi I I i 110 -Ii I ii i -

III I I i 12 -

SI *I I I,30- 40

I (_ I I I 1407 0150

SHALLOW SEISUIC REFRACTION VELOCITY PROFILESRLSTON VALLEY, NEVASA

MX SITING INVESTIGATION TAILEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE NlO 3 -'2

"__IlO_ NATION,AL, mo.AFN-IS

• . * -. . .. _.. .. 3 . . .. .. . "

I FN-TR-27-RV

IVELOCITY COMPRESSIONAL WAVE AVERAGE THICKNESS COMMENTS

LAYER VELOCITY FPS (MPS) FT (N)

1 1 2600-3100 (792-945) 100 (30) -

2 4000-5200 (1219-1565) 300 (91) -

1 3 7700-8500 (2347-2591) 400 (122) -4 10,500-11,300 (3200-3444) 1200 (366) -

5 13.600 (4145) 2800 (853)

18,800 (5730) UNKNOWN BASEMENT

1LINE RV-DS-11

VELOCITY COMPRESSIONAL WAVE AVERAGE THICKNESS COMMENTS

LAYER VELOCITY FPS (MPS) FT (M)

1 2500-3200 (762-975) 50 (15)

( 2 4500-5100 (1372-1554) 300 (91) PINCHES OUT3 7300 (2225) 200 (61) PINCHES OUT

4 10,700 (3261) 500 (152)

5 13,600 (4145) 2300 (701)

6 18,800 (5730) UNKNOWN BASEMENT

LINE RV-DS-2

DEEP SEISMIC REFRACTION VELOCITY PROFILESRALSTON VALLEY, NEVADA

MX SITING INVESTIGATION TAILE

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE - 338N 3-3

uB** NOOATIONAL, IN.15 JUN so

,,i --_

FN-TO-27-RV

CL . w _L -

A A

a, 0,

A A _,: -mC IO U, = _

A A

coa

co C.'3 mm

-.

~~A C=.

A I~- -

A A C=CU131cm4

C11 cn U

I I C1 c

C= Cm

r.U. 4

- - - _cm~ L

j~~~~~~~u cONOESIMCVEOIYPOIERASO VAL= NEAD

cX SIIG NETI.IN*hL

DEATMN OFTEARFRC =m -*UD NAIUNAL3~u w5U9

FN-TR-27-RV-I 3

seismic refraction surveys, site-specific published data, and

I depths inferred from geologic and geomorphic relationships. Ap-proximately 21 percent of the basin-fill material in the valley

I is interpreted to be underlain by rock at depths of less thanj 50 feet. An additional nine percent of the valley is interpret-

ed to contain shallow rock between depths of 50 and 150 feet.

The depth to rock interpretation represents subsurface projec-

I tions of surface rock, tempered by data from two of the boringsand seismic lines. For this reason, contours generally parallel

exposed rock in the valley.

Several areas, along the periphery of the valley are interpreted

to be underlain by shallow rock (Drawings 3-2 and 3-3) . These

areas are generally small and probably represent remnants of

volcanic flows. Geographically, they are all adjacent to

volcanic rock outcrops.

1 3.6 DEPTH TO WATERj Drawing 3-4 shows the locations of all data points used to

define ground-water conditions in Ralston Valley. The sources

of these data are: Eakin, 1962; USGS, 1980; Robinson and

others, 1967; and Nevada State Engineers Office, 1974. Nine

I wells drilled in basin fill materials indicate that groundwater exists at a depth generally greater than 200 feet through-

out the center of the valley. The only observed shallow water

* is in the northern end of the valley just west of Thunder

Mountain where a well field has been developed for use by the

I town of Tonorih.jiiRm NATIONAL, INC.

FN-TR-27-RV-I

31IThe presence of shallow water near Thunder Mountain has been

explained as being the result of bedrock topography constricting

or iMPouding the flow of ground water through the valley fill

(Eakin, ±962). Water level profiles (Eakin, 1962), indicate

that a fairly major change in ground-water level occurs north of

well W6 (Drawing 3-4). Ground water at well W6 is 480 feet

(146 m) deep, while at Thunder Mountain it is less than 50 feet

(15 m). This difference in depth is interpreted to indicate a

ground-water barrier between Thunder Mountain and well W6.

Ekren and others (1976) propose that the Warm Springs topo-

graphic/structural lineament crosses the San Antonio Mountains

about 4 miles (7 km) north of Tonopah and passes south of

Thunder Mountain. This lineament, if present, may be the

postulated subsurface ground-water barrier.

