Original Article 1 2

Effect of growth and nutrient content of striped snakehead fish (Channa striata) through 3

utilization of maggot meal substitution on fish meal for feed utilization efficiency 4

Vivi Endar Herawati1*, Irvan Nanda1, Pinandoyo1, Johannes Hutabarat1, 5

Ocky Karna Radjasa2, Anindya Wirasatriya3, Deny Nugroho3, Seto Windarto1, Nurmanita 6

Rismaningsih4 7

1Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, 8

Semarang 50275, Indonesia 9

2Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro 10

University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia 11

3Center for Coastal Rehabilitation and Disaster Mitigation Studies, Diponegoro University, 12

Semarang 50275, Indonesia 13

4Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, 14

Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan 15

*Corresponding author: e-mail: viviendar23@gmail.com 16

Abstract 17

Maggot is one of feed sourced ingredients with high nutrient content, 44.89% of crude 18

protein, 14.67% of crude fat, 9.82% of crude fiber, 20.75% of ash, and 9.87% of nitrogen-free extract 19

ingredients. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of maggot meal utilization as 20

fish meal substitution to improve the efficiency of feed utilization and growth of striped snakehead 21

fish (Channa striata) seed. Fish samples used were striped snakehead fish with an average 22

individual weight of 0.87 ± 0.01 grams/fish. Feeding for fish samples was done every day at 08:00, 23

12:00, and 16:00 in West Indonesia Time by fix feeding rate method. Fish samples reared for 60 24

days with a stocking density of 1 head/L. This study was conducted by experimental method using 25

completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Treatment A was 26

without maggot meal substitution, B was with 10% maggot meal substitution, C was with 20% 27

maggot meal substitution, and D was with 30% maggot meal substitution. Data which observed 28

were feed utilization efficiency, protein efficiency ratio (PER), relative growth rate (RGR), survival 29

rate (SR), and water quality. The best composition of fish meal substitution with maggot meal was 30

at the treatment C with 20% maggot meal to fish meal composition, which resulted in 14.12 ± 0.76% 31

of RGR, 71.57 ± 2.82% of feed utilization efficiency, and 2.01 ± 0.08% of PER. In conclusion, test 32

feed with a 20% -25% substitution of maggot meal on the fish meal was the best dose for striped 33

snakehead fish growth. 34

35

Keywords: maggot, fish meal, feed utilization, growth, survival rate. 36

37

1. Introduction 38

Striped snakehead fish (Channa striata) is one of the local commodities with high economic 39

value. The sales of striped snakehead fish (C. striata) on the market are still profitable, with a 40

price range of Rp 40,000-60,000 per kg. Striped snakehead fish contains 60% albumin 41

compounds in 100 g of its meat, which is higher than other types of fish (Permadi et al., 2017). 42

The high price of fish is caused by the high usage of good quality fish meal that is still expensive 43

as an artificial feed ingredient. Indonesia still imports 70,000 tons of fish meal valued at Rp 1.17 44

trillion, equivalent to Rp 17,000 / kg, while the use of local fish meal is only 30,000 tons so that 45

the price of fish meal is still high (Muliantara, 2012). 46

A feed is the most important factor in influencing growth and makes feed utilization in 47

striped snakehead fish (C. striata) more efficient. Maggot meal is an alternative feed ingredient 48

that has nutritional value that is almost the same as fish meal, but its price is lower than fish 49

meal. The addition of maggot meal in artificial feed can increase the growth of striped snakehead 50

fish (C. striata) because maggot meal has a high protein content. Maggot has the same protein 51

content as fish meal, which is about 40-50% (Kardana et al., 2012). The usage of maggot as feed 52

ingredient has many advantages including reducing organic waste, not carrying or becoming an 53

agent of disease, it makes the striped snakehead fish (C. striata) can live in a wide pH tolerance 54

and has a long life (± 4 weeks), and not requiring high technology to get it. Maggot which 55

produces the highest protein is in the pre-pupa phase wherein that phase the maggot larvae have 56

not eaten and are ready to become cocooned (Fahmi et al., 2008). 57

Study on the substitution of maggot meal on the fish meal as artificial feed ingredient on 58

pomfret fish (Colossoma macropomum) with the best treatment of 20% substitution of maggot 59

meal on fish meal had been carried out by Kardana et al., (2012). Based on this study, the 60

substitution of maggot meal on fish meal in artificial feed had been proven to improve feed 61

utilization efficiency and fish growth. However, study on the utilization of maggot meal as fish 62

meal substitution for striped snakehead fish (C. striata) has never been done before. Based on 63

this condition, a study on the utilization of maggot meal as fish meal substitution to improve 64

growth and feed utilization efficiency in striped snakehead fish (C. striata) seeds was conducted. 65

