effect of cadmium chloride on high performance cement …€¦ · · 2017-12-12solutions at 2.5 %...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 1, No 3, 2010

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399

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Effect of Cadmium Chloride on High Performance Cement Mortar Madhusudhan Reddy.B 1 , Kavitha.B 2

1. Research scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

2. Post graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Civilization also produces waste products. Disposal issue of the waste products is a challenge. Some of these materials are not biodegradable and often leads to waste disposal crisis and environmental pollution. The present study seeks the possibilities of whether some of these waste products can be utilized as construction materials. Electroplating industry is one which is mainly spread out in small sectors throughout India. The pollutants from the electroplating industry are invariably hazardous. Cadmium is one such metal which is obtaining as industrial waste from the electroplating industry. Experimental studies are carried out in the present investigations to check the suitability of industrial waste water containing heavy metal such as cadmium on hardening and compressive strength of cement and also soundness of cement. Concrete structures are becoming more exposed to severe environments and loadings. The performance of concrete structures under severe conditions is very important because they deteriorate fast under such severe conditions. The deterioration will reduce the service life of structures and will eventually cause a drastic increase in social costs. In cement mortar, the porosity decreases with low watercement ratio and with longer curing period due to hydration process. This is closely related to strength characteristics. Hence, in this present study, high performance cement mortar was obtained by using mineral admixture silica fume, and high range water reducers.

Keywords: High performance cement mortar, cadmium chloride, chloride ion penetrability, super plasticizer, silica fume.

1. Introduction

In the construction industry, concrete is the most used material. Among the various ingredients that are necessary for making concrete, water is the vital ingredient next to cement. Hence the requirement of quantity of water for making concrete is quite considerable. Concrete requires fresh water as per the standards mentioned in IS 456:2000 table 1. But for normal works it is suggested to use at least portable water. Due to scarcity of fresh water day to day and simultaneously due to the increased concrete demand day to day, it became inevitable to make use of other waters which are available freely from industries after their treatment up to the limited standards. Even then some amounts of inorganic materials are found in the treated water. Such waters are not fit for general use of society. Disposal issue of the waste products is a challenge. Some of these materials are not biodegradable and often leads to waste disposal crisis and environmental pollution. If these materials coming from industries as waste can be suitably utilized in construction, the pollution and disposal problems may be partly reduced. The best way to determine the suitability of industrial waste metal Cadmium Chloride performance for making concrete is to compare the setting time of cement, the compressive



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strength of mortar cubes, Soundness of cement and resistance to chemical attack. Resistance to chemical attack includes acid test, alkali test and chloride permeability test. Specimens are prepared with Cadmium Chloride and without Cadmium Chloride and comparison was made between them. In the present study, the effect of Cadmium Chloride on high performance cement mortar is compared with the normal high performance cement mortar. High strength and durability of high performance cement are provided by the application of silica fume based complex admixture. High performance cement mortars possess low permeability, high resistance to chemical attack and thermal resistance. The 28day compressive strength of high performance cement mortars was found in the range of 40 to 145 MPa. To obtain high performance cement mortar we have taken silica fume as an admixture in association with conplast SP–430 super plasticizer. We have replaced cement by 8% silica fume and with 0.8% of super plasticizer. We obtained high performance cement mortar whose characteristic compressive strength is about 72 MPa.

2. Materials

The materials used in the experimental investigation include: 1) 53 – grade ordinary Portland cement 2) Fine aggregate 3) Silica fume – 8% 4) Super plasticiser (conplast SP 430) 0.8% 5) Deionised water 6) Cadmium chloride with different concentrations 7) Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, magnesium sulphate and sodium hydroxide at

solutions at 2.5 % 8) Sodium chloride 3.0 % by mass (reagent grade) in distilled water and sodium hydroxide

0.3 N (reagent grade) in distilled water.

2.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement from Bharathi Cement Company was used for this study. This cement is the most widely used one in the construction industry in south India. The physical and chemical properties of cement are within the permissible limits as per IS 12269:1987. Initial experiments like initial setting time, final setting, soundness and compressive strength test on mortar cubes were conducted on 53 grade cement with regard to various water quality parameters. However no significant variations were observed in the trends of the experimental results.

