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Egypt State of the WaterReporting, Monitoring & Evaluation

Operational Framework and Guidelines

Donor: African Water Facility/African Development BankGrant Recipient: CEDAREAWF Grant Agreement No.: 5600155002351Project ID No.: P-Z1-EAZ-027Document Name: Egypt State of the Water Reporting, Monitoring and Evaluation Operational Framework and GuidelinesDocument Type: National ReportVersion: English, Final VersionCountries: EgyptRegion: North Africa Main Author: Dr. Mohamed Ahmed, Egypt National Project Management Unit (NPMU)Contributors: Eng. Amr Elkady, Dr. Nehal Adel, Egypt NPMUSupervision & Review: Khaled AbuZeid, Ph.D., P.E.; Mohamed Elrawady, M.Sc., CEDAREDesign & Layout: Eng. Tamer El-HakimDocument Date: March, 2015

For reference purposes, this publication should be referred to as:Egypt MWRI, CEDARE, Mohamed, A. (2015), “Egypt State of the Water Reporting, Monitoring and Evaluation Operational Framework and Guidelines”, Monitoring & Evaluation for Water In North Africa (MEWINA) Project, Ministry of Water Resources & Irrigation (MWRI) - Egypt, Water Resources Management Program - CEDARE.

Contents

1. Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

2. Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5. National, Continental, and Global Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.1. National Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.2. Continental Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

5.3 Global Targets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

5.3.1. The Millennium Development Goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

5.3.2. The Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

6. MEWINA SOW Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

7. Proposed M&E Operational Framework and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

List of Tables

Table 1. National Water Resources Plan Indicators and Targets .......................... 17

Table 2. Egypt Water and Sanitation Performances Evaluation sheet ................. 25

Table 3. Goal 7 Targets and Indicators .................................................................. 36

Table 4. SOW Indicators Manual .......................................................................... 55

List of Figures

Figure 1. NWRP M&E System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 2. NWRP M&E Data Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 3. Data Validation and Publication Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 4. Urban Encroachment on Agricultural Areas in Greater Cairo in 2006 (Sims and Sejourne, 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Figure 5. Urban Encroachment in the Nile Delta in Three Different Years (Shalaby, 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Figure 6. Urban Encroachment Map of the Nile Delta in 2006 Overlaid on the Soil Capability Map (Shalaby, 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

List of Acronyms

AMCOW African Ministers’ Council on Water

ARC Agriculture Research Center

ASS Agriculture Services Sector

AWF African Water Facility

CAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics

CASWE Central Administration for Soils, Water and Environment

CCRM Climate Change Risk

DRI Drainage Research Institute

EALIP Executive Authority for Land Improvement Projects

EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

EFI Egyptian Federation of Industry

EMA Egyptian Meteorological Agency

EPADP Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects

ESPA Egyptian Shore Protection Authority

EWRA Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency

GDP Gross domestic product

GIS Geographical Information System

GNI Gross National Income

GOFI General Organization for Industrialization

GWS Ground Water Sector

HADA High Aswan Dam Authority

HCWW Holding Company of Water and Waste Water

HES Horizontal expansion sector

IAS Irrigation Advisory Sector

ID Irrigation Department

IDA Industrial Development Agency

IIS Irrigation Improvement Sector

IRU Institutional Reform Unit

IS Irrigation Sector

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MALR Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation

MARS Monitoring Analysis and Reporting System

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MED Mechanical and Electrical department

MHUUD Ministry of Hosing, Utilities and Urban development

MoEA Ministry of Environmental Affairs

MoEE Ministry of Electricity and Energy

MoF Ministry of Finance

MoHP Ministry of Health and Population

MoIFT Ministry of Industry & Foreign Trade

MoLD Ministry of Local Development

MoT Ministry of Trade

MoTR Ministry of Transport

MWRI Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

N-AMCOW North - African Ministers’ Council on Water

NCPSLU National Center for Planning State Land Use

NGOs Non Governmental Organizations

NPCT National Project Coordination Team

NPS Nile Protection Sector

NTF National Task Force

NWRC National Water Research Centre

NWRP National Water Resources Plan

NWRU National Water Resources Unit

NWS Nile Water Sector

PJTC Permanent Joint Technical Commission

PS Planning Sector

RARs Rapid Assessment Reports

RCTWS Regional Centre for Training and Water Studies

RGBS Reservoirs and Grand Barrages Sector

RIGW Research Institute of Ground Water

RTA River Transport Authority

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

SoW State of the water

SWERI Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute

TDA Tourism Development Authority

TDS Total dissolved solids

WCD Water Communication Department

WDSI Water Demand Satisfaction Index

WQI Water Quality Index

WQU Water Quality Unit

WRRI Water Resources Research Institute

WUAs Water User Associations

8 Egypt State of the Water Reporting, Monitoring and Evaluation Operational Framework and Guidelines

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1. Executive Summary

The Monitoring and Evaluation for Water In North Africa (MEWINA) aims is to increase the capacity in Water Sector M&E in the countries of the Northern African Ministers’ Council on Water (N-AMCOW) ,namely, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania and Tunisia. This report is one of a series of reports that are produced by the project National unit in Egypt. The report focuses on describing the State of the Water (SoW) indicators that can be used to present that status of the water in the Northern African countries and region and also the methodologies to assess them.

