effect of intercropping and fertilization on some ……حمد أحمد إبراهيم عبد... ·...

EFFECT OF INTERCROPPING AND FERTILIZATION ON SOME

MEDICINAL PLANTS

BY MOHAMMED AHMED IBRAHIM ABDEL-KADER

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

of

the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

in Agriculture Sciences

(Horticulture - Floriculture)

Department of Horticulture Faculty of Agriculture

Zagazig University

2012

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MEDICINAL PLANTS

BY

MOHAMMED AHMED IBRAHIM ABDEL-KADER B.Sc. Agric. Sci., (Horticulture), Faculty of Agriculture,

Zagazig University (2002) M.Sc. Agric. Sci., (Horticulture-Floriculture), Faculty of

Agriculture, Zagazig University (2008)

Under the Supervision of :

Prof. Dr. Gamal Atta Atta Bishr …… )توفاه اهللا( ……

Prof. Emeritus of Floriculture and Medicinal Plants,

Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig University.

Prof. Dr. Ali Abd-El-Hamead Ali Meawad ………………

Prof. Emeritus of Floriculture and Medicinal Plants,


Dr. Hesham Abdel-All El-Shamy ………………

Assist. Prof. of Floriculture and Medicinal Plants,


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Approval Sheet


MEDICINAL PLANTS BY

MOHAMMED AHMED IBRAHIM ABDEL-KADER B.Sc. Agric. Sci., (Horticulture), Faculty of Agriculture,

Zagazig University (2002) M.Sc. Agric. Sci., (Horticulture-Floriculture), Faculty of

Agriculture, Zagazig University (2008)

This thesis for Ph. D. degree has been

approved by :

Prof. Dr. Eid Mohammed Koriesh ……………… Prof. Emeritus of Floriculture and Medicinal Plants, Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Suez Canal University.

Prof. Dr. Safaa Mustafa Mohamed Mustafa …………… Prof. of Floriculture and Medicinal Plants,

Hort. Dept., Dean of Fac. Agric., Benha University.

Prof. Dr. Ali Abd-El-Hamead Ali Meawad ……………… Prof. Emeritus of Floriculture and Medicinal Plants, Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig University.

Dr. Hesham Abdel-All El-Shamy ……………… Assist. Prof. of Floriculture and Medicinal Plants, Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig University.

Date of examination: 24/4/2012

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ABSTRACT The present work aimed to study the effect of using different

intercropping systems between roselle with guar, nitrogen fertilization rates and their interaction treatments on growth, yield components, anthocyanin and oil content (of roselle) and guaran production (of guar) and some chemical constituents as well as some competitive relationships [land equivalent ratio (LER), area time equivalent ratio (ATER), land utilization efficiency (LUE) and aggressivity (A)] of both crops. The used intercropping system treatments were sole crop of roselle and guar (control), (1: 2), (1: 3) and (2: 4) of roselle and guar, respectively. Whereas, the nitrogen fertilization rates were 0.00 (control), 18, 36 and 72 kg N / faddan, beside, each treatment of intercropping systems was combined with each rate of nitrogen fertilization to form 20 interaction treatments.

The obtained results cleared that using intercropping system of one row of roselle with three rows of guar increased the values of growth characters, yield components, anthocyanin, oil, and guaran production of roselle and guar plants. Furthermore, the maximum increase in this respect was obtained from the treatment of full dose of nitrogen compared with the other ones under study. In addition, from studying competitive relationships, it was clear that, roselle and guar plants could be intercropped successfully under Sharkia Governorate conditions in order to maximize the land use efficiency. The highest LER, ATER and LUE values (1.26 and 1.18, 1.16 and 1.13 and 122% and 118%) were achieved by the interaction treatment between intercropping system of one row of roselle alternating with three rows of guar with full dose of nitrogen during both seasons, respectively. Generally, it could be obtained from one faddan, by using the intercropping system of 1:3 and nitrogen full dose of 72 kg N / faddan, the same yield which would required about 1.26 or 1.18 faddan if each crop cultivated alone.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise is to ALLAH, Who has guided us to this work; never

could we have found guidance, had it not been for the guidance of ALLAH.

The author is greatly honored to express his sincere gratitude to late Prof. Dr. Gamal Atta Atta Bishr, Professor Emeritus of Floriculture and Medicinal plants, Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University for giving the honor of working under his supervision, valuable guidance and encouragement during study and preparation of this thesis.

