Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of

Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending

Strength

Hartoni, Jauhar Fajrin, Buan Anshari, Agus Dwi Catur

Nama Jurnal : International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and

Technology (IJMET)

Volume Jurnal : 8

Nomor Jurnal (Opsional) : 12

Halaman : 551-560

ISSN : 0976-6340 (Print); 0976-6359 (online)

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 8, Issue 12, December 2017, pp. 551–560, Article ID: IJMET_08_12_056

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=12

ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EFFECT OF CORE AND SKIN THICKNESSES

OF BAMBOO SANDWICH COMPOSITE ON

BENDING STRENGTH

Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari

Department of Civil Engineering, Mataram University,

Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, 83125, Indonesia

A.D. Catur

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mataram University

Jl. Majapahit no. 62, Mataram, NTB, 83125, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The materials, dimensions, and composition of sandwich composite components

are important parameters that influence the sandwich composite strength. This paper

discusses the effect of sandwich composite skin and core thickness bending strength.

Bamboo was used as a core of sandwich composite panels. The length of the bamboo

was varied by cutting it to 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm. Bamboo was then arranged standing

flanked by multiplex through the process of gluing with epoxy. The Multiplex as the

skin was varied at 3 thicknesses i.e. 4 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm. The strength test of the

sandwich composite was done by a three-point loading method. The maximum load

and the specimen dimensions were used to calculate the composite bending strength.

The effect of skin and core thicknesses against the bending strength was analyzed

using the two-way ANOVA statistic method. Based on the analysis, it is found that the

strength of sandwich composite bending is influenced by the skin and core thicknesses

individually. While the skin and core thicknesses together do not affect the strength of

the sandwich composite bending.

Key words: Composite, sandwich, bamboo, bending strength, ANOVA.

Cite this Article: Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur, Effect of Core and Skin

Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength, International

Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(12), 2017, pp. 551–560.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=12

1. INTRODUCTION

The availability of good quality timbers that are used for floor plates of houses on stilts or

high rise homes is has been decreasing. Meanwhile, the reinforced concrete plate is very

heavy and the price of the construction is expensive. Therefore, the effort to find a

replacement needs to be done. Bamboo is a material that is light, available abundantly and

Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 552 editor@iaeme.com

low prices. Therefore, bamboo is a material that meets the criteria for making floor plates of

houses.

Bamboo is a plant that grows a lot in Indonesia. Bamboo is a plant that can grow

anywhere as in the arid and fertile hills, in the banks of the river and in the forest. Bamboo is

a plant that has a fast growth rate so that its availability can be met quickly, consequently

Bamboo is cheap. Like most plants, bamboo absorbs so much carbon dioxide so that it can

reduce the air pollution. In addition, the carbon content in bamboo is large enough so that the

bamboo becomes strong. The bamboo compressive strength can reach 2.15 - 5.48 kg/cm² in

the longitudinal direction and the bamboo tensile strength reaches 1.37 kg/cm² up to 4.49

kg/cm² Morisco [1]. Development of bamboo in the form of sandwich composites continues

to be made so that it can be an alternative to replacing wood or concrete floor plate in houses.

The sandwich is rigid and light. A consistent sandwich construction is applied in the form

of two laminates flanking a core. This construction is then referred to as a sandwich

composite. The core composite sandwich material has been developed and used with

vegetable materials as environmental demands on biodegradable materials, Satyanarayana [2].

The core of the sandwich can be made from bamboo. Sandwich with bamboo core can be

used as earthquake resistant wall material. In addition, the core can be flanked and glued on

plywood with isocyanate glue, Ardiansyah [3]. The highest mechanical property value of

racking strength is obtained in the bamboo sandwich horizontally arrangements. Based on the

results obtained, it can be concluded that the vertical bamboo sandwich panel walls,

horizontal bamboo sandwich panel walls, and bamboo sandwich panel plus can be applied to

large earthquake zones.

In composite science, the relationship between the properties of the constituent

components and their interactions and their processes is very important and close [4, 5].

Various composition and processing variables produce different material properties such as

matrix type, strengthener type, strengthener/booster percentage, and type of manufacturing

process. Other important parameters that may affect the properties of composite materials are

the shape, size, orientation, and distribution of the strengthener. Physical and mechanical

properties depend on these parameters.

Composite sandwiches with bamboo cores and multiplex skins have been created and

tested. Experimental studies to obtain composite sandwiches with sufficient bending strength

were performed by varying the thickness of the skin and the composite sandwich core. The

value of the composite sandwich curve properties is analyzed in this paper in relating to the

effect of skin and core thicknesses.

2. MATERIALS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

The type of bamboo used as a cores composite sandwich is bamboo apus (Gigantochloa

Apus). Bamboo used is old bamboo with a cross-section of 5 ± 0.5 cm in diameter and a

thickness of 0.5 ± 0.1 cm. Bamboo is cut using an electrical circle saw. The length of cuts was

varied according to the thickness of each core of composite sandwich 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm.