3.7 TERRAIN

Terrain conditions in Ralston Valley are depicted in Drawing

3-5. Terrain categories I through V corrispond to alluvial fan

or mixed alluvial fan and lacustrine deposits with varying

amounts of stream incision. There were no areas interpreted as

category VI terrain (highly variable). Where incision depths

are extreme and where topographic slope exceeds ten percent, the

terrain is considered unsuitable and has been excluded (category

VII). Small areas with extreme incision occur on the western

side of the valley near Mud Lake in the south, and near Thunder

Mountain in the north. Other small areas with topographic

I IUC0 ASNl N

I FN-TR-27-RV-I 32

Islopes exceeding ten percent occur along the mountain flanks and

j in many small canyon reentrants around the valley.

I Ralston Valley is a topographically closed basin with a central-ly located major drainage system that flows south towards Mud

Lake. This drainage becomes poorly defined north of Mud Lake

and carries surface run-off to the lake only during very wet

seasons. Relief within the valley is on the order of 2000 feet

(610 m). The lowest point in the valley is at Mud Lake (5200

ft., 1585 m); the highest (7185 ft.; 2190 m) is Mt. Butler, near

Tonopah.

Intermediate alluvial fans near mountain fronts (terrain cate-

gories II through V) generally have stream incisions from 2 to

12 feet deep (0.6 to 3.7 m) with variable spacing. Surface

slopes generally are less that four percent and average two to

three percent in these areas.

Young alluvial fans (generally terrain category I) have inci-

I sions ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 foot (0.1 to 0.3 m), with an aver-age of approximately 0.7 feet (0.2 m). Surface slopes vary from

Ione to five percent, with the average near two to three percent.1 Playa and alluvial/playa deposits have relief from 0 to 1 foot

(0 to 0.3 m). Surface slopes average approximately one percent.

N1I

f'|in. " tuLAl G~ AmN& ~

FN-TR-27-RV-I 33

BIBLIOGRAPHYIBonham, H. F., Jr., and Garside, L. J., 1979, Geology of the

Tonopah, Lone Mountain, Klondike, and northern Mudlakeiquadrangles, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology

Bulletin 92, 142 pp.

l Cornwall, H. R., 1972, Geology and mineral deposits of southernU Nye County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology

Bull. 77, 49 pp.

Eakin, T. E., 1962, Ground-water appraisal of Ralston and StoneCabin valleys, Nye County, Nevada: Nevada Dept. of con-serv. and Natl. Resources, Ground-Water Resources ReconSeries, Report 12, 32 p.

Ekren, E. B., Buckman, R. C., Carr, W. J., Dixon, G. L., andQuinlivan, W. D., 1976, East-trending structural lineamentsin Central Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 986.

Fugro National, Inc., 1977a, MX siting investigation contermi-nous United States, Volume I Coarse Screening: Cons.Report for SAMSO, v. I, 30 p., Appendices (FN-TR-16).

___ r 1977b, MX siting investigation geotechnical evalu-ation conterminous United States, Volume II Intermedi-ate Screening: Cons. Report for SAMSO, v. II, 175 p.,Appendices (FN-TR-17).

__ , 1978a, MX siting investigation conterminous UnitedStates, v. III Fine Screening: Cons. Report for SAMSO, v.III, 51 p., Appendices (FN-TR-24).

, 1978b, MX siting investigation geotechnical summaryprime characterization sites, Great Basin candidate sitingprovince report: Cons. Report for SAMSO, 71 p., Appendices(FN-TR-26e).

# 1979a, MX siting investigation geotechnical evalu-ation, geotechnical ranking of seven candidate sitingregions report: Cons. Report for SAMSO, 61 p., Appendices(FN-TR-25).

, 1979b, Nevada-Utah Verification Studies, FY 79:Cons. Report for SAMSO; v. IA 221 pages, v. IB 122 pages,Appendix; v. 2 through 8, Data Volumes with about 15Tables, 75 Figures, and 4 Drawings in each volume.

Locke, Augustus, Billlingsley, P. R., and Mayo, E. B., 1940,Sierra Nevada tectonic patterns: Geol. Soc. America Bull.,Vol. 51, No. 4, p. 513-540.

fIGRG N aTIONAL O

I FN-TR-27-RV-I34

BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont.)

I Nevada State Engineers Office, 1974, Static ground-water levelsof Nevada: Nevada Division of Water Resources, Map 16,1:750,000.

