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Efforts to Standardize Resiliency Metrics
for the Undersea Cable Infrastructure
Prepared for: Telcordia Contacts:
Spilios E. Makris, Ph.D.Director, Olympic Program
Network Reliability & Risk Services
+1 732 758-2029
Nick Lordi, MBASenior Director, Applied Research
+1 732 758-4019
Melvin Gail Linnell, Ph.D.Principal Analyst, Network & Operations
+1 732 758-2191
May 12, 2011
CQR 2011
Background, Observations, and Considerations
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Background information
ATIS Standards Outage Index for wireline, cable TV, wireless, & satellite
telecommunications service outages
ROGUCCI Global Summit (Dubai Oct. 27-29, 2009) recommendations
Overview of current Undersea Cable Infrastructure (UCI) related
efforts at ATIS Performance, Reliability, Quality Committee (PRQC)
Factors influencing UCI resiliency
Metrics associated with these factors
A method of visualizing these metrics in a single diagram
Future considerations
Outline
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ATIS-PRQC Issue # A0053 opened on Dec. 2, 2009
“Need for a new Technical Report (TR) on Metrics to Assess the
Reliability of the Undersea Cable Infrastructure (UCI)”
Telcordia actively participated with contributions &
discussions at PRQC to achieve real progress on TR
TR was letter balloted (PRQC-LB-070) on March 16, 2011
TR No. ATIS-0100031 [pre-pub]; Approved March 2011
“A Method to Display Metrics Related to the Resiliency of the
Undersea Cable Infrastructure”
Overview of Current UCI-related Efforts at PRQC
Global Undersea Cable Infrastructure (UCI):
“Choke Points”
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“Choke Points” are areas of high concentration of undersea cables
and high risk of cable faults (natural or man-made)
Example of a Service Provider Mesh Network
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Natural Hazards
Submarine earthquakes & landslides
Waves & ocean currents
Tsunami & storm surges
Extreme weather (e.g., hurricanes)
Icebergs or volcanic activity
Climate change
Policy
Lack of ASPR (Agreements,
Standards, Policies, Regulations)
Boundary limitations
Law enforcement limitations
Permitting delays
UCI: Examples of General Risks
Man-made Hazards
Fishing activity
Ship anchors
UCI as a potential target for physical attacks
(i.e., theft of copper in Southeast Asia)
Other Areas of Potential Risks
Component failure
Variability of time-to-repair undersea cable
systems
Quality of “backhaul” (i.e., richness of landing
station connectivity to carrier “hotels”)
Close proximity of cable landing stations to
one another
Trade-offs during cable system design &
implementation
Typical Submarine Cable System
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Source: Fujitsu
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Grouping of Systems for Indexing Regions (9)
Routes
North America – Europe
North America – Asia
North America – Caribbean / South America
Europe – Middle East / Asia
Europe – Africa
Factors Affecting Resiliency, Reliability, & Growth Number of paths within the defined region or route
Lit bandwidth
Potential bandwidth
Connectivity between Systems
History of outages
Availability of repair capabilities
UCI: Factors and Consideration
Undersea Cable Regions
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MSR
SAR
CSR
NSR
NAR
IOR
SER
NPR
SPRSPR
Source: Alcatel-Lucent
North Atlantic
Region (NAR)North/ Baltic Sea
Region (NSR)
Mediterranean Sea
Region (MSR)
North Pacific
Region (NPR)
South Atlantic
Region (SAR)
Indian Ocean/
Red Sea Region
(IOR)
South East Asia
Region (SER)
South Pacific
Region (SPR)Caribbean Sea
Region (CSR)
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The proposed metrics are grouped in 3 categories:
Resiliency: the ability to adapt to an outage and restore
services (e.g., Internet, private line, etc.)
Reliability: the ability of the regional undersea cable
infrastructure to consistently deliver end-to-end service(s)
without degradation or failure
Growth: the ability to expand capacity in a timely manner to
meet increased demand (this expansion capacity reflects
near-term growth potential)
UCI: Selection of Parameters for Robustness
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Resiliency
A1 (Number of Hubs) = a scaled value of the number of landing station
areas (Hub) with 3 or more systems landing within the same city
(more is better). This metric would reflect the availability of locations for
rerouting during a failure.
A2 = a scaled value of the average number of cable landing stations
per system (more is better). When a system lands at multiple locations,
the availability of synergy increases.
A3 = a scaled value of the number of disjoint paths in the region/route
(more is better). When multiple routes are available, the effects of a single
failure are reduced (i.e., reduced chance of a single point of failure).
A4 = a scaled value of the average number of systems per Hub (see
A1). This factor indicates whether there is an appropriate quantity and
diversity of UCI systems supported at the Hubs.
UCI: Resiliency Metrics - 1
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Reliability
A5 = a scaled valued related to the number of outage events per
region/route within the past 36 months (less the better).
This metric reflects the risks associated with the region/route.
A6 = a scaled value related to the maximum number of systems affected
by a single event within the past 36 months (less the better).
This metric would reflect the severity of risks within the region/route.
A7 = a scaled valued related to the ratio of cable repair ships available
in a region or for a route (more the better) to the number of paths in that
region/route (see A3).
Availability of repair capabilities reduces the expected downtime if an event
occurs.
UCI: Reliability Metrics - 2
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Growth
A8 = a scaled valued related to the ratio of un-lit capacity
to total capacity (higher is better, has more growth
potential)
UCI: Growth Metrics - 3
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Standardized in ITU-T Recommendation P.505 for use
in displaying a set of transmission measurements
associated with a communication experience
Quick & easy recognition of parameters with undesirable
values
Assessment of strengths and weaknesses of routes or
regions relative to others
Easy comparison of different routes or regions based on the
corresponding representations
Easy extension of the representation by new parameters
relevant to robustness in the future
ITU-T “One View Visualization” Methodology
One View Visualization: Example Star
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Presents an independent representation of individual
robustness parameters
Segment sizes are determined by the number of
selected parameters and are identical
Segment size (radius) is a measure for the robustness
of the route regarding this parameter
By means of a suitable:
Axis scaling, a concentric circle around the origin can be
defined which represents a minimum resiliency measure
Color selection results lying within the tolerance or
transgressing the limit values can be easily visualized
One View Visualization: Advantages
Future Considerations
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Socialize proposed UCI metrics with stakeholders:
Submarine cable owners / operators
Carriers that lease service from the owner/operators
Enterprise or government entities that lease services from the carriers
Other standards bodies
Derive a UCI Outage Index to complement the existing* Outage
Index for wireline, wireless, cable TV, & satellite
telecommunications service outages used by industry/FCC
ATIS PRQC follow-up work to UCI-related TR No. ATIS-0100031
* “Analysis of FCC-reportable Service Outage Data”, ATIS-0100021, June 2008