eesc 2200 • hw-4 due wed the solid earth … 2200 the solid earth system flood case studies 29 oct...
TRANSCRIPT
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EESC 2200The Solid Earth System
Flood Case Studies
29 Oct 08
Local hydrograph?
• HW-4 due Wed• no class Mon• no labs next week
Hackensack River
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Rain falls: heads to channela Flood
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propagates downstream: Qbalances
Q=dischargecft/sec
QIN
QOUT
a Flood
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propagates downstream: Qbalances
Q=dischargecft/sec QIN
QOUT
a Flood
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propagates downstream: Qbalances
Q=dischargecft/sec QIN
QOUT
a Flood
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Discharge (=waterunderbridge)
Discharge
Q =
cross-sectionalareaA
(biggerbridge)
×velocity
V
(fasterriver)
(morewaterunderbridge)
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Some channel shapes ......low discharge
high discharge
Aberjona
Charles
Hudson
Area = Width × Depth
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Q = A x V
If discharge increases, then have to
• Increase V
• Increase A
--> FLOODS
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Discharge varies in 2 ways: Q = A x V
natural
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Q = A × V and floods
normal Increase discharge
A increases by river rise, flooding banks
V increases too...
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On big stream systems, discharge increases as tributaries bring in more water
Q, A and V all increase!!
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Flood plain
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Natural systems havefloodplains, why?
1. Water speedfaster farther frombottom
2. Faster watercarries bigger load
slow
fast
clay gravelgrain size
speederosion
transportdeposition
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slow,deposition
Why: stream erodes channel,fills floodplain
fast,erosion
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Flood Case Studies
1.Hurricanes and Deltas2.Big Thompson Canyon3.1993 Midwestern Flood4.100 yr floods5.Ancient tales of floods6.Channel scablands
• When• Where• Deaths• $$ Damage• How Big?• Problems• Mitigation?
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Hurricanes and Deltas
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Bangladesh
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Living in Bangladesh
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New Orleans
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Big Thompson Canyon
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Big ThompsonCanyon, CO
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1993 Midwestern Flood
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dark blue -- flooded in 1993
Saint Louis
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JeffersonCityMO
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Tuttle Ck spillway, KS: 24 Jul 93, 35000 cfs
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The1993Flood
ExcessRainfall
>200%
StLouis
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Affected a large areaRainfall causes flooding in “streams”
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St.LouisGauge
PreviousRecord
FloodStage
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What happened? 1. Fall before, heavy rains saturated soils
2. Unusual summer jet stream
normal summer 1993
cool, dry air
warm, moist air
H
p. 386
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1993 Overall: Worst flood in US history
$20 billion damage 50,000 homes damaged 75 towns submerged 48 fatalities
peak discharge = 1,030,000 cft/s at St Louis
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18Jul93
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Discharge varies in 2 ways: Q = A x V
natural
same sizeLevee
not
higher V
high V
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100 yr floods
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Flood recurence intervals: Q vs rate Data: # peak floods > Q
in last (10, 50, 100) years?
Extrapolate to get rate of “100 yr” flood
020000400006000080000
100000120000140000160000180000
1 10 100
average recurrence
Q:
Dis
char
ge c
ft/s
?
19931974
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Ancient tales of floods
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JohnMartin.TheDeluge.1834.Oiloncanvas.66x102inches.
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Same story in many mid-eastern culturesOldest: Gilgamesh, 1st epic literature
(Sumeria, 2000 - 3000 BCE)Did something actually happen?
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Traditional Idea: flood Tigris,Euphrates (“1000 yr flood”)
Gulf
Problems: not that much water here
no giant flood deposits
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Black Sea...
Bosporus St
Mediterranean
Black Sea
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Shallow Strait of Bosphorous
NSMedit.Sea Black Sea
45 m bsl
salty fresh
last Ice Age
p. 396
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salty fresh
Shallow Strait of Bosphorous
NSMedit.Sea Black Sea
5600 BC
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In Black Sea...
• 5600 BCE: sudden deluge• change from fresh -> saline• scouring of Bosporous channel
– 80 - 100 km/hr flows?– Black Sea level rises 100 m in 1 year?– Major flood of Black Sea shorelines...
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Conclusion
Catastrophic flooding at 5600 BCEalso, 4 Ma flooding of Medittteranean
Displaced humans: probably
The Great Deluge?
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Channel scablands
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Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water
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Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water
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Flood Forecasting
• rainfall• saturation
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available water = watershed area × rainfall
-> big watersheds (Mississippi) more potential
Flood Factors
Time Lag between rain and flood
1.
2.
time, hrs
rain
dischargeamount
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SummarySummary
• Flood = high Q over banks
• Causes: rainfall, ground saturation
• Lag and duration: Drainage Basin size
• Urbanization, levees intensify floods