Robinson, B. P., Thordarsen, W., and Beetem, W. A., 1967, Hydro-logic and chemical data for wells, springs, and streams inI Central Nevada, Tps. 1-21N and Rs. 41-57E% U.S. Geol.Survey Open-File Report, TEI-871, prepared on behalf of theU.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 61 p.

IStewart, J. H., and Carlson, J. E., 1978, Geologic map ofNevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, 1:500,000.

United States Geological Survey, 1980, Well and spring data forselected counties in Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey, unpublish-ed computer print out.

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APPENDIX

3 FN-TR-2 7-RV-I

APPENDIX

Table of Contents

APPENDIX Page

Al.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ................. ... Al-i

A2.O EXCLUSION CRITERIA..... .. .. o..o...... A2-1

A3.O ENGINEERING GEOLOGIC PROCEDURES ........... A3-1

A4.O GEOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES .............. .o. A4-1

A4.1 Seismic Refraction Surveys ... ...... A4-1A4.1.1 Instruments.............. A4-1A4.1.2 Field Procedures..... ....... A4-1A4.1.3 Data Reduction .......... A4-2

A4.2 Downhole Seismic Velocity Surveys .... A4-2A 4.2. 1 Instruments ...... . . . . . .. o..A4-2A4.2.2 Field Procedures.............A4-2A4.2.3 Data Reduction....... . . A4-3

A5.0 ENGINEERING PROCEDURES ............... ........... A5-1

A5.1 Borings .................................. A5-1A5.1.1 Drilling Techniques................A5-1A5.1.2 Method of Sampling ....... o.....A5-iA5.1.3 Logging . ................... A5-3A5.1.4 Sample Storage and

Transportation..................AS-4A5.2 Trenches ........... o ..... .. .. A5-4

A5.2.1 Excavation Equipment .. ............ A5-4A5.2.2 Method of Excavation............. A5-4A5. 2 .3 Sampli ng ... ....... o....... . .. A5-4A5.2.4 Logging .................. AS-S

A5.3 Field Visual Soil Classification ..... A5-5A5.3.1 General ..... 00 .... ........ A5-5A5.3.2 Soil Description ......... A5-5

A5.4 Laboratory Tests ....................... A-A5.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation ..... A5-10

A5.5.1 Preparation of Final Logs andLaboratory Test SummarySheets ....................... A5-10

A5.5.2 Soil Characteristics ............ A5-11

Ii

'iiGM NATIMUAL. 11N0.

I FN-TR-27-RV-I

APPENDIX

1 Table of Contents (cont.)STbLIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

TableNumber

A2-1 Exclusion CriteriaA5-1 Unified Soil Classification System

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES

FigureNumber

A5-1 Plot of Laboratory CBR Versus Percent Fines

I

ii magua

IFN-TR-27-RV-I

I A1.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

ACTIVE FAULT - A fault which has had surface displacement withinHolocene time (about the last 11,000 years).

ACTIVITY NUMBER - A designation composed of the valley abbrevi-ation followed by the activity type and a unique number;may also be used to designate a particular location in avalley.

ALLUVIAL FAN DEPOSITS - Alluvium deposited by a stream or otherbody of running water as a sorted or semisorted sedimentin the form of a cone or fan at the base of a mountainslope.

I ALLUVIUM - A general term for unconsolidated clay, silt, sand,gravel, and boulders deposited during relatively recentgeologic time by a stream or other body of running wateras a sorted or semisorted sediment in the bed of a streamor on its flood plain or delta, or as a cone or fan atthe base of a mountain slope.

ANOMALY - 1) A deviation from uniformity in physical properties;especially a deviation from uniformity in physical proper-ties of exploration interest. 2) A portion of a geophysi-cal survey which is different in appearance from the surveyin general.

AQUIFER - A permeable saturated zone below the earth's surfacecapable of conducting and yielding water as to a well.

ARRIVAL - An event; the appearance of seismic energy on a seis-mic record; a lineup of coherent energy signifying thearrival of a new wave train.

ATTERBERG LIMITS - A general term applied to the various testsused to determine the various states of consistency offine-grained soils. The four states of consistency are

solid, semisolid, plastic, and liquid.

Liquid limit (LL) - The water content corresponding to thearbitrary limit between the liquid and plastic states ofj consistency of a soil (ASTM D423-66).Plastic limit (PL) - The water content corresponding toan arbitrary limit between the plastic and the semisolidstates of consistency of a soil (ASTM D424-59).

