effects of domestic violence on children. domestic violence has negative effects on children...
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Effects of Domestic Violence on Children
Domestic violence has negative effects on children regardless of their sex.
According to Anda (2006), also noted that childhood trauma can have diffuse effects on neurobiological development.
A total of 316 families with a young infant and at high risk for maltreatment were recruited
for participation. 245 of the families were followed past the age
of 4 years old. annual assessments included a comprehensive assessment at age 12, which is the focus of the
analyses presented here.
Reports from child protective agencies Demographic information Youth behavioral problems Examination of other academic outcomes
Exposure to violence is especially ubiquitous in poor urban areas, where as many as 90% of children and adolescents witness violence.
While the rates of witnessing violence at home tend to be lower compared with witnessing violence in the school and community, between 17% and 25% of youth are exposed to violence at home
The exposure of children to violence is likely to have initial problems to the community before anywhere else.
witnessing community violence attenuated the impact of witnessing domestic violence on anxiety, aggression, and delinquency.
The stronger independent effects of violence exposure in more proximal contexts of home and school replicated previous cross-sectional findings
A pattern of coercive control that one person exercises over another.
Domestic Violence is not limited to physical abuse, but also includes verbal abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and economic abuse.
Infants, toddlers, and young children are exposed to violence when they are abused or maltreated.
Violence can also be exposed to children when hear or see others experiencing it.
Domestic violence:
Child protectionChild contact
Domestic violence: considered a crime
(civil and criminal law);range of support
violent male partner
Child protection: (public law)
welfare approach; state intervention
in abusive families; mother seen as failing to protect
Child contact:(private law);negotiated or
mediated outcome;good enough
father
New initiative:Safeguarding Boards
From April 2006
What is the Connection Between Domestic Violence and Child Abuse?
Significant overlap- 40-60% of families who present with partner violence also present with child abuse
32% of caseloads for protective service workers involve DV
50% of children who are physically abused were in the middle of an inter-parental attack
When there is DV, look for child abuse
Estimates show that 3-5 children in every classroom3-5 children in every classroom have witnessed a woman being abused
In Chicago, studies have shown that among 500 elementary school students one in fourone in four had witnessed a shooting and one-thirdone-third had seen a stabbing
3 in 5 of those children who witnessed a shooting or stabbing, indicated that the incident resulted in death.
More than 25%More than 25% of these children had been victims of severe violence themselves-that is, they had been shot at, suffered a knife attack, or had been beaten or mugged.
Intentional injury to young children (0-4) is most likely to occur as a result of child abuse (and neglect)
Nationally in 2002, there were over 900,000 estimated maltreated children, with more than 1,300 child fatalities
80% of these children were under the age of five
Children witness 68-80% of domestic assaults According to the NYU Child Study Center, 3
million children are diagnosed as having PTSD
38,985 (97% Women) sought shelter, 16,570 were turned away (IDHS, 1997).
In 2001, state funding supported 67 domestic violence
programs, serving 113,700 clients. This includes 25,700 children.
Chicago Police Department receives 655 domestic calls per day (Mayors Office on Domestic Violence).
Directly witness assault, rape Hear the violence, name calling, threats,
intimidation, disrespect Feel the tension See aftermath—broken furniture, bruises on their
mother, father (or mother) being taken away by police
Forced to participate in or watch the abuse of their mother
Intervene to protect their mother
Over 100 studies available A third separated abused from exposed children and
found similar outcomes Generally show:
◦ Behavioral and emotional problems◦ Cognitive functioning problems◦ Longer-term problems
Edleson (1999a)
Boys are at risk of: Learning that males are violent Learning to disrespect women Using violence in his own
relationships Confusion or insecurity about
being a man Attacking parents or siblings
Girls are at risk of Learning that male violence is
normal Learning that women don't get
respect Accepting violence in her own
relationships Embarrassed about being
female Becoming pregnant
www.yoursocialworker.com 16
Child Abuse◦ Physical◦ Sexual◦ Emotional◦ Neglect
Domestic Violence
Child Abuse affects children from all:
Ethnicities Socioeconomic
levels Religious affiliations Cultures
Lack of parenting skills Parental stress Family Hardship Alcohol and substance abuse Economic difficulties or poverty Domestic Violence Previous Victimization Depression
domestic violence is the most common context for child abuse;
male domestic violence perpetrators are
more likely to be abusive to children and more extremely so;
the more severe the domestic violence,
the more severe the abuse of children in the same context; and
children may experience multiple forms
of abuse.