2.3 Silica fume

Silica fume, also known as micro silica, is a byproduct of the reduction of highpurity quartz with coal in electric furnaces in the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys. Because of its extreme fineness and high silica content, Silica Fume is a highly effective pozzolona material Silica Fume is used in concrete to improve its properties. Silica Fume improves compressive strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance; reduces permeability; and therefore helps in



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protecting reinforcing steel from corrosion. The normal proportion is 7 to 10 percent. In the present study, 8% of silica fume was used as replacement of cement by weight.

Silica fume primarily consists of amorphous silicon dioxide. The individual particles are extremely small. Because of its fine particles, large surface area, high sio2 content, silica fume is a very reactive pozzolona when used in concrete. Silica fume concrete with low water content is highly resistant to penetration of chloride ions. In cementitious compounds, silica fume works on two levels. The first function is chemical reaction is also called pozzolona reaction in which many compounds were produced by the hydration of Portland cement.

The compounds include calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium hydroxide (CH). The CSH gel is known to be the source of strength in concrete. When silica fume is added to fresh concrete it chemically reacts with the CH to produce additional CSH gel. The benefit of this reaction is increase in the compressive strength and chemical resistance. The second function silica fume performs in cementitious compounds is a physical one. Because silica fume is 100 to 150 times smaller than a cement particle, it can fill the voids created by free water in the matrix. This creates denser concrete and increases impermeability and chemical resistance.

2.4 Physical and Chemical properties of silica fume:

It is extremely fine with particle size less than 1 micron and with an average diameter of about 0.1 micron, about 100 times smaller than average cement particle. Silica fume has specific surface area of about 20000 m 2 /kg as against 230 to 300 m 2 /kg of cement. The specific gravity of the silica fume is 2.22.

Table 4: Physical Properties of silica fume

Physical property Results Specific gravity 2.22 Average particle size 0.1 microns Bulk density 224 kg/m 3 Specific surface 20000 m 2 /kg

2.5 Chemical composition of silica fume

Silica fume samples were analyzed for constituent oxides including minor oxides and heavy elements besides mineral phases. Condensed silica fume is silicon dioxide (more than 90%) in essentially noncrystalline form. The presence of silica in silica fume is about 95.75%.

The results of chemical analysis are shown in Table 5.



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Table 5: Chemical properties of silica fume

S.No. Chemical compound Percent of total weight

1 SiO2 95.75 2 Al2O3 0.35 3 Fe2O3 0.21 4 CaO 0.17 5 MgO 0.09 6 SO3 0.42 7 Na2O 0.51 8 Loss on ignition 1.44

2.6 Superplasticiser

SP 430 is based on sulphonated naphthalene polymer and supplied as a brown liquid instantly dispersed in water. Super plasticizers or high range water reducers or dispersants are chemical admixtures that can be added to concrete mixtures to improve workability. Unless the mix is "starved" of water, the strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the amount of water added or watercement (w/c) ratio. In order to produce stronger concrete, less water is added, which makes the concrete mixture very unworkable and difficult to mix, necessitating the use of plasticizers, water reducers, super plasticizers or dispersants. Usually 12% of super plasticizer per unit weight of cement is used. In the present study, 0.8% of super plasticizer was used by weight of OPC.

2.6.1 Properties of SP 430

i) Specific gravity : 1.22 – 1.225 @ 30°c

ii) Chloride content : nil

iii) Air content : 1%

3. Laboratory testing program

3.1. Mix proportions The optimum dosage of mineral admixtures was fixed. The dosage of silica fume was fixed at 8% by weight of cement and the silica fume was taken as replacement of cement. The dosage of super plasticizer was fixed at 0.8% by weight of cement.