The report builds upon a number of activities that have been undertaken within the MEWINA project. At the beginning, the key existing water related M&E systems in Egypt are presented and followed by a diagnosis of those systems. This diagnosis shows that monitoring and evaluation systems in Egypt are quite advanced in comparison to other countries and regions in Africa and that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are also being monitored by a number of organizations such as the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Ministry of Health and Population and the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater. It also reveals that the monitoring and evaluation systems at the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater and Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation are two good examples of potential standardized and harmonized systems. However, the monitoring and evaluation systems in Egypt are extremely fragmented and that is costing time as well as contributing to an unsustainable growth rate of expenditures. Following this analysis, The National, continental and global targets that are related to those systems are then described. The National targets are taken from the National Water Resources Plan (NWRP) that is has been developed in 2005. The key targets (or pillars) of the plan are to:

• Developmorewaterresources

• Make better use of existing resources of water

• Improve water quality management

The above targets are monitored through a number of indicators until 2017. The continental targets are taken from the recent African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW) country performance assessment towards the achievement of the Africa 2025 vision. The global targets are then taken from the MDGs and the more recent Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Afterward, The MEWINA proposed State of the Water (SOW) indicators are introduced with country specificrequirementsandreflections.Thepurposeof thoseindicatorsistoassessthestatusof thewatersector and they are categorized as follows:

• Water&Availability

• Water&Uses

• Water&LandUseChanges

• Water&Services

• Water&Energy

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• Water&Population

• Water&Quality

• Water&Ecosystems

• Water&Health

• Water&Climate

• Water&Socio-economics

• Water&Finance

• Water&Trade

• Water&Governance

• Water&InternationalRelations

At the end, a proposed operational framework which gives a guide that can be followed in Egypt to obtain the SOW indicators is given. This framework is anticipated to be:

• Anonline,compatiblewithexistingsystemsandaffordablesystem.

• Allowingdatamoveandexchangeatdifferentlevels(local,nationalandregional).

• Usinginternationallyacceptedindicatorswheneverpossible.Itisalsoessentialnottocramthesystemwith too many indicators that render it of no or little use.

• Linkedtodecisionmakingvia,forexample,reporting.

• Reportingsuccessesandfailures.

• Withproperdocumentationsandmanuals.

The operational framework, presented in this report, includes the following information for each indicator:

• Definition

• Calculationorestimationmethodology

• Proposedresponsibleinstitution

Thisoperationalframeworkrepresentsthefirststeptowardshavingadetailedmanualfortheuseof thestandardized and harmonized system that will be established in the Northern African region.


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2. Preface

As early as 2005, Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of the progress of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) within the water sector in Africa have been considered the weakest link as it faces several challengessuchasdatacollectiondifficultiesandinadequateanalysiswhichhaveanadverseimpactonmonitoring, evaluation and reporting at the national and regional levels. Therefore, capacity building among African States to cope with those challenges became one of the major areas of investment for the African Water Facility (AWF) over the following years through a number of projects.

The Monitoring and Evaluation for Water In North Africa (MEWINA) is an example of those projects. MEWINA’s main objective is to increase the capacity in Water Sector M&E in the countries of the Northern African Ministers’ Council on Water (N-AMCOW) ,namely, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania and Tunisia. This will be achieved through setting up a Water Sector M&E mechanism that allows N-AMCOW to annually report on the status of the water sector within North Africa, using harmonized and comparable information. Another key objective of MEWINA is to conduct training for National coordinators, National M&E experts, and relevant stakeholders on how to produce a periodic (and ultimatelyunified)“Stateof theWater”reportwhichdescribesthestatusof waterresourcesavailability,water uses, and water services, and which measures the progress towards achieving goals of National Water Resources Management and National Water Supply and Sanitation Targets, in addition to measuring progresstowardsachievingInternationalCommitmentsinbothfields.

The project is funded by the African Water Facility and coordinated by the Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE). It is managed in each country by a National Project Coordination Team (NPCT) that is supported by a National Task Force (NTF) of key water sector stakeholders and a National M&E expert. The NPCT in Egypt is based in the Ministry of Water Resources and irrigation.

3. Introduction

Thefirsttaskof theMEWINAprojectaimedtoassesstheexistingM&EsystemsinAlgeria,Egypt,Libya, Mauritania and Tunisia. In Egypt, this assessment was undertaken through visits to the relevant Ministries or organizations. In those visits, interviews were held with MEWINA National Task Force (NTF) members and relevant staff to get information about the following:

• ExistingM&Esystemsandwaterindicators(if any).