Plasticity index (PI) - Numerical difference between theliquid limit and the plastic limit indicating the range ofmoisture content through which a soil-water mixture isplastic.

NI him.0 NATIONAL. IO

I FN-TR-27-RV-I A1-2

BASIN-FILL MATERIAL/BASIN-FILL DEPOSITS - Heterogenous detrital

material deposited in a sedimentary basin.

BASE LEVEL - The theoretical limit or lowest level toward whicherosion constantly progresses; the level at which neither

* erosion or deposition takes place.

BEDROCK - A general term for the rock, usually solid, thatuunderlies soil or other unconsolidated, surficial material.

BORING - A method of subsurface exploration whereby an open holeis formed in the ground through which soil-sampling orrock-drilling may be conducted.

BOUGUER ANOMALY - The residual value obtained after latitude,elevation, and terrain corrections have been applied togravity data.

BOULDER - A rock fragment, usually rounded by weathering andabrasion with an average diameter of 12 inches (305 mm) ormore.

BULK SAMPLE - A disturbed soil sample (bag sample) obtainedfrom cuttings brought to the ground surface by a drill rigauger or obtained from the walls of a trench excavation.

c - Cohesion (Shear strength of a soil not related to interpar-ticle friction).

CALCAREOUS - Containing calcium carbonate; presence of calciumcarbonate is commonly identified on the basis of reactionwith dilute hydrochloric acid.

CALICHE - Gravel, sand, or other material cemented principallyby calcium carbonate.

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) - Is the ratio (in percent) ofthe resistance to penetration developed by a subgradesoil to that developed by a specimen of standard crushedrock base material (ASTM D1883-73). During the CBR test,the load is applied on the circular penetration piston(3 inches 2 base area; 19 cm 2 ) which is penetrated intothe the soil sample at a constant penetration rate of 0.05inch/ minute (1.2 mm/min). The bearing ratio reportedfor the soil is normally the one at 0.1 inch (2.5 mm)penetration.

CLAY - Fine-grained soil (passes No. 200 sieve; 0.074 mm) thatcan be made to exhibit plasticity within a range of watercontents and that exhibits considerable strength when airdry.

CLAY SIZE - That portion of the soil finer than 0.002 mm.

'iGRO NATION~AL. INC,Ipl-[smIo-, -. -o

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FN-TR-27-RV-I

CLOSED BASIN - A catchment area draining to some depression orlake within its area, from which water escapes only byevaporation.

COARSE-GRAINED (or granular) - A term which applies to a soilof which more than one-half of the soil particles, byweight, are larger than 0.074 mm in diameter (No. 200U.S. sieve size).

COARSER-GRAINED - A term applied to alluvial fan deposits whichare predominantly composed of material (cobble) largerthan 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter.

COBBLE - A rock fragment, usually rounded or subrounded with anaverage diameter between 3 and 12 inches (76 and 305 mm).

COMPACTION TEST - A type of test to determine the relationshipbetween the moisture content and density of a soil samplewhich is prepared in compacted layers at various watercontents (ASTM D1557-70).

COMPRESSIBILITY-Property of a soil pertaining to its suscepti-I bility to decrease in volume when subjected to load.

COMPRESSIONAL WAVE -An elastic body wave in which particlemotion is in the direction of propagation; the type ofseismic wave assumed in conventional seismic exploration.Also called P-wave, dilatational wave, and longitudinalwave.

CONDUCTIVITY - The ability of a material to conduct electricalcurrent. In isotropic material, conductivity is thereciprocal of resistivity. Units are mhos per meter.

CONE PENETROMETER TEST - A method of evaluating the in-situengineering properties of soil by measuring the penetra-tpenetra-tion resistance developed during the steady slow penetra-tion of a cone (600 apex angle, 10-cm2 projected area)into soil.

Cone resistance or end bearing resistance, qc - The resis-tance to penetration developed by the cone, equal to thevertical force applied to the cone divided by its horizon-tally projected area.

Friction resistance, fs - The resistance to penetratondeveloped by the friction sleeve, equal to the verti-cal force applied to the sleeve divided by its surfacearea. This resistance consists of the sum of friction andadhesion.

Friction ratio, fR - The ratio of friction resistanceto cone resistance, fs/qc, expressed in percent.

Pa"-* umv L.Me.

FN-TR-27-RV-IAl-4

iCONSISTENCY - The relative ease with which a soil can be

deformed.