The author is greatly honored to express his sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ali Abd-El-Hamead Ali Meawad, Professor Emeritus of Floriculture and Medicinal plants, Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University for his ideal supervision, suggesting the problem, long lasting beneficial instructions, valuable help to plan this study and continuous guidance during the preparation and writing of the manuscript.

My deepest thanks are offered to Dr. Hesham Abdel-All El-Shamy, Assistant Professor of Floriculture and Medicinal plants, Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University for his ideal supervision, valuable guidance and encouragement during study and preparation of this thesis.

Many thanks are due to my friend (Mohammad Meawad), all friends and staff members of the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University for their kind helps through this work.

I am very much obligate to my dear family members, viz., my father (Mr. Ahmed Ibrahim), Mother, my uncle Mohammad, Brothers (Helmy, Hasan and Bassam), Sisters, my wife Ahlam, my daughters Salma and Radwa and husbands of my sisters for their helps, encouragement and support.

CONTENTS Page

I. INTRODUCTION………………….……….....……… 1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE……….……….……… 5 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS……..………….… 40 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………….…… 52 1. Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization

rate and their interaction treatments on roselle plant…………..…………………….…………...…...

52 1.1. Vegetative growth………………….…………….……... 52 1.1.1. Plant height …….……………………………..…..….… 52 1.1.2. Number of branches / plant………..………………….… 56 1.1.3. Number of leaves / plant………..…….………....……… 58 1.1.4. Fresh weight of leaves / plant ……….……..…..…….…. 62 1.1.5. Dry weight of leaves / plant ……………..……..………. 65 1.1.6. Fresh weight of branches / plant ………………..……… 71 1.1.7. Dry weight of branches / plant ……….….…………..… 74 1.2. Root system parameters…………………...…….……. 78 1.2.1. Fresh weight of root / plant …….……………....….…… 78 1.2.2. Dry weight of root / plant …….………................……… 81 1.2.3. Root length ……………...……………….………...…… 83 1.2.4. Root diameter …... …………………………......….…… 87 1.3. Yield components……………………..………….……. 90 1.3.1. Number of fruits per plant………...….………………… 90 1.3.2. Fresh weight of fruits per plant …………………....….. 93 1.3.3. Dry weight of fruits per plant………………...……… 96

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1.3.4. Fresh sepals yield / plant ………………………..…… 98 1.3.5. Dry sepals yield / plant………………..……..…..…… 101 1.3.6. Fresh sepals yield / faddan ………….…………..…… 107 1.3.7. Dry sepals yield / faddan………………………..….… 110 1.3.8. Seed yield / plant……………………….……..….…… 112 1.3.9. Seed yield / faddan …….………………………...…… 116 1.4. Anthocyanin production……..……………………… 119 1.4.1. Sepals anthocyanin content …..…………………..……… 119 1.5. Oil production……………….……………………... 125 1.5.1. Oil percentage…………………………………………… 125 1.5.2. Oil yield / plant…………..……………..…………….. 128 1.5.3. Oil yield / faddan…………………..……...………….. 132 1.6. Chemical constituents………..…………..…..…….. 135 1.6.1. Chlorophyll A content in leaves……….…………….. 135 1.6.2. Chlorophyll B content in leaves…….……………….. 138 1.6.3. Chlorophyll A+B content in leaves …………..….. 140 1.6.4. Carotenoids content in leaves……….….……………. 143 1.6.5. Total carbohydrates percentage in sepals…………… 145 1.6.6. Total carbohydrates content per plant………….……. 148 1.6.7. Total nitrogen percentage in sepals………….………. 151 1.6.8. Total nitrogen content per plant…………..………….. 153 1.6.9. Total protein percentage in sepals……..…….………. 156 1.6.10. Total protein content per plant…………….……….. 159 1.6.11. Total phosphorus percentage in sepals…………….. 162 1.6.12. Total phosphorus content per plant……….……...... 165 1.6.13. Potassium percentage in sepals……….…………..... 167

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1.6.14. Potassium content per plant…………………….…... 170 1.6.15. Total soluble solids content………………....……… 172 2. Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization

rate and their interaction treatments on guar plant…………………………………………………..