• Datacollectionandstorage

• PublishedM&Ereports

• Issues,problemsorchallengesonundertakinganyof theabovethreeactivities

Inadditiontothevisits,eachNTFmemberwasaskedtofillaquestionnairetoprovidedetailsontheaboveitems(RapidAssessmentReports(RARs),2013).Thevisitsandthefilledquestionnairesbythe

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NTF members provided a wealth of information on what are the M&E systems that are being used in Egypt by different entities. They have also shown the issues and challenges that face them in undertaking their M&E tasks.

Based on the above, a framework to standardize and harmonize the existing M&E systems in Egypt has been proposed (Hassan, 2013). This framework is a broad overview of how interlinked entities which supportparticularactivitiestoachievespecificobjectivescanworktogetheranduseoneM&Esystem.

Thisreportbuildsupontheabovementionedactivitiesof theMEWINAproject.Itfirstpresentsbrieflythe key existing water related M&E systems in Egypt followed by a diagnosis of those systems. The National, continental and global targets that are related to those systems are then described. Afterward, TheMEWINAproposed State of theWater (SOW) indicators are introducedwith country specificrequirementsandreflections.Aproposedoperationalframeworkwhichgivesaguidethatcanbefollowedin Egypt to obtain the SOW indicators is given. The report concludes with a number of conclusions and recommendations.

4. Background

Several M&E systems and units exist in Egypt. Each entity undertakes M&E that suits its needs and requirements. In this section a description of the water related M&E systems that exist in Egypt is given followed by a diagnosis of the their current situation

Brief description of the existing monitoring and evaluation systems in Egypt

1. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS)

TheCAPMASwasestablishedin1964.Itisconsideredtobetheofficialsourceforprovidingallof thestateentities, organizations, universities, researchers, research centers and international organizations with data and statistics of Egypt. The agency undertakes and publishes country census and statistics by collecting allrelevantinformationfromgovernmentalentitiesand/orfieldsurveys.Oneof theKeypublicationsof the CAPMAS is the ‘Statistical Yearbook’. This book includes, among other things, indicators data of various sectors in Egypt such as agriculture, water, environment, population and economics. It also includes a chapter on monitoring MDGs indictors. This book is an indispensible source of information and can provide all the baseline data for existing or future M&E systems in Egypt.

2. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW)

The HCWW was established in 2004 to 1) purify, desalinate, distribute and sell drinking water and 2) collect, treat andsafelydisposewastewater inEgypt. Inorder toachieve this inanefficientway, theHCWW has setup a Monitoring Analysis and Reporting system (MARS) system that is used for the monitoring and Evaluation of the performance of the companies that are under the HCWW. Based upon the system results and reports, recommendations are made to improve the services provided by HCWW.

3. The National Water Resources Plan (NWRP) at MWRI


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The NWRP project started in 1998 and its aim was to produce a water resources plan for Egypt until 2017. The plan was produced in 2005 by MWRI in collaboration with the relevant ministries and institutions. Following the development of the plan in 2007, the second phase of the NWRP started in 2007 aiming at monitoring the progress of the plan implementation and its impacts. The NWRP has its own Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system that receives the progress and impact data from dedicated units at the relevant ministries in Egypt. These units carry out the day to day work and are in continuous contact with the NWRP at MWRI.

4. Monitoring and Evaluation unit at the Agriculture Research Center of MALR

The Monitoring and Evaluation unit at the Agriculture Research Center of MALR became operational in January 2012. As the unit is still new, a formal training was given to the unit staff by an M&E expert on ‘Results Based M&E systems’ with an introduction to the ‘Logical Framework of M&E’. The M&E concepts acquired during the training were applied on 3 projects of the MALR 2030 strategy (Agriculture ResearchCenter,2009) togainmoreexperience.The improvementof field irrigationproject isnowmonitored by two staff members of the unit who are supporting the M&E activities of this project.

5. Environmental Monitoring Center at MoHP

The MoHP has a water quality monitoring network along the Nile River, main canals and drains (hotspots) and drinking water intakes. The network was established in 1993 and has approximately 210 monitoring points. The samples at these points are collected by the Environmental Monitoring Center (الرصــد مركــز

which publishes an annual report since 1995 that includes all the analysis of (البيئي the collected data. This report is sent to the decision makers of all relevant governmental ministries and institutions.

6. Monitoring Programs of the Ministry of State of Environmental Affairs and the Egyptian Environmental Affairs (EEAA)

The Ministry of State of Environmental Affairs and the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency publishes an annual report to present the ‘State of the Environment’ in Egypt. Data of the monitoring programs of fresh water and drainages is presented in this report. This data is collected through the national network that was established for monitoring water quality, where periodic monitoring is conducted to determine quality of surface and groundwater in Egypt, through measurements of different physical and chemical parameters, heavy metals, fertilizers, organic matters, biological, and pesticides.