When the bamboo is cutting, one thing to note is the cross-section. The cross section must be

completely perpendicular to the length of the bamboo. The uniformity of the size and quality

of the bamboo pieces are quality instruments of specimens and the resulting data. Checking

the dimensions of the cut is done by measuring the diameter of bamboo, the length of bamboo

pieces, and the thickness of bamboo.

Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 553 editor@iaeme.com

The composite skin sandwich is made of the multiplex with varying thickness 4 mm, 6

mm, 9 mm. The uniformity of the multiplex fiber direction produces good data so that the

multiplex must be selected carefully and the multiplex must have the same visual. The

multiplex is cut parallel to the inner layer of length and width according to the size of the

bending specimen. The variations of the skin and core thickness are presented in Table 1.

Each composite variation is tested 3 times. Labeling on each specimen is done in order to

avoid mistaken data.

Table 1 Variations of composite sandwich

No Core thickness

(cm)

Skin thickness

(mm)

Code

1 5 4 C5S4

2 5 6 C5S6

3 5 9 C5S9

4 6 4 C6S4

5 6 6 C6S6

6 6 9 C6S9

7 9 4 C9S4

8 9 6 C9S6

9 9 9 C9S9

The adhesive between the skin and the core is an epoxy consisting of resin and hardener

with a 1: 1 ratio. The technical specifications of the resin and hardener resin are shown in

Table 2.

Table 2 Technical data of the epoxy

Technical data Resin Hardener

Appearance Liquid Viscous fluid

Colour Clear Yellow Transparent Yellowish

Viscosity at 30°C 135 - 140 Poise 250 - 350 Poise

Density at 30°C 1.1- 1.3 kg/l 0.96 - 0.98 kg/l

Solid levels 95 - 100% 90 - 95%

Mixing ratio 1 part 1 part

Diluent Without diluent

Mixed age at 30°C 3 h

Maximum thickness 2 mm

Half drying time 30 minute

Hardening time 24 h

Device used Brush, plastic scraper

Referring to ASTM C 393-00 standard, the specimen panel-shaped test dimension shall be

not less than twice the thickness of the core. The thickness of the core varies i.e. 5 cm, 6 cm, 7

cm, of the three thickness is obtained the width of 20 cm still meet the standard requirements.

To ensure that the standard composite sandwich bending test is applicable, the practical rule

of the three-point bending test is the span length divided by the thickness of the sandwich (d =

5.8 cm to 8.8 cm) should be greater than 17 [6]. The length of span L = 150 cm meets the

requirement that is L / d = 17.05-25.9. The length of the specimen should be the same as the

150 cm span length plus 2 x 5 cm to 160 cm. Based on the calculation results, the size of the

specimen length is 160 cm and the width is 20 cm.

Composite sandwich making is done by hand lay-up technique. The composite skin is

made of multiplex and the composite core is made of bamboo pieces, both combined with

epoxy glue to form a sandwich composite. The thickness of the epoxy to unite the core and

skin is approximately 0.5 mm, with length and width of the specimen of 160 cm, and 20 cm,

Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 554 editor@iaeme.com

resulting in the volume of epoxy required of 160 ml. The mixing of the binding agent i.e.

epoxy and its catalyst by volume ratio is 1: 1 or 80 ml of resin and 80 ml of hardener. Mixing

is done by stirring the two substances (resin and hardener) in a pan until the substance evenly

indicates the color change. To ensure that the thickness of the epoxy is 0.5 mm, a 0.5 mm

diameter copper wire is enclosed along with the multiplex. With this guiding wire, a 0.5 mm

thick space between the grading bucket and the multiplex is smeared over the multiplex, this

cavity is filled with epoxy.

Sticking the core with the skin is done by gluing bamboo pieces onto the multiplex that

has been smeared epoxy. The attachment is done carefully so that the attachment is flat and

uniform. Composite skin for the other side is also made of the multiplex with the same

thickness. The multiplex is smeared epoxy adhesive using a plastic scraper with an average

thickness of 0.5 mm. The multiplex is then pasted over the core that has been stuck to the skin

on the other side. In order to the sticking occurs perfectly, the composite is clamped. The

clamping was done with a rigid board so that the force can be even on the surface of the

composite skin. The clamps are only opened after 10 hours for the epoxy to dry and the

connection between the skin and core is perfectly sealed. The process of sandwich making is

shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 The scheme of unification of sandwich composite components

The three-point bending test was performed using a universal testing machine model 70-

C0820/C. The size of the specimen was determined or planned, however, measuring the

specimen after being made might be conducted to obtain the real dimension. Installing the

specimen on the support must be performed correctly so that the suppressor is exactly in the

middle of the support. The diameter of the support is 1 inch and the width of the span is 150

cm. Bending emphases is conducted with a speed of 5 mm/minute. Recording the force

magnitude is given to the sandwich composite specimen until the specimen is almost broken,

that is the maximum curve of F.