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze maggot meal substitution on a fish 66

meal to improve growth and feed utilization efficiency in striped snakehead fish (C. striata) 67

seeds. The results of this study are expected to provide information to farmers in choosing the 68

usage of feed technology as an alternative that can meet the nutritional needs of striped 69

snakehead fish (C. striata) to improve its growth and feed utilization efficiency. This research 70

was carried out from December 2017 to April 2018 at the Mijen Fish Seed Center and the 71

Aquaculture Laboratory at Diponegoro University Semarang. 72

73

2. Materials and Methods 74

The tested fish used in this study were striped snakehead fish (C. striata) with an average weight 75

of 0.87 ± 0.01 g / fish. Stocking density of striped snakehead fish for each container was 1 fish / L. 76

The striped snakehead fish which used were 180 fishes and were obtained from Budi Fish Farm, 77

Sleman, Yogyakarta. Feed was given 3 times a day at 08:00, 12:00 and 16:00 in West Indonesia 78

Time, with fix feeding rate method. The container used in this study was 12 plastic buckets with a 79

water volume of 15 L as a treatment unit and each bucket was installed with an aerator. The 80

experimental design which used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 81

treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were as follows: 82

1. Treatment A: test feed with a 0% substitution of maggot meal on fish meal 83

2. Treatment B: test feed with a 10% substitution of maggot meal on fish meal 84

3. Treatment C: test feed with a 20% substitution of maggot meal on fish meal 85

4. Treatment D: test feed with a 30% substitution of maggot meal on fish meal 86

The study was carried out refers to previous study conducted by Kardana et al. (2012) which 87

stated that the best maggot meal dose was in the treatment of 20% maggot meal substitution which 88

produced 2.027% of Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and 56.80% of Feed Utilization Efficiency (FUE). 89

The stages before making the test feed were preparing all the ingredients, furthermore, proximate 90

analysis of the ingredients was done and calculating the feed formulation to be used. After knowing 91

the proximate analysis results of each ingredient, the ingredients were used to calculate the feed 92

formulation. Proximate analysis and composition of feed ingredients can be presented in Table 1. 93

The feed used in this study is feed with a protein content of 35%. Nutritional content of proximate 94

results is used to calculate feed formulations. The composition of the feed used in the study is 95

presented in Table 2. The data observed in this study include specific growth rate (SGR), feed 96

utilization efficiency (FUE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), survival rate (SR), and water quality 97

parameters. 98

2.1 Specific Growth Rate (SGR) 99

Specific growth rate in this study was calculated using the formula by Wirabakti (2006) as follows: 100

SGR = Ln Wt – ln Wo

x 100% t

Description: 101

SGR = Specific growth rate (%/day) 102

Wt = Total weight of fish at the end of maintenance (g) 103

Wo = Total weight of fish at the beginning of maintenance (g) 104

t = Length of maintenance (day) 105

106

2.2 Feed Utilization Efficiency (FUE) 107

Feed Utilization Efficiency can be determined using the formula by Watanabe (1988), as follows: 108

109 FUE = Wt – W0 x 100% 110

F 111

Description: 112

FUE = Feed Utilization Efficiency (%) 113

Wt = Biomass weight of tested fish at the end of the experiment (g) 114

W0 = Biomass weight of tested fish at the beginning of the experiment (g) 115

F = The amount of feed given to fish during the experiment (g) 116

2.3 Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) 117

Protein efficiency ratio can be determined using the formula by Tacon (1987), as follows: 118

119 120

121

122 123

Description: 124

PER = Protein efficiency ratio (%) 125

Wt = Total weight of fish at the end of experiment (g) 126

W0 = Total weight of fish at the beginning of experiment (g) 127

Pi = The amount of test feed consumed is multiplied by the protein content (%) of the test feed 128

2.4 Survival Rate (SR) 129

PER = Wt – W0

x 100% Pi

Survival Rate (SR) was calculated to determine the mortality rate of tested fish during experiment, 130

Survival Rate can be determined using the formula by Wirabakti (2006), as follows: 131

132 133

134 135

Description: 136

SR = Survival Rate (%) 137

Nt = The total amount of fish that survive at the end of the observation (fish) 138

N0 = The total amount of fish at the beginning of the observation (fish) 139

Data analysis which carried out were the relative growth rate (RGR), total feed consumption 140

(TFC), feed utilization efficiency (FUE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and survival rate (SR). After 141

the data were obtained, then they were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 142

confidence intervals of 95% to see the effect of the treatments. Before analyzing the variance, the 143

normality test, homogeneity test, and additivity test were first carried out. Normality test, 144

homogeneity test, and additivity test were carried out to ensure the data is spread normally, 145

homogeneous, and additive. Data is analyzed (F test) with confidence intervals of 95%. If there are 146

significant differences (P < 0.05) in the analysis of variance, then Duncan's multiple range test will 147

be conducted to find out the median value differences between treatments. Normality, 148