Table 6: Mix ratio and mix proportions for different concentrations of cadmium chloride

Cement(%) Fine aggregate Silica fume(%) (replacement of OPC)

Super plasticizer (%)

92 100 8 0.8

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete



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Table 7: Mix proportions for different concentrations of cadmium chloride

Mix no. Cadmium chloride concentration (mg/l)

Weight of cement (gms)

Weight of fine aggregate (gms)

Weight of silica fume (gms)

Volume of water (ml)

Volume of super plasticizer (ml)

M1 0 2576 8400 224 1162 22.4 M2 500 2576 8400 224 1176 22.4 M3 1000 2576 8400 224 1176 22.4 M4 2000 2576 8400 224 1176 22.4 M5 5000 2576 8400 224 1176 22.4

3.2 Methods

The experimental methods adopted were in accordance with the standard procedures in BI standards. A total of 5 samples of standard mould used in Lechatelier’s apparatus were cast and tested for soundness. A total of 5 samples of standard mould used in vicat’s apparatus were cast and tested for initial and final setting times experiments. A total of 12x5 mortar cubes of 50 cm 2 crosssectional area were tested at different ages ( 3 days, 7 days, 28 days, 90 days) for compressive strength.

The maximum Compressive strength was obtained at Cadmium Chloride concentration of 1000 mg/l. Hence the resistance to aggressive chemical nature was found at Cadmium Chloride concentration of 1000 mg/l. To check the resistance to chemical attack, acid test, alkali test, sulphate test and chloride ion permeability test were conducted. A total of 9x4 cement mortar cubes were casted without cadmium chloride for acid, alkali and sulphate tests. A total of 9x4 cement mortar cubes were casted with cadmium chloride at a concentration of 1000 mg/l for acid, alkali and sulphate tests. Cylinders were casted for the determination of chloride ion permeability. One cylinder was casted without cadmium chloride and another cylinder was casted with cadmium chloride at a concentration of 1000 mg/l. The 2.5 % acid solution was prepared by using Sulphuric Acid and Hydrochloric Acid and P H was maintained at 1. 2.5 % of Magnesium Sulphate solution was prepared and P H was maintained at 7. 2.5 % of Sodium Hydroxide solution was prepared and P H was maintained at 14.

In each acid and alkali solution, 12 cubes were cured and the loss in weight and compressive strength were found at different ages (30 days,60 days and 90 days). The Chloride Ion Permeability was determined by using Rapid Chloride Permeability Test. Cylinders of dimensions 100 mm dia and 200 mm height were casted and cured in water for 28 days. A specimen of size 100 mm dia and 50 mm thickness was prepared from the cylinder and this specimen was used for Rapid Chloride Permeability Test to determine the Chloride Ion Permeability. The diffusion cell consists of two chambers. NaCl solution concentration 2.4M was filled in one chamber and in another chamber 0.3M NaOH solution was taken



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3.2 Preparation of Test specimens

3.2.1 Cube

Cube moulds of size 70.7 mmx70.7 mm x70.7 mm were used. The cube moulds were cleaned thoroughly using a waste cloth and then properly oiled along its faces. A mixture of cement and standard sand in the proportion 1:3 by weight was mixed dry (IS 4031 (part 6) – 1968). Mixing was carried out using a mechanical mixer corresponding to IS specifications. The constituents were first poured in to the mixer and mixed in dry condition till uniform color was obtained. Then spiked water of the calculated amount was added to it and mixing was continued till a uniform and homogenous paste was obtained. The quantities of cement, standard sand and mixing water for each cube are 200 gms, 600 gms and p/4+3 percent of combined weight of cement and sand, where p is the standard consistency of cement. The temperature of water and that of the test room at the time of mixing of ingredients was kept at 27±2°C and the relative humidity 65±5 %. Immediately after mixing the mortar, it was placed in the cube mould and prodded with the rod. The mortar was prodded 20 times in about 8 seconds to ensure elimination of entrained air and honeycombing. The remaining quantity of mortar was placed in the hopper of the cube mould and prodded again as specified for the first layer and further compacted by vibration. The period of vibration was maintained for two minutes at the specified speed of 12000±400 vibrations per minute. At the end of vibration the mould together with the base plate was removed from the machine and the top surface of the cube was finished smooth with a blade or a trowel. The filled moulds were kept in moist closet or moist room for 24±1 hours after completion of vibration.

3.2.2 Cylinder

Cylinder moulds of diameter 100mm and height 200mm were used. The crude oil was applied along the inner surfaces of the mould for easy removal of cylinder from the mould. Concrete was poured throughout its length and compacted well.

3.2.3 Disc

Disc moulds of diameter 100mm and depth 50mm were used for conducting RCPT test. These disc were prepared from the cylinders made as per in the section 3.2.2.