Figure 2 Bending test performed using the universal testing machine

Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 555 editor@iaeme.com

Once the test data are obtained, calculations of the bending strength ( b) can be

performed. The bending strength of the sandwich composite is the strength that is based on

the average skin strength that can be estimated using Eq. (1). This equation was also used in

[6].

bcdt

FLb

2 (1)

Where σb is the bending strength of the sandwich composite (MPa), F represents the

bending load (N), L is the span length (mm), d indicates the sandwich thickness (mm), c is the

core thickness (mm) and b is the sandwich width (mm). To ensure the effect of the skin and

core thickness of the sandwich composite, a statistical analysis using the ANOVA should be

conducted. Statistical significance can be used for rejecting or accepting the first hypothesis.

Null hypothesis is that the skin or core thickness of the sandwich composite does not affect

the bending strength. The ANOVA analysis used is the two way of variance analysis. Table

3 shows the two way of variance analysis with n replications, and numbers of row b and

column k. If F0 is greater than F table at the significance of 5%, then the first hypothesis is

rejected. In this study, the replication is performed 3 times with 3 rows of the skin thickness

variation and 3 columns of the core thickness variation.

Table 3 Two way analysis of variant, taken from [7]

Source of

variation

Sum square Degree of

freedom (db)

mean squared F0

Mean row JKB b-1

db

JKBS 2

1 2

4

2

11

S

Sf

Mean column JKK k-1

db

JKKS 2

2 2

4

2

22

S

Sf

Interaction JK (BK) (k-1)(b-1)

db

BKJKS

)(2

3 2

4

2

33

S

Sf

Error JKE bk (n-1)

db

JKES 2

4

Total JKT N

If Xijk is the bending strength for the skin thickness at i, and the core thickness j with the

replication k, then the total al of sum square can be expressed as:

bkn

TXJKT

b

i

k

j

n

k

ijk

2

1 1 1

2

(2)

Sum of row square :

bkn

T

kn

T

JKB

b

i

i 2

1

2

(3)

Sum of column square :

Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 556 editor@iaeme.com

bkn

T

kn

T

JKK

k

j

j 21

2

(4)

Sum of column-row interaction square :

bkn

T

bn

T

kn

T

n

T

BKJK

k

j

j

b

i

i

b

i

k

j

ij 21

2

1

2

1 1

2

(5)

Sum of error square:

)(BKJKJKKJKBJKTJKE (6)

Where T is the value of all rows, columns and replications, Ti is the total row i, Tj

indicates the total column j, and Tij is the total row i and column j.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 3 shows the curve of the force deflection sandwich composite with the core thickness

of 5 cm and the skin thickness of 4 mm. From the figure 3, it can be seen that a constant

gradient occurs at the preliminary loading. This indicates that sandwich composite is still in

the elastic region. Skin and core components give the wide elastic area. This trend also

occurs at eight variations of the sandwich composite. The increase in the force is in line with

the increase in the deflection. Adding the load for bending test is performed with increasing

the deflection. At the maximum load, although the adding to the deflection is conducted, the

curve force decreases and on the specific part of the sandwich composite gets broken and the

curve declines suddenly. This maximum load is used to calculate the bending strength.

Specimen dimension measurement results, and maximum bending force data are utilized

to obtain the bending strength, see equation (1). The sandwich composite bending strength

with the core made of bamboo and the skin made of multiplex is presented in figure 4. The

strength of the sandwich composites is different when the core thickness is dissimilar.

Increasing the core thickness seem to elevate the flexure stress.

Figure 3 Curve force deflection of the sandwich composite with the core thickness of 5 cm and the

skin thickness of 4 mm

Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 557 editor@iaeme.com

Figure 4 The relationship between the bending strength of the sandwich composite and the core

thickness.

Similar trends were also found at the sandwich composite with honeycomb core and skin

made of epoxy-fibber glass as studied by Murty et al. [8]. However, this composite has an

optimum bending strength when the ratio of the core weight to the skin weight is equal to 1.

The bending strength decreases when the core weight is further increased [8]. The increased

bending strength happens at the sandwich composites with the core thicknesses of 5 cm, 6 cm

and 7 cm. The highest bending strength belongs to the core thickness of 7 cm. The value of

the highest bending strength obtained from the core thickness of 6 and 7 cm is approximately

9.9 MPa, see figure 4.

The damage occurring at the bending testing is on the skin only, because the core made of

bamboo is not taped to each other. When the composite is broken, the bamboo is just

separated one from another. The core made of bamboo is almost never broken. This is

different with the sandwich composite constructed from foam (polyurethane) or solid wood.

The cantula fiber-polyethylene sandwich composite can have a core sheared after tested,

Setiadi et al. [9]. The failure modes of the sandwich composite is dependent on the load,

material properties and dimensional of sandwich composite. Failure of the honeycomb-carbon

fiber sandwich occurs by failure of the facing in compression of the core in shear and never

due to face wrinkling, Lister [10].

The visualization observation shows that the first failure occurs on the top skin composite.

