effects of alcohol, drugs, and violence

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Running Head: Effects of Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence Running Head: Effects of Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence

The Psychological Effects of Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence on the PsychosocialThe Psychological Effects of Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence on the Psychosocial

Stamina of Minority Children in the Social-Economic Deprived NeighborhoodStamina of Minority Children in the Social-Economic Deprived Neighborhood

Anthony Wallace, BS, NDAnthony Wallace, BS, ND

P.C.D.I. Healthcare and Consultants of Texas L.L.CP.C.D.I. Healthcare and Consultants of Texas L.L.C

Study of the FamilyStudy of the Family

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Effects of Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence Effects of Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence

ABSTRACTABSTRACT

The psychological effects of alcohol, drugs, and violence on the psychosocial stamina The psychological effects of alcohol, drugs, and violence on the psychosocial stamina

of minority children in the social-economic deprived neighborhood. This topic not only of minority children in the social-economic deprived neighborhood. This topic not only

helped me to relate to the actual activities that happened in the intercity. The effects of helped me to relate to the actual activities that happened in the intercity. The effects of

drugs, alcohol, and violence on young children especially minority children is greatly drugs, alcohol, and violence on young children especially minority children is greatly

devastating not only in their lives but also to future generation around them. The fact devastating not only in their lives but also to future generation around them. The fact

that our African American children are getting their examples of life from the streets is that our African American children are getting their examples of life from the streets is

not only a fact that crime will continue to increase but also there must be a way to stop not only a fact that crime will continue to increase but also there must be a way to stop

this cycle of depriving our young children of making a future for themselves and also this cycle of depriving our young children of making a future for themselves and also

building positive communities. building positive communities.

Key WordsKey Words: Children, Education Psychology, Alcohol Disorders, Child Development: Children, Education Psychology, Alcohol Disorders, Child Development

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IntroductionIntroduction

In this article, there are over 5 (five) good articles from previous studies that can In this article, there are over 5 (five) good articles from previous studies that can

relate not only to the opposing side, which are generally people that have criticized relate not only to the opposing side, which are generally people that have criticized

government assistance but have not seen the hardships of those children and their government assistance but have not seen the hardships of those children and their

cognitive stressors. The other side of the issue will be the agreeing side or the side that cognitive stressors. The other side of the issue will be the agreeing side or the side that

can relate to the terror of these children. I would like to express the points of the can relate to the terror of these children. I would like to express the points of the

innocent children and not just what the study were comparing, real life experience. innocent children and not just what the study were comparing, real life experience.

Some children walk through 3 sometimes 4 gang territories to get to school with hopes Some children walk through 3 sometimes 4 gang territories to get to school with hopes

of making it home another day.of making it home another day.

The topic in question is in this essay, elaborates on how a child can survive this The topic in question is in this essay, elaborates on how a child can survive this

type of neighborhood and yet still continue to have great cognitive skills and type of neighborhood and yet still continue to have great cognitive skills and

psychomotor skills. In the past studies, the test referred to as an IQ test were given in psychomotor skills. In the past studies, the test referred to as an IQ test were given in

one study to 4-year-old children that were born by mothers that were social one study to 4-year-old children that were born by mothers that were social

economically deprived and either used alcohol or some type of addictive substance. economically deprived and either used alcohol or some type of addictive substance.

The study entitled “Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, Caffeine, Tobacco, and Aspirin: The study entitled “Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, Caffeine, Tobacco, and Aspirin:

Effects on Fine and Gross Motor Performance in 4 yr old Children” explained how Effects on Fine and Gross Motor Performance in 4 yr old Children” explained how

mental health personnel conducted the study in an actual hospital system. The studies mental health personnel conducted the study in an actual hospital system. The studies

were conducted to figure out the effects of substance abuse on unborn fetus and were conducted to figure out the effects of substance abuse on unborn fetus and

premature babies. premature babies.

