항미생물화학치료 - dongguk · 2014-01-07 · teicoplanin • glycopeptide antibiotics •...

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Chapter 34 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (항미생물 화학치료) 1

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Page 1: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Chapter 34

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

(항미생물화학치료)

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Page 2: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Chemotherapeutic Agents

• Chemical agents used to treat disease• Destroy pathogenic microbes or inhibit their growth within host

• Antibiotics (항생제)– Microbial products or their derivatives that kill susceptible microbes or inhibit their growth

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Page 3: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

General Characterisitics of Antimicrobial Drugs

• Selective toxicity (선택적독성)– Ability of drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while damaging host as little as possible

• Therapeutic dose (치료량)– Drug level required for clinical treatment

• Toxic dose (독성량)– Drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient or produces side effects

• Therapeutic index (치료지수)– Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose– The bigger, the better

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Page 4: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

General Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drugs

• Side effects (부작용) – Undesirable effects of drugs on host cells 

• Narrow‐spectrum drugs (협역약제) – Attack only a few different pathogens

• Broad‐spectrum drugs (광역약제) – Attack many different pathogens

• Cidal agent (살균) ‐ kills microbes 

• Static agent (정균) ‐ inhibits growth of microbes4

Page 5: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

General Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drugs

• Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, 최소억제농도)– Lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogen

• Minimal lethal concentration (MLC, 최소치사농도)– Lowest concentration of drug that kills pathogen

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Page 6: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity

• Dilution susceptibility tests (희석감수성검사) – Broth or agar with lowest concentration showing no growth 

• Disk diffusion tests (원판확산법)– Drug diffuses from disk into agar, establishing concentration gradient

• E‐test®6

Page 7: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

항생제의 분류• Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis (세포벽생합성억제제)

• Protein synthesis inhibitors (단백질생합성억제제)

• Metabolic antagonists (대사길항제)• Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors (핵산생합성억제제)

• Therapeutic index : I > P=M > N7

Page 8: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis

• Penicillins– 6‐aminopenicillanic acid derivatives – Differ in side chain attached to amino group– ‐lactam ring

• Essential for bioactivity• Many penicillin‐resistant organisms produce ‐lactamase (penicillinase) which hydrolyzes a bond in this ring

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Page 9: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Mode of action of Penicillins 1

• D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog• Binds to penicillin‐binding protein (PBP)• Blocks the enzyme (transpeptidase, PBP) that catalyzes transpeptidation (formation of cross‐links in peptidoglycan) 

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Page 10: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Mode of action of Penicillins 2

• Prevents the synthesis of complete cell walls leading to lysis of cell

• Stimulate release of autolysin which digests existing cell wall

• Acts only on growing bacteria that are synthesizing new peptidoglycan 

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Page 11: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Mechanism of resistance to penicillin

• Transformation and homologous recombination ‐> altered penicillin binding protein

• Conjugation and plasmid transfer ‐> beta‐lactamase

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Page 12: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Naturally occurring penicillins

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• Narrow spectrum• Penicillin G and V • Active against gram (+)• Inactive against gram (‐)• Pen G

– Destroyed by gastric acid– Parental administration (주사제)

• Pen V– Resistant to gastric acid– Oral administration (경구투여)

Page 13: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

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Naturally occurring penicillins

Page 14: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Semi‐synthetic penicillins • 6‐amino penicillanic acid (6‐APA) • Broader spectrum • Active against gram(+) and gram(‐)• Ampicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin

• Penicillins resistant to penicillinase• Active against penicillin‐resistant bacteria• Methicillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin

• ~1–5% of adults in U.S. are allergic to penicillin14

Page 15: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

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Semi‐synthetic penicillins 

Page 16: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Cephalosporins

• 7‐aminocephalosporanic acid (7‐ACA)• Structurally and functionally similar to penicillins• Broad‐spectrum antibiotics that can be used by most patients that are allergic to penicillin 

• Grouped into four categories based on their spectrum of activity (from narrow to broad)

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Page 17: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

세대별세팔로스포린구분

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• 1세대 ‐그람양성균 > 그람음성균cephalothin

• 2세대 –혐기성세균을포함한그람음성균cefoxitin

• 3세대 –대부분의그람음성균, BBB(blood‐brain barrier)를통과, CNS에도달

cefoperazone• 4세대 – 가장광범위항생제

ceftriaxone

Page 18: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Vancomycin and Teicoplanin

• Glycopeptide antibiotics• Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog• Inhibit cell wall synthesis• Important for treatment of antibiotic‐resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections

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Page 19: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Vancomycin and Teicoplanin

• Drug of last resort 

• Rise in resistance to vancomycin is of great concern

• VRSA (vancomycin‐resistant staphylococcus aureus) –반코마이신내성황색포도상구균

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Page 20: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors• Many antibiotics bind specifically to the bacterial ribosome

• Binding can be to 30S (small) or 50S (large) ribosomal subunit 

• Eukaryotic ribosome includes 40S and 60S• Other antibiotics inhibit a step in protein synthesis– Aminoacyl‐tRNA binding– Peptide bond formation– mRNA reading– Translocation  

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Page 21: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Aminoglycosideantibiotics

• Large family which all contain a cyclohexane ring and amino sugars 

• Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit • Interfere with protein synthesis by directly inhibiting the process and by causing misreading of the messenger RNA

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Page 22: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Aminoglycosideantibiotics

• Bacteriocidal• Resistance and toxicity (귀머거리, 신장손상, 균형감각상실, 구역질, 알레르기) 

• Streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, tobramycin and gentamicin

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Page 23: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Tetracyclines

• All have a four‐ring structure to which a variety of side chains are attached

• Broad spectrum• Combine with 30S ribosomal subunit• Inhibit the binding of aminoacyl‐tRNA to the A site

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Page 24: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Tetracyclines

• Inhibits bind of aminoacyl‐tRNA molecules to the A site of the ribosome

• Bacteriostatic• Oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline

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Page 25: 항미생물화학치료 - Dongguk · 2014-01-07 · Teicoplanin • Glycopeptide antibiotics • Interact with D‐alanyl‐D‐alanine analog • Inhibit cell wall synthesis •

Macrolides

• Contain 12‐ to 22‐carbon lactone rings linked to one or more sugars

• Erythromycin, clindamycin, and azithromycin• Broad spectrum, usually bacteriostatic• Binds to 23S rRNA of 50S ribosomal subunit• Inhibits peptide chain elongation • Used for patients allergic to penicillin

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erythromycin