On the top sandwich skin, the top part of the multiplex cannot stand with the pressure so as to

it is broken first. The crack spreads and divides the upper skin into two parts and is followed

by the breaking of the lower skin. Figure 5a indicates the sandwich composite that has

broken. The upper and lower skins broke without core damage. The upper skin is also shrink,

as shown in figure 5b, this indicates that the upper skin undergoes pressure when it is tested.

The failure of all bending tests of the specimens is the same i.e. broken on the composite

sandwich skin without core damage. Inside the composite skin, there are fibers that hold the

load. This fact is seen in the force chart versus deflection, see figure 3. The composite can

withstand the bending load on the elastic boundary area, and then the composite becomes

slightly plastic and eventually gets broken. Sandwich composite bending failures occur with

the lower skin fracture mode when the composite is usually loaded under peak load. The

composite skin that looks broken tends to be brittle. Graph of bending versus deflection load

Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 558 editor@iaeme.com

also shows a sudden brittle fracture shortly after the peak load, this is supported by the

damage of the bottom skin of specimen after tested.

(a) (b)

Figure 5 Visualization observation; (a) fracture of the bending test, (b) failure of the upper skin

The ability of the core to withstand the load is better than the ability of the skin to hold the

bending, because bamboo is very stiff. This is evidenced by the breaking of the lower

composite skin just after the maximum bending load is reached. The technique of making a

composite (hand lay-up) can be done by taped the ends of bamboo into the epoxy adhesive.

Then bamboo becomes difficult to shift from its skin. This is very advantageous, when the

bending load works on the composite, usually there is a shift between the skins with a

composite core. The end of the bamboo embedded in the adhesive retains the shear, so the

release of the skin ties and the core only can be carried out with a larger bending load. The

strength of the sandwich composite in holding the bending load depends greatly on the

retention of material core moving from the skin or between the cores. This is due to the shear

stress along the composite cross section. However, because the bond between the cores with

the skin is very strong, then the failure of the separation of cores with the skin does not occur.

Only composite skin is broken because it cannot resist the bending force.

Although the statistical test in this study is a quantitative approach, this quantitative data

are needed to produce conclusions. The quantitative data are analyzed using ANOVA

analysis. This study uses two way analysis method because it has two independent variables;

core thickness and skin thickness and one dependent variable (bending strength). ANOVA is

used to determine the main effect and interaction effect of independent variable to dependent

variable. The main effect is the direct influence of the independent variable on the dependent

variable. While the effect of interaction is the mutual influence of two independent variables

to the dependent variable. Hypothesis test is done using F test by first determining the null

hypothesis (Ho) and alternative hypothesis (Ha).

The null hypothesis (Ho) in this study are:

The thickness of the sandwich composite core has no effect on the composite bending strength

of the sandwich.

The composite sandwich skin has no effect on the composite bending strength of the

sandwich.

The interaction of the thickness of the sandwich composite cores together with the thickness

of the sandwich composite skin had no effect on the composite sandwich bending strength.

Effect of Core and Skin Thicknesses of Bamboo Sandwich Composite on Bending Strength

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 559 editor@iaeme.com

The ANOVA test can not only measure the influence of independent variable to the

dependent variable, but also test its significance using F test. Bending strength data

(dependent variable) and the core and skin thickness (free variables) are given in Table 4:

Table 4 Bending strength, core and skin thicknesses of the sandwich composite

Bending strength Core thickness Total

Skin thickness 5 cm 6 cm 7 cm

4 mm

7.698 8.066 8.456

69.843 7.698 7.682 8.086

7.275 7.221 7.658

Total 22.672 22.970 24.200

6 mm

8.130 7.957 9.389

76.797 7.850 7.957 10.388

7.429 7.709 9.988

Total 23.409 23.624 29.764

9 mm

6.190 5.288 8.266

61.709 5.913 6.945 7.715

6.375 7.577 7.439

Total 18.479 19.810 23.420

Total 64.560 66.404 77.385 208.349

Fo calculation results are shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Fo calculation results using ANOVA formulas

Varian source The sum of

squares

Freedom

degree

Average

squares

F

calculated F table

Average row 10.684 2 5.342 19.831 3.55

Average column 12.673 2 6.336 23.522 3.55

Interaction 2.795 4 0.699 2.594 2.93

Error 4.849 18 0.269

Total 31.001 26

While F table obtained by looking at F distribution table. The data needed to determine F

table are:

The number of samples mad and tested, n = 27.

The degree of significance is taken, α =0,05

The number of independent variables is 2 i.e. skin thickness, and core thickness, while the

number of the dependent variables is 1 i.e. bending strength. The core thickness variations are

3, and the skin thickness variations are also 3.

To obtain the F table for the core thickness, the numerator degree of freedom df1 = b-1 = 2,

and the denominator degree of freedom, df2 = bk(n-1) = 18, then the F table of 3.55 is found.

