Ph. D. Thesis: Effect of Beetroot Supplementation on Physiological Variables and Performance of Distance Runners. Page 160

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perturbation and improves exercise tolerance in hypoxia. Journal of

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOVEMENT EDUCATION AND SOCIAL

SCIENCES (Peer Reviewed – Bi annual Research Journal)

(ISSN 2321–3779 ONLINE) (ISSN: 2278–0793 PRINT)

Address: Sainik Colony, P.O: Gole Ka Mandir, Gwalior (M.P.), India 474005 Mobile: 9300061055, Email: kishore_brij@yahoo.com

www.ijmess.com

Date: 20 Feb 2014

Ref: IJMESS/2014/051

To,

Mr. Dileep Tirkey

Assistant Director

Department of Physical Education,

Pt. R.S.U. Raipur, C.G., INDIA.

Subject: Acceptance of Research Paper for Publication in International Journal of

Movement Education and Social Science (IJMESS).

Dear,

We are happy to acknowledge you that your research paper entitled “Effect of Beetroot

Supplementation on 5 Km Time Trial Performance” has been selected by the Editorial Board of

International Journal of Movement Education and Social Sciences (IJMESS) for publication in Vol.

3 Issue 1. Probably this issue will be released by last week of March 2014.

With regards

Dr. Brij Kishore Prasad

Editor

Effect of Beetroot Supplementation on 5 Km Time Trial Performance

Mr. Dileep Tirkey

Assistant Director

Department of Physical Education,

Pt. R.S.U. Raipur, C.G., India.

Dr. Reeta Venugopal

Professor

SOS in Physical Education

Pt. R.S.U. Raipur, C.G., India.

ABSTRACT

Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the effect of 15 days of beetroot

supplementation on 5 km time trial performance in trained distance runners of University

level.

Methods: Thirty trained distance runners (15 males and 15 females) were selected for the

present study. Fifteen subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The first

group (Experimental Group) consumed the beetroot juice daily (250 ml/day) and the

second group (Control Group) did not consume beetroot juice. Both the groups underwent

a regular athletics training programme. All the subjects were tested on a 5 km time trial

performance before supplementation of beetroot juice and after 15 days of

supplementation of beetroot juice. In order to find out the effects of beetroot

supplementation on 5 km time trial performance, Descriptive Statistics and Analysis of

Covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The level of significance was set at 0.05 level.

Results & Conclusions: Fifteen-days of beetroot supplementation was proved to be

effective (‘f’ value of 13.777, p < .05) in enhancing performance on 5 km time trial of

experimental group in comparison of control group.

INTRODUCTION

Nutritional supplements are used for many purposes. They can be added to the diet to

boost overall health and energy; to provide immune system support and reduce the risks

of illness and age – related conditions; to improve performance in athletic and mental

activities; and to support the healing process during illness and disease. However, most of

these products are treated as food and not regulated as drugs are. Nutritional supplements

include vitamins, minerals, herbs, meal supplements, sports nutrition products, natural

food supplements, and other related products used to boost the nutritional content of the

diet (Retrieved from http://www.medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com).

The beetroot, also known as the table beet, garden beet, red beet or informally simply as

beet, is one of the many cultivated varieties of beets. The usually deep red roots of

beetroot are eaten either boiled or roasted as a cooked vegetable, or cold as a salad after

cooking and adding oil and vinegar, or raw and shredded, either alone or combined with

any salad vegetable. A large proportion of the commercial production is processed into

boiled and sterilized beets or into pickles. In the Eastern Europe, beet soup, such as

borscht, is a popular dish. In Indian cuisine, chopped, cooked, spiced beet is a common

side dish (Retrieved from http://www.en.wikipedia.org).

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of 15 days of beetroot

supplementation on 5 km time trial performance in trained distance runners of University

level.

METHODOLOGY

Subjects

Thirty trained athletes (15 males and 15 females) of 18 to 28 years of age were selected

for the present study. One experimental and one control groups were made consisting of

males and females.

Variables

In this study beetroot supplementation was considered as independent variables and 5 km

time trial performance was considered as dependent variable.

Statistical Analysis

In order to find out the effect of beetroot supplementation on a 5 km time trial

performance, Descriptive Statistics and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used.

The level of significance was set at 0.05 level.

