Effect of Azotobactor inoculation with Nitrogen levels on Yield and Quality of Chilli.

Prepared by:

Santosh Pathak

IAAS, Lamjung Campus

Introduction

The important vegetable-cum-spice crops of Nepal

botanically referred to as genus Capsicum.

The native to the Tropical South America and Brazil.

Two species such as C. annuum and C. frutescens are

commonly cultivated throughout the world.

India-largest producer of chilli in the world (Khan and Raj,

2006)

Good source of vitamins A, C, E, B1and B2, Potassium,

phosphorus and calcium.

High amount of antioxidant, capsaicin and capsicum as main

active substances.

Nitrogen Very much essential for good plant establishment and

expected growth. The main constituent of all amino acids in proteins and

lipids that acting as structural compounds of the chloroplast.

An integral component of nucleotides, chlorophyll, chromosomes, genes, ribosomes and also a constituent of all enzymes.

Nitrogen fertilizer increased fruit weight, yield and fruit number of chilli peppers (Tumbare et al. 2004).

Growth and poor color which are due basically to lack of production of protein - N defficit

Azotobacter Motile coccal shaped, Gram negative bacterium. Highly versatile in utilizing carbon sources. Utilize atmospheric nitrogen gas for their cell protein

synthesis. Also a phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Functions :1. Fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the rhizosphere. 2. The production of indol acetic acid and gibberellins. 3. Produce thiamin, riboflavin, nicotine and improves seed

germination and control plant diseases.4. Can also biodegrade chlorine-containing aromatic

compounds

Methodology A study was conducted in vegetable block of IAAS, Lamjung,

during the summer season, 2014 to find out the yield and quality of chilly by application of nitrogen and azotobacter

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replication

3 levels of nitrogenous fertilizer viz. 0, 50, 100 kg/ha N Level of azotobacter inoculation viz no inoculation, soil

inoculation and Seedling inoculation. 27 plots and 20 plants in each experimental plot 4 rows in each plot, each row containing four plants Plot size:4.05 m2 (2.25m ×1.8m). Plant spacing : 45cm × 45cm

Total area -163.62 m2 (18.7 m X 8.75 m) Spacing between replication blocks in rows=50 cm Spacing between treatments=25 cm Data were taken on :1. Days of flowering2. Plant height3. Stem diameter4. Fruit length5. Fruit weight6. No of seeds per fruit7. Physiological weight loss8. Final fruit yield9. Dry weight

NS1701 Variety transplanted

Treatments Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3

T1 N1A1 N1A1 N1A1

T2 N1A2 N1A2 N1A2

T3 N1A3 N1A3 N1A3

T4 N2A1 N2A1 N2A1

T5 N2A2 N2A2 N2A2

T6 N2A3 N2A3 N2A3

T7 N3A1 N3A1 N3A1

T8 N3A2 N3A2 N3A2

T9 N3A3 N3A3 N3A3

Result and DiscussionEffect of Nitrogen and Azotobacter on Flowering

Nitrogen and azotobacter non-significantInteraction highly significant

Fig . Effect of Nitrogen and azotobacter on flowering

High doses of nitrogen delayed flowering and enhanced

vegetative growth (Naem et. al 2002)

First flowering and 50% flowering were delayed by 4-6 days

to plants receiving the highest rate of fertilizer (Shrivastava

1996)

The nitrogen which promotes the vegetative growth and

suppresses the reproductive growth.

Azotobacter also make available of nitrogen to the plants and

enhance vegetative growth

Effect of Nitrogen and Azotobacter on Plant height

Nitrogen significant. Azotobacter not significant.Interaction significant

A1N1 A1N2 A1N3 A2N1 A2N2 A2N3 A3N1 A3N2 A3N30

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

66.22

71.9967.66

62.16

74 72.2968.8 67.77

82.22

Mean plant Ht. (cm)

Mean plant Ht.

Fig . Effect of Nitrogen and azotobacter on Plant height

The highest plant height = 74.06 cm @100 kg N ha-1

The lowest plant height = 65.73 cm @ control treatment.

Significantly increased by increasing different levels of Nitrogen (Bhuvaneswari et.al., 2013).

Due to higher availability of N and their uptake

Azotobacter a phosphate solubilizing bacteria which make unavailable phosphorus available to plant for proper growth and development of plant ( Bhattacharyya and Jha, 2012)

Main constituent of chlorophyll

Provided required nitrogen for proper growth and development hence increased plant height.

Phosphate solublizing property of azatobactor plays important role in the overall growth and development of chilly plant.

Effect of Nitrogen and Azotobacter on Stem diameterNitrogen significant. Azotobacter significant.Interaction significant

A1N1 A1N2 A1N3 A2N1 A2N2 A2N3 A3N1 A3N2 A3N30

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1.050.970000000000001

1.56

1.38

1.53

1.23 1.25

1.38

2.18

Stem Diameter (cm)

Fig . Effect of Nitrogen and azotobacter on Stem Diameter

The largest stem diameter = 1.66cm@ 100 kg ha-1

The smallest stem diameter = 1.22cm @ conrtol nitrogen.