The above mentioned M&E systems cover the most relevant ones within the water sector in Egypt. Other systems exist in Egypt and could provide data or information when it comes to building a new integrated system. These include but not limited to:

The weather and climate monitoring network of the Egyptian Meteorological Agency and its mathematical models data

Spatial and Satellite Data that exist within the Egyptian Survey Authority, the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences and the National Center for Planning State Land Use

Brief diagnosis of the existing monitoring and evaluation systems in Egypt

The monitoring and evaluation systems in Egypt are quite advanced in comparison to other countries and regions in Africa. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are also being monitored by a number of organizations such as the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Ministry of Health and

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Population and the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater. The monitoring and evaluation systems at the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater and Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation are two good examples of potential standardized and harmonized systems. The key features of those systems are(Hassan, 2013):

• Decentralizationindatacollection

• Inclusionof datavalidationprocesses

• Monitoringof MDGs

• Monitoringandevaluationof nationalindicators

• Reportgeneration.

Despite the above advances, the monitoring and evaluation systems in Egypt are extremely fragmented and that is costing time as well as contributing to an unsustainable growth rate of expenditures. This is a fundamental problem needing remedy in order to standardize and harmonize the M&E systems in Egypt. The main causes of this fragmentation are (Hassan, 2013):

• Conflictof interests

• Disconnectedorganizationalstructure

• Corruptionandnon-transparency

• Establishmentof projectspecificM&Esystems

This fragmented system consequently leads to(Hassan, 2013):

• Inefficiencyandduplicationof efforts

• Inconsistenttechnologyadoption

• Noclearresponsibilityoraccountability

• Dataflowproblems

Therefore, it is imperative to transform such a fragmented system into one that is well coordinated, integrated, striving to improve value for money through quality improvement and expenditure reduction. In order to do that, a decision has to be made on what could be the main aspects or features of such a system.


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5. National, Continental, and Global Targets

This chapter focuses on presenting the National water related targets in Egypt included in the National Water Resources Plan (NWRP). Continental targets of the AMCOW will be also represented in this chapter with the MDGs and SDGs targets. The methodology of calculation or measurement of those targets will also be described if available or applicable.

5.1. National Targets

In Egypt, the most comprehensive set of indicators for the water sector is the NWRP targets. They cover the following key aspects (or pillars):

• Developingmorewaterresources

• Makingbetteruseof existingresourcesof water

• Improvingwaterqualitymanagement

• Creatinganenablingenvironmenttoenhanceimplementationof NWRP

Each aspect (or Pillars) includes a set of measures that are linked to indicators with their targets that have to be achieved by 2017. Table 1 shows those national indicators and targets. The data for each indicator is stored in an M&E system that was developed for the NWRP. This Data comes from various organizations as shown in Table 1 and stored with the developed NWRP M&E system. It is then aggregated to the level of measures (NWRP, 2011). The NWRP M&E complies with several criteria, namely:

• Abletocatertoseveralpartneragencies

• Abletoreceivedatafromdifferentoffices

• Physicallystoredinasafeplace,butavailablethroughtheinternet

• Wellmaintainable,alsoaftertheNWRP-CPiscompleted,byMWRIstaff

• Abletopresentinformationinclearformats

Figure1presentstheoverallsoftwarearchitectureof theNWRPM&Esystemandthedataflowsaredepicted in Figure 2. Water Resources Units at all partner ministries; including the MWRI, submit data at a national level to the NWRP unit, using a web interface. The data entry and validation process has a number of steps. Firstly, data is entered at a regular basis by the employees of each unit, where, one person acts as supervisor. This supervisor validates the data when all data has been entered (this can be indicatedby the employeewho entered thedata).Thisfirst validation step checks for errors andunexpected values. Once the data have been approved by the supervisor, they are submitted to the NWRP unit. Here a second validation takes place by a higher supervisor who checks the credibility of the data, by looking at trends over time, comparison to targets, and cross checking with indicator data submitted by other units. Once the high supervisor approves data, they are published through reports. If at any stage of the validation process data is found not credible or clearly wrong, a message is sent via the

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web interface to the lower level, e.g. from high supervisor to supervisor, and/or from supervisor to the employee who entered the data. The process is depicted in Figure 3.

Figure 1. NWRP M&E System Architecture

Figure 2. NWRP M&E Data Flow


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Figure 3. Data Validation and Publication Process

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Table 1. National Water Resources Plan Indicators and Targets

Intervention Measures Indicator Units National Target

Other Regional / Global targets

Responsible/ Partner Agency

Department/ Sector

Add more conventional and non-conventional water resources to the country’s water budget

Continue co-operation with Nile riparians

Ratification of the Legal and Institutional Framework (Indictor is split into the following sub indicators:1. Preparation of the draft version (15%)2. Consultation, Discussion, and Revision (25%)3. Agreement, approval, and ratification (35%)4. Legal and Institutional Framework in place (25%))