To obtain the F table for the skin thickness, the numerator degree of freedom, df1 = k-1 = 2,

and the denominator degree of freedom, df2 = bk(n-1) = 18, then F table of about 3.55 is

attained.

While to determine the F table for the interaction hypothesis, numerator degree of freedom df1

= (k-1)(b-1)= 4, and the denominator degree of freedom, df2 = bk(n-1) = 18, then the F table

of 2.93 is obtained.

The results show that Fcalculated > Ftable for both core thickness (19.831 > 3.55), and skin

thickness (23.522 > 3.55), this means that the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. Then the effect

of core and skin thicknesses separately is significant on the bending strength. However, the

interaction variables (core and skin thicknesses) gives FCalculation < FTable, ( 2.594 < 2.93 ), this

Hartoni, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, A.D. Catur

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 560 editor@iaeme.com

means that altogether the core and the skin thicknesses does not affect the bending strength of

the sandwich composite.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The bending strength of the sandwich composite increases with increasing the core thickness,

the highest bending strength is owned by the composite sandwich with 7 cm thick core and

with 6 mm thick skin of 9.921 N/mm2, while the lowest bending strength of about 6.16

M/mm² is owned by the sandwich composite with a core thickness of 5 cm and skin thickness

of 9 mm. Statistically, the bending strength of the sandwich composite is influenced by core

and skin thicknesses separately. However, the thickness of core and skin all together does not

affect the bending strength of the sandwich composite.

REFERENCES

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[2] Satyanarayana, K.G. Recent Developments in ‘Green’ Composites based on Plant Fibers-

Preparation, Structure Property Studies. Journal of Bioprocessing & Biotechniques, 5(2),

2015.

[3] Ardiansyah, D. The Brazing Model Test on the Bamboo Sandwich Panel Wall for

Earthquake House. Bogor Agricultural Institute, 2011.

[4] Panda, A., Dyadyura, K., Valíˇcek, J., Harniˇcárová, M., Zajac, J. and Modrák, V. Iveta

Pandová, Peter Vrábel, Ema Nováková-Marcinˇcínová and Zdenˇek Pavelek,

Manufacturing Technology of Composite Materials—Principles of Modification of

Polymer Composite Materials Technology Based on Polytetrafluoroethylene, Materials

(Basel), 10(4), 2017, pp. 377.

[5] Gan, Y.G. Effect of Interface Structure on Mechanical Properties of Advanced Composite

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[6] Anonim, Annual Book ASTM Standards “Space Simulation, Aerospace and Aircraft,

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[8] Murthy, O., Munirudrappa, N., Srikanth, L. and Rao R.M.V.G.K. Strength and Stiffness

Optimization Studies on Honeycomb Core Sandwich Panels, Journal of Reinforced

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[9] Setiadi, A., Raharjo, W.W. and Triyono, T. The Effect of Core Thickness Variation of

Sandwich Composite Cantala rHDPE on Mechanical Strength of Bending Test, In

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Nanotechnology, 2016, pp 030058 1-5.

[10] Lister, J.M. Study The Effects of Core Orientation and Different Face Thicknesses on

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Thesis, The Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, 2014.

[11] S. Haris, Zaidir, R. Thamrin and L. Buthi, Bending Capacity of Composite Cold-formed

Steel and Concrete of a Strip Plate Structure, International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 1191–1198

[12] Amanana Venkatesh and S. Sivakamasundari, Experimental Study of Concrete Filled

Double Skin Tubular Structures In B ending. International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 1815-1823

[13] Amla Dash and D. Arul Prakash, Structural Behaviour of Hollow Steel Sections Under

Combined Axial Compression and Bending. International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp. 868–877.

[14] Hartono Yudo, Wilma Amiruddin and Sarjito Jokosisworo, The Effect of Geometric on

Buckling Strength of Rectangular Hollow Pipe Under Pure Bending, International Journal

of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(11), 2017, pp. 228-235.

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HARTONI, J. FAJRIN, B. ANSHARI, A.D. CATUR, 2017. EFFECT OF CORE AND SKIN THICKNESSES OF BAMBOOSANDWICH COMPOSITE ON BENDING STRENGTH .International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology(IJMET).Volume:8,Issue:12,Pages:551-560.

International Journal of Mechanical Engineeringand Technology (IJMET)ISSN Print : 0976 – 6340 ISSN Online: 0976 - 6359Volume 8, Issue 12 (2017)Copyright ©IAEME, 2010

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Journal Impact Factor (JIF)

2020 : 11.21842019 : 10.68792018 : 10.25732017 : 9.81242016 : 9.22862015 : 8.82932014 : 7.53772013 : 5.77312012 : 3.80712011 : 1.20832010 : 0.8218

Imprint: IAEME PublicationISSN PRINT : 0976 – 6340

ISSN ONLINE : 0976 - 6359

INTERNATIONAL JOURNALOF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY

(IJMET)

Journal ID : 2121-030111 Volumes 85 Issues 5168 Articles

available from 2010 to 2020.SJR Indexed journal-Scimago

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Current IssueVolume 11 Issue 6 June 2020 Link

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340 ISSN Online: 0976 - 6359 Journal ID : 30111 Volumes 85 Issues 5168 Articlesavailable from 2010 to 2020.