Largest diameter =1.60cm @ seedling inoculation with azotobacter

Smallest stem diameter = 1.19 cm @ no inoculation

Increasing N application rate, increased stem thickness on tabasco pepper (Sundstrom 1984)

Availability of nitrogen enhances vascular growth of stem

azotobacter make availability of N2 and Phosphorus which promotes stem diameter of chilly plant

Nitrogen and Phosphorus enhance cambium tissue and cell division

Effect of Nitrogen and Azotobacter on Fruit weightNitrogen and Azotobacter Highly significant Interaction significant

Fig . Effect of Nitrogen and azotobacter on Fruit weight

Highest fruit weight: 8.23 gm @100 kg N ha-1

Least weight: 4.9 gm no N.

Highest fruit weight: 8.15gm seedlings inoculation

Increasing nitrogen fertilizers increases the average fruit

weight and volume of pepper[Bar et al. (2001), Magdatena

(2003), Akanbi et al. (2007) and Aujla et al. (2007)].

Fruit weight heavier in pre-plant than split

application(Wiedenfeld 1986).

Higher Nitrogen level promotes uptake of N, P & k

Promotes chlorophyll content and raise photosynthesis

Effect of Nitrogen and Azotobacter on fruit lengthNitrogen non-significant. Azotobacter significant.Interaction non-significant

A1 A2 A30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Fruit Length (cm)

Fig . Effect of azotobacter on Fruit length

Increased in fruit length with increase in level of nitrogen (Khan

et al., 2014 )

Improvement in fruit size with increase in N level ( T Lal and

Pundrik)

It was not accordance with our result because of cattle

consumption, insect-pest , diseases and unfavourable climatic

condition and management.

Azotobacter somehow promotes fruit length.

Effect of Nitrogen and Azotobacter on physiological lossNitrogen Highly significant. Azotobacter significant.Interaction Highly significant

A1N1 A1N2 A1N3 A2N1 A2N2 A2N3 A3N1 A3N2 A3N30

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Physiological Loss (%)

Physiological Loss (%)

Fig . Effect of nitrogen and azotobacter on physiological loss

Highest physiological loss : 36.69 % @ 100 kg N ha-1. Lowest physiological loss : 18.61% at control Highest physiological loss : 33.29 % when seedling was

inoculated Lowest physiological loss :23.67% no inoculation Physiological loss directly proportional to the succulence of

the plants. As nitrogen increase succulency of tissues increases and made

them favourable for loss due to transpiration, guttation and evapotranspiration.

High doses of nitrogen also make epidermal layer more permeable and cause loss.

Similarly azotobacter also raise N availability and cause same effect as high doses of nitrogen does

Effect of Nitrogen and Azotobacter on number of seeds per fruit Nitrogen significant. Azotobacter significant.Interaction significant

Fig . Effect of nitrogen and azotobacter on number of seeds per fruit

Highest number of seeds per fruit: 110 @ 100 kg N ha-1

Lowest number of seeds : 81.87 at no application of N

Highest number of seeds per fruit :104.89 @ seedling inoculation

Lowest number of seeds per fruit :82.31 @ no inoculation

Higher nitrogen, maximum number of seeds fruit-1 (Subani , 1990)

Increase in number of fruit length , to increase seeds fruit-1

Azotobacter, N available to plant and promotes fruit length,

increase no of seeds fruit-1

Effect of nitrogen and azotobacter on Final fruit yield

Nitrogen non- significant. Azotobacter non-significant.Interaction significant

A1N1 A1N2 A1N3 A2N1 A2N2 A2N3 A3N1 A3N2 A3N3

353386

416.67

228

750

488.47

753.5

324

660.670000000001

Fruit Yield

Fruit Yield (gm)

Fig . Effect of nitrogen and azotobacter on final fruit yield

Increase of N, the fruit yield increased up to a certain level(Hasan,1978).

Pandey, Singh et al and Kumar (2013), increase in yield with higher N.

Higher amount of nitrogen for promotion of better carbohydrates utilization to form more protoplasm and cell.

The chilly field inoculated with azotobacter , more yields. Because of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solublizing property,

phytohormone production, anti fungal property and systemic resistance,

The fruit and flower drop problem and disease problem minimized thus yield more .

Effect of Nitrogen and Azotobacter on dry weight (%)

Nitrogen highly significant. Azotobacter highly significant.Interaction non-significant

N1 N2 N302468

10121416

dry wt (%)

dry wt (%)

Fig . Effect of nitrogen on dry wt

A1 A2 A30

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

dry wt

dry wt

Fig . Effect of azotobactor on dry wt

The dry chilli yield increased significantly with increasing N

(Das et. al.1992).

Nitrogen raise fruit yield thus raise dry weight

Similarly seedling inoculation increased fruit yield

Nitrogen favours dry matter accumulation

Azotobacter also promotes dry matter accumulation through

availability of P & N

Thank- You