Milestones 100% NA MWRI NWS

Annual Volume of Nile Water Available to Egypt MM3/YEAR 57500 NA MWRI NWS

Develop groundwater in the Desert

# of operational wells Number 2168 NA MWRI GWS

Annual Volume of abstracted deep groundwater MM3/YEAR 4985 NA MWRI GWS

Stimulate rainfall and flash floods harvesting

# of retention dams Number 72 NA MWRI GWS

# of ground reservoirs Number 72 NA MWRI GWS

Capacity of the rainfall and flash floods harvesting storage reservoirs

MM3/YEAR 72 NA MWRI GWS

Annual Volume of Water Harvested and utilized MM3/YEAR 72 NA MWRI GWS

Increase seawater desalination and brackish groundwater use (in the coastal areas)

Capacity of Desalination Plants in tourism areas MM3/YEAR 96 NA MoT TDA

# of desalination plants in all governorates Number 53 NA MHUUD HCWW

Capacity of Desalination Plants in all governorates MM3/YEAR 97 NA MHUUD HCWW

Annual Volume of Seawater desalinated MM3/YEAR 87 NA MHUUD HCWW

Improve management and increase pumping of shallow groundwater

Total number of wells Number 50000 NA MWRI GWS

Total number of wells registered Number 50000 NA MWRI GWS

Total number of wells licensed Number 25000 NA MWRI GWS

# of observation wells in Nile Valley and Delta Number Undefined NA MWRI GWS

Annual Volume of shallow groundwater abstracted BM3/YEAR 8390 NA MWRI GWS

Raise water use efficiency

Continue irrigation improvement programs (IIP/IIIMP)

Total areas with improved irrigation handed over to WUAs 1000 Feddans 1428 NA MWRI IIS

Expand on-farm improved water management

Area of agricultural lands with laser land leveling applied 1000 Feddans 1300 NA MALR EALIP

Area of agricultural lands with improved marwas 1000 Feddans 1300 NA MALR EALIP

Total area where on-farm improvement completed 1000 Feddans 1300 NA MALR EALIP


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Department/ Sector

Apply modern irrigation techniques in new lands and oases

Total area of violations against application of modern irrigation techniques in new lands and oases

1000 Feddans 0 NA MWRI ID

Area of violations corrected 1000 Feddans 500 NA MWRI ID

Area of new lands applying modern irrigation 1000 Feddans 3000 NA MWRI ID

Total irrigated lands in oases 1000 Feddans 500 NA MWRI GWS

Area of oasis lands applying modern irrigation 1000 Feddans 500 NA MWRI GWS

Promote drainage water reuse in selected areas and expand intermediate drainage reuse

Volume of Reused Drainage Water in Main System MM3/YEAR 8000 NA MWRI IS

Promote growing salt-tolerant and short duration crops

Number of salt tolerant crops developed and cultivated Number

Undefined

NA MALR ARC

Number of short duration crops developed and cultivated Number NA MALR ARC

Area of agriculture land using salt tolerant crops 1000 Feddans NA MALR ASS

Area of salt affected soil 1000 Feddans NA MALR ARC

Area of agriculture land using short duration crops 1000 Feddans NA MALR ASS

Improve drinking water availability and reduce losses

# of installed functional water meters Number 13800000 NA MHUUD HCWW

% of unaccounted for water = [1-(Ratio of quantity of drinking water billed / quantity of drinking water produced)] * 100%

PERCENT 25 NA MHUUD HCWW

Total installed capacity of drinking water treatment plants MM3 / DAY 44 NA MHUUD HCWW

Actual annual volume of drinking water produced MM3 / Day 36 NA MHUUD HCWW

% of safe drinking water coverage in rural areas PERCENT 100 MDG

Target 10Halve, by 2015, the

proportion of people without

sustainable access to safe

drinking water

MHUUD HCWW

% of safe drinking water coverage in urban areas PERCENT 100 MHUUD HCWW

Total number of industrial units Number 38000 NA MoIFT IDA

# of industrial units applying water saving techniques Number 24700 NA MoIFT EFI

Expand the reuse of treated municipal wastewater

Area of land cultivated using treated wastewater 1000 Feddans Undefined NA MALR SWERI

Total volume of treated domestic wastewater utilized MM3 / Year 741 NA MHUUD HCWW

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Department/ Sector

Study alternative operations of High Aswan Dam

Alternative operating rules Study is completed and discussed Milestones 100 NA MWRI NWRC

Protect agricultural lands, improve soil fertility and productivity

Improve agricultural drainage

Area served with functional open drains 1000 Feddans 8291 NA MWRI EPADP

Area of agricultural land provided with functional tile (subsurface) drainage

1000 Feddans 6400 NA MWRI EPADP

Number of complaints related to drainage Number Undefined NA MWRI EPADP

Integrated Management of Coastal Zones

Total length of endangered shoreline KMs 155 NA MWRI ESPA

Length of coastline protected KMs 15 NA MWRI ESPA

Length of coastline maintained KMs 250 NA MWRI ESPA

Improve water distribution system to enhance water delivery

Control well discharges in desert areas

Inspection and Monitoring System is Established and Running

Milestones 100 NA MWRI GWS

Strengthen Participatory Irrigation Management

# of BCWUAs established Number 4000 NA MWRI IAS

# of WUAs established Number 24000 NA MWRI IIS

# of Branch canals where IAS is providing advice 1000 Feddans 4000 NA MWRI ID

# of WUOs supported by IAS Number 4000 NA MWRI IAS

Continue canals and drains maintenance and extend aquatic weed biological control