Homogeneity, Duncan and Descriptive Tests were carried out using SPSS version 23 software. 149

Additivity test was done using Microsoft Excel 2016 and water quality analysis was carried out 150

descriptively to compare the value of feasibility to support growth. 151

SR = Nt

x 100 % N0

2.5 Proximate analysis. The proximate chemical composition of the samples was determined 152

using a standard procedure (AOAC 2005 and Herawati et al, 2018). The crude protein content was 153

calculated by multiplying the total nitrogen factor. The carbohydrate content was estimated by the 154

difference. 155

2.6 Essential amino acid profile. The amino acid composition of the sample was determined using 156

HPLC (Shimadzu LC-6A) (AOAC 2005; Herawati et al, 2018). 157

2.7 Fatty acid profile. The fatty acid composition of the sample was determined using a gas 158

chromatograph (Shimadzu) (AOAC 2005; Herawati et al, 2018). 159

160 3. Results 161

Based on the results of the study, the effect of maggot meal substitution on fish meal in artificial 162

feed towards specific growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization, protein efficiency ratio, survival 163

rate, and biomass weight are presented in Table 3. 164

The highest results of each variable those were specific growth rate (SGR), feed utilization 165

efficiency (FUE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and survival rate (SR) of striped snakehead fish (C. 166

striata) for 45 days of observation had been obtained. The highest value of average result of the 167

specific growth rate (SGR) for each treatment is in treatment C (20% of maggot meal substitution) 168

which is 4.61 ± 0.011%, while the lowest result is in treatment A (without maggot meal substitution) 169

which is 3.02 ± 0.20 %. The highest value of average result of the feed utilization efficiency (FUE) 170

for each treatment is in treatment C (20% of maggot meal substitution) which is 71.57 ± 2.82%, while 171

the lowest result is in treatment A (without maggot meal substitution) which is 42.94 ± 3.58%. The 172

highest value of protein efficiency ratio (PER) for each treatment is in treatment C (20% of maggot 173

meal substitution) which is 2.01 ± 0.08%, while the lowest result is in treatment A (without maggot 174

meal substitution) which is 1.21 ± 0.10%. The highest value of survival rate (SR) for each treatment 175

is in treatment C (20% of maggot meal substitution) which is 84.44 ± 3.85%, while the lowest result 176

is in treatment A (without maggot meal substitution) which is 80.00 ± 6.67%. 177

Analysis of variance results of specific growth rates (SGR), efficiency of feed utilization (FUE), 178

protein efficiency ratio (PER) and biomass weight in striped snakehead fish (C. striata) showed that 179

maggot meal substitution on fish meal had a significantly different effect (P < 0.05), while analysis 180

of variance result of survival rate (SR) in striped snakehead fish (C. striata) fed by maggot meal 181

substitution on fish meal did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05). 182

The results of orthogonal polynomial test and curve analysis of specific growth rate (SGR) of 183

striped snakehead fish (C. striata) for 45 days observation is presented in Figure 1. A quadratic 184

relationship (y = -0.0031x2 + 0.1357x +2.9689) and R2 = 0.9276 was obtained from Orthogonal 185

Polynomial test results of Specific Growth Rate (SGR). Based on curve analysis results, the 186

optimum dose is 21.9%. R2 value shows a result of 92.76%. 187

Orthogonal polynomial test results and curve analysis of Feed Utilization Efficiency (FUE) of 188

striped snakehead fish seeds (C. striata) for 45 days of observation are presented in Figure 2. A 189

quadratic relationship (y = -0.0486x2 + 2.2846x + 41.767) and R2 = 0.9093 was obtained from 190

Orthogonal Polynomial test results of Utilization of Feed Utilization (FUE). based on curve analysis 191

results, the optimum dose is 23.5%. R2 value shows a result of 90.93%. 192

Orthogonal polynomial test results and curve analysis of Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) of 193

striped snakehead fish seeds (C. striata) for 45 days of observation are presented in Figure 3. A 194

quadratic relationship (y = -0.0013x2 + 0.0637x + 1.1733) and R2 = 0.9071 was obtained from 195

Orthogonal Polynomial test results of Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER). Based on curve analysis 196

results, the optimum dose is 24.5%. R2 value shows a result of 90.71%. 197

Amino acid content of each treatment and amino acid requirements of striped snakehead fish 198

through manual calculation is presented in Table 4. The highest amino acid profile results were 199

found in amino acids leucine which is 3.38%. The fatty acid content of each treatment and the fatty 200

acid requirements of striped snakehead fish (C. striata) are presented in Table 5. The highest profile 201

results of essential fatty acids were found in linolenic fatty acids, which is 5.76%. 202