Treatment

In this study, Beetroot juice was given to the subjects of experimental group for 15 days

without any gap in between 250 ml of beetroot juice was given to each subject in

afternoon after lunch at 2.00 p.m.

FINDINGS

Table – 1

Descriptive Statistics of 5 Km Time Trial Performance of Experimental Group

and Control Group in Pre-Test and Post-Test

Descriptive Statistics

Different Groups

Experimental Group Control Group

Pre test Post test Pre test Post test

Mean 20.591 19.745 23.080 22.812

Std. Error of Mean .752 .683 1.354 1.377

Std. Deviation 2.913 2.647 5.246 5.334

Variance 8.491 7.009 27.531 28.457

Skewness .695 .635 .247 .319

Std. Error of Skewness .580 .580 .580 .580

Kurtosis -.728 -.990 -1.502 -1.567

Std. Error of Kurtosis 1.121 1.121 1.121 1.121

Range 8.87 7.37 15.00 14.97

Minimum 17.28 17.05 16.50 16.48

Maximum 26.15 24.42 31.50 31.45

N 15 15 15 15

Table – 2

Analysis of Variance of Comparison of Means of Experimental Group

and Control Group in relation to 5 Km Time Trial Performance

Observation Source of

Variance

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square f Sig.

Pre Test Between Groups 46.451 1 46.451

2.579 .120 Within Groups 504.308 28 18.011

Post Test Between Groups 70.533 1 70.533

3.978 .056 Within Groups 496.525 28 17.733

Insignificant at .05 levels

f value required to be significant at 1, 28 df = 4.196

In relation to pre test, table 2 revealed that the obtained ‘f’ value of 2.579 was found to be

insignificant at 0.05 level, since this value was found lower than the tabulated value 4.196

at 1, 28 df.

In relation to post test, insignificant difference was found among experimental and

control group pertaining to 5 km time trial performance since f value of 3.978 was found

insignificant at .05 level.

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Pre test Post test Pre test Post test

5 k

m t

ime

tri

al p

erf

orm

ance

(in

min

ute

s)

Figure-1: Comparison of Pre-Test and Post-Tests Means of Experimental and Control Groups in 5 Km Time Trial Performance

Table – 3

Adjusted Post Test Means of Experimental Group and Control Group in relation to

5 Km Time Trial Performance

Groups Mean Std. Error

95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound

Experimental 20.974 .114 20.741 21.207

Control 21.584 .114 21.350 21.817

Covariates appearing in the model are evaluated at the following values: pretest =

21.8357.

Table – 4

Analysis of Covariance of Comparison of Adjusted Post Test Means of Experimental

Group and Control Group in relation to 5 Km Time Trial Performance

Source of Variance Sum of Squares df Mean Square f Sig.

Contrast 2.553 1 2.553 13.777* .001

Error 5.004 27 .185

*Significant at .05 level

f value required to be significant at 1, 27 df = 4.21

Table 4 revealed that the obtained ‘f’ value of 13.777 was found to be significant at 0.05

level, since this value was found higher than the tabulated value 4.21 at 1, 27 df.

20.6

20.7

20.8

20.9

21

21.1

21.2

21.3

21.4

21.5

21.6

Experimental Control

20.974

21.584

5 k

m T

ime

Tria

l Per

form

ance

(In

min

ute

s)

Figure-2: Comparison of Adjusted Post-Test Means of Experimental Group and Control Group in 5 Km Time Trial Performance

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Various studies have been conducted to see the effect of beetroot supplementation on

endurance related activities. In the present study, significant improvement was found in 5

km time trial performance after 15 days of beetroot supplementation. Nutritional

supplements are typically used for their actual or anecdotal physiological effects in

increasing performance and endurance, health maintenance or preventing injuries as

revealed by three studies conducted by Armsey and Green (1997), Lawrence et al (2002)

and Kreider et al. (2004).

The above mentioned studies revealed the effect of supplementation, but studies do not

clarify the type of nutritional supplements. Specific studies also been conducted to see the

effect of beetroot supplementation on endurance related activities. It has recently been

shown that dietary nitrate supplementation with beetroot juice reduced VO₂ during sub

maximal exercise as revealed by Lansey et. al. (2011) and improved 10–km time–trial

performance in trained cyclists as revealed by Cermark et al. (2012).