Length of canals network maintained annually KMs 25000 NA MWRI ID

Length of drains network maintained annually KMs 18000 NA MWRI EPADP

Length of canal networks where biological or manual weed control is applied

KMs 11000 NA MWRI ID

Improve water distribution and control infrastructure

# of Control Structures improved for efficient water distribution Number 206 NA MWRI IS

# of grand barrages replaced or rehabilitated Number 13 NA MWRI RGBS

Rehabilitate and replace pumping stations

# of pumping stations rehabilitated Number 200 NA MWRI MED

# of well pumps rehabilitated Number 570 NA MWRI MED

# of floating pumps rehabilitated Number 45 NA MWRI MED

Pumping Performance Efficiency achieved (%) PERCENT 70 NA MWRI MED

Improve High Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser

% of maintenance and rehabilitation works completed for the dam complex vs. needs

PERCENT 100 NA MWRI HADA

Protect and develop River Nile and its banks

Length of River Nile developed (maintained / protected) KMs 235 NA MWRI NPS

Provide rural solid waste management systems

# of villages equipped with solid waste collection facilities Number 100 NA MoLD LOCAL

ADMIN UNITS


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Department/ Sector

Maintain navigational channels in the Nile

Length of the navigational channel improved KMs 400 NA MoTR RTA

Restrict public water supply sources to Main Canals

Updated standards and criteria for drinking water treatment plants intakes are agreed upon and applied

Milestones 100 NA MWRI ID

Coordinate irrigation supply and demand

Area of agricultural land covered by the Matching Irrigation Supply and Demand (MISD) program

1000 Feddans 6600 NA MWRI IS

MWRI, MALR, and MoIFT agree on strategic cropping pattern Milestones 100% NA MWRI ID

Continue planned horizontal expansion based on available water

Total area of agricultural lands (GIS Satellite Images) 1000 Feddans 10000 NA MWRI ID

Area of land reclaimed (equipped with primary infrastructure)

1000 Feddans 2300 NA MWRI HES

Area of land reclaimed that is actually cultivated 1000 Feddans 2400 NA MWRI HES

Prevent / Minimize pollution of water resources

Minimize pollution of water courses from industries

# of customs exemptions issued by the MoF for cleaner production machinery and equipments; at the request of the MoEA

Number Undefined NA MoEA EEAA

Total value of soft loans and TA provided for Industries to achieve environmental compliance using revolving funds mechanisms

Million Egyptian

Pounds (LE)Undefined NA MoEA EEAA

# of grants and soft loans offered to support industrial self-compliance


# of industries received Technical assistance to achieve environmental self-compliance


Area of new industrial zones (parks) established to accommodate polluting industries

Million M2 Undefined NA MoIFT IDA

# of factories and industrial facilities that were relocated Number Undefined NA MoIFT IDA

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Department/ Sector

Introduce load based discharge levies

Amend and apply Law (48/1982). This indicator has the following sub indicators:1) Identify legal gaps and

propose amendments (15%)

(2 Hold consultation and discussion sessions and agree on necessary legal amendment (25%)

(3 Ratification of amended law by the parliament (35%)

4) Enforce new law (25%)

Milestones 100% NA MWRI WQU

Amend and apply the executive regulations of Law (48/1982). This indicator has the following sub indicators:1) Define necessary

amendments to the bylaws (15%)

2) Discuss the proposal with concerned Ministries and agree on final formulation of articles (35%)

3) Issue Ministerial Decree amending the executive regulations (25%)

4) 4. Enforce the new bylaws (25%)

Milestones 100 % NA MWRI WQU

Enhance industrial effluent monitoring and control

# of industrial units Number Undefined

# of factories inspected for industrial effluents (statistically selected samples)


# of sanctions enforced (cases filed and reported) due to non-compliance of industries


Establishment of the Supreme Council for Nile Protection Milestones 100 % NA MWRI WQU

Promote environmentally friendly and organic agriculture practices

Provide Guidelines, rules and regulations on organic agriculture practices issued This indicator has the following sub indicators:1) Study the basic elements

and requirements for organic agriculture (15%)

2) Propose Guidelines for environmentally friendly agricultural practices (25%)

3) Discuss, Finalize, and endorse the guidelines (35)

4) Disseminate and generalize the application of the guidelines through means of awareness and incentives (25%)

Milestones 100 % NA MALR CASWE


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Department/ Sector

Area of agriculture land using environ-mentally friendly (organic) practices

1000 Feddans Undefined NA MALR CASWE

Quantity of imported agro-chemical pesticides

(Tons of effective material)