CONSOLIDATION TEST - A type of test to determine the compress-ibility of a soil sample. The sample Is enclosed inthe consolidometer which is then placed in the loadingdevice. The load is applied in increments at certaintime intervals and the change in thickness is recorded.

CORE SAMPLE - A cylindrical sample obtained with a rotatingcore barrel with a cutting bit at its lower end. Coresamples are obtained from indurated deposits and in rock.

DEGREE OF SATURATION - Ratio of volume of water in soil tototal volume of voids.

DETECTOR - See GEOPHONE.

DIRECT SHEAR TEST - A type of test to measure the shear strengthof a soil sample where the sample is forced to fail on apredetermined plane.

DISSECTION/DISSECTED (alluvial fans) - The cutting of streamchannels into the surface of an alluvial fan by the move-sent (or flow) of water.

DRY UNIT WEIGHT/DRY DENSITY - Weight per unit volume of thesolid particles in a soil mass.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY - Ability of a material to conductelectrical current.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY - Property of a material which resistsflow of electrical current.

EOLIAN - A term applied to materials which are deposited bywind.

EPHEMERAL (stream) - A stream in which water flow is discontinu-ous and of short duration.

EXTERNAL DRAINAGE - Stream drainage system whose dovngradientflow is unrestricted by any topographic impediments.

EXTRUSIVE (rock) - Igneous rock that has been ejected onto theearth's surface (e.g., lava, basalt, rhyolite, andesitegdetrital material, volcanic tuff, pumice).

FAULT - A plane or zone of rock fracture along which therehas been displacement.

FAULT BLOCK MOUNTAINS - Mountains that are formed by normalfaulting in which the surface crust is divided into struc-tural, partially to entirely fault-bounded blocks of dif-ferent elevations.

j|u u

IFN-TR-27-RV-1 Al-S

FIN-GRINI -A term which applies to a soil ot which mor*then one-half of the soil particles, by weight* see smallerj than 0.074 = In diameter (passing the No. 200 U.S. asoslov*).

5 IFINER-GRAIMBD - A toe applied to alluvial ton deposits# whichare composed predominantly of material loe than 3 inches(76 so).

I FrLU'JIAL DEPOSITS - Material produced by river actiont generallyloose, moderately well-graded sands and gravel.

FORMATION - A mappable assemblage of rocks characterized by9I some degree of homogeneity or distinctiveness.I VUGRO DRIVE SAMPLE - A 2.S0-inch-(6.4-om) diameter soil saple5 obtained from a drill bole with a ?uro, drive sampler. The

Fugro drive sampler is a ring-lined barrel sampler contain-Ing 12 one- Inch-(12. S4-cm) long brass sample rings. 'Mesampler Is advanced Into the soil using a drop haimmer.

GEOMORPNOLOOY - The study, classification, description, nature,origin, and development of present landforms and theirrelationships to underlying structures, and of the, historyof geologic changes as recorded by these surface features.

GROPSONS - The Instrument used to transform seismic energyInto electrical voltage, a "ssometer. jfl. or picku .

CRASI - An elongated crustal block that ba been downthrownalong faults relative to the rocks on either side.

ONAIP-SIZI ANALYSIS (GRADATION) - A type of test to determinethe distribution of soil particle sizes In a given soilsample. The distribution of particle sites larger than0.074 mms (retained on the no. 200 siewe) ts determined bysiewing, while the distribution of particle sit** smallerthan 0.074 m Is determined by a sedimentation process,using a hydrometer.

GRANULAR - Sea, Coarso-Grained.

GRAVEL - Particles of rock that pass a 3-in. (76.2 m) siewe'1 and are retained on a no. 4 (4.7S m sieve).GRAVITY - The fore* of attraction between bodies because of(Itheir mssn. usually measured as the acceleration of

gravity.GYPSIPEROUS - Containing gypsum, a mineral consisting mostly of

sulfate of calcium.

INHOIST - An elongated crustal block that has boon uplifted along

faults relative to the rocks on either aide.

IU?53I0N DAIUAG - stream drainage system that f lows iate aclosed topographic low Mbasis).

.1 ImRISI (rock) - A rock formed by the procesd of emplacementof eageda (liquid rock) io preeslsting rock@ (e.g.. Iran-$to. gramodlorit.. quarts mssonite).