Water Quality Parameters 203

The results of measurements of various water quality parameters on striped snakehead fish (C. 204

striata) maintenance media during the study are presented in Table 6. 205

4. Discussion 206

The growth of striped snakehead fish (C. striata) is obtained from the results of specific growth 207

rates which are calculated based on the final weight obtained after the fish has been kept for 45 208

days. The results of the study showed that the highest specific growth rate (SGR) was in the 209

treatment of 20% substitution of maggot meal (C) which was 4.61% and the lowest was at the 210

treatment without substitution of maggot meal (A) which was 3.02%. The specific growth rate (SGR) 211

value is directly proportional to the value of feed utilization efficiency, so that a high value of feed 212

utilization efficiency is followed by a high growth rate. The results of the study found that 213

substitution of maggot meal for fish meal in artificial feed for snakehead fish (C. striata) gave a 214

significant effect (P < 0.05) on the growth of snakehead fish. The results of the study were 215

strengthened using Duncan's multiple range test which shows the specific growth rate in the 10% 216

maggot meal substitution treatment (B); treatment of 20% substitution of maggot meal (C) and 30% 217

substitution of maggot meal (D) significantly different (P < 0.05) against treatment without 218

substitution of maggot meal (A), however, the treatment uses 10% maggot meal substitution; 20% 219

and 30% are not significantly different (P>0.05) between treatments. The optimum dose of maggot 220

meal substitution on fish meal on the growth of snakehead fish seeds are determined by Orthogonal 221

Polynomials test. A quadratic-patterned relationship (y = -0.0031x2 + 0.157x + 2.9689) and R2 = 0.9276 222

was obtained by Orthogonal polynomial test on SGR. Based on the polynomial test with curve 223

analysis, the optimum dose is 21.9%. This proves that the growth of snakehead fish (C. striata) is 224

relatively faster by substituting maggot meal on fish meal in feed. This relatively faster growth is 225

due to the high protein content in maggot meal compared to fish meal, and the amino acid content 226

in feed can meet the amino acid requirements of snakehead fish. The results of this study are 227

consistent with the statements of Fariedah and Widodo (2016) in their study which explained that 228

protein is one of the very important nutrients needed in the growth of snakehead fish, where the 229

snakehead fish protein needs is 35-60% to be converted from feed into body tissue. 230

The use of maggot meal in this study greatly affects the level of suitability of feed given to 231

snakehead fish (C. striata) this is proven by higher growth occurred compared to feed without the 232

substitution of maggot meal. That statement is in line with the results of the Spikadhara et al. (2012) 233

study that the suitability of the type of feed greatly affects an organism for growth and breeding. 234

Snakehead fish (C. striata) are carnivorous fish that use protein more than other elements as a 235

support for growth and energy sources. 236

Specific growth rate values obtained during the study were higher than the result of previous 237

Study conducted by Kardana et al. (2012) with the highest growth rate of 3.027%, with substitution 238

of 20% maggot meal in pomfret fish weighing 2.5 g and Priyadi et al. (2009) with Specific growth 239

rate value of 3.69%, with substitution of 20% maggot meal in balashark fish weighing 1.28 g. The 240

difference in growth between feed added by maggot meal and feed without maggot meal 241

susbtitution gives a significant effect, and the value of feed efficiency also affects the response of 242

fish to feeding. The higher the value of feed efficiency, the response of fish to the feed is better 243

which is indicated by the rapid growth of fish (Arief et al., 2014). 244

The results of the utilization of maggot meal (10%, 20% and 30%) as a substitute for fish meal 245

had a significantly different effect (P < 0.05) on the value of feed utilization efficiency (FUE) of 246

snakehead fish (C. striata). The study showed that the highest value of feed utilization efficiency 247

(FUE) from substitution of fish meal with maggot meal was 20% substitution of maggot meal (C) by 248

71.57 ± 2.82%, and the lowest value was without maggot meal substitution (A) by 42.94 ± 3.58%. 249

The efficiency of feed utilization value that uses maggot meal substitution is the suitable feed 250

efficiency for fish because it meets the requirements of a good FUE which is more than 50%. The 251

results of this study were strengthened by Duncan's statistical test which showed that the efficiency 252

of feed utilization in treatments using 10% (B), 20% (C) and 30% (D) of maggot meal substitution was 253

significantly different (P < 0.05) for treatment that did not use maggot meal substitution (A). The 254

optimum composition of maggot meal substitution in fish meal on the growth of snakehead fish 255

(C. striata) seeds is determined by Orthogonal Polynomials test. A quadratic-patterned relationship 256

(y = -0.0486x2 + 2.2846x + 41.767) and R2 = 0.99093 obtained by Orthogonal Polynomial test on FUE. 257