Present study supports the above mentioned studies since time trial performance in

trained cyclists and 5 km time trail performance are of similar nature of activities. Study

conducted by Bailey et

al. (2009), Larsen et al. (2010), Bescos et al. (2011) and Lansey et al. (2011) clearly

revealed the cause of improvement in endurance exercise performance. Beetroot contain

high nitrate and nitrate intake has been linked with beneficial effects, including enhanced

endurance exercise performance.

In the present study, improvement in 5 km time trial performance after beetroot

supplementation might be due to presence of nitrate and nitrate has been linked with

endurance related activities.

REFERENCES

1. Armsey, T.D., and Green, G.A. (1997). Nutrition supplements: Science vs hype.

Physician Sports Medicine, 25, 77 – 92.

2. Bailey, S.J., Vanhatalo, A., Fulford, J., Blackwell, J.R., Winyard, P.G., Jones,

M.A., Dimenna, F.J., Wilkerson, D.P., Benjamin, N., & Tarr, J. (2009). Dietary

nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low – intensity exercise and

enhances tolerance to high – intensity exercise in humans. Journal of Applied

Physiology, 107, 1144 –1155.

3. Bescos, R., Rodriguez, F.A., Iglesias, X., Ferrer, M.D., Iborra, E., & Pons, A.

(2011). Acute administration of inorganic nitrate reduces VO2peak in endurance

athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43, 1979 – 1986.

4. Cermark, N.M., Gibala, M.J., & Van Loon, L.J. (2012). Nitrate supplementation's

improvement of 10–km time–trial performance in trained cyclists. International

Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22, 64– 71.

5. Kreider, R.B., Almada, A.L., Antonio, J., Broeder, C., Greenwood, M.,

Incledon,… Ziegenfuss, T.N. (2004). Exercise and sport nutrition review: research

& recommendation. Sports Nutrition Rev Journal, 1, 1 – 44.

6. Lansey, K.E., Winyard, P.G., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Bailey, S.J.,

Blackwell,…Jones, A.M. (2011). Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2

cost of walking and running: A placebo-controlled study. Journal of Applied

Physiology, 110, 591 – 600.

7. Larsen, F.J., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J.O., & Ekblom, B. (2010). Dietary nitrate

reduces maximal oxygen consumption while maintaining work performance in

maximal exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 48, 342 – 347.

8. Lawrence, M.E., & Kirby, D.F. (2002). Nutrition and sports supplements: factor

fiction. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterol, 35, 299 –306.

9. Webb, J.A., Patel, N., Loukogeogakis, S., Okorie, M., Aboud, Z., Misra,

S.,…Ahluwalia, A. (2008). Acute Blood Presssure Lowering, Vasoprotective, and

Antiplatelet Properties of Dietary Nitrate via Bioconversion in Nitratre.

Hypertension, 51, 784 – 790.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, HEALTH

AND

SOCIAL SCIENCES

(Peer Reviewed – Bi annual Research Journal)

(ISSN: 2278 -716X, ONLINE)

Address: Sainik Colony, P.O: Gole Ka Mandir, Gwalior (M.P.), India 474005 Mobile: 9300061055, Email: ijpehss.editor@gmail.com

www.ijpehss.com

Date: 13 Feb 2014

Ref: IJPEHSS/2014/13 To,

Mr. Dileep Tirkey

Assistant Director

Department of Physical Education,

Pt. R.S.U. Raipur, C.G., INDIA.

Subject: Acceptance of Research Paper for Publication in International Journal of Physical

Education, Health and Social Science (IJPEHSS). Dear, We are happy to acknowledge you that your research paper entitled “ Effect of Interval Training Method and

Repetition of Training Method on Performance of 200 Meters Sprint ” has been selected by the Editorial Board

of International Journal of Physical Education, Health and Social Science (IJPEHSS) (ISSN: 2278-716X,

Online) for publication in June , 2014 issue. Probably this issue will be released by last week of August 2014.

Thank You

Dr. Brij Kishore Prasad Chief Editor

EFFECT OF INTERVAL TRANING METHOD AND REPETITION TRAINING METHOD

ON PERFORMNACE OF 200 METERS SPRINT

Dileep Tirkey

Asst. Director,

Deptt. of Physical Education,

Pt. R.S.U. Raipur (C.G.)

