effects of fire and post-fire seeding on understory ... · pseudognaphalium macounii taraxacum...
TRANSCRIPT
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Effects of fire and post-fire seeding on understory vegetation in a ponderosa
pine forest in northern Arizona
Melissa A. McMasterMay 6, 2010
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Kaibab Plateau
Warm Fire- June 8, 2006
• Wildland Fire Use (13,000 ha)
• Wildland Fire (11,000 ha)
• Mixed severity
• Vegetation types
• Pinyon-Juniper: 1,500 ha
• Ponderosa: 18,000 ha
• Mixed conifer: 4,000 ha
• Controversy
• Fire management policies
• 2x’s the acreage
• High severity crown fire
• Loss of resources
AZ
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BAER treatment
• Wildfire section only
• High/moderate severity
• Goals
• Decrease exotic invasion• Bromus tectorum
cheatgrass
• Carduus nutansMusk thistle
• Soil erosion/stabilization
• Post-fire seeding
Ryegrass• Aerial seeding- 4800 ha
• Monoculture of ryegrass
• 3.92 kg/ha (3.5 lb/ac)
• July - monsoons
Seeded
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RyegrassLolium perenne ssp. multiflorum
Advantages
• Immediate ground cover-germinates quickly
• Exits the system in 2-3 years
Disadvantages
• Readily hybridizes with perennial taxa
• Outcompetes native vegetation
• Utilization of nitrogen and light
• Allelopathic properties
• Disrupt root establishment
• Decreases native cover, richness and diversity
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• Study #1: Effects and effectiveness of post-fire seeding
• Study #2: Effects of low and high severity fire on understory vegetation
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Methods
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Plot stratification• Ponderosa pine
dominated forest
• Low and high fire severity
• 2300-2590 m elevation
• Mollic Eutroboralfsoils- derived from Kaibab Limestone parent material
• Slope < 28 ̊
• Treatment
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Treatments
• Treatment
• Seeded vs. Non-seeded
• Unburned vs. Low vs. High
• Total plots n=94
• Unburned 25• Low 25• High severity
• non-seeded 22• High severity
• seeded 22
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Sampling methodsJuly & August, 2007-2009
7.32 m radius
168 m2
9 1x1 m frames
Foliar plant cover
- Species
- Total cover
- Graminoids
- Forbs
Ground cover
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Sampling methods
Species richness & Shrubs > 20 cm
Tree seedling search
Overstory canopy cover
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Statistical analyses
PERMANOVA• community composition• foliar cover• functional groups• substrate cover• rate of change• p < 0.05
Indicator species analysis• p < 0.05 IV > 30
Non-metric multidimensional scaling
NMDS ordinations
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Study #1: Effects and effectiveness of post-fire
seeding
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Study #1 Effects and effectiveness of post-fire seeding
H1: Post-fire seeding provides an immediate increase in vegetation cover and decrease in bare soil to prevent erosion
H2: Post-fire seeding with ryegrass will decrease the spread and invasion of other more undesirable exotic species
H3: The presence of ryegrass in the system will alter the plant community composition
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RESULTS
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Total vegetation cover
Year
2007 2008 2009
Fo
liar
co
ver
(%
)0
20
40
60
80
Nonseeded
Seeded
Total plant cover
60% ground cover to decrease erosion potential
Neither seeded or non-seeded plots had 60% cover
No significant difference in total plant cover in any year
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Cover of ryegrass
• 20070.05% – 7%
Avg. 1.9%
• 2008
0.05% -13%
Avg. 1.3%
• 2009
0.05% – 5%
Avg. 0.06%
Initial cover of ryegrass was not adequate to prevent erosion
Maximum cover of ryegrass
2007 2008 2009
Fo
liar
co
ver
(%
)
0
5
10
15
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Total ground cover
• Including: litter, duff, wood, rock and live vegetation
• Significantly lower in 2007 in Seeded plots
Total ground cover
Year
2007 2008 2009G
rou
nd
an
d f
oli
ar c
ov
er (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nonseeded
Seeded
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Exotic cover (excluding ryegrass)
No significant difference in cover of exotics between seeded and non-seeded
p= 0.3226
• Avg. 2% cover of exotics• 21 species of exotics
Cheatgrass
2008: 43% of plots
2009: 50% of plots
Musk ThistleNational Park Service
KDA
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Community composition 2009
PERMANOVA
p= 0.0002
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Indicator Species Analysis
Treatment Species IV 2008 IV 2009 Life
history
Life
form
Non-
seeded
Seeded
Antennaria parvifolia
Androsace septentrionalis
Arenaria lanuginosa ssp. saxosa
Bromus tectorum*
Chenopodium fremontii
Elymus elymoides
Hieracium fendleri
Lupinus argenteus
Muhlenbergia montana
Packera multilobata
Poa fendleriana
Pinus ponderosa
Populus tremuloides
Pseudognaphalium macounii
Taraxacum officinale*
Verbascum thapsus*
Astragalus amphioxys
Conyza canadensis
Erigeron divergens
Hymenopappus filifolius
Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum*
Lotus wrightii
Robinia neomexicana
Tragopogon dubius*
45.4
41.4
40.8
56.9
79.1
-
33.7
-
-
63.8
-
56.0
52.6
59.9
61.6
36.4
61.3
-
-
-
98.5
75.0
57.0
-
66.1
-
48.5
61.4
67.6
76.5
38.9
57.0
31.8
71.7
66.8
53.5
72.0
-
70.9
40.9
-
58.7
86.0
39.9
99.5
58.0
59.1
46.9
P
A
P
A
A
P
B
P
P
A/P
P
P
P
B
A/B
B
P
A
B
P
A/B/P
P
P
A/B
F
F
F
G
F
G
F
F
G
F
G
T
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
G
F
S
F
* = exotic; P= Perennial, A= Annual, B= Biennial, G= Grass, F= Forb, S= Shrub, T=
Tree
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Annual/Biennial
Year
2008 2009
Foli
ar c
over
(%
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Non-seeded
Seeded
Perennial
Year
2008 2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
Non-seeded
Seeded
Life History: annuals/biennials and perennials
• Significantly more annual and biennial cover in non-seeded sites in 2008
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Ponderosa pine seedlings
• 14 non-seeded plots
• 5 seeded plots
• No significant difference
• But, indicator species for non-seeded?