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MethodsMethods

In the method, section of the study tells the reader about 85% out of 100% of In the method, section of the study tells the reader about 85% out of 100% of

married Anglo-Saxon prenatal women consented to participate in the study. It was married Anglo-Saxon prenatal women consented to participate in the study. It was

found that the substances or drugs that the mothers consume were discovered in the found that the substances or drugs that the mothers consume were discovered in the

baby’s circulatory system (Streissguth, Martin, & Horst pg 2). The study did not show baby’s circulatory system (Streissguth, Martin, & Horst pg 2). The study did not show

the effects of those drugs on mothers that participated or how their babies condition. the effects of those drugs on mothers that participated or how their babies condition.

The study chose more four (4) yr old children to compare what the outcome of the studyThe study chose more four (4) yr old children to compare what the outcome of the study

would have been. Therefore, the conclusion would not only set the results totally off in would have been. Therefore, the conclusion would not only set the results totally off in

its deviations but it made the study to my point of view incomplete or inconclusive. I its deviations but it made the study to my point of view incomplete or inconclusive. I

believe that if a study is going to be completed on certain individuals and populations believe that if a study is going to be completed on certain individuals and populations

based on radical and social demographics including poverty-stricken neighborhoods based on radical and social demographics including poverty-stricken neighborhoods

then the conclusion should be there with the original participants. The study that then the conclusion should be there with the original participants. The study that

coordinates the same meanings of study or similar outcomes would be “The Protection coordinates the same meanings of study or similar outcomes would be “The Protection

and Vulnerability Processes Relevant for Early Onset of Substance Use.and Vulnerability Processes Relevant for Early Onset of Substance Use.

Prior ResearchPrior Research

The study entitled “A test among African American Children.” In this study,The study entitled “A test among African American Children.” In this study,

school age children from ages 10 and 11 were asked to answer questions on a lab top inschool age children from ages 10 and 11 were asked to answer questions on a lab top in

which, the psychologist or administrator would ask questions and the child wouldwhich, the psychologist or administrator would ask questions and the child would

answer using the numerical key pad provided by the test administrator. answer using the numerical key pad provided by the test administrator.

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This notion of testing can be perceived as bias to other researchers and the childThis notion of testing can be perceived as bias to other researchers and the child

that is cognitively challenged. It gives favoritism to those that have higher IQ scores.that is cognitively challenged. It gives favoritism to those that have higher IQ scores.

The participants in the study were 422 students 54% girls and 46% boys and the testingThe participants in the study were 422 students 54% girls and 46% boys and the testing

were conducted in two different states. The conduction of the study took place in thewere conducted in two different states. The conduction of the study took place in the

participants’ home, which were mostly African American single parent homes orparticipants’ home, which were mostly African American single parent homes or

children cared for by close siblings and not the birth parents. I have some concernschildren cared for by close siblings and not the birth parents. I have some concerns

about this study regardless of its intended study results. The fact, that the administratorabout this study regardless of its intended study results. The fact, that the administrator

could have done the testing in a more controlled environment such as the participant’scould have done the testing in a more controlled environment such as the participant’s

school, recreation center, etc. The other issues were that the administrator stated in theschool, recreation center, etc. The other issues were that the administrator stated in the

study “The interviewer would answer the question of the child,” this could mean in mystudy “The interviewer would answer the question of the child,” this could mean in my

point of view: that the child was help in his/her answering of the question given by thepoint of view: that the child was help in his/her answering of the question given by the

administrator to produce a result that is not true. administrator to produce a result that is not true.

According to both of the studies mention they all similar. There were no changes According to both of the studies mention they all similar. There were no changes

in the null hypothesis that the effects of substance abuse can hurt the child’s cognitive in the null hypothesis that the effects of substance abuse can hurt the child’s cognitive

ability to learn and comprehend school work but also will exhibit evidence of physical ability to learn and comprehend school work but also will exhibit evidence of physical

disability with either FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome), Developmental Delays, etc. All ofdisability with either FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome), Developmental Delays, etc. All of

my research has not only focused on the pediatric population but also the effects of the my research has not only focused on the pediatric population but also the effects of the

parent’s behavior model towards the child’s goals and behavior change within parent’s behavior model towards the child’s goals and behavior change within

themselves. The studies and articles show how the effects of the home actually affect themselves. The studies and articles show how the effects of the home actually affect

the child’s learning ability and social growth.the child’s learning ability and social growth.

