effect of 4-weeks of surya nadi pranayama (right nostril berating) on respiratory parameters

The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015

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EFFECT OF 4-WEEKS OF SURYA NADI PRANAYAMA (RIGHT NOSTRIL BERATING) ON RESPIRATORY PARAMETERS

Baljinder Singh Bal

Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION

The great Indian seer Patanjali (200 BC) has compiled and codified the knowledge regarding yoga and defined pranayama as Regulation of the incoming and outgoing flow of breath with retention. As a deep breathing technique, pranayama reduces dead space ventilation and decreases work of breathing. It also refreshes air throughout the lungs, in contrast with shallow breathing that refreshes air only at the base of the lungs [1]. Breath is a dynamic bridge between the body and mind [1]. Breathing is not only an instinctive reflex to satisfy the need of the body for oxygen but it has been considered that consciously controlled breathing can be used as a technique for enhancing mental and physical powers [2]. Pranayama produce different physiological responses in healthy young volunteers [3, 4]. Pranayama is a method of breathing and chest expansion exercise which has been reported to improve cardio respiratory function in health and disease. The practice of pranayama has been known to modulate cardiac autonomic status with an improvement in Cardio respiratory functions [5]. The practice of breathing exercise increases parasympathetic activity and decreases sympathetic activity, improves cardiorespiratory functions by affecting oxygen consumption, metabolism and skin resistance [6, 7]. Breathing exercises have been recommended in physiotherapy to improve respiratory and bowel function, in occupational therapy to facilitate spiritual emergence. It has been assumed single nostril breathing can be used to therapeutically influence autonomic function and may significantly affect other hemisphere- specific functions [8]. It is thought that practicing yoga over a period of time leads to a decrease in respiratory rate, muscular relaxation along with calming of the mind, which might be interpreted at least partly as a decreased state of arousal [9, 10]. But various studies show that respiratory parameters improve after yoga & pranayama. A significant increase in the vital capacity, tidal volume increase in expiratory and inspiratory pressures and breath holding time [11, 12].

2. METHODS

2.1 Subjects

Thirty, university level girls of Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 21-26 years (Mean SD: age 22.37 1.54 yrs, height 5.47 0.18 ft, body mass 60.22 3.56 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were purposively assigned into two groups:

Group-A: Experimental (n1=15)

Group-B: Control (n2=15)

All the subjects were informed about the objective and protocol of the study. Distribution and demographics of subjects are brought forth in table-1.

Abstract

Aim: This study analyses the effects of surya nadi pranayama (right nostril berating) on respiratory parameters. Methods: Thirty, university level girls of Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 21-26 years (Mean SD: age 22.37 1.54 yrs, height 5.47 0.18 ft, body mass 60.22 3.56 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects from Group-A: Experimental were subjected to a 4-weeks training of surya nadi pranayama. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and the post-test. Results: Significant differences were found in Tidal Volume (VT), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of university level girls and insignificant differences were noted in Vital Capacity (VC) and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV). Conclusion: The result further indicates that no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group.

Key words: Surya Nadi Pranayama, Tidal Volume (Vt), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Vital Capacity (VC) And Inspiratory Capacity (IC)


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Table1. Distribution and Demographics of Subjects

Sample Size

(N=30)

Variables Total

(N=30)

Experimental group

(n1=15)

Control group

(n2=15)

Age 22.371.54 21.001.69 22.731.33

Body Height 5.470.18 5.5270.21 5.420.15

Body Mass 60.223.56 60.343.37 60.103.84

2.2 Procedures

This study is designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study. The subjects from Group-A: Experimental were subjected to a 4-weeks training of surya nadi pranayama. This lasted 4 weeks and consisted of daily sessions. The following respiratory parameters were measured 3 times with the use of a wet spirometer, the respective average values being used in the analysis:

Figure1. Subjects Performing Tidal volume (VT)

Figure 2. Subjects Performing Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Figure 3. Subjects Performing Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)