• Previous research: seeding inhibits ponderosa pine regeneration
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Conclusions
H1: Post-fire seeding provides an immediate increase in vegetation cover and decrease in bare soil to prevent erosion
H2: Post-fire seeding with ryegrass will decrease the spread and invasion of other more undesirable exotic species
• Cheatgrass
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H3: Seeding will alter the plant community composition
Results suggest:
• Bunchgrasses
• Annual/biennial forbs
Conclusions
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Study #2: Low and high severity fire effects on understory vegetation
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Study #2: Low and high severity fire effects on understory vegetation
H1: Fire severity will determine magnitude of understory herbaceous and shrub response (increased cover)
H2: Exotic species cover and presence will be higher in burned areas
H3: Burned areas will have different floristic composition and higher species richness than unburned areas
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RESULTS
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Total vegetative cover Exotic cover
Year
2008 2009
0
5
10
Total vegetative cover
Year
2008 2009
Fol
air
cove
r (%
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Unburned
Low
High
• Unburned and low severity had significantly less cover than high severity in both years
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Vegetation and substrate cover
Unburned
Low High
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Community composition 2009PERMANOVA
• U vs. L
p=0.0252
• U vs. H
p=0.0002
• L vs. H
p=0.0002
Community composition significantly different
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Indicator species analysis
Severity Species IV 2009 Life
History
Life
Form
Unburned
Low
High
Antennaria parvifolia
Pinus ponderosa
Potentilla hippiana
Koeleria macrantha
Penstemon barbatus
Agoseris glauca
Androsace septentrionalis
Arenaria lanuginosa ssp. saxosa
Bromus tectorum*
Chenopodium atrovirens
Chenopodium fremontii
Cirsium wheeleri
Conyza canadensis
Epilobium brachycarpum
Erigeron divergens
Erigeron flagelleris
Eriogonum racemosum
Gayophytum diffusum
Heliomeris multiflora
Lactuca serriola*
Lupinus argenteus
Packera multilobata
Polygonum douglasii
Poa fendleriana
Pseudognaphalium macounii
Taraxacum officinale*
Tragopogon dubius*
Verbascum thapsus*
-
56.4
54.6
44.3
48.6
33.9
-
44.9
59.2
36.4
72.3
65.6
45.4
50.2
69.9
44.4
47.1
71.4
35.9
81.0
45.2
63.1
64.2
48.8
67.1
71.3
40.6
40.9
P
P
P
P
P
B
A
P
A
A
A
A/B
A
A
B
P
P
A
B
A
P
B
A
P
A/B
A
B
B
F
T
F
G
F
F
F
F
G
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
G
F
F
F
F
* = exotic; P= Perennial, A= Annual, B= Biennial, G= Grass, F= Forb, S=
Shrub, T= Tree.
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Species richness
2008 2009
Num
ber
of
spec
ies
20
25
30
35
Unburned
Low
High
Species richness
Unburned
Low High
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Exotic coverTotal Cover
Year
2008 2009
Fola
ir c
anopy c
over
(%
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Unburned
Low
High
Exotic Cover
Year
2008 2009
Foli
ar c
over
(%
)
0
5
10
Unburned
Low
High
• Significantly greater cover in high severity plots
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Conclusions
H1: Fire severity will determine magnitude of understory herbaceous and shrub response• Fire is an essential disturbance to maintain
understory cover and richness
• Lack of response in low severity
H2: Exotic species cover will be higher in burned areas
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Conclusions
H3: Burned plots when compared to unburned plots will differ in: 1. Floristic composition
2. Higher species richness
Cirsium wheeleriLupinusargenteus
Epilobiumbrachycarpum
Chenopodiumfremontii
Erigeron divergens
Androsaceseptentrionalis
Penstemon barbatus
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Overall conclusions
• Seeding did not provide adequate vegetative cover and results suggest it may inhibit bunchgrasses and annuals/biennials
• Fire is essential in ponderosa pine forests for maintaining understory species richness and diversity, especially annuals and biennials.
• Disturbances alter the plant community composition but will it lead ultimately to different trajectories?
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Recommendations
• Continue monitoring plots
• Before seeding conduct a thorough assessment• Evaluate potential impacts
• Mitigate risk to the ecosystem
• Incorporate results from other studies on the Warm Fire for full picture and possible trends
• Seeding with natives and non-natives (Stella 2009)
• Grazing impacts on native regeneration and non-native invasion (Mork 2010)
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AcknowledgementsCommittee MembersAndi Thode, Co-chairMike Kearsley, Co-chairPete FuléMargaret Moore
Grand Canyon TrustEthan AumackSteve FluckChristine AlbanoKate Watters
PAPAZ volunteersVera MarkgrafGisela KluwinDenise Hudson
FundingJoint Fire Science Program
Kaibab N.F.Dave MertzPaul Calloway
Field crews and lab techsMatt Flying Sam JonesRebecca Koller Michelle HermanceShannon Sellers Jenny McCarthyWynne Geikenjoyner Ryan MezarosSteve Fugate Mike WolcottAndrew Frost Steve TillBonnie Holman Nick CortoposiLaura Williams Nate Cordova
Friends, family and fellow graduate students
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Questions?