4. Test Results and Discussions

4.1 Compressive Strength of Cubes

Concrete cubes of size 70.7 mm x70.7mm x70.7mm were cast with and without copper slag. The maximum load at failure reading was taken and the average compressive strength is calculated using the equation. Here, as the optimum dosage of silica fume was obtained at a percentage of 8% as replacement of cement and of super plasticizer was obtained at a percentage of 0.8% by weight of cement. The concentration of cadmium chloride was taken from 500 mg/l to 5000 mg/l. And also cubes were casted with 0 mg/l of cadmium chloride for determining strength properties. For control cement mortar the compressive strength was found to be



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72N/mm 2 .On the other hand, for cement mortar cubes casted with cadmium chloride metal, the compressive strength obtained was 71.5N/mm 2 for M2 , 72N/mm 2 for M3, 69N/mm 2 for M4, and 65N/mm 2 for M5 cement mortar cubes after 28 days of curing. The maximum percentage of change in strength is found to be 9.7% at M5 at 28 days. The minimum change in the compressive strength is found to be 0% at 28 days curing of M3 mix proportion. These results were tabulated as follows,

Table 8: Compressive strength of cement mortar cubes casted with different concentrations of cadmium chloride and change in compressive strength

Compressive strength (MPa) Change in compressive strength (%)

Mix no. 3 days 7 days 28 days 90 days 3 days

7 days

28 days

90 days

M1 53 67 72 75 0 0 0 0 M2 54.5 67.5 71.5 76.5 2.8 0.7 ‐0.7 2.0 M3 55 68 72 77 3.8 1.5 0.0 2.7 M4 54 66.5 69 75.5 1.9 ‐0.7 ‐4.2 0.7 M5 49 62.5 66 68 ‐7.5 ‐6.7 ‐8.3 ‐9.3

Figure 1: Compressive strength for various concentrations of cadmium chloride

4.2 Initial and final setting times

Cement paste was prepared by gauging cement with 0.85 times appropriate mixing water required to give a paste of standard consistency. The stopwatch was started at the instant the



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mixing water was added to the cement. After halfaminute, the paste was thoroughly mixed with fingers for one minute. The mould resting on a nonporous plate was filled completely with cement paste and the surface of filled paste was levelled smooth with the top of the mould. The test was conducted at room temperature of 27±2°C at a relative humidity of 60%. The mould with the cement paste was placed in the vicat’s apparatus and the needle was lowered gently to make contact with the test block and was then released quickly. The needle thus penetrates the test block and the reading on the graduated scale of vicat’s apparatus was recorded. The procedure was repeated until the needle fails to pierce the block by about 5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The stop button of stopwatch was pushed and the time was recorded which gives the initial setting time. The cement paste was considered finally set when upon applying the needle gently to the surface of test block, needle makes an impression, but fails to penetrate and the time was noted which gives the final setting time. The needles were cleaned after every repetition and also care was taken such that there could not be any vibrations.

Table 9: Initial and final setting times for different concentrations of cadmium

CADMIUM CHLORIDE (mg/l) Initial Setting Time Final Setting Time

0 80 147

500 99 237

1000 102 249

2000 111 256

5000 142 279

Figure 2: Graph showing the variation of setting times for various concentrations of cadmium chloride



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4.3 Soundness

Lechatelier apparatus conforming to IS 5514:1969 was used for the determination of soundness of cement. It consists of a small split cylinder of spring brass of 0.5 mm thickness, forming a mould of 30 mm diameter and 30 mm high. On either side of the split are attached two indicators with pointed ends, the distance from these ends to the centre of the cylinder being 165 mm. The mould was placed on a glass sheet and was filled with cement paste formed by gauging 100 g of cement with 0.78 times the mixing water required to give a paste of standard consistency. The mould was covered with a glass sheet and a small weight was placed on its top. The mould was then submerged in the water at a temperature of 27±2°C. After 24 hours, the mould was taken out and the distance separating the indicator points was measured to the nearest 0.5 mm. The mould was again submerged in water. The water was brought to the boiling point, with the mould kept submerged, in 25 – 30 minutes, and the specimen was kept for 3 hours at boiling point. The mould was removed from water and was allowed to cool down to 27°C. The distance between the indicator points was measured again. The difference between the two measurements indicates the expansion of the cement