Aim and Scope: International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) is an international journal dedicatethe latest advancements in mechanical engineering. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scienand academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developmendifferent areas of mechanical engineering.

IJMET is an online and print journal, which publishes research articles, reviews, and letters in all areamechanical engineering. It is peer-reviewed journal, aims to provide the most complete and reliable sourcinformation on current developments in the field. The emphasis will be on publishing quality papers rapidlyavailable to researchers worldwide.

All manuscripts must be prepared in English and are subject to a rigorous and fair peer-review procAccepted papers will immediately appear online followed by printed hard copy.

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Chief Editor

Dr. Ajeet Kumar Rai SSET, SHIATS-DU, Allahabad

Managing Editors

Dr. Mohammad Israr Principal, Balaji Engineering College, Gujarat

Dr. M.Narayana Rao Shri Sapthagiri Institute Of Technology,Chennai

Dr. G. Arthanareeswaran NIT Trichy, India

Associate Editors

Dr. V.Antony Joe Raja Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology, India

Prof. B. Arthi Gandhimathi IAEME Publication, India

Dr. N. Tamil Selvan IAEME Publication, India

Er. D. S. Chengalvarayam IAEME Publication, India

Copy Editors

Mr. K.Prasanth IAEME Publication, India

Mr. T.Nagarajan IAEME Publication, India

Editorial Board

Dr. Barish Dantal Application Development Engineer, Momentive Performance Materials,USA.

Dr. Mohamed Saber National Research Center (NRC) El Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Dr. H. N. Reddappa Bangalore Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India.

Dr. Fateh Mebarek-Oudina Skikda University, Algeria.

Dr. Audai Hussein Al-Abbas Al-Musaib Technical College, Babylon, Iraq.

Dr. Mohd Azman Bin Abdullah Universitiy Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia.

Dr. T.R.Vijayaram VIT University,Chennai.

Dr. M. Chithirai Pon Selvan Amity University, Dubai.

Dr. Chao Wang Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Dr. Madhu D Govt. Engineering College, KRPET, India.

Dr. R. Dilli babu Anna University, India.

Dr. A.Elaya perumal Anna University, India.

Dr. Mohamed Kchaou University Of Sousse, Tunisia.

Dr. Anan Suebsomran King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok , Thailand.

Dr. A. G. Matani Govt. College of Engineering, Amravati ,India.

Dr. Vivek Sachan SHIATS, Allahabad, India

Dr. Pallavi.H.Agarwal Babaria Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India

Prof. Raj Kumar Yadav Adina Institute Of Science And Technology, Sagar, M.P

Dr. İlhan ASİLTÜRK Selcuk University, Turkey

Dr. Sudarshan Rao K Shri Madhwa Vadiraja Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka,India

Dr. Kondaveeti Srinivasa Rao CMR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Ravi Burla Autodesk Inc., Novi, MI

Dr. Jingchao Zhang University of Nebraska-Lincoln,USA

Dr. Nilaj N. Deshmukh Fr.C.Rodrigues Institute of Technology, India

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Dr. Nadia MOUHIB National School of Electricity and Mechanic MOROCCO

Dr. M. L. Meena Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India

Dr. Raffi Mohammed NRI Institute of Technology, Indian

Dr. Ajay Verma Padmashri Dr. V.B. Kolte College of Engineering, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Sathish Rao U Manipal University,Karnataka-India

Dr. Irfan. G Akshaya Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India

Dr. Sunada Chakravarthy Sunedison Inc, USA

Prof. S. Sathish Kumar Vel Tech, Chennai, India

Dr. M. Ganesan Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy, India

Dr. CH V K N S N MOORTHY Institute of Aeronautical Engineering(Autonomous), Telangana State, INDIA

Er. Anshul Singhal Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA

Dr. Ornella Chiavola ROMA TRE University, Rome, Italy

Dr. H. Erdem Çamurlu Akdeniz University, TÜRKİYE

Dr. GIRISHA L PES Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka, India

Dr. M. Mubarak MEA Engineering College, Kerala, India

Dr. Ahmed Daabo University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

Dr. Ambarish Maji MLR Institute of Technology, India

Dr. Hao Yi Chongqing University, China

Dr. Bambang Leo Handoko Bina Nusantara University of Indonesia

Prof. Jaafar Jaber Abdulhameed Almustansiririyah University, College of Engineering, Baghdad, Iraq

Dr. S A Mojhan Krishna Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

Dr. Prateek Nigam Bansal College of Engineering, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. Ehsaan Bagherian Inspection Technology & Quality Assurance National Institute (ITQAN),Saudi Arabia

Dr. Mohamed KCHAOU College of Engineering, University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia; NationalEngineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia

Dr. Shubham R Suryawanshi MET’s Institute of Engineering, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Nashik, India

Dr. Diwan Mohit Balkrishna Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Technology, Gujarat India

Dr. Maryam Sadri Sharif University of Technology and Aerospace Research Institute, Tehran-Iran.

