effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in...

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Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal 1 D. Burman , K.K. Mahanta, S.K. Sarangi, Subhasis Mandal, B. Maji, U. K. Mandal, B.K. Bandyopadhyay, 2 E. Humphreys, and D. K. Sharma 1 Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town, West Bengal, India [email protected] 2 International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines [email protected]

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By D. Burman, K.K. Mahanta, S.K. Sarangi, Subhasis Mandal, B. Maji, U.K. Mandal, B.K. Bandyopadhyay, E. Humphreys and D.K. Sharma Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference 21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/

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Page 1: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

1D. Burman, K.K. Mahanta, S.K. Sarangi, Subhasis Mandal, B. Maji, U. K. Mandal,

B.K. Bandyopadhyay, 2E. Humphreys, and D. K. Sharma

1Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town, West Bengal, India

[email protected]

2International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines [email protected]

Page 2: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Agro-climatic zones of West Bengal

Hill  Zone  

Terai  Zone  

Old  Alluvial  Zone  

New  Alluvial  Zone    

Red  and  Laterite  Zone    

Coastal  and  Saline  Zone    

Page 3: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Indian  Sundarbans  and  Water  Challenges  for  Agriculture  

Boro/Rabi/summer   Aman/Kharif  

Ø 80% fallow Ø Fresh water scarcity & salinity Ø Boro rice -3 t/ha  

Ø Deep water logging & drainage congestion Ø Traditional aman - 2 t/ha  

-­‐10  0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  

0  2  4  6  8  

10  12  14  16  18  

Jan   Feb   Mar   Apr   May   Jun   Jul   Aug   Sep   Oct   Nov   Dec  

Water  dep

th  (cm)  

Soil  salin

ity  (d

S/m)  

Months  Soil  Salinity   Water  depth  

Page 4: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Ground  water  exploraUon:  Farmers  in  the  Sundarbans  region  are  exploring  ground  water  for  growing  mostly  boro  rice  through  Shallow  tube  wells  (STWs)    

Rice  grown  with  STW  irrigaUon  

Page 5: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Ground  water  scenario  in  Sundarbans  

Fresh/saline  aquifers  in  the  coastal  tract  of  West  Bengal    (Central  ground  water  board,  Govt.  of  India)  

Aquifers  :    

• Mostly  70  -­‐  360  m  bgl  confined.  

• Aquifers  separated  by  thick  clay  layers  

• Each  aquifer  system  comprises  one/several  inter  connected  aquifers.  

• Fresh  ground  water  mostly  in  deeper  aquifers    

Sundarbans  

Page 6: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

QuesUons:  Is  pumping  groundwater  for  boro  rice  in  Sundarbans  sustainable?  

Study:  • Status    of  STWs  • Effect  of  ground  water  use  on    

• water  quality  •   piezometric  level  • discharge  rate  •   producUvity  of  boro  rice  

Page 7: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Study  area  

Surveys  of  STWs  Period:  2000-­‐01,  2002-­‐03,  2008-­‐09  &  2013-­‐14    Districts:  2  nos.  (North  &  South  24  Parganas)  Blocks:  4    (Canning  I,    BasanH,  Sandeshkhali  I  &  II)  Villages:  20  

Page 8: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

(Source:  Bureau  of  Applied  Economics  and  StaUsUcs  (BAES),    Govt.  of  West  Bengal)  

~32%  of  irrigated  area  of  about  55300  ha  under  STWS    

About  2.34  ha  (17.4  bigha)  per  STW  

Depth  of  STWs  varied  from  67-­‐128  m  bgl  0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

1994   1998   2002   2007   2012  

No./  Area  (  000,  ha)  

Year  No.   Area  

Page 9: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Monthly  rainfall  &  piezometric  level    in  Dumki  village  during    2003  

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

Jan.   Feb.   Mar.   Apr.   May.   Jun.   Jul.   Aug.   Sep.   Oct.   Nov.   Dec.  