Table 10 : Soundness values for different concentrations of cadmium

CADMIUM CHLORIDE (mg/l) Soundness(mm)

0 1

500 1.11

1000 1.19

2000 1.22

5000 1.33

4.4 Rapid chloride permeability test

Corrosion is mainly caused by the ingress of chloride ion into concrete annulling the original passivity present. Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) has been developed as a quick test able to measure the rate of transport of Chloride ions in concrete. Concrete disc specimens of size 100mm dia and 50mm thick were cast using, with and without copper slag. After 24 hours, the disc specimens were removed from the mould and subjected to curing for 90 days in chloride free distilled water. After curing, the specimens were tested for chloride permeability. All the specimens were dried free of moisture before testing. The test set up is called rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) assembly.



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Figure 3: Graph showing the variation of soundness for various concentrations of cadmium chloride

This is a twocomponent cell assembly checked for air and watertight. The cathode compartment is filled with 3%NaCl solution and anode compartment is filled with 0.3 NaOH solutions. Then the concrete specimens were subjected to RCPT by impressing a 60V from a DC power source between the anode and cathode. Current is monitored up to 6 hours at an interval of 30 minutes. From the current values, the chloride permeability is calculated in terms of coulombs at the end of 6 hours by using the formula.

Q= 900 (I0 + 2I30 + 2I60 + 2I90 + …………. + 2I300 + 2I330 + 2I360 ) where, Q = Charge passed (Coulombs) I0 = Current (amperes) immediately after voltage is applied It = Current (amperes) at t min. after voltage is applied

Table 11: Chloride Ion Penetrability Based on Charge Passed Chloride Ion Penetration

Charge Passed ,(Coulomb) Chloride Penetrability

> 4000 High

2000 to 4000 Moderate

1000 to 2000 Low

100 to 1000 Very Low

<100 Negligible



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The relationship between chloride penetrating rate and the charge passed by coulombs is given in Table 11 and figure 4

Table 12: Results for Rapid Chloride Ion Penetrating Test

S.No Mix id Charge passed in Coulombs

As per ASTM C1202: Chloride penetrating rate

1 M1 906 Very Low 2 M3 1791 Low

Figure 4: Rapid chloride ion permeability test on cadmium chloride in cement mortar.

For control concrete, the average charge passed was found to be 906 and cylinder casted with cadmium chloride the maximum charge passed was 1791 after 28 days of normal curing. The charge passed for M3 has shown slightly higher values than control concrete but within the limits. As per ASTM C1202, the value obtained for control specimen is graded under the category “very low”. As such, it is indicating lesser permeability of silica fume and super plasticizer admixture. The value obtained for M3 cylinder is graded under the category “low”. The important observation is that addition of silica fume definitely reduces the pores of concrete and makes the concrete impermeable.

4.5 Acid, Alkaline and Sulphate resistance test

To check the acid, alkaline and sulphate resistance, cubes were casted. A total of 36 cubes were casted without cadmium chloride and 36 cubes were casted with cadmium chloride at a concentration of 1000 mg/l. A total number of 72 cubes of size 70.7mm x 70.7mm was cast and stored in a place at a temperature of 27°C for 24 hours and then the demould specimens were water cured for 28 days. After 28 days curing, the specimens are taken out and allowed to dry for



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one day. Initial weights of the cubes were taken. For acid attack, 2.5% dilute sulphuric acid (H2So4) by volume of the water with P H value of about 1 was used. And also Hydrochloric acid was used. 2.5% dilute Hydrochloric acid (H2So4) by volume of the water with P H value of about 1 was used. After that cubes were immersed in the above said acid water for a period of 30 , 60 & 90 days. Similarly, for alkaline resistance test, 2.5% sodium hydroxide by weight of water was added with water with P H of about 14. and the specimens were immersed in the alkaline solution. These cubes were immersed in the above said alkaline water for a period of 30 , 60 & 90 days. Similarly for sulphate attack, 2.5% magnesium sulphate (MgSo4) by weight of water was added with water with P H of about 7 and the specimens were immersed in the alkaline solution.