LUSTlihe OSPMITS - Materials deposited to a lake environ."eate

LARM109 OPOGtul - A time of deformation extending from lateCretaceous (about 100 million years ago$ to the end of thePaleocese (about S0 million years ago) which acounted forsuch present 9Seas and Otage structure.

L1109 - A iner atray of observation poiste. such of a seim10eIlne.

LIQUID LIMIT- See A7NPUSO LIMITS*

LOW MIMI~7 SUNFICIAL SOIL - Soil 01bich will perform poorly ofa foad subgrade. at its present constentcy, When vseddirctly beneath a road section.

POISTUNI CONT90? - ?be ratio* espressod as a poecentage, ofthe weight of water contained to a soil sample to theovendry weight of the sample.

NSOFECFONICS -T"e study of the recent structural history ofthe eaths crgot& usMally during tfe late Tertiary andthe Ovaternary periodst.

a VA"lt - Penetrat ion resistances described as tOe *after ofblows required to drile the staindard split-spoea **&plet(fo the second a"d third 6 inehes (0.S 15m with a 140.pounsd 163.5-1%9 hmmr falling i0 Inches (0?6 *I (AS"ND)SI'57).

OPT tog" POISTUNE coolEW? - "Olsistt content at which a soitcan be "Opocted to a sidaie dry *wit weight by a giveoespecoe ffort.

P-10AWS -see Com"06ess I onae've.VAtISA *A darktcooting or thin otr lSat produced on the

surfae of a rook or ether material by Weathering after3 long ospoae 100900 deert Waramish).VAV~WI1PtDS* PAYRNEW? -c lhoso se material Ceteilft"

pebble-sited or larger rettls Is epWsed to rainfall aOdwind act ion, the finer dest amd s" ate blew. or wsheod

At=3Lm

away Gad tbs pebbles gradually accqm.1.ie so Cho *ufctecoforainq a Sssic VS cb protects tb. moderlylog floorUmstorial from vied attack. Faveseel gas at" developt in lmsralooIed storis*. is We~ to"s 0k t* seredrourface to foeed by dissolutle bod ceosltlI of tbegrata* Involved.

10SI9IMLl! - 'Ike ability of liquid to pss threugh soil OWd/epj rock "%tl.PU - Ms ledes of a"e MI'diy of! 414Salley of a ell1 to C*fS

of tlbsrts 1 15f the reciprcal of tleS bvrfqs. teo

"I to -* Angle of lf~lftlatioe.

10I12008?OIC SOUFACR - A& m ifqery **#ee*@ represotlog tIkestall S. hed of gqt.ed wter OW detfood by lbs Iewsi towftig vowf w~il rie Is a well.

PtI MW1 SWIU - A* andsltbed. .1iekl) diaeersell ample, *stalood tree a deIll %*I* wit& a p~tekr 'tubsiepiet. TOW pr leery veommets of tale sampler see soowes# COSS1tl4g @of* barrel WOt a bit sold so lamwr stattle.eels pr1las&WOd tat*-uSml eamplieg too *Web toads or1feb15 the outer baest drelialg bit* d"odla "we thbordommo of the asteulel Seleg pooettoted.

P&AhIIC LIMIT - 9" AT'llmm LIMITS.

PtASTICITTIsmin - See AY~US LUIT1.

PLAWA/IAVA OVOOITS -A teom sed I% Ow gewtUmmt V.S. tota 0104auPO ftItttloered ort ooepeot" at tole, ovenlysar"Itsed sheets Of clty, Mit. flo siaw, seea rep'roseatl to Ih toes oi t o mIll., templetely closeOf *ot*Qmd **set =h bes 1* *%1" water .e*4401ta'S*ad so qwlely @*operated* u6uall7 Itowieg deposit* ofeolmle Milte.

10GLT aft~m - A dowtiptiv* toe *ppliod to a .srsw-qisiee4tell it it 0COSSISIS ptedoai**tly of *ee pottile sitetoitrslyp qtsd of be* a wide to"*e of Gift wit& sawiate"eiato e o bvisevaoul? 6109,iqp109sd$

Mee Seedu told lee to too otet a" 'sh1e sepotee lb"eoatae froot fees t"e valle.

betwos geslovle omts vitimut spoef it regard to 11et43 ~of tb

11SIlSIlVlT Me Inlrisstal The property of a 6010(101wbig re ist be flow of eectric #offset. fth rati, of