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Research Question/ ProposalResearch Question/ Proposal

The question is why, when, and how the effects of the parent’s dangerous The question is why, when, and how the effects of the parent’s dangerous

behavior is going to stop. The studies only shows in my opinion do not show a true behavior is going to stop. The studies only shows in my opinion do not show a true

result but what the psychologist or test administrators want the public to know. The result but what the psychologist or test administrators want the public to know. The

reason why I came to the conclusion or the comparison is that the studies could have reason why I came to the conclusion or the comparison is that the studies could have

been done differently in both cases especially the case of the Premature Exposure of been done differently in both cases especially the case of the Premature Exposure of

Alcohol, Caffeine, Tobacco, and Aspirin. This study to me is incomplete and Alcohol, Caffeine, Tobacco, and Aspirin. This study to me is incomplete and

inconclusive due to the methods used to gather the results. The fact that the study inconclusive due to the methods used to gather the results. The fact that the study

compared more 4 yr old children to the original participants that were in the study compared more 4 yr old children to the original participants that were in the study

makes this study non-reliant. The population sample should have been determined in makes this study non-reliant. The population sample should have been determined in

the planning stages. the planning stages.

I personally would have started and finished with the same participants. When I personally would have started and finished with the same participants. When

adding more participants to the control group there is a big chance of error that will adding more participants to the control group there is a big chance of error that will

come into play. The reasons for the conclusion statement, the mother could be doing come into play. The reasons for the conclusion statement, the mother could be doing

other drugs as illustrated in the study as a potential error. The next issue is (concern other drugs as illustrated in the study as a potential error. The next issue is (concern

with the same study) the support from the medical data that supports the claim. For with the same study) the support from the medical data that supports the claim. For

example, getting subjective data such as the mother urinalysis sample, blood work, example, getting subjective data such as the mother urinalysis sample, blood work,

and conducting one on one client interviewing every other prenatal visit, to test for and conducting one on one client interviewing every other prenatal visit, to test for

other drugs. Other test can be conducted to survey the mother’s drug use such as other drugs. Other test can be conducted to survey the mother’s drug use such as

amniocentesis, sonograms, and vaginal wet preps. amniocentesis, sonograms, and vaginal wet preps.

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This is mainly to make sure there is no harm done the baby’s progress as the This is mainly to make sure there is no harm done the baby’s progress as the

mother continues to smoke, drink, or use recreational drugs. In other words, there mother continues to smoke, drink, or use recreational drugs. In other words, there

could have been more supportive and descriptive measures to make the results could have been more supportive and descriptive measures to make the results

stronger. stronger.

The study entitled “African American children with Protection and VulnerabilityThe study entitled “African American children with Protection and Vulnerability

Processes Relevant for Early Onset of Substance Abuse". I believe the study was Processes Relevant for Early Onset of Substance Abuse". I believe the study was

good in content but the study could have shown more promise than illustrated. The good in content but the study could have shown more promise than illustrated. The

study could have given students or participants the wrong or right answer strikes me asstudy could have given students or participants the wrong or right answer strikes me as

trouble waiting to happen because the administrator stated, “we helped the student”. trouble waiting to happen because the administrator stated, “we helped the student”.

In my preference, I would have given a written test with games that relate to the In my preference, I would have given a written test with games that relate to the

child’s grade level. The test should have been easier to access and manage without thechild’s grade level. The test should have been easier to access and manage without the

administrator’s assistance. administrator’s assistance.

The test should been given in a more controlled environment rather than the The test should been given in a more controlled environment rather than the

child’s home. The child may not concentrate on the examiners questions with comfortchild’s home. The child may not concentrate on the examiners questions with comfort

with fear of physical harm, teased, or tested once the administrator leaves the with fear of physical harm, teased, or tested once the administrator leaves the

participants home. Mostly the child is wondering someone wants to study me or the participants home. Mostly the child is wondering someone wants to study me or the

fact that a psychologist comes to see me in my home will be quite embarrassing too, fact that a psychologist comes to see me in my home will be quite embarrassing too,

due to other siblings that do not understand. The child will be teased and taunted for due to other siblings that do not understand. The child will be teased and taunted for

wanting to participant in the study. wanting to participant in the study.