Undefined NA MALR ASS

Volume of exports of organic agriculture products to the European markets

metric tons Undefined NA MALR CASWE

Review cage culture on Nile and all waterways

Remove illegal cage cultures in fresh water courses (Nile, Branches, Canals, …)

Milestones 100 % NA MWRI NPS

Treat polluted water resources

Expand wastewater treatment and sanitation services

Total capacity of municipal wastewater treatment plants MM3 / YEAR 7527 NA MHUUD HCWW

Total volume of domestic wastewater treated MM3 / day 6804 NA MHUUD HCWW

% of coverage of municipal wastewater connection in urban areas

Percent 100 %MDG

Target 10Halve, by 2015, the

proportion of people without

sustainable access to safe

drinking water and sanitation

MHUUD HCWW

% of coverage municipal wastewater connection in rural areas

Percent 50 % MHUUD HCWW

Initiate cost recovery for drinking water and sanitary services

tariffs policy reviewed Milestones 100 % NA MHUUD HCWW

Ratio of cost recovery achieved (revenues / operational costs) for drinking water and sanitary services

Ratio 1 NA MHUUD HCWW

Promote treatment of industrial effluents

Standard specifications for discharged industrial wastewater issued

Milestones 100 % NA MoEA EEAA

# of industrial units operating wastewater treatment facilities Number Undefined NA MoEA EEAA

# of new industrial zones established with waste water pre-treatment plants (Separate Wastewater Collection Network and Treatment Facilities)

Number Undefined NA MoEA IDA

# of industries discharging untreated industrial wastewater into waterways


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Department/ Sector

Control / match water uses with quality of water resources

Define functions of waterways

Definition of functions of waterways agreed Milestones 100% NA MWRI IS

Reduce pollution to open waterways passing through residential areas

Length of waterways covered to minimize human contact with polluted water

KMs 350 NA MoLD LOCAL ADMIN UNITS

Protect wells from pollution

Revised regulations and norms for groundwater protection Milestones 100 % NA MWRI GWS

Improve planning capacity, financing and cooperation within the water sector

Capacity building

# of training events Number Undefined NA MWRI RCTWS

# of participants Number Undefined NA MWRI ID

# of topics Number Undefined NA MWRI WCD

Intensify awareness campaigns and activities

# of awareness campaigns at local or national levels (TV broadcasts and bulletins), narrative of audience and topics covered

Number Undefined NA MWRI WCD

% reduction of pollution Percentages Undefined NA MoEA EEAA

% improved WQ parameters Percentages Undefined NA MWRI WQU

# of reported violations Number Undefined NA MHUUUD HCWW

# of WQ essays and campaigns in newspapers and TV programmes Number Undefined NA MWRI WCD

Continue National Water Research Centre studies

# of studies undertaken by NWRC related to enhancement of water management in Egypt in addition to contribution to resolve practical issues

Number Undefined NA MWRI NWRC

Support survey and mapping within MWRI

Area covered by analog maps in each series scale; Area covered by GIS maps in each series scale

KM2 Undefined NA MWRI ESA

promote decentralized restructuring of MWRI for future roles

# of IWRM Districts and Directorates established Number 250 NA MWRI IRU

Promote Private Sector participation in financing water infrastructure projects, operation and maintenance

Investments by private sector in water projects

Billion LE/ year Undefined NA MWRI Planning

Sector

Promote national investment in the water sector

Total funds that are made available for the water sector in the state budget

Billion LE/ year Undefined NA MWRI Planning

Sector

Enhance Planning Processes

# of NGOs and CDAs involved in GWRP Number Undefined NA MWRI NWRU


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Department/ Sector

Establish permanent National Water Council

National Water Council mandate and membership agreed Milestones Undefined NA MWRI NWRU

Reduce rate of population growth

Expand family planning activities

Value of Total Fertility Rate within Egyptian women in fertile age (child / woman)

Number Undefined NA MOHP Population Sector

% of prevalence of contraceptives use between Egyptian women in fertile age

PERCENT Undefined NA MOHP Population Sector

5.2. Continental Targets

At the Sharm El-Sheikh Summit in 2008, the African Head of States and Governments have recommended to African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW) to elaborate annual reports on progresses realized in water and sanitation area with the help of regional partners. To achieve this, a number of targets and indicators have been selected. These represent the most recent continental targets for the water Sector. As part of the MEWINA project the data of those targets and indicators have been collected as shown in Table 2. It can be seen in Table 2 that:

• Someof thetargetsseemtobeunrealisticwhencomparedwithwhatisachievedbythecountries.Anexample of this is to Increase the size of irrigated areas in each country by 50% from 2000 to 2015. It would be good to try to link those targets with other factors such as population, irrigation network efficiency,sealevelriseandeconomicaspectstoreacharealisticvision.

• Forhydropowergeneration,‘Runof theRiver”hydropowergenerationsystemscanabetteroptionthan dams as they are closer to people with Low costs and quick construction. Therefore, this option needs to be promoted.