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Figure 4. Subjects Performing Vital capacity (VC)

Figure 5. Subjects Performing Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Figure 6. Study Design

Table 2. Experimental Treatment

4-Weeks Surya Nadi Pranayama Training Programme

Weeks Schedule Time Duration 1st Week

Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minute

20 Minute

Practice of Surya Nadi pranayama (9 Rounds X 1 Set)

10 Minute

Relaxation Posture 5 Minute 2nd Week


25 Minute Practice of Surya Nadi pranayama (9 Rounds X 2 Set)

15 Minute

Relaxation Posture 5 Minute 3rd Week



20 Minute

Relaxation Posture 5 Minute 4rd Week



25 Minute

Relaxation Posture 5 Minute


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Figure 7. Subjects Performing Surya Nadi Pranayama

3. STATISTICAL ANALYSES

Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows version 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Data is expressed as the mean SD. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and the post-test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.

3. RESULTS

The results of Respiratory Parameters (i.e., Tidal Volume (VT), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Vital Capacity (VC) and Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of university level girls are brought forth in table-3-7.

Table 3. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Tidal Volume (VT) of University

Level Girls

Tidal Volume (VT)

Group Number Mean Standard Deviation

Standard Error

of the Mean

t-

value

p-

value

Experiment (Pre-test)

Experimental (Post-test)

15

15

354.93

362.27

11.22

13.62

2.90

3.52

4.9912* 0.0002

Control (Pre-test) 15 343.73 10.94 2.83 1.7235 0.1068


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Control (Post-test) 15 346.27 14.11 3.64

Tidal Volume (VT)

The results of Respiratory Parameters in group (Experimental) and group (Control) are shown in Table-3. The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Tidal Volume (VT) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 354.93 11.22 and 362.27 13.62 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Tidal Volume (VT) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 343.73 10.94 and 346.27 14.11. The t-value in case of experimental group was 4.9912* and for control group it was 1.7235. Significant between-group differences were noted in Tidal Volume (VT) since the calculated value of (t=4.9912*) is greater than tabulated value of t .05 (14) = 2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.

Figure 8. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Tidal Volume (VT) of (a)

Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls

Table 4. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of University Level Girls

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)


Standard Error

of the Mean

t-

value

p-

value



15

15

725.93

728.47

15.61

13.62

4.03

3.52

1.8548 0.0848

Control (Pre-test)

Control (Post-test)

15

15

724.73

725.07

14.22

15.81

3.67

4.08

0.3529 0.7294

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)


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The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 725.93 15.61 and 728.47 13.62 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 724.73 14.22 and 725.07 15.81. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.8548 and for control group it was 0.3529. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) since the calculated value of (t=1.8548 is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14) = 2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.

Figure 9. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls

Table 5. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of University Level Girls

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)


Standard Error

of the Mean

t-

value

p-

value



15

15

2269.07

2273.00

75.03

78.54

19.37

20.28

2.0856* 0.0558

Control (Pre-test)

Control (Post-test)

15

15

2246.07

2247.93

80.61

83.59

20.81

21.58

0.7797 0.4486

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 2269.07 75.03 and 2273.00 78.54 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 2246.07 80.61 and 2247.93 83.59. The t-value in case of experimental group


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was 2.0856 and for control group it was 0.7797. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) since the calculated value of (t=2.0856) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14) = 2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.

Figure 10. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls

Table 6. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Vital Capacity (VC) of University Level Girls

Vital Capacity (VC)


Standard Error

of the Mean

t-

value

p-

value



15

15

3349.93

3380.67

80.53

86.83

20.79

22.42

1.5995 0.1320

Control (Pre-test)

Control (Post-test)

15

15

3314.53

3319.27

79.54

83.14

20.54

21.47

1.4293 0.1748

Vital Capacity (VC)

The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Vital Capacity (VC) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 3349.93 80.53 and 3380.67 86.83 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Vital Capacity (VC) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 3314.53 79.54 and 3319.27 83.14. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.5995 and for control group it was 1.4293. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Vital Capacity (VC) since the calculated value of (t=1.5995) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14) = 2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.


