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무릎 운동손상의 기능해부학 임비오 중앙대학교

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Page 1: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

무릎 운동손상의 기능해부학

임비오

중앙대학교

Page 2: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Introduction

Page 3: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Knee

무릎은 인체 내에서 가장 큰 관절

Femur와 tibia로 연결된 hinge joint

주로 flexion/extension 운동

관절면이 비교적 평평하여 주위의인대나 근육들에 의해 안정성이유지 불안정한 관절

위로부터의 부하(체중, 중력)와 아래로부터의 부하(달릴 때의 충격등)를 받음

스포츠 손상이 많은 부위

Page 4: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Knee ( X-ray )

Page 5: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Knee ( MRI )

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Ligament

ACL: tibia의 condyle 앞쪽, femur의 lateral condyle의 안쪽에 부착 Tibia가 앞으로 밀리는 것을 막음

PCL: tibia의 condyle 뒤쪽, femur의 medial condyle의 바깥쪽에 부착 Tibia가 뒤로 밀리는 것을 막음

왜 비스듬한 방향으로 놓여 있을까?

Page 7: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Functional Anatomy of Knee Bone

Page 8: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Femur

가장 길고 무거운 뼈

Head 골반의 Acetabulum에 꼭 맞아

hip joint 형성

Cartilage로 싸여있음

Neck 골절률 ↑(특히, 노인들]

근육부착 지점 Greater trochanter

Lesser trochanter

Condyle

Epicondyle

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Tibia-Fibula

Tibia

Femur와 무릎관절을 이룸

몸통의 앞면 타박상

Tibial tuberosity Patellar ligament 부착장소

Q-angle

Fibula

Not involved in knee joint

Tibia와 관절을 이룸

No weight bearing

근육과 근막의 부착장소

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Patella

Sesamoid bone 위쪽 base

아래쪽 apex

기능 Protect knee joint

Protect quadriceps tendon

Features : Laterally unstable Femur lateral condyle 더 튀어나와 있

Vastus medialis contraction

바깥쪽에서 큰 부하 받음 관절염위험

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Functionl Anatomy of Muscles

Page 12: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Gluteus maximus

Origin

장골의 외측면, 후천장 및 천결절인대

천골 후면

Insertion

장경인대

대퇴골의 둔근 조면

Function

Pelvis fix : Hip extension . ER

Femur fix : retroversion. Pelvis IR.

엉덩이와 무릎관절의 고정

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Gluteus medius

Origin

장골의 와(Iliac fossa)

Insertion

대전자(Greater trochanter)

Functions

Pelvis fix : Hip abduction

Femur fix

양측 수축 시(Bilateral) : anteversion/retroversion

한쪽 수축 시(Unilateral) : 골반의 외측 굴곡

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Quadriceps femoris

넙다리네갈래근, 대퇴사두근

대퇴직근(Rectus femoris)

중간광근(Vastus intermedius)

내측광근(Vastus medialis)

외측광근(Vastus lateralis)

Hip flexion

Knee extension

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Hamstrings

뒤넙다리근, 슬굴곡근

반막양근(semimembranosus)

반건양근(semitendinosus)

대퇴이두근(Biceps femoris)

Hip flexion

Knee extension

무용수의 척추 문제 유발

ACL Injury

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Functional Anatomy of ACL

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Essential for knee

stability

Necessary for

athletes involved in

cutting & jumping

sports

Anterior Cruciate LigamentAnterior Cruciate Ligament

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AMB & PLB

AnteroMedial Band(AMB)

PosteroLateral Bulk(PLB)

The PL bundle is hidden behind the

AM bundle and becomes visible

during flexion as the femoral

insertion moves anterior

AM

PL

Page 19: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

38.5 (+/-3) 19.7 (+/-2)

AM

PL

7.0 mm6.4 mm

PL

AM

AM and PL bundle have different length and diameter

AMB & PLB

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AMB & PLB Tension

Knee flexion: ACL twist 90° along its axis greatest tension in AMB

Knee extension: straight orientation greatest tension in PLB

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Function of ACL

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ACL Injury

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75% of ACL injuries are

non-contact

Activities

Deceleration (stop)

Landing a jump

Pivoting or cutting to change directions

ACL Injury Mechanism (1)ACL Injury Mechanism

Page 24: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Body position at the time of injury

Extended hip & knee

Hip internal rotation

Tibial external rotation

Knee valgus

Foot pronation

Flat footed landings

ACL Injury Mechanism (2)ACL Injury Mechanism

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AMPL

Double-Bundle

AMPL

Single-Bundle

ACL Reconstruction

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Functional Anatomy of PCL

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Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Strongest ligament in the knee

Central stabilizer

Mean length 38mm

Average width 13mm

Cross-Sectional area 31.2mm2

1.5 times greater than ACL

Page 28: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

AL & PM Tension

AL bundle

longer,

6 times stronger tense(flexion), lax(extension)

PM bundle

Shorter,

tense(extension) lax(flexion)

Page 29: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Function of PCL

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PCL Injury

Less frequent injury 5-10%

Lack of science “10 years behind ACL”

Mechanism

Motor vehicle accident (50%)

Sports injury (40%)

Fall to the ground with the knee

flexed and the foot

plantarflexed

Hyperextension and valgus or varus stress combined with leg rotation

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Functional Anatomy of MCL,LCL

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Medial Collateral Ligament

대퇴내상과에서 기시하여 경골 관절면 가장자리에 부착

두 층으로 구성

천층 : 외반력에 대한 80% 안정성 제공

심층 : 내측 반월상연골에 부착, 안정성 제공

내측 안정성에 관여하는 구조물

내측측부인대 (deep / superficial)

posteromedial capsular lig. (post. Oblique)

semimembranosus tendon

oblique popliteal lig

Pes Anserinus

medial head of gastrocnemius.