4MANs WSI WILLING - A bogi*q toaftiqw to foa advesomoslof to bet lbfqb overheft is* 6o00wollobed 6v oo1*of ab be. strin at uodea %6#1 be twvm oomor PC**-

tso .1;. alo en Of. ges0 flew bq~nGs S60 ewtsg* to, %be

$AN - $oi p0*159 tswomb be. 4 14.1s gw mIove 0*4 belso

MAOON Ap to* ft"@. oili 00"10460 lof 4sev0 so" 9010w01050 * Oi selI 4,#9"o vattofI 400#1O a" vtoee4

"ionic - 000109 to do *115b .0111 W&O. oft, tt he*Its" 16#009 10 7 of as *el e 014 00 P*tovee

Mt"Ic &M - A lkmwt Ott" of lt.So 481. .bseewRI polo,190@008. #0 o 1530 Mr. W*" $to too *$"o 14 vooboo.

I ISISPIC 42POWtt~ 0414b 4doh~ielw - Soto ttlved ft* 0 S Ippof 6916616 Weetspq boom o Iwe soowsea a 06 Osisemom ft ao tinsel oo of ii.. &ft lb. No a" of alm-00ee

tefe 1 0 mt,& ~ftifteeq0 too ottowl twee0of solowlewow.. w4tSb. 1066* e14 s0*tir pota~l to th e "Iq to51*-vleltv loets, is 0*45* to sop l. Sept% to sof

MOM~ A Wf1e t"ootd.

2"OM SI -h I" ul 0mItl~0~1 of a fell to ost#g

swm *1v A bst Wave Ia ob3*5 t"e Pettlele 0.tboo itImePeoW1wit ft no. *Itmtu100 of vt~ovet . aslso tle

Of t-f"t

3 S~., t~- A pfeeyo 1#0 we 5Mpve1. t tod as 0*tIblS. ~1*4040 O ,t j',~et1 mt 0 let" $too.

3 Gmmmmi wo

$%allow depleesieom* Ogeie 919toS oecve* bet does

SAWY M- Am re ow 1o seiseste emergff eq..* tbe doemactm -of

POIWE? Teo Roloas$*o oa ***#g 91r of elemo omocqv4e.g, Sb l. ts t oot@0 ~ *0 of "woe. coae to eibasted

teo ~c 60. of-t pest*or*** to beeci.mereS4 stw#6

OUSIT - $100-0ta sell "it ow Ik itsf. no *le 44.04 *s

3 SRI? give - ?ls4% pemo* ae . Imo *egg lace, 4*60 0.01 em 0,00TeI"e NomI 0"014 41: esi 4"tle % i.e poesse0 tog of60 #Io*#$,# **do too* 46e eceosi at 4*0 dIoos oo

9MCIPUKawT OAIY VA Teass two 6040 toe fit* of a5 01*wleeleet Of eqs1 t 10141 0 110 *3e#5l .0 qe * dI u404

9*t *It Os 0P 0" 991400i Of 411101 sot* o 00404,0

C .510 .01m m*# eft* 1 016 II.1 , . To OfM 0i i0sllbi S#.146# 1*

Itsece tole* %b5 eS15qC

~* m. T" tapI.1qspe* .of40r,*v tw ft..** ** 04 rto. S*1aqlv *01 *to #4#. 5sIees, #too* too-1016#09 14 0 *ecp0bem 00" 6000 0"d 10 9p*de *04001f

1 oleof so set$* *Ie et40,te.o1' o" *&SVUWll a*wit 4tee *iem a" q 'huste cl.

3ow -~c 4 -e W10 te~ ot~ %ssf*onciwi sego **"*Io to~ 5t.0W owt*# - om 410eleW3~~~W ;iemal eto~ e tote kc k co0ee

3WKA at "aoa 14lsSps3t vt" 0O 0 *Ot-* wo

?fl? FIT - Am osesvatsom mado to eopgb* of "Os s toot LI,' *A

14.. & w~Sgom omo e.wetu" *iesowote el.t04890 Old 09S851MA OfT A ip'MOSSO 0044 004444Y.~

*19stIt of as 40e4SO46 soil ofest Wm*I MWSI,I* ooe4e ts 1001. 4 fVl4@J440 OFpW09 'of "41to5

10lwie " 0 #told so 4 PO~ 111ap1 "A.I omboiM

49 0 swied. *leaosed .610" 460 *too of 'Se *po~

"44d gs c*4e. to. l efr;soml*.*Whq.