Characterized by the infliction of physical injury as a result of:
Punching Beating Kicking Biting Shaking Burning Or otherwise harming
a child
Unexplained injuries Repeated injuries such as bruises, welts or
burns Unexplained abrasions or lacerations Injuries in various stages of healing Small circular burns Burns with a “doughnut” shape Delays in obtaining medical care
When a caregiver fails to provide a child with adequate:
Food Clothing Shelter Supervision Needed medical
treatment
Appears poorly nourished or inadequately clothed
Appears consistently tired or listless Inconsistent attendance at school Poor hygiene Unable to relate well to others
Acts that damage immediately or ultimately the behavioral, cognitive, affective or physical functioning of a child, such as:
Criticizing Name calling Ridiculing Blaming Screaming Withholding love and affection Unpredictable responses Double-message communication
Clingy and forms indiscriminate attachments
“Acts out” and considered a behavior problem
Withdrawn, depressed, apathetic
Exhibits exaggerated fearfulness
Bedwetting or soiling
Children are too young to understand
They won’t remember what happened
You can’t help kids anyway, especially young kids
We should just move on
Kids should just forget about it
All children are affected by witnessing violence
The younger the child, the more likely they will show signs of distress
Children have more trouble under-standing and coping with violence
IntensityProximityFamiliarityDevelopmental Level
Chronicity
Sleep Disturbances Somatic
Complaints Increased
Aggressive Behavior
Angry Outbursts Increased Activity
Level Hypervigilance
Numbing Increased
Separation Anxiety Distractibility Changes in Play Withdrawal Regression Behavioral Changes
Eating Disturbances Developmental
Regression Language Delay Attachment Disorder Attachment Difficulties Failure To Thrive
Psychosomatic Complaints Enuresis School
Problems/Absenteeism Behavioral Problems Parentification Violence Depression Attachment Difficulties Changes in Play May Talk About
Death/Dying
Children need to feel safe to:◦ Grow ◦ Be Healthy◦ Succeed
When children see or hear violence, they worry they will not be safe
wide range of effects – physical, psychological, behavioural, social
influenced by factors such as age, race, economic status, gender, disability, sexuality and children’s resilience
children (even within the same family) may be affected in quite different ways
Lack of trust – adults can’t protect them Feeling of powerlessness – can’t impact
environment Turning to aggression Risk for violence in later life
Fear of the violent man finding out Fear of not being believed Fear of being stigmatised Difficulty in talking to adults Not having anyone to tell Services not being available
empowering (rather than punitive) work with the mother
validate and acknowledge children’s difficult experiences, and reassure them that they are not alone and not to blame
long-term ‘therapeutic’ or other 'talking/ playing' interventions to help children make sense of their experiences
support which takes account of children’s particular circumstances (cultural/ ethnic, age, disability needs etc)
Lack of understanding of the dynamics of domestic violence
Lack of co-ordinated practice between agencies
Lack of safe practice Referral Circuit Blaming mothers while ignoring violent
men Avoiding violent men, and violent men as
fathers
Thinking constantly about the traumatic event.
Having nightmares. Avoiding places, people, or activities that re-
mind them of the event. Losing interest in doing things that they
liked before. Feeling alone, empty, sad, anxious, or
uncaring. Becoming irritable, angry, and easily
startled.
39
Research has failed to address the fact that even indirect exposure of children to violence has profound effect
Most of the research on the effects of witnessed violence have focused on the psychological or behavioral aspects at the expense of other domains
Any examination of academic outcomes must also take into account some key demographic factors.
The parents should ensure that children are not exposed to any form of domestic violence.
The child protection laws should be strengthened to protect children from violent homes
People should avoid making general assumptions concerning the domestic violence issues and address them based on individual experience
Michael Windle, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51:8 (2010), pp 953–961
Richard ,Thomson ,Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19:721–733, 2010
Total Assignment = 100 pts (=23% of course grade)
10 pts -- Your research question/ appropriate selection of articles and presentation length--total presentation should be no shorter than 20 and no longer than 40 slides
45 pts -- Summary of each study; please include for each study the following.
a. Purpose of Study--what are the study's research questions? (6 pts)
b. Design --First, answer this question: is this study experimental?, quasi-experimental?, or correlational? Experimental=are there randomly assigned groups that were treated differently?, Quasi-Experimental--are there groups that naturally occurred--e.g., smokers vs. non-smokers--that were treated differently by the researcher?, Correlational--a group is described and the results show differences among the group members? Second, IF the study has a developmental focus, analyze the developmental design: cross-sectional, longitudinal, or sequential. (6 pts)
c. Methods--include participants, materials/instruments, data collection techniques, and data analysis techniques. After summarizing the methods, analyze what the researchers did in terms of the criteria of 1) objectivity, 2) reliability, 3) validity, 4) representative sampling, and 5) replication. (21 pts)
d. Findings--look for information indicating significant differences--connect the findings back to the research hypotheses. The findings should be contained in the Results section of the paper (6 pts)
e. Conclusions--summary of authors' interpretations from Discussion section (6 pts)
15 pts--Theoretical Perspective--what are the researchers' (probably implicit) perspectives on human development?--defend your decisions for each study with reasons (from the purpose, design, data collection and analysis, results, and interpretation); you should 1) identify (2 pts), 2) explain (5 pts), and 3) defend (8 pts) whether the perspective of each study is organismic, cognitive-developmental, cognitive-learning, behavioral, psychodynamic, contextual, or humanistic. If possible to determine the specific theory being tested by the study, further analyze the origins of the developmental approach being used. Be sure to defend your point of view.
15 pts -- Take Home Message--having read these two studies (notice this is a comparative analysis), what do you now believe? (=conclusions, 5 pts) What other questions do you have? (=future research questions, 5 pts) What can you not know for sure? (=limitations, 5 pts)
15 pts -- Communicative Effectiveness a. Presence of a brief introduction and conclusion (2
pts) b. Does paper flow? (please use headings) (3 pts) c. Are words misspelled or used incorrectly, are
subject-verb agreements correct? (4 pts)
d. Correct use of in-text citation (e.g., refer to studies by the authors' last names and year of publication)--please note that the only proper way to refer to a study in formal writing is by the last names of the authors and the year of publication. No article titles should appear in the narrative. (3 pts)
e. Style of references (3 pts)
For both d. and e. please follow the APA Manual of Style, 6th ed. An APA tutorial is available under the Cunningham Memorial Library's home page (see online tutorials).
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