Based on the polynomial test with curve analysis, the optimum dose is 23.5%. The response of fish 258

to feed that uses maggot meal substitution in feed is faster than feed without maggot meal 259

substitution (treatment A). The statement is in line with Arief et al. (2014) statement in his study 260

which stated that the higher the value of feed efficiency, the response of fish to feed is better which 261

is indicated by the rapid growth of fish. Kardana et al., (2012) in his study stated that maggot meal 262

added in artificial feed provides fish stimulation in its feeding, therefore, maggot meal has higher 263

protein content, resulting in rapid growth in the use of feed given. The use of maggot meal as a 264

substitute for fish meal has a significant effect on fish growth and efficiency of feed utilization. 265

This is proven by the results of this study that shows 30% substitution of maggot meal provides 266

feed utilization efficiency that is directly proportional to its growth. The results of this study are in 267

accordance with Kardana et al. (2012) statement in his study which stated that feed efficiency is a 268

comparison between body weight produced with the amount of feed given during cultivation, the 269

greater the value of feed efficiency, the better the fish utilizes the food consumed so that the weight 270

of meat produced by fish is increased by providing feed efficiency that is directly proportional to 271

body weight. 272

The value of feed utilization efficiency results from this study is higher than previous study of 273

maggot meal substitution conducted by Kardana et al. (2012), where the highest feed utilization 274

efficiency was 56.80% in the 20% of maggot meal substitution in pomfret weighing 2.5 g. The 275

content of protein in feed greatly affects the utilization of feed so that it gives a difference in the 276

feed utilization efficiency value. Protein is one of the most important nutrients needed in the growth 277

of fish, at least striped snakehead fish requires 35-60% protein in its feed to be converted from feed 278

to body tissue (Fariedah & Widodo, 2016). 279

The results showed that the use of maggot meal (10%, 20% and 30%) as a substitute for fish meal 280

had a significantly different effect (P < 0.05) on the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of snakehead fish 281

(C. striata). The highest PER value was in the treatment of 20% of maggot meal substitution (C) 282

which was 2.01 ± 0.08% and the lowest was in the treatment without substitution of maggot meal 283

(A) which was 1.21 ± 0.10%. PER value is related to the utilization of protein in feed. The high PER 284

in the 20% treatment of maggot meal substitution (C) was thought that the feed given could increase 285

the protein and energy content in the feed so that it could meet the minimum protein requirements 286

and snakehead fish feed energy for growth. Yulisman et al. (2012) reinforced the results of this study 287

where the protein content of 35% in feed had met the minimum requirements for snakehead fish. 288

The higher the PER value, the higher the specific growth rate (SGR), this is because protein 289

can break down into amino acids so that it is more easily absorbed and utilized by the body. This 290

is reinforced by Craig and Helfrich (2017) that the high protein efficiency ratio is caused by protein 291

can be broken down into amino acids and their constituents, so that the absorption of protein in the 292

fish's body will be easier. Good protein absorption has a positive impact on biomass weight growth. 293

This is reinforced by Li et al. (2012) that the higher the protein conversion value of a feed, indicating 294

that the feed is more efficient because the existing protein can be used optimally. 295

The high PER and SGR values are thought to be due to the amino acid content and fatty acids 296

in feed that meet the needs of amino acids and fatty acids needs of striped snakehead fish. This is 297

reinforced by Bicudo and Cyrino (2014) that feed in fish farming must be complete and balanced, 298

providing essential amino acids and adequate fatty acids for optimal growth and fish health. 299

According to Craig and Helfrich (2017), essential amino acids and fatty acids are key molecules 300

for building proteins, furthermore fatty acids are also key molecules to regulate metabolic 301

pathways including cell signaling, appetite stimulation, growth and development, energy 302

utilization, immunity, osmoregulation, ammonia detoxification, anti-oxidative defense, 303

metamorphosis, pigmentation, intestinal and neural development, stress response, reproduction, 304

and emphasis in aggressive behavior of aquatic animals. 305

Arginine is an essential amino acid that is useful in increasing the body's resistance or 306

production of lymphocytes, increasing the release of growth hormone or human growth hormone 307

(HGH), and increasing male fish’s fertility (Linder, 1992). Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino 308

acid that plays a role in supporting brain function, facilitating learning, and strengthening memory. 309

Besides, glutamic acid is also useful to help in increasing muscle mass (enlarging muscles) 310

(Winarno, 2008). Tryptophan (Trp) is an EAA precursor of serotonin that contributes on protein 311

synthesis and growth performance, influences behavior and food intake, and acts as a metabolic 312

precursor of the vitamin niacin (Ahmed, 2010). When associated with niacin, Trp interferes with 313

the metabolism of proteins and lipids. In addition to these functions, Trp is an amino acid that 314

stimulates the growth hormone and the secretion of insulin (Rossi & Tirapegui, 2004; Dyer et al., 315