Dr. A R Pradeep Kumar Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India

Dr. Siamak Hosseinzadeh University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Dr. Eriki Ananda kumar Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty ofEngineering, Science and Technology, Nilai University, Malaysia

Dr. Dhanasekaran S Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India

Reviewer Board

Dr. K.S.Zakiuddin Priyadarshini College of Engineering, India

Dr. R.Edison Chandraseelan SMKFIT,India

Dr. Syed Anisuddin Caledonian College of Engineering, Sultanate of Oman

Er. Vinod Singh Yadav MNIT, India

Dr. S.Sreenatha Reddy Universal College of Engineering and Technology, India

Dr. M. Victor Raj Sardar Raja College of Engineering, India

Dr. V.Baskaran Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, India

Dr. Ratri Parida IIT Kharagpur, India

Dr. G.Kalivarathan PSN Institute of Technology and Science,India

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Er. N.Vijayponraj PSN Institute of Technology and Science, India

Dr. R.Uday Kumar Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, India

Prof. Manikandapirapu P.K Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, India

Dr. Srinivasa G.R Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, India

Dr. Sudhakar K.G K L University, India

Dr. Chavan Dattatraya K. MMCOE, Karvenagar, Pune

Dr. Rahul Davis SHIATS-DU, Allahabad

Prof. Potnuru Govinda Rao GMR Institute of Technology,Rajam

Dr. Velamala Rambabu G.M.R.Institute of Technology,Rajam

Dr. V. Chitti Babu GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, A.P

Dr. Ravindra D. Jilte Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering and Technology,MSQ

Dr. Gurudutt Sahni DGM & HOD Leader Valves Ltd, Punjab, India

Dr. Prashant H.S Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India

Er. Fares Mohammed Laid REKBI Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, Algeria, India

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (International) Licence. (CC BY-NC 4.0)

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IJM | IJARET | IJCIET | IJMET | IJECET | IJEET | IJCET | IJITMIS | IJGM | IJARM | IJMHRM | IJIPR | JCET | IJLIS | JECET | JEET | JCIET | JOM | JMETGoogle Scholar | Thomson Reuters' Research ID | Call For Paper | Online Paper Submission | List of Journals | Subscription | Processing Fee

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euters Research ID : H-3771-2015 ORCID Research ID : 0000-0001-9500-6074

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340 ISSN Online: 0976 - 6359 Journal ID : 30111 Volumes 85 Issues 5168 Articlesavailable from 2010 to 2020.

Abstracting and indexing:Google ScholarJournal Impact Factor (JIF)CiteSeerxInfoBASE IndexMicrosoft Academic Search SystemAcademia.eduIndex CopernicusarXiv.orgciteulikeScholar SteerResearchGateMendeleyScribdJournalTOCsResearchBibAcademicKeys.comOpen Academic Journals IndexSocial Science Research Network (SSRN)The Electronic Journals LibraryDocSlideOALibSlideShareCitefactorORCID Research ID : 0000-0001-9500-6074Thomson Reuters ResearcherID : H-3771-2015The Directory of Research Journal IndexingChina National Knowledge Infrastructure and Genamics JournalSeekPublicationlist.orgDocstocComputer Science DirectoryJour InformaticsEBSCOEpernicusThe Internet ArchiveJ-GateGaleUniversal Impact Factor (UIF)Advanced Science IndexIndian Citation Index (ICI)National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR)Chemical Abstracts Service

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineeringand Technology

discontinued in Scopus as of 2019

Country India  -  SIR Ranking of India 18H Index

Subject Area and Category EngineeringIndustrial and Manufacturing EngineeringMechanical EngineeringMechanics of Materials

Publisher IAEME Publication

Publication type Journals

ISSN 09766340, 09766359

Coverage 2016-2019

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The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green)comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the thirdhighest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

Category Year QuartileIndustrial and Manufacturing Engineering 2017 Q3Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 2018 Q3Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 2019 Q2M h i l E i i 2017 Q3

SJR

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator thatranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It isbased on the idea that 'all citations are not createdequal'. SJR is a measure of scienti�c in�uence ofjournals that accounts for both the number of citationsreceived by a journal and the importance or prestige ofthe journals where such citations come from Itmeasures the scienti�c in�uence of the average articlein a journal it expresses how central to the global

Citations per document

This indicator counts the number of citations received bydocuments from a journal and divides them by the totalnumber of documents published in that journal. Thechart shows the evolution of the average number oftimes documents published in a journal in the past two,three and four years have been cited in the current year.The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Cites per document Year ValueCites / Doc. (4 years) 2016 0.000Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 2.129Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2018 0.739Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2019 0.713Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2016 0.000Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2017 2.129Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2018 0.739Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2019 0.713Cites / Doc. (2 years) 2016 0.000Cites / Doc. (2 years) 2017 2.129

Total Cites Self-Cites

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal'sself-citations received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years.Journal Self-citation is de�ned as the number of citationfrom a journal citing article to articles published by thesame journal.