INTRODUTTION From the earliest time running has been a natural part of man’s existence, whether he was catching animals for food or escaping from

predators. However, he also began to run for pleasure and then competitively, leading to a desire to improve on his speed or ability to

run farther. Athletics is great fun and people of all ages, can enjoy it. Athletic activities can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, who

used to take part in games of running, throwing and jumping. Running is the most natural of athletics movements. Children run as part

of their play and practically every game requires reserves of stamina and the ability to run fast. Every training and conditioning programmed contains an element of running and tests of fitness or physical ability always include running for speed.

Two hundred meters running may requires the speed like short distance sprinter, but by no me and all 100 meters sprinters can

completed successfully at 200 meters. In addition to the extra distance, there is also a bend that must be negotiated at top speed. It is

not a long 400 meters or a short 10 meters, but in an event of the 200 meters it also needs control, balance and poise.

During the past decade, interval training has become one of the most common methods of conditioning for competition in events

requiring physical endurance. It has been used by almost all distance runners during the past 10 years. Many coaches have contributed

much of the tremendous improvement in the performance of endurance events in track and field and swimming to the increased use of

interval training by athletes of both sex and all ages and abilities.

Interval method is perhaps the most versatile method for improving endurance of various types. In interval method, the exercise is

done at relatively higher intensity with interval of incomplete recovery. Interval method is based on the following principal: Work

should be done with sufficient speed and duration so that the heart rate goes up to 180 beats/min. After this there should be a recovery

period and when the heart rate comes down to 120-130 beats/min. the work should be started again. The training load in interval method, therefore, can be controlled by repeatedly checking the heart rate.

The effect of interval method is determined by the variables of interval method which are as follows:-

Speed of work

Duration of work

Duration of recovery

Number of repetitions

Nature of recovery

The repetition method is characterized by high intensity (90-100%) of work with intervals of complete recovery. It is the best method

for improvement of speed abilities including speed endurance. In endurance training, the repetition method is used to improve

components or factors of specific endurance or of anaerobic capacity, for the improvement of specific endurance the repetition method

is used in the form of repetitions of the complete distance or part distance with the purpose of improving pace judgment of competition

tactics. It is already proved that interval training method and repetition training method are effective method for improving

performance in athletics.

The research scholar is motivated to take this study to specifically analyze the performance of 200 meters by interval training method and repetition training method.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research scholar conducted a two months training programme to know the effects of interval training method and repetition training method on performance of 200 meters sprint. The subjects were divided into three equal groups of 12 subject each:

(1) Interval Group (A)

(2) Repetition Group (B) and (3) Control Group (C)

The training was given five days in a week for both the experimental groups and no training was given to control group.

ADMINSTRATION OF PROGRAMMES

TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR INTERVAL GROUP (A)

The volume of the work load was less in the preparatory phase and it was increased gradually.

The repetitions distances were given of 80 mts, 100 mts, 120 mts, 150 mts, 200 mts, and 250 mts.

For checking the intensity after each load heart rate was considered as a measure of load. The heart rate was kept between

170 to 180 beats/min.

When heart rate came down at 120-130 beats/min the next work load was started again.

TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR REPETITION GROUP (B)

The volume of the work load was less in the preparatory phase and it was increased gradually.

The repetitions distances were given of 80 mts, 100 mts, 120 mts, 150 mts, 200 mts, and 250 mts.

For checking the intensity, heart rate was kept about 180 beats/min. and above.

Next work load was given after the complete recovery.

The criterion measure chosen for this study was the performance of 200 meters recorded up to higher 1/10th of a second.

TABLE – 1

Load parameters of Interval Training Method and Repetition Training Method

Method Intensity Recovery Volume

Interval Method 70-80% Incomplete Recovery 6-10 Repetitions

Or

90-180 sec.

Repetition Method 90-100% Complete Recovery 6-10 repetitions

Or

3-10 min.

RESULT OF THE STUDY

In order to find the effects of interval Training Method and Repetition Training Method and their comparative effect on performance

of 200 meters sprint one tailed ‘t’ test and analysis of covariance was applied at 0.05 level of significance.

The mean difference of two experimental viz. interval group, repetition group and one control group and thirst values are presented in

table 2.

