effects of temperature on potato crop
TRANSCRIPT
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON IN SITU GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CIP POTATO CLONES IN
BURUNDI
D. Harahagazwe, J.F. Ledent and G. Rusuku
8th African Potato Association Conference
Cape Town, South Africa
6 – 9 December 2010
INTRODUCTION
Zoom on Burundi
• Inland country
• 27834 km2
• 8,17 millions inhabitants
• Density: 294 inhabitants/km2
• Pop. growth rate: 3,9 %
• Life expectation: 45 years
• GNR: 100 $/inhabitant/year
• Agriculture: 90,6 % of land
• Agriculture: 34,8 % of GDP
• Food insecurity (67%)
4
Four scenarios
– Increase productivity (clean seed, fertilizers and pesticides)
– Promote importation of ware potatoes (ex. 6000 t/an from Rwanda)
– Introduce potato crop in warm areas (Imbo – region > 5000 ha)
– Different combinations of the three other scenarios
Challenges
• Potatoes as a temperate crop
• Cropping temperatures : 5 à 25°C
• Max. temperature: 28°C
• Variety tolerance: 30°C
• Imbo as warm tropical climate: >28°C/18°C
Temperature in Lowlands (Imbo region)
Mugerero 2005
Time (day number)
200 220 240 260 280 300
Daily
tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
Minimum
Maximum
Average
Mugerero et Mparambo (2006)
Time (day number)
180 200 220 240 260 280 300D
aily
tem
pera
ture
(°C
)15
20
25
30
35
Minimum, MUG06
Minimum, MPA06
Maximum, MUG06
Maximum, MPA06
Average, MUG06
Average, MPA06
Expected effects of temperature
• Total biomass reduction (stomatal conductance)
• Harvest index reduction (hormonal action)
• Incidence and severity of pests and diseases (disease triangle)
Specific objectives
– Determine temperature effects on the different potato agrophysiological parameters
– Determine the phenotypic behavior of CIP material in heat conditions
MATERIALS AND METHODS
TEAM WORK
Experimental sites and years
Parameter Gisozi Ryansoro
Season Dry season Dry season
Latitude (S) 3°34’ 3°47’
Longitude (E) 29°41’ 29°46’
Altitude (masl)a 2091 1833
Global radiatione
(MJ.m-2
.j-1
)
9.06 -
Type of soil Peatland Peatland
8.63 8.63
Hygroxero-
ferrisold
Mparambo Mugerero
Dry season Dry season
2°50’ 3°15’
29°04’ 29°18’
892 801
Sites: Lowlands: Mugerero and MparamboHighlands: Ryansoro and Gisozi
3 years: 2005, 2006 and 2007
Material, design and crop management
• Genotypes: • Clones: CIP01 to CIP05,
• Varieties: NDINA (Ndinamagara), RUHA (Ruhanyura) and VICTO ( Victoria)
• Design: RCBD (3 - 4 reps; 80 cm x 30 cm; 20 to 30 plants/plot
• Crop management:• 2 t of lime/ha
• 500 g of cow manure/hill
• 14,3 g of NPK/hill, equivalent to 100-150-100 NPK formula
Data collected
– Plants emerged
– Ground cover
– Plant height
– LAI
– SLA (ImageJ technology)
– Pests and diseases
– Fresh and dry weight of leaves at harvest
– Fresh and dry weight of tubers at harvest
– Harvest index
– Tuber size and weight
– Dry matter concentration
– Etc…
Data analysis
• 2 levels of analysis :
– Per site and per season (environment): ANOVA (Gomez and Gomez, 1984)
– Across environments: AMMI (Additive Main
effects and Multiplicative Interaction Model) (Gauch, 1992)
∑ +++++=n gergeengnneggerY ερηζλβαµ
ANOVA PCA
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Statistics
Parameter Environment (E) Genotype (G) G x E
Dry matter concentration
*** *** ***
Emergence rate *** *** NS
Plant height ** *** ***
Ground cover *** *** NS
Tubers/plant *** *** **
Proportion of consumer tubers
*** *** NS
Average tuber weight
*** *** *
Fresh tuber yield *** *** ***
Dry tuber yield *** *** ***
Harvest index *** *** ***
Tuber number per plant (ANOVA)
Site
GIS
07
RYA07
MPA07
MPA06
MU
G06
MU
G05
Num
ber
of tu
bers
per
pla
nt
0
10
20
30
40
Mean
CIP01
CIP02
CIP03
CIP04
CIP05
NDINA
RUHA
VICTO
Tuber number per plant (AMMI)
VICTO
CIP01
RUHA
RYA07
NDINA
MUG05
CIP05
MUG06MPA07
GIS07
CIP04
CIP03
CIP02
MPA06
25
2
20
0
15
-2
10
-4
5
Tuber number per plant
1
-3
30
-1
IPC
A 1
Dry tuber yield (ANOVA)
Site
GIS
07
RYA07
MPA07
MPA06
MU
G06
MU
G05
Dry
tuber
yie
ld (
t.ha-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Mean
CIP01
CIP02
CIP03 CIP04
CIP05
NDINA RUHA
VICTO
7.5
2.1
Dry tuber yield (AMMI)
VICT O
CIP01RUHA
RYA07
NDINA
MUG05
CIP05
MUG06
MPA07
GIS07
CIP04
CIP03
CIP02
MPA06
7
0.5
6
-0.5
5
-1.5
432
1.0
Dry tuber yield (t/ha)
8
-1.0
9
0.0
IPC
A 1
(S
QR
(t/h
a))
Harvest index (ANOVA)
Site
GIS
07
RYA07
MPA07
MPA06
Ha
rve
st in
de
x
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Mean CIP01
CIP02 CIP03 CIP04
CIP05 NDINA
RUHA VICTO
0.77
0.54
Pests and diseases
• Highlands:
– Late Blight (clone CIP03 and CIP04)– Bacterial Wilt
• Lowlands
– No Late Blight observed (> 22°C)– Mainly Fusarium (Wilt and Rot) especially clone CIP02 with 25% of
plant wilt– Few plants with Black Leg/Soft Rot
• All sites
– Alternaria– Aphides
LESSONS LEARNT
Ecology
– Average temperature:
– Cycle length:
– Dry tuber yield:
– Fungal diseases:
– Bacterial diseases:
� Conditions for potato cropping
Cool Warm
17°C 25°C
Long Short
11.6 t/ha 2.1 t/ha
Late Blight Fusarium
Bacterial Wilt Black Leg/Soft rot
Optimal Sub optimal
However, the genetic variability was expressed in warm climates:
– 3 clones (CIP01, CIP03 and CIP05) found heat tolerant
– High potential for
• Current tropical and subtropical warm areas and
• Current cool but heating up areas due to climate change