Cites Year ValueS lf Cit 2016 0

External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc

Evolution of the number of total citation per documentand external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years. Externalcitations are calculated by subtracting the number ofself-citations from the total number of citations receivedby the journal’s documents.

Cit Y V l

% International Collaboration

International Collaboration accounts for the articles thathave been produced by researchers from severalcountries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal'sdocuments signed by researchers from more than onecountry; that is including more than one country address.

Year International Collaboration2016 1.722017 3 05

Citable documents Non-citable documents

Not every article in a journal is considered primaryresearch and therefore "citable", this chart shows theratio of a journal's articles including substantial research(research articles, conference papers and reviews) inthree year windows vs. those documents other thanresearch articles, reviews and conference papers.

Documents Year ValueN it bl d t 2016 0

Cited documents Uncited documents

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three yearswindows, that have been cited at least once vs. thosenot cited during the following year.

Documents Year ValueUncited documents 2016 0Uncited documents 2017 59Uncited documents 2018 902Uncited documents 2019 2391

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2017 2018 2019

Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Materials

2017 2018 2019

0.2

0.25

0.3

Cites / Doc. (4 years)Cites / Doc. (3 years)Cites / Doc. (2 years)

2016 2017 2018 2019

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

2016 2017 2018 2019

0

2k

4k

2016 2017 2018 2019

0

2

4

2016 2017 2018 2019

0

4

8

12

2016 2017 2018 2019

0

2k

4k

2016 2017 2018 2019

0

2k

4k

6/27/2020 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology

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Antypas 5 months ago

I wrote in this journal 4 months ago and have not yet indexed it because it is no longer scopus and

the editors are not responding to our letter

reply

Abtypas 5 months ago

this this journal is no longer in his sсopгs, no �ve months ago journal

reply

Basavaraj M S 6 months ago

Is this journal type be treated as paid journal

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Melanie Ortiz 5 months ago

Dear Abtypas, thanks for your participation! Best Regards, SCImago Team

MSCImago Team

B

Melanie Ortiz 6 months ago

Dear Basavaraj,

thank you for contacting us.

Sorry to tell you that SCImago Journal & Country Rank is not a journal. SJR is a portal with

scientometric indicators of journals indexed in Elsevier/Scopus.

MSCImago Team

Author details

Fajrin, JauharAffiliation(s):

Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia

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Subject area:  Engineering Materials Science Chemistry Energy Business, Management and Accounting

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Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics

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Document title Authors Year Source Cited by

Characterisation of swellability andcompressive and impact strengthproperties of corn husk fibre composites 

Sari, N.H.,Fajrin, J.,Suteja, Fudholi,A.

2020 Composites Communications 0

Shear properties evaluation of natural fibrereinforced epoxy composites using V-notchshear test  Open Access

Fajrin, J.,Herlina Sari, N.

2018 MATEC Web of Conferences 2

Experimental investigation on flexuralproperties of glulam timber beamreinforced by bamboo strips 

Khadafi, M.,Anshari, B.,Fajrin, J.

2018 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 1

10 Documents Cited by 13 documents 11 co-authors Topics

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Acoustic properties of sound absorber frommodified polyester with filler sodiumbicarbonate  Open Access

Sari, N.H.,Fajrin, J.

2018 Oriental Journal of Chemistry 0

Effect of core and skin thicknesses ofbamboo sandwich composite on bendingstrength 

Hartoni, H.,Fajrin, J.,Anshari, B.,Catur, A.D.

2017 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 1

The structural behavior of hybrid structuralinsulated panels under pure bending load  Open Access

Fajrin, J.,Zhuge, Y.,Bullen, F.,Wang, H.

2017 International Journal of Technology 3

Flexural behaviour of hybrid sandwichpanel with natural fiber composites as theintermediate layer  Open Access

Fajrin, J.,Zhuge, Y.,Bullen, F.,Wang, H.

2016 Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 6

Flexural behaviour of a sustainable hybridcomposite panel using natural fibres 

Fajrin, J.,Zhuge, Y.

2015 FRPRCS-12/APFIS-2015 - Joint Conference of the 12th International Symposium onFiber Reinforced Polymers for Reinforced Concrete Structures, FRPRCS 2015 and the5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Structures, APFIS 2015

0

Flexural strength of sandwich panel withlignocellulosic composites intermediatelayer-a statistic approach 

Fajrin, J.,Zhuge, Y.,Bullen, F.,Wang, H.

2011 International Journal of Protective Structures 2

The implementation of statistical inferenceto study the bending strength ofsustainable hybrid sandwich panelcomposite 

Fajrin, J., Yan,Z., Bullen, F.,Hao, W.

2011 Advanced Materials Research 2

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