TABLE – 2

One Tailed ‘T’ Ratio for Interval Group, Repetition Group and Control Group

Group N Pre-test Post-test DM SED ‘t’ ratio

Interval Group (A) 12 31.33 29.91 1.42 0.24 5.91*

Repetition Group (B) 12 31.85 30.47 1.38 0.31 4.45*

Control Group (C) 12 31.0 31.1 -0.1 0.38 -0.26

*Significant at 0.05 level, t 0.05 (11) = 2.20 (for one tailed test)

The graphical representation for means of two experimental and one control group are presented in figure – 1

31.33

31.85

31

29.91

30.47

31.1

28.5

29

29.5

30

30.5

31

31.5

32

Interval Group (A)

Repetition Group (B)

Control Group (C)

Pre - Test Post - Test

The analysis of covariance of Interval Group (A), Repetition Group (B) and Control Group (C) for 200 meters performance are presented in table 3.

TABLE – 3

The Analysis of Covariance of Interval Group (A) Repetition Group (B)

and Control Group (C) For Meters Performance

Group Means Sum of df Means Sum

F

Square of Square Ratio

Interval Repetition Control

Group Group Group

(A) (B) (C)

Pre-Test 31.33 31.85 31.00 B = 4.41 2 B=2.20 0.14

Mean W=504.74 33 w=15.29

Post-test 29.91 30.47 31.10 B=8.41 2 B=4.20 0.29

Mean W=477.32 33 W=14.46

Adjusted 29.36 3.05 31.46 B= 17.35 2 B=8.67 7.51*

Post – Test W=35.33 32 W=1.10

Mean

*Significant at 0.05 level ‘F’ ratio needed for Significance at 0.05 level = 3.26 variance W=Within Groups Variance B=Between

Group.

To find out which of the differences between adjusted group means were statistically significant, post.

Hoc ‘t’ test was applied as an extension of analysis of covariance. This finding related to this are presented in

table 4.

TABLE-4

Paired Adjusted Final Means and Difference between Means of Two Experimental and one Control

Groups Means M.D. C.D.

Interval Group Repetition Control

(A) Group (B) Group (C)

29.96 30.05 0.09 0.85

30.05 31.46 1.41* 0.85

29.96 31.46 1.50* 0.85

*Significant at 0.05 level

The graphical representation of the paired adjusted final means of two experimental and one control group for 200 meters performance

are presented in fig. 2.

30.4

30.6

30.8

31

31.2

31.4

31.6

31.8

32

Interval Group (A)

Repetition Group (B)

Control Group (C)

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Analysis of data revealed that the two experimental group trained by Interval Training Method And Repetition Training Method

improve significantly the performance of 200 meters spring whereas the control group did not show any significant improvement .

Control group did not show any significant improvement in spite of their regular physical training as physical education students. Such

result might have occurred due to the fact that a specific type of speed type of speed and speed endurance training was lacking for the control group.

When the analysis was done for finding out the effect of the two training programme on performance of 200 meters, the Interval Group

and Repetition Group were not shown any significant difference between them and it was also found that Interval Group and

Repetition Group significantly superior to the Control Group. This finding clearly indicates that training method is equally effective

for improving the performance of 200 meters sprint. This finding also give an idea of nature of 200 meters sprint which require speeds

as well as speed endurance and might be one of the cause for this type of findings.

On the basis of analysis of the data the following conclusions may be drawn:

1. There has been a significant improvement on the performance of 200 meters sprint due to the effect of Interval Training

Method programme.

2. There has been a significant improvement on the performance of 200 meters sprint due to the effect of Repetition Training

Method progamme.

3. No significant difference has been found between tow training programme viz., Interval Training Method programme and Repetition Training Method programme.

REFERENCES

1. Anderson, George B. and Johnson, Pamela J. Physical Fitness Digest. Illinois : DBI Books, 1980.

2. Colfer, R. George: Interval Training through Use of the set system.” Athletic Journal (1975), 55: 88.

3. Garrett, Henry E. and Woodworth, R.S. Statistics in Psychology and Education. Bombay: Vaklls, Feffer and Simons Ltd,

1981.

4. Noon, T. “Effects of Speed and over distance Training on Young Runners.” Track Technique, (1965) 21: 646.

5. Rameshpal. “Comparative Effects Combination of Different Proportions of Aerobic and Anaerobic Training on Middle

Distance Running.” Modern Perspectives in Physical Education And Sport Science (New) Delhi: Haman Publication,

1986), pp. 183 – 186.

6. Singh Hardayal Science of sports Training New Delhi: D.V.S. Publications, 1991.

7. Webb. W.W. “Three Interval Training Programme and their Effects on Physiological Variables.” Track Technique 53

(September, 1973): 1683.