2004). Leucine is the most effective amino acid that has effect on protein synthesis and degradation 316

in mammals and plays an important role body adipose deposition. Leucine has been proven to be 317

an EAA for fish and deficiency or an excess dietary leucine level reduced growth performance and 318

feed utilization of several fish species (Mingchun et al., 2015). 319

Lipid composition and fatty acid composition in fish differ depending on various factors: their 320

aquatic environment (marine water, freshwater, and cold or warm water) and the biological, 321

physical, and chemical properties of that environment. Furthermore, seasonal changes, migration, 322

sexual maturity and spawning period, species, feeding habits, and whether reared in aquaculture 323

or grown in natural habitats affect the lipid/fatty acid composition (Aras et al., 2002). The linoleic 324

refers to the substrate of the forming of long chain of PUFA. The result of this research is 325

strengthened through the statement of (Pratiwi et al., 2009; Ouli 2012) that the linoleic acts as the 326

basic substrate of forming the long chain of Omega 6 and Omega 3. 327

The palmitic content was found at the highest level in this research because of the function 328

of energy storage both in the form of phytoplankton and zooplankton. This statement has 329

strengthened the result of the research conducted by Lim et al. (2011), stating that the palmitic refers 330

to the one as energy storage that later is used for the biosynthesis process of SAFA. 331

The results were strengthened using Duncan's statistical test which is found that protein 332

efficiency ratio in treatments using 10% (B), 20% (C) and 30% (D) substitution of maggot meal was 333

significantly different (P < 0.05) against treatment without maggot meal substitution (A). The 334

optimum dose of substitution of maggot meal in fish meal on the growth of snakehead fish seeds 335

(C. striata) is determined by Orthogonal Polynomials test. A quadratic pattern relationship (y = -336

0.0013x2 + 0.0637x + 1.1733) and R2 = 0.9071 was obtained by Orthogonal Polynomial test on PER. 337

Based on the polynomial test with curve analysis, the optimum dose is 24.5%. This is due to the 338

substitution of maggot meal which can affect the protein utilization ratio. The energy obtained for 339

growth comes from protein, feed protein can be said to be good if it has a good digestibility level. 340

Feed protein with good digestibility will be able to be utilized by the body so that it can produce 341

growth. Snakehead fish is a type of carnivorous fish that requires high protein for its growth. 342

Fariedah and Widodo (2016) explained that protein is one of the nutrients that is very important for 343

the growth of fish by requiring 35-60% of the protein that is in its feed is converted into body tissues, 344

like most of carnivorous fishes which will experience optimum growth with the availability of 345

protein content around 35-50% protein in the feed. 346

The protein value of the ratio efficiency was higher than the previous study result of maggot 347

meal substitution conducted by Priyadi et al. (2009), with the highest protein efficiency ratio of 348

0.83% on the substitution of 10% maggot meal in balashark fish weighing ± 2.2 g. The difference in 349

protein efficiency ratio value causes different growths, this is thought to be due to changes in 350

temperature that change significantly which can cause the appetite of snakehead fish is decreased. 351

A significant decrease in temperature can cause decreasing of snakehead fish’s appetite, however, 352

striped snakehead fish can still live (Fariedah & Widodo, 2016). 353

The results showed that the use of maggot meal as a substitute for fish meal in artificial feed 354

had r no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the survival rate of snakehead fish (C. striata). The highest 355

average survival rate value is in the treatment of 20% substitution of maggot meal (C) and the lowest 356

is in treatment without substitution of maggot meal (A) that is equal to 80.00 ± 6.67%. Survival rate 357

value which is not much different between each treatment showed that maggot meal substitution 358

on fish meal give the same effect for each treatment. Fish survival rate is not directly affected by 359

feed. Fish that died were thought to be due to stress during the study. This is caused by water 360

quality, especially fluctuating temperatures. Widayarti (2017) stated that the low survival rate is 361

thought to be related to a decrease in the fish's resistance to stress. Low survival rate value is not 362

due to the treatment of commercial feed or rough fish. Fish maintenance is supported by the 363

presence of fecal filtration and routine filter cleaning that can support the life of snakehead fish. 364

Based on the water quality parameters that have been observed during the maintenance of 365

snakehead fish (C. striata) for 45 days, the results of relatively fluctuating temperatures range from 366

24-30ºC but the range of temperature values is still at the tolerance limit. The statement of this 367

study is in line with Hidayatullah et al. (2015) which stated that the temperature range that can be 368

tolerated by snakehead fish is 27–32oC. Furthermore, the pH value obtained is 6.7 – 7.4. According 369

to Hidayatullah et al. (2015), the pH value of 5.2 – 7.8 is still considered tolerable by snakehead fish. 370