Rainfall  (m

m)  

Piezom

etric

 level  (m)  

Month  

Rainfall   STW1   STW2   STW3   STW4   STW5  

Page 10: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Monthly  rainfall  &  water  salinity  in  Dumki  village  during    2003  

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

Jan.   Feb.   Mar.   Apr.   May.   Jun.   Jul.   Aug.   Sep.   Oct.   Nov.   Dec.  

Rainfall  (m

m)  

Water  Salinity

 (dS/m)  

Month  Rainfall   STW1   STW2   STW3   STW4   STW5  

Piezometric  level  &  salinity  restored  during  monsoon  

Page 11: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Piezometric  level  in  STWs  installed  in  different  depths  during                      boro  season    

0  

1  

1  

2  

2  

3  

3  

4  

4  

5  

5  

<91  m  (n=18)   >91  m  (n=26)  

Piezom

etric

 level  (  m

 bgl)  

January     May    

Page 12: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Discharge  rate  of  STWs  installed  in  different  depths  during                                boro  season    

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

12  

14  

<91  m  (n=18)   >91  m  (n=26)  

Discha

rge  rate  (lps)  

January     May    

Page 13: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Water  salinity  of  STWs  installed  in  different  depths  during                                boro  season    

0  1  1  2  2  3  3  4  4  5  5  

<91  m  (n=18)   >91  m  (n=26)  

Water  sa

linity

 (dS/m)  

January     May    

Page 14: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Soil  salinity  developed  in  farmers  fields  during  boro  season  due  to  irrigaUon  through    STWs  installed  in  different  depths    

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

<91  m  (n=18)   >91  m  (n=26)  

Soil  salin

ity  (d

S/m)  

January     May    

Page 15: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Grain  yield  of  boro  rice  irrigated  through  STWs  installed  at  <91  m  and  >91m  depths  

y  =  0.0387x  -­‐  0.1826  R²  =  0.69739  

1.0  

2.0  

3.0  

4.0  

5.0  

60   70   80   90   100   110   120  

Boro  yield  (t/ha)  

Depth  of  tubewell  (m)  

<91m  

>91m  

Page 16: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Grain  yield  of  boro  rice  and  soil  salinity  irrigated  through  STWs  installed  at  <91  m  and  >91m  depths  

y  =  -­‐0.2135x  +  4.7055  R²  =  0.88698  

0.0  

1.0  

2.0  

3.0  

4.0  

5.0  

0.00   2.00   4.00   6.00   8.00   10.00   12.00  

Boro  yield  (t/ha)  

Soil  Salinity  (dS/m)  

<91m  

>91m  

Page 17: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

Conclusions  "   ExploitaUon  of  ground  water  in  Sundarbans  region  of  West  Bengal  is  

increasing.  

" Piezometric  level  &  discharge  rate  decrease  during  boro.  

"   Groundwater  salinity  increases  during  boro  season,  to  a  greater  degree  in  STWs  at  upper  depth  (<91m).    

" Piezometric  level  and  discharge  of  STWs  recovered  during  monsoon  season  in  Dumki  village  –  is  this  the  case  for  other  areas?  What  happens  as  the    extracUon  of  groundwater  increased?    

"   Soil  salinity  increased  during  boro  season  and  reduced  yield  up  to  40  %  parUcularly  when  irrigated  with  STWs  at  <91m  depth.    

Page 18: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

"   Need  for  assessment  of  gw  resources  in  the  Sundarbans  &  sustainable  level  of  extracUon  across  the  region  

RecommendaUons  

rainwater  harvesUng    

"   For  increasing  land  and  water  producUvity:  

"   conjuncUve  use  of  harvested  rainwater  &  ground  water  (what’s  the  best  pracUce?  

"  modify  cropping  system  design  e.g.  early  establishment  of  boro,    switch  to  non-­‐rice  crops  

"   salt  tolerant  varieUes,  shorter  duraUon  varieUes  

"   rainwater  harvesUng    through  surface  storage  structures  

Page 19: Effect of groundwater use on groundwater quality, piezometric level and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans of West Bengal

thank you……

Acknowledgement    for    the  financial  and  technical  supports    to    

•  Indian  Council  of  Agricultural  Research  

•  G2:  CPWF