175 2.1. Vegetative growth……………..………………….……... 175 2.1.1. Plant height …….……………………………...…..….… 175 2.1.2. Number of branches / plant………..………….…...….… 178 2.1.3. Number of leaves / plant………..…….………....……… 181 2.1.4. Fresh weight of leaves / plant ……….…….……...……. 184 2.1.5. Dry weight of leaves / plant ………………...…….……. 187 2.1.6. Fresh weight of branches / plant ………………..……… 193 2.1.7. Dry weight of branches / plant ……….…..………..…… 196 2.2. Root system parameters…………..…….……….……. 198 2.2.1. Fresh weight of root / plant …….…………...…..……… 198 2.2.2. Dry weight of root / plant …….……...............….……… 201 2.2.3. Root length ……………..……………..…………...…… 204 2.2.4. Root diameter …... ………………...……......……..…… 208 2.3. Yield components………..……………………….……. 210 2.3.1. Number of pods / plant …………....…….………....…… 210 2.3.1. Seed yield / plant……………………..….……………… 213 2.3.3. Seed yield / faddan…………………….…..……………. 217 2.4. Guaran production…………….…….……………... 219 2.4.1. Guaran percentage…………………..………………….. 219 2.4.2. Guaran yield per plant……………...…………………… 222 2.4.3. Guaran yield per faddan……………………..…………. 229

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2.5. Chemical constituents…………...………………….. 231 2.5.1. Chlorophyll A content in leaves…………………..……. 231 2.5.2. Chlorophyll B content in leaves……….………..………. 234 2.5.3. Chlorophyll A + B content in leaves……….……..…….. 236 2.5.4. Carotenoids content in leaves………….…….…..……… 239 2.5.5. Total carbohydrates percentage in seeds……………...… 241 2.5.6. Total carbohydrates content per plant……………...…… 245 2.5.7. Total nitrogen percentage in seeds………….…..………. 247 2.5.8. Total nitrogen content per plant…………..….…………. 250 2.5.9. Total protein percentage in seeds………….……..……... 253 2.5.10. Total protein content per plant……………...…………. 256 2.5.11. Total phosphorus percentage in seeds…………………. 257 2.5.12. Total phosphorus content per plant……………...…….. 261 2.5.13. Potassium percentage in seeds……...…………………. 263 2.5.14. Potassium content per plant………..………………….. 266 3. Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization

rate and their interaction treatments on competitive relationships between roselle and guar plants………………..………………………………..

268 3.1. Land equivalent ratio (LER)……………..……………….. 268 3.2. Area time equivalent ratio (ATER)……………………...... 274 3.3. Land utilization efficiency (LUE%)………………………. 279 3.4. Aggrissivity (A)…………………………………..………. 283 V. SUMMARY………………………..……………………… 288 VI. REFERENCES ………………………………………….. ٣٠٢ ARABIC SUMMARY

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LIST OF TABLES No. Title Page A Mechanical and chemical properties of the experimental

soil…………………………………………………….…… 40 1 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate

and their interaction treatments on plant height (cm) and number of branches / plant of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………..…….

53 2 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate

and their interaction treatments on number of leaves / plant of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010 ……… 59

3 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on fresh and dry weights of leaves / plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………………..…………………………. 63

4 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on fresh and dry weights of branches / plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………….…………………………. 72

5 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on fresh and dry weights of root / plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……………………………………...………….. 79

6 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on root length and diameter (cm) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………..………………………………………….

84

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No. Title Page 7 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate

and their interaction treatments on number of fruits / plant of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010 ……… 91

8 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on fresh and dry weights of fruits / plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………………..…………...…..


and their interaction treatments on fresh and dry sepals yield / plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………...………………………. 99

10 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on fresh and dry sepals yield / faddan (kg) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………..……………………………………. 108

11 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on seed yield per plant and per faddan of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………….…………………………. 113

12 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on sepals anthocyanin content of roselle (mg/100gm) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……………………….…………


and their interaction treatments on oil percentage of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…..……….……. 126

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and their interaction treatments on oil yield per plant and per faddan of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………………….…..……………... 129

15 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on chlorophyll A and B content (mg/gm as fresh weight) of roselle leaves during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……………...…………. 136

16 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on chlorophyll A + B and carotenoids content (mg/gm as fresh weight) of roselle leaves during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…….....…. 141

17 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on total carbohydrates percentage and content / plant of roselle sepals during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……………………………..


and their interaction treatments on total nitrogen percentage and content / plant of roselle sepals during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……….……………………. 152

19 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on total protein percentage and content / plant of roselle sepals during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……….………………………………….

