effects of aging presentation

8/12/2019 Effects of Aging Presentation

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Why do we age?

•

Most likely to be a combination of intrinsic andextrinsic factors.

•Ageing is inevitable.

>300

theories

exist!

Intrinsic

factors

Geneticallycontrolled?

Changes inendocrinesystem?

Cell mutationsfrom alteredreplication?

Free radicals?

Extrinsic

factors

Radiationexposure?

Effects of UVrays?



Consideration of age Ageing has an effect on all of the bodies systems - skin,

senses, locomotor, nervous (CNS and PNS),cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and genito-urinary.

The current inpatient population is mostly elderly -averages of ~65 years in acute wards, ~73 years in

rehabilitation wards and ~81 in continuing care.



Muscle fibres 2 types

Type 1 = slow fibres thatcontract and relax slowly

Do not fatigue easily and areinvolved in postural support.

Type 2 = fast fibres thatcontract and relax quickly

Used for short periods asthey quickly fatigue.

Large, fast movements suchas correcting balance orsprinting.



Locomotor changes Muscular:

muscle mass

no. and size of musclefibres

no. and size ofmitochondria

proprioception inmuscles and tendons

repair due to enzymeactivity and proteinturnover

connective tissue andfat

injury and damage



Locomotor changes Bone:

bone mass/ density –

decalcification

height/stooped posture

(vertebrae affected)

fracture risk

pain disability and discomfort

postural instability



Bones reach maximum mass between the ages of 25 and 35.



Osteoporosis ‘brittle’ bones.

Most common in women after menopause.

Affects 50% of people 50 years and older. Responsible for more than 1.5 million fractures annually

– including >300,000 hip fractures, 700,000 vertebralfractures and 250,000 wrist fractures.

Osteoporotic fractures cost the NHS £1.6 billion a year!



Deterioration of vertebral support



Combating the effects of ageing on

bones Studies have shown that exercise (weight bearing and

resistive e.g. with theraband) is most effective and canincrease bone density in older people.

Strong muscles are important to maintain good bonedensity and strength.

Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D

Bone density testing and medication where appropriate.



Locomotor changes Joints:

stability

comfort ease of movement

proprioception

stiffness

energy cost



Joint structures

Joint

Bone

Jointcapsule

SynovialTissue

Tendons

Ligaments

Cartilage



Dealing with OA in the elderly Gentle exercise (stretching, strengthening, postural

control)

Acupuncture and massage

Heat application

Avoidance of weight gain

Walking aids/supports

Supportive shoes/orthotics



Results in... Greater risk of anaemia, aneurysms and thrombus

formation. Thus also increased risk of heart attack andstroke.

Slower response to infection.

Recovery from bleeding episodes is slower.

Slowed adjustments to changes of position = increased

dizziness and falls risk. Older people will tire morequickly and take longer to recover.



Postural Hypotension The drop in blood pressure which usually occurs on

standing.

Symptoms: dizziness temporary loss of consciousnessfall

Called a syncope and is caused by reduced venous return.

Can also happen after exercising and is more likely if

valves and veins are impaired. Standing up slowly or gently contracting leg muscles

before mobilising can help prevent this.



Why is knowledge of ageing

important for health professionals? A high proportion of hospital

patients have MDT needs(69%).

A good knowledge of normal

ageing provides a baselineagainst which a thoroughexamination of elderlypatients can be carried out.

Studies have shown thatexercise can extend survival –

even for previously sedentary85 year olds. Exercise can

extend life span by at least afew years. >4hrs weekly =active.

Stereotypical views of theelderly may be that they aretoo old to learn or improve.

Many older people accept thisstereotype. Continued involvement in

learning helps maintain theability to learn.

effects of aging presentation

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