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ConclusionConclusion

If the child takes the examination in the home, the results may not be as accurate If the child takes the examination in the home, the results may not be as accurate

as if the test was conducted in a more controlled environment. For example, if the as if the test was conducted in a more controlled environment. For example, if the

question were directed towards the child’s behavior in school or the parents smoking, question were directed towards the child’s behavior in school or the parents smoking,

alcohol, or drug paraphernalia habits and the answers would possibly get the child into alcohol, or drug paraphernalia habits and the answers would possibly get the child into

trouble. So, the truth is not told due to fear. The administrator again should have asked trouble. So, the truth is not told due to fear. The administrator again should have asked

for a more control environment for the child’s safety and promote confidence.for a more control environment for the child’s safety and promote confidence.

In conclusion, we can choose to promote health by educating all women of color In conclusion, we can choose to promote health by educating all women of color

and nationalities to take pride in caring for their unborn children. We can urge congress and nationalities to take pride in caring for their unborn children. We can urge congress

and civic leader to develop more program that aid in preventing drug use in our lower toand civic leader to develop more program that aid in preventing drug use in our lower to

middle class neighborhoods. We can take our voice to many level of government by middle class neighborhoods. We can take our voice to many level of government by

seeking funds to open refuge centers, provide education material, and perform seeking funds to open refuge centers, provide education material, and perform

community outreach. This will not only reduce the rate of developmental or retarded community outreach. This will not only reduce the rate of developmental or retarded

children but it will provide a better tomorrow for the unborn child. children but it will provide a better tomorrow for the unborn child.

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ReferencesReferences

Wills, A. Thomas, Gibbon, X. Frederick Gerrard, Meg, Brody, Gene. (2000)Wills, A. Thomas, Gibbon, X. Frederick Gerrard, Meg, Brody, Gene. (2000)

“Protection and Vulnerability Processes Relevant for Early Onset of Substance Use: A“Protection and Vulnerability Processes Relevant for Early Onset of Substance Use: A

Test among African American Children”Test among African American Children”, Pg 253 - 255, Pg 253 - 255

Barr, M. Helen, Darby, L. Betty, Streissguth, P. Ann, Sampson, D. Paul. (1990)Barr, M. Helen, Darby, L. Betty, Streissguth, P. Ann, Sampson, D. Paul. (1990)

Premature Exposure to Alcohol, Caffeine, Tobacco, and Aspirin: Effects on Fine andPremature Exposure to Alcohol, Caffeine, Tobacco, and Aspirin: Effects on Fine and

Gross Motor Performance in 4-year-old ChildrenGross Motor Performance in 4-year-old Children, pgs 339 - 341, pgs 339 - 341

Hansen, Marsali, Litzelman, Ann, Milspaw, Ashley, Marsh, T. Diane (2004)Hansen, Marsali, Litzelman, Ann, Milspaw, Ashley, Marsh, T. Diane (2004)

Approaches to Serious Emotional Disturbance: Involving Multiple SystemApproaches to Serious Emotional Disturbance: Involving Multiple System, Pgs 457 - , Pgs 457 -

463463

Robertson, J. Marjorie (1991).Robertson, J. Marjorie (1991).Homeless Women, the Role of Alcohol and Other Drug Homeless Women, the Role of Alcohol and Other Drug

UseUse, Pgs 1198 - 1203, Pgs 1198 - 1203

Cruz, Y. Iris, Dunn, E. Michael (2003Cruz, Y. Iris, Dunn, E. Michael (2003). Lowering Risk for Early Alcohol Use by ). Lowering Risk for Early Alcohol Use by

Challenging Alcohol Expectancies in Elementary School ChildrenChallenging Alcohol Expectancies in Elementary School Children, Pgs 493 - 496, Pgs 493 - 496

effects of alcohol, drugs, and violence

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