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Figure 11. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Vital Capacity (VC) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls

Table 7. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of University Level Girls

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)


Standard Error

of the Mean

t-

value

p-

value



15

15

3704.87

3745.27

81.85

90.38

21.13

23.34

2.1663* 0.0480

Control (Pre-test)

Control (Post-test)

15

15

3658.27

3665.53

77.59

82.67

20.03

21.34

1.6719 0.1167

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

The Mean and Standard Deviation value of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 3704.87 81.85 and 3745.27 90.38 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 3658.27 77.59 and 3665.53 82.67. The t-value in case of experimental group was 2.1663* and for control group it was 1.6719. Significant between-group differences were noted in Inspiratory Capacity (IC) since the calculated value of (t=2.1663*) is greater than tabulated value of t.05 (14) =2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.


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Figure 12. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls

4. CONCLUSION

Considering that research results clearly show that the significant differences were noted in Tidal Volume (VT), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), and Inspiratory Capacity (IC) in the experimental group subjected to 4- week training of surya nadi pranayama and insignificant differences were noted in Vital Capacity (VC) and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of university level girls.However, no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group.

5. REFERENCES

1. Bijilani, R.L. (2004). The Yogic Practices: Asanas, Pranayamas and Kriyas. Understanding Medical Physiology, 3rd Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, India, 883-889.

2. Gharote, M.L. (2003). PranayamaThe Science of Breath Theory and Guidelines for Practice, 1st Edition Pune, 9. 3. Madanmohan. (2005). Effect of Slow and Fast Pranayamas on Reaction Time and Cardiorespiratory Variables. Indian J

Physiol Pharmacol, 49(3), 313-18. 4. Shivraj, P., Manaspure, A.F., & Damodara, G. (2001). Effect of Selected Breathing Techniques on Respiratory Rate and

Breath Holding Time in Healthy Adults. IJABPT, 2(3), 25-29. 5. Subalakshmi, N.K., Saxena, S.K., Urmimala, Urban, & DSouza. (2005). Immediate Effect of Nadi-Shodhana Pranayama on

Some Selected Parameters of Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, and Higher Functions of Brain. TJPS, 18(2), 10-16. 6. Pal, G.K., Velkumary, S., & Madanmohan. (2004). Effect of Short-Term Practice of Breathing Exercises on Autonomic

Functions in Normal Human Volunters. Indian J Med Res, 120, 15-121. 7. Ropa, B.A., Anita, H., Shailaja, P., Shashikala, G.V., & Surekharani, C. (2001). Effect of Short-Term Pranayama and

Meditation on Cardiovascular Functions in Healthy Individuals. Heart Views, 12(2), 58-62. 8. Chanavirut, R. (2008). Yoga Exercise Increases Chest Wall Expansion and Lung Volumes in Young Healthy Thais. Thai

Journal of Physiological Sciences, 19(1), 1-7.

9. Maharishi, M.Y. (1969). The Science of Being and Art of Living. In (Rev.ed.). Los Angeles, International SRM Publications.


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10. Nagendra, H.R., & Nagarathna, R. (1977). New Perspectives in Stress Management. Bangalore Vivekananda Kendra Prakashana.

11. Gopal, K.S., Bhatnagar, O.P., Subramanian, N., & Nishith, S.D. (1973). Effect of Yogasans and Pranayama on Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate and Some Respiratory Functions, Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 17(3), 273-276.

12. Singh, V., Wisniewki, A., Britton, J., & Tattersfield, A. (1990). Effect of Yoga Breathing Exercises (pranayama) on Airway Reactivity in Subjects with Asthma. The Lancet, 335, 1381-1383.

effect of 4-weeks of surya nadi pranayama (right nostril berating) on respiratory parameters

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