we* 604 few44 to **a. * "0 lo *dI$9I 4*0wo" 0#00*~09~h~ @*#o *powo

*1 10 1 00 000004 O(1 PtOM 004006014 0100NOI"*0

coo.o 154 *0 0.# miasOoodO# TO #$.4# q 'So's *P

6~001i 001# m0001,4

m4 *14t64 Ot 0 ~ t~5 01%414."A-t l# 406-444.9601. ot0.1 O #mv #41* *7 Ol00 q0* lo" s

to$% 0 * A *140 do 6401;40,0 10 #1~1 OfI4 1400 e6outM st%* .o..o %*g,Sv4 l *IO*it*

*t b - Net*#*dto *#t1l 9~ 0 pov010 ot f99wttl we'v090W 990Il six* svto*4sc twoi * 0 o09tt of0

twos~f *i#** sot 41a *I,* *040*11l00* *4w 0.Oql *1

I*qfvt s#o &* sl i*94W89tv"viol#*960*~

AtIVSWI PawJl" 960 6"4ewl 66OW0 .It** 49414114664460 at

W5 SleuIM- .Rin,. watead " .. es . t m4psb. #44

5 *i Itofoomsse SoseeS 6as . o.*4pe.,.WfO Ae0 - A.1* 4 1M4#400R *4 '.34 *fS40 44 49 so*

*4 #~ to too$* *too -W 4~**W is*6OS I*%Oi44O1 *48.9

609144400 we**#R~ *#$**a ~ ~ S*4 *~q4~i

9*O60 *w* too4S~ Pww4*1 Ow- *a$*P*494, OMOs *eo

too ftq44* w&q. 4s.l* as$ 0"

$00 AjO, ****$IF** 600t #00(4440(40,

~# 4

Id

cos#*m*9 6 4'. os ~s goIm. .at1E5to*00

*oilso 4446 ~* et t J4R0 00d I e14$. ~

C~t&S 6S* *W 460 5go tgs S W R "es AI0

000*. **~rp Saosw J1eQwIw*e iOe 0te so& d~t. 164 evs(gete.

9tt~ 4eU&4 0N96 5-iw19 *46* 4* *h1*c 09404if .$qc

'i,#44 $040) , O*i0*509 0460 4 4Iu 00444;" ~ 4E9

00*I494A *11 4*44P9 4404 inw9*"000 ovotme 0*404* we*

0000"4 IIv 600u*4100 twokam 04*4"N~o #4 90441 4 W*0M j

* * 0 400~004* *I 0.*01. 004* #4# 4* ~*4" 40 I #*#*% to#0*4 99"0046J f* 0*441 #V0164 4 4 m 4 4A41o9

00#00,4 "w4wo, *No Ow* '49 460 q044 WOO 0*#eV04

*t*0* * 00# 49 ,9 44i** 94 *S40so C10494 1*' ~*40,0" *# 044Owe *1 *w *40*Ip0 9*4 "Vt 0 4 **4A *Oldt 40~ ** t.' 00 I1 ' 4*)) *999i 4 * **t 4"*.1 f

ft.*p*. 44"" -44 ~i**P 40is1*0 90*0449I~~*400 ft

e499i* * m9*4 *;a" 4160 %* 4t4 toq~ I. *1t4f$si *4* *1 tot**. ab**I9ww #"q*t*419 #p* toW09

*oft 4.1..*Ov 4 *I~4i40-0*

ta

A4 -

A4.0 GEOPHYSICAL PROCEDURES

A4.1 98I utFasu10c acac nSUmVZYs

A4.. instruments

Fseld osplorotions were performed with a 24-channel SIe Model46-44 %esic refraction system which consisted of 24 amplifierszoopted vbtth * dry-write. galvanonoter-type recording oscillo-Itooft. Saismic energy Wao detected by Mark Products Miodel L-10geopbenos with natoral frequency of 4.S Ms. Geophones weretittt*4 with short opt%** to provide good coupling with the4towm4. Cable* with two taseout intervals were used to transmittae detected ossmic signal from the qeophones to the ampli-fie##. Tie of Shot was transmitted from shotpoint to recordingoysto VIC an 1% radio tin%.

?We a"#**e of gain was set on the aplifiers by the instrumentopotatogo ai *as limited by tho background noise at the timeof %no onot. Te amplifiers are capable ot maximum gain of

4.t *$lMon. Twe oscilloph placed tieing lines on the sads-se~rsat 601-second intervals. ?%e*timing lines form the

00.otgvO olsic etrctin tn**consisted of a single spreadof 1 o