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Lateral Collateral Ligament

대퇴 외상과에서 기시하여 비골골두에 부착

내반력에 70% 안정성 제공

외측 안정성에 관여하는 구조물

외측 측부인대

Popliteus tendon

posterolateral capsular lig. (arcuate lig.)

fabellofibular lig

biceps femoris tendon

장경대 (iliotibial band)

lateral head of gastrocnemius

Page 34: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

MCL LCL

Function of MCL & LCL

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Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS

Page 36: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Function of the Meniscus

Load Transmission via circumferential hoop

tension

Shock absorption

Joint stability 2° restraint to cruciates and

collaterals

Joint lubrication

Proprioception

Nutrition

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Medial vs. Lateral

Medial Compartment STABLE CONTAINMENT

Tibial Plateau

Large, concave

Meniscus firmly fixed

Lateral Compartment DYNAMIC CONTAINMENT

Tibial Plateau

Smaller, convex

Meniscus is mobile

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Circumferential hoop tension

Helps to distribute the load across the tibia MM: transmit 50% of joint load in MC

LM : transmit 70% of joint load in LC

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Circumferential hoop tension

50% of joint load in extension

85 – 90% in flexion

Removal of 16-34% of the meniscus 350% increase in contact stress

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Function of the Meniscus

Page 41: 무릎운동손상의기능해부학 - KOCWelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/... · 2013. 9. 12. · Functionl Anatomy of MENISCUS. Function of the Meniscus

Kinesiology of Knee

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Movements of ACL & PCL

Knee flexion & extension Tight

External rotation Loose

Internal rotation Tight

ACL Injury?

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Movements of MCL & LCL

Knee flexion & Internal Rotation

Loose

Extension & External Rotation

Tight

Injury?

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MCL & LCL Tear

MCL 관절 안쪽이 벌어지는 것

을 막음

파열되면 tibia가 바깥쪽으로 움직임

LCL 관절 바깥쪽이 벌어지는

것을 막음

파열되면 tibia가 안쪽으로 움직임

MCL이 LCL보다 두껍고 튼튼한 이유?

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Movements of Meniscus

Knee Extension Flexion Rotation Meniscus Forward Backward Forward

(same direction)

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Movements of Knee

Flexion

Active range < Passive range

Hip flexion > Hip extension

: Rectus femoris 당기기 때문

Extension

Hip extension < Hip flexion

: Hamstring 당기기 때문

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Knee Joint

Femur-Tibia angle <180⁰ : genu valgum (knock

knee, X 다리, 외반슬, ACL)

> 180⁰ : genu varum (bow leg, O 다리, 내반슬, 관절염)

Long Standing + slight Flexion Meniscus tearing

경계근무 군인

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Knee Movement

무릎의 바깥쪽에서 관절염이 많이 생기는 이유? Patellar-femur 관절은 바깥쪽에서 많은 부하와 스트레

스를 받기 때문 넙다리네갈래근이 수축하면 무릎뼈가 바깥쪽으로 당겨지기 때문

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Knee Movement

무릎을 굽히고 펴는 동안에 약간의 “automatic rotation이일어나는 이유? 앞뒤로 보면 바깥쪽이 약간 볼록, 안쪽은 오목 바깥쪽에서 안쪽보

다 구르기가 더 잘 일어남

MCL이 LCL보다 더 튼튼하기 때문 안쪽이 바깥쪽보다 적게 움직임

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Rolling-Gliding Movement

Femur condyle이 gliding만 한다면? 굴러 떨어짐

Femur condyle이 rolling만 한다면? 연골 손상

Knee flexion Rolling → Gliding

Knee Extension Gliding → Rolling

Kapandji, 1970

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Rolling-Gliding Movement

Roll-back & Four-bar (Müller, 1982)

Axis of motion passes through

the intersection of the bars

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Changing center of rotation Cruciate ligament: two rigid

rods

Four Bar Linkage

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참고문헌

움직임 해부학 (조상현 역, 영문출판사,1999)

운동손상학 원론 (대한운동사회, 대한미디어, 2003)

인체해부학 (신문균 외, 현문사, 1998)

스포츠재활 (2008 상반기 운동사 자격연수 강의록 4권, 대한운동사회, 2008)

Perry의 보행분석 (정석 외, 영문출판사, 2006)

KNEE 기능해부학/관련 스포츠 손상 (김진구, KATA, 2007)

ACL Injury Mechanism and Prevention Program (임비오, 2008 KSSB, 2008)