Sasanti and Yulisman (2012), stated that snakehead fish is a fish that can still survive in conditions 371

of acidic and alkaline water. Ammonia content during the study ranged from 0.022 to 0.288 mg/L. 372

According to Extrada et al. (2013), ammonia content for snakehead fish seeds cultivation of 0.54 – 373

1.57 mg/L still can be tolerated by snakehead fish. The dissolved oxygen level which obtained in 374

this study was 2.96 – 3.06 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen levels in this study are still considered normal. 375

Fariedah and Widodo, (2016) stated that dissolved oxygen needed by striped snakehead fish is more 376

than 3 mg/L. 377

378

5. Conclusion 379

The best treatment on a test feed with a 20% substitution of maggot meal on fish meal resulted in 380

4.61% SGR; FUE 71.57%; PER 01.01% and FBW 6.32 g. Based on optimum orthogonal polynomial 381

dosing for SGR at 21.9%, PER at 24.5%, and FUE 23.5%. Overall the test feed with a 20%-25% 382

substitution of maggot meal on fish meal was the best dose for the growth of striped snakehead 383

fish. 384

385

Acknowledgement 386

The authors would like to thank the Head of the Mijen Fish Seed Center who has helped in 387

providing the facilities and infrastructure in this study, and all those who have helped start from 388

research preparation, research implementation and completion of this paper. 389

390

391

392

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Figure 1. Polynomial Orthogonal Graph and Curve Analysis Result of Specific Growth Rate 486

(SGR) 487

488

489

490

y = -0.0031x2 + 0.1357x + 2.9689

R² = 0.9276

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Sp

ecif

ic G

row

th R

ate

(%)

Treatment

491

492

Figure 2. Polynomial Orthogonal Graph and Curve Analysis Result of Feed Utilization 493

Efficiency (FUE) 494

495

y = -0.0486x2 + 2.2846x + 41.767

R² = 0.9093

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Fee

d U

tili

zati

on

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

Treatment

496

497

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Figure 3. Polynomial Orthogonal Graph and Curve Analysis Result of Protein Efficiency Ratio 499

(PER) 500

501

502

503

504

505

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507

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509

510

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514

y = -0.0013x2 + 0.0637x + 1.1733

R² = 0.9071

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Pro

tein

Eff

icie

ncy

Rati

o(%

)

Treatment

515

Table 1. Proximate analysis of feed ingredients (in % of dry weight) 516

Ingredients Water Protein

Nitrogen

-free

extract

Fat Crude

Fiber Ash Total (%)

Fish Meal 0 48.01 13.29 5.53 0.00

33.17 100

Maggot Meal 0 44.89 9.87 14.67 9.82

20.75 100

Soybean Meal 0 50.53 37.36 0.94 3.72 5.28 100

Corn Gluten Meal 0 9.67 84.41 0.34 3.99 1.59 100

Bran Meal 0 11.29 49.36 8.03 21.08

10.24 100

Wheat Flour 0 10.57 86.45 1.06 1.20 0.72 100

517

518

Table 2. Composition and proximate analysis of feed used during experiment 519

Ingredients Tested Feed (g/100 g of Feed)

A (0%) B (10%) C (20%) D (30%)

Fish Meal 31.00 27.90 24.80 21.70

Maggot Meal 0.00 4.01 8.01 12.02

Soybean Meal 28.00 28.00 29.00 29.00

Corn Gluten Meal 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

Bran Meal 14.00 14.00 13.00 13.00

Wheat Flour 13.00 12.09 11.19 10.28

Fish Oil 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Corn Oil 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

Vitamins-minerals mix 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Carboxymethylcellulos

e (CMC) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

TOTAL (%) 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Proximate Analysis Results

Protein (%) 35.58 35.71 35.61 35.58

Nitrogen-free extract (%) 34.51 34.02 33.44 32.95

Fat (%) 8.25 8.66 9.00 9.40

Energy (kcal)* 277.45 279.18 281.46 283.19

E/P Ratio** 8.81 8.88 8.88 8.95

Description: 520

*Nutrition and Feed Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal 521

Husbandry and Agriculture, Diponegoro University, 2018. 522

**E/P value for optimal fish growth ranged between 8-9 kcal/g (De Silva, 1987). 523

Table 3. The average value towards the specific growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization, protein 524