157

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and their interaction treatments on total phosphorus percentage and content / plant of roselle sepals during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……………….……………. 163

21 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on potassium percentage and content / plant of roselle sepals during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………………………………….. 168

22 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on total soluble solids (Brixº) of roselle sepals during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………………...……………………….… 173

23 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on plant height (cm) and number of branches/ plant of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………….…………………….… 176

24 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on number of leaves / plant of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……..….. 183

25 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on fresh and dry weights of leaves / plant (g) of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……………………...……………………….…… 185

26 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on fresh and dry weights of branches / plant (g) of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………..…………….……….…

194

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and their interaction treatments on fresh and dry weights of root / plant (g) of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………………………….…………………….


and their interaction treatments on root length and diameter (cm) of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………………………………………….……. 205

29 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on number of pods / plant of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………..…………………………………...………. 211

30 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on seed yield per plant and per faddan of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………….………………………………..…..……. 214

31 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on guaran percentage of guar seeds during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………………………………...…... 220

32 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on guaran yield per plant and per faddan of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………………..……………….…...

223

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and their interaction treatments on chlorophyll A and B content (mg/gm as fresh weight) of guar leaves during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………….………...…….. 232

34 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on chlorophyll A + B and carotenoids content (mg/gm as fresh weight) of guar leaves during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010 …………. 237

35 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on total carbohydrates percentage and content / plant of guar seeds during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………..…….………..


and their interaction treatments on total nitrogen percentage and content / plant of guar seeds during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………………. 248

37 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on total protein percentage and content / plant of guar seeds during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………………….…….....


and their interaction treatments on total phosphorus percentage and content / plant of guar seeds during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………...………………..

259

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and their interaction treatments on potassium percentage and content / plant of guar seeds during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………………………….………….. 264

40 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on land equivalent ratio (LER) during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………. 269

41 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on area time equivalent ratio (ATER) during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010 …. 276

42 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on land utilization efficiency (LUE %) during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………………………………..…... 280

43 Effect of intercropping system, nitrogen fertilization rate and their interaction treatments on aggrissivity value (A) of roselle (Arg) and guar (Agr) during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………………….…………………. 284

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LIST OF FIGURES No. Title Page 1 Effect of intercropping system treatments on dry weight of

leaves per plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……………………..…………...………….

66

2 Effect of nitrogen fertilization rates on dry weight of leaves per plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010 …………………………….………….……………...

68 3 Effect of interaction between intercropping systems and

nitrogen fertilization rates treatments on dry weight of leaves per plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………..…………………….………….......

70 4 Effect of intercropping system treatments on dry sepals

yield per plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……..…………………….………………...

102 5 Effect of nitrogen fertilization rates on dry sepals yield per

plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…...…………………………………………………...


nitrogen fertilization rates treatments on dry sepals yield per plant (g) of roselle during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………..……………………………….……………...

106 7 Effect of intercropping system treatments on anthocyanin

content of roselle sepals (mg/ 100g) during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………………...……….……….

121

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No. Title Page 8 Effect of nitrogen fertilization rates on anthocyanin content

of roselle sepals (mg/ 100g) during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………………………......


nitrogen fertilization rates treatments on anthocyanin content of roselle sepals (mg/ 100g) during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010………...…………...……….......

124 10 Effect of intercropping system treatments on dry weight of

leaves per plant (g) of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010....................................................................

188 11 Effect of nitrogen fertilization rates on dry weight of

leaves per plant (g) of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…………………………….………….......


nitrogen fertilization rates treatments on dry weight of leaves per plant (g) of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010……………………………….………...…

192 13 Effect of intercropping system treatments on guaran yield

per plant (g) during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010 ....

224 14 Effect of nitrogen fertilization rates on guaran yield per

plant (g) of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010 …….………………………………………………..


nitrogen fertilization rates treatments on guaran yield per plant (g) of guar during the two seasons of 2009 and 2010…

228

I. INTRODUCTION Growing demand for food because of an increasing

population more and more beside the continuous reduction in agricultural land in Egypt requests a shift to more productive cropping systems. Intercropping is a sustainable practice used in many developed and developing countries and an essential element of agricultural sustainability, (Maffei and Mucciarelli, 2003). Intercropping, through more effective use water, nutrients and solar energy, can significantly enhance crop productivity compared to the growth of sole crops, (Midmore, 1993). In intercropping systems involving a legume and non-legume, part of the nitrogen fixed in the root nodule of the legume may become available to the non-legume component, (Li et al., 2006). Therefore, productivity normally was potentially enhanced by the inclusion of a legume in the cropping system, (Maingi et al., 2001).

Roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) belongs to family Malvaceae, and is an annual or biennial plant cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its stem fibers, edible calyces, leaves and seeds. Cultivation of this crop has been reported throughout the Indian subcontinents, part of Asia, America, Australia and throughout Africa, (Cobley, 1968). This crop is, however most suited to tropical climate. It is an important crop in several forms: The leaves are used for making soup, while the succulent calyces are used for making syrups, jelly, jam, chutney and alcoholic drink. It also has been reported that the plant is grown in some regions for fiber and pulp obtained from its stem. Moreover, in folk medicine, the calyx

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extracts are used for the treatment of several complaints, including high blood pressure, liver diseases and fever, (Ali et al., 2005). It known as roselle or red sorrel (English), karkade (Arabic), yakuwa (Hausa), amukan (Yoruba) and okworo ozo (Ibo). Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. is a herb belonging to the Malvaceae family and it is grown in Central and West Africa, South East Asia, and elsewhere in parts of West Indies, Jamaica and Central America. In Africa roselle are frequently cooked as a side dish eaten with pulverized peanuts. For stewing as sauce or filling for tarts or pies, the products were indistinguishable from cranberry sauce in taste and appearance, (Morton, 1987 and Olaleye, 2007).

Guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Taub), is a tropical legume that is drought resistant and grows during the hot summer months, (Jones and Johnson, 1983), its drought resistance and N2-fixing ability affect profitable production, (Gerik et al., 1983). The commercial importance of guar is due to gum (guaran or galactomanan) that is extracted from the seed and used in food processing, paper manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and as an emulsifier in drilling mud for the petroleum industry, (Whistler and Hymowitz, 1979).

Nitrogen has many functions in plant life. It is an important constituent of protoplasm enzymes, the biological catalytic agent which speed up life process. Nitrogen is present in chlorophyll phosphatides, alkaloids, glycosides and many other organic substances of plant cell, (Vopyan, 1984).

Moreover, Selim et al. (1991) reported that the effect of nitrogenous and potassium fertilization on roselle (Hibiscus

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sabdariffa L.) using 300, 350 or 400 kg N / fad. as ammonium sulfate and 25, 50 or 75 kg K2O / fad. as potassium sulfate and

150 kg super phosphate / fad. They concluded that the highest fresh and dry sepals yield were obtained from supplying N and K at 350 and 50 kg / fad., respectively. Sidky et al. (1998) on roselle plants, mentioned that chemical fertilization of NPK (ammonium sulfate, 20.5% N at the rate of 400 kg / fad. + calcium super phosphate, 15.5 % P2O5 at 300 kg / fad. +

potassium sulphate, 48 % K2O at 100 kg / fad.) gave the higher

anthocyanin content in the sepals than organic nutrition. Nowadays, the available area of cultivation in Egypt is very

limited and is not enough to meet our needs. It is settled that intercropping may be is one way to increase the productivity of land and increasing the yield of unit area. If so, it is of scientific as well as practical interest to know how the increase can be achieved and devise methodologies which will exploit such systems to the fullest. Maximizing intercropping advantages is therefore a matter of minimizing intercrop competition. However, because roselle is cultivated as a summer crop, it might compete which guar which is considered as important crop for intensive utilization of land, sunlight, temperature and water which are to a large extent wasted in monocropping systems. Therefore, the outcome will be more profitable for farmers and more feed produced to help reduce our feed shortage.

The most important aim of this study is maximizing the crop productivity as well as minimizing nitrogen fertilizer application by using different intercropping systems combined with nitrogen fertilization treatments with roselle and guar.

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Besides, studying the effects of using different intercropping systems between roselle with guar, nitrogen fertilization rates and their interaction treatments on growth, yield components, chemical constituents as well as some competition relationships of both roselle and guar plants under Sharkia Governorate conditions.

effect of intercropping and fertilization on some ……حمد أحمد إبراهيم عبد... ·...

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