These cubes were immersed in the above said alkaline water for a period of 30 , 60 & 90 days. The concentrations of the solutions were maintained throughout this period by changing the solutions periodically. The specimens were taken out from the Acid, alkaline and Sulphate solution at 30, 60 and 90 days. The surface of the cubes were cleaned, weighed and then tested in the compression testing machine and the test results are presented in the figure 6,7 and 8. Similarly reduction in strength of cubes due to acid, alkaline and sulphate attack is given in figure 9. Similarly the weight reduction of cubes due to acid, alkaline and sulphate attack is also given in figure 10.

Table 12: Compressive strength of cement mortar cubes at different ages after immersing into the acid and alkaline solution

Compressive strength of mortar cubes casted with de ionised water (MPa)

Compressive strength of mortar cubes casted with cadmium chloride at 1000 mg/l (MPa)

Curing

solution 30

days

60

days

90

days

30

days

60

days

90

Days

H2SO4 50 54 59 45 49 54

HCl 51 56 61 46 51 56

NaOH 58.5 61 65 54.5 58 62

MgSO4 60 63 67 58 61 65



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Figure 6: Compressive strength of cubes due to acid attack

Figure 7: Compressive strength of cubes due to alkaline attack



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Figure 8: Compressive strength of cubes due to sulphate attack

The action of acids on hardened concrete is the conversion of ferrous compounds into the ferrous salts of the attacking acid. As a result of these reactions, the structure of concrete gets destroyed. The test results of loss in compressive strength and weight reduction of cubes of M1 and M3 are presented in table 11. The results revealed that the cadmium chloride mortar specimens showed lesser resistance to acid attack and alkaline, when compare to control concrete. The dimension of cube specimens were reduced 3mm for all sides at 30days.

Figure 9: Reduction of compressive strength of cubes after acid, alkaline and sulphate attack



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Figure10: Reduction of weight of cubes after acid, alkaline and sulphate attack

The maximum reduction in strength was 10% was occurred when the cubes were cured in sulphuric acid at 30 days. The minimum reduction in strength was 2.99% was occurred when the cubes were cured in magnesium sulphate solution at 90 days. The change in compressive strength is also below 10 %. Hence there is no significant change in the compressive strength due to acid, alkaline and sulphate attack. The maximum weight reduction was 25.6%, occurred for the cubes when cured in sulphuric acid at 30 days. The minimum weight reduction was 1.41%, occurred for the cubes when cured in magnesium sulphate solution at 30 days.

5. Conclusions

It appears that some of the industrial waste materials may find a suitable usage in construction. Since there is not significant reduction in compressive strengths at all concentration levels of cadmium chloride. The following conclusions may be drawn from this study

• The change in the setting times when compared with the control specimens was significant at certain concentrations of cadmium chloride.

• Compressive strength of the cubes when compared with the control specimens was insignificant at all concentrations.

• As per ASTM C1202, the value obtained for control specimen is graded under the category “very low”, and the value obtained for M3 specimen is graded under the category “low” As such, it is indicating lesser permeability of cylinder casted with cadmium chloride. The important observation is that addition of silica fume definitely reduces the pores of concrete and makes the concrete impermeable.

• The cubes casted with cadmium chloride show better resistance towards acid, alkaline and sulphate attack. The change in compressive strength below 10%. Hence the reduction in compressive strength is insignificant.



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• From acid resistance test, it was observed that the cubes casted with cadmium chloride were found to be slightly low resistant to the H2So4 and HCl solution than the control concrete. As the mass loss reached 25.6% initially.

• The maximum change in soundness was found to 33%.

6. References

1. Optimization of Mix Proportion of High Performance Mortar for Structural Applications, American J. of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3 (4): pp 643649, 2010

2. Cheah Chee Ban and Mahyuddin Ramli Sustainable Housing Research Unit, School of Housing, Building and Planning, University Sans Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

3. Standard specification for silica fume used in cementitious mixtures, ASTM C 124004, 2 nd Edition.

4. Effects of Sulfuric Acid Solution on Cement Mortar Tatsuo Kawahigashi Institute for Science and Technology, Kinki University Kowakae, HigashiOsaka, Japan.

5. Characterization of cement stabilized cadmium wastes, J.M. Diez, J. Madrid and A. Macias, cement and concrete research, Vol 27, No.4 pp 479485, 1997.

effect of cadmium chloride on high performance cement …€¦ · · 2017-12-12solutions at 2.5 %...

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