efficiency ratio, survival rate, and biomass weight 525

Parameters Treatments

A B C D

SGR (%) 3.02 ± 0.20d 3.87 ± 0.15a 4.61 ± 0.011a 4.23 ± 0.08a

FUE (%) 42.94 ± 3.58d 56.23 ± 1.57bc 71.57 ± 2.82ab 65.43 ± 0.76bc

PER (%) 1.21 ± 0.10d 1.57 ± 0.04cb 2.01 ± 0.08ab 1.84 ± 0.02bc

SR (%) 80.00 ± 6.67a 84.44 ± 3.85a 84.44 ± 3.85a 82.22 ± 3.85a

W0 (g) 0.88 ± 0.01a 0.87 ± 0.01a 0.88 ± 0.01a 0.87 ± 0.01a

Wt (g) 3.90 ± 0.06d 5.25 ± 0.07bc 7.20 ± 0.09a 4.56 ± 0.09cb

FBW (g) 3.023 ± 0.063d 4.38 ± 0.08cb 6.32 ± 0.09a 5.39 ± 0.08bc

Description: The mean values with the same superscript letters show the same value (P > 0.05) 526

between treatments, while different superscript letters show different values (P < 0.05) 527

between treatments. 528

529 530 531

Table 4. Amino acid content of each treatment and amino acid requirements of striped snakehead 532

fish (C. striata) 533

Amino Acid Requirements* A (0%) B (10%) C (20%) D (30%)

Arginine 1.74 2.70 2.96 3.49 3.36

Histidine 0.78 0.88 1.04 1.36 1.28

Isoleucine 0.99 1.61 1.75 2.01 1.98

Leucine 2.01 2.51 2.81 3.41 3.38

Lysine 1.16 1.97 2.14 2.50 2.46

Methionine 1.07 1.23 1.69 2.41 2.34

Phenylalanine 1.64 1.89 2.04 2.34 2.19

Threonine 0.90 1.49 1.55 1.66 1.60

Tryptophan 1.91 0.84 1.02 1.39 1.36

Valine 0.96 1.97 2.00 2.07 2.04

Description: * Rahayu et al. (2016) 534

535

Table 5. The fatty acid content of each treatment and the fatty acid requirements of striped 536

snakehead fish (C. striata) 537

Saturated Fatty

Acids

Samples

Requirements* A (0%) B (10%) C (20%) D (30%)

Methyl Butyrate < 0.1 0.88 ± 0.09 0.33 ± 0.06 2.66 ± 0.02 0.88 ± 0.09

Methyl

Hexanoate < 0.1 1.89 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.02 3.52 ± 0.07 1.89 ± 0.03

Methyl

Undecanoate < 0.1 1.09 ± 0.02 2.25 ± 0.09 3.47 ± 0.03 3.09 ± 0.02

Methyl Laurate 0.23 1.83 ± 0.02 1.90 ± 0.08 2.82 ± 0.04 1.83 ± 0.02

Methyl

Tridecanoate 0.89 3.82 ± 0.06 2.65 ± 0.08 4.78 ± 0.03 3.82 ± 0.06

Methyl

Pentadecanoate 2.27 3.46 ± 0.08 3.75 ± 0.09 4.99 ± 0.01 3.86 ± 0.08

Methyl

Palmitate 0.73 7.85 ± 0.02 5.93 ± 0.06 7.09 ± 0.03 7.85 ± 0.02

Methyl

Heptadecanoate 0.97 1.28 ± 0.07 1.80 ± 0.09 2.15 ± 0.05 1.28 ± 0.07

Methyl

Arachidate 4.75 4.73 ± 0.07 5.45 ± 0.03 6.65 ± 0.02 5.37 ± 0.07

Methyl

Tricosanoate 1.26 1.35 ± 0.02 1.93 ± 0.06 2.09 ± 0.03 1.85 ± 0.02

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Linoleic < 0.1 2.06±0.02 2.97±0.06 4.81±0.04 4.06±0.02

Linolenic < 0.1 2.74±0.05 3.08±0.09 5.76±0.06 3.74±0.05

Erucate 2.93 1.63±0.02 2.62±0.05 3.05±0.01 2.83±0.02

Eicosapentaenoic 0.93 1.08±0.04 2.07±0.03 2.67±0.01 1.98±0.04

Docosahexaenoic < 0.1 0.72±0.02 1.15±0.06 1.59±0.07 1.22±0.02

Description: * Rahayu et al. (2016) 538

539

Table 6. Results of measurement of various water quality parameters in media maintenance of 540

striped snakehead fish (C. striata) during experiment 541

Water Quality

Parameters

Range of Water Quality Parameter

Values References

Temperature (ºC) 24 – 30 26 – 32* pH 6.7 - 7.4 5.2 – 7.8* DO (mg/L) 2.96 - 3.06 > 3.00** NH3 (mg/L) 0.022 – 0.288 0.54 – 1.57***

542

Description: * : Hidayatullah et al. (2015) 543

** : Fariedah and Widodo (2016) 544

*** : Extrada et al. (2013) 545

546

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548

549

550

551