• Itdoesnotseemreasonabletoaskeverycountrytospend5%of itsGDPwithoutlinkingthistowhatisachievedontheground.Forexample,InEgypt,itcanbeinefficienttocontinuetospend5%of national budget for water & sanitation as the drinking water coverage is approximately 100 % and the sanitation is above 50 %.

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Table 2. Egypt Water and Sanitation Performances Evaluation sheet

Country Background Information Sheet

Country Name: Egypt

Items Information

1. Population trends for the last 4 years, and GDP.

Years 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011

Urban pop. 27,123,000 32,353,000 33,083,000 33,833,000 34,516,000

Rural pop. 36,728,000 42,876,000 43,842,000 44,895,000 45,894,000

*Total pop. 63,860,000 75,229,000 76,925,000 78,728,000 80,410,000

GDP (106 LE) 855,302 994,055 1,150,620 1,309,905 855,302*Last census was conducted in 2006. (2012 Statistical year book, CAPMAS)

2. Basis of the existing water sector Policy/Reform and potential policy targets.

Important issues addressed in the existing Water Sector Reform? -Bridging water supply / demand deficit.- Seawater intrusion and water quality deterioration.-Improving domestic water supply and sanitation access.-Review and redirection of irrigated agricultural policies.-Increase water use efficiency.- Institutional capacity building.- Integrated water resources management.- Low Water Tariffs and Poor Recovery Rates

3. Knowledge of international and African Milestones on Water and Sanitation.

Which are the ones well known and used in the county? Specify how it is used. - Agenda 21-Rio principles: as a general guide for sustainable use of water for development.- The Dublin principles: as a general guide for sustainable use of water for development.- UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): as a measure of progress towards achieving MDGs.- African Water Vision 2025: as a base for updating plans and as a measure of progress.-Sharm-el-Sheikh Declaration: as a base for updating plans to accelerate meeting water supply and sanitation goals.

4. Trend of the 3 latest reviews in national water Policy and Reforms.

Years 2008 2009 2010 2011

Drivers of the Reviews

-Reducing increasing water deficits




-Decreasing water quality decline




-Improving service levels




-Increasing agricultural area with the same water use




-Optimize water allocation to different sectors




Targeted Impacts and effectiveness

-Decreasing deficits -Decreasing deficits -Decreasing deficits -Decreasing

deficits

-Improving quality -Improving quality -Improving quality -Improving quality

-Improving services -Improving services -Improving services -Improving

services


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5. Comments on the national water sector regarding the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and outstanding problems.

- Strengths: a) a national water strategy exists, b) a ministry for water resources has been established, c) strong official commitment to the water sector, d) specialized institutions for water supply and distribution exist, e) skilled workforce exists, f) financing is available with many major projects under execution, g) rising water awareness, h) favorable political climate-Weaknesses: a) weak governance and institutional capacities, b) lack of data and information for water quality, c) decentralization efforts is lagging, d) inefficient communications with water resources transboundary countries-Opportunities: a) NWRP monitoring and evaluation will provide necessary information for better planning and management of the water sector in Egypt, b) HCWW achieved great success in operation and management of WSS in Egypt, c) establishing the new ministry of infrastructure will help better manage WSS and provide required resources to provide safe drinking water and sanitation to urban and rural Egypt- Threats: a) water scarcity and quality degradation, b) multiplicity of transboundary basins, c) climate change and desertification, d)political instability, e)food sufficiency syndrome Outstanding problems: a) continuing deficit, b) low standard of service, c) inefficiency of utilization, d) water pricing and financing, e) Conflict over Egypt’s share of Nile basin

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Country Water and Sanitation Performances Evaluation Sheet

Country Name: Egypt

Performance Category

Country Information

1.1.Water and Energy

Target: Increase hydropower utilization by 10% from 2000 to 2015.

§Specific actions taken so far for the milestone:According to the 2007 / 2012 government plan, capacities of 82 megawatt are added to the system, of which 64 megawatt is added within the Plan’s first year 2007/2008.

Achievement:Years (i) 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011

-Economically feasible hydropower Potential (P) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1

-Installed hydropower capacity (C) 2.81 2.875 2.875 2.875 2.892

-Hydropower utilization (HpuI = C/P) 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.57

Rate of increase RiHpuI(%) = (HpuIi -HpuI2000)/HpuI2000

0.00% 2.31% 2.31% 2.31% 2.92%

§Sources of verification:- National water Resources Plan (2005) - Government Plan 2007/2012

§Specific comments:- This target was announced in a continent wide political declaration but apparently it cannot be applied on each country level since most countries cannot realise it due to lack of resources. Accordingly, comparison between countries within this target might not be realistic.

1.2.Water and Agriculture

Targets: -Increase water productivity Rain fed agriculture & Irrigation by 30% from 2000 to 2015.

And-Increase the size of irrigated areas by 50% from 2000 to 2015

§Specific actions taken so far for the milestone:- Implementation of the irrigated land horizontal expansion plan. Target is to increase the irrigated land to about 11 million feddans by 2017.

Achievement on water productivity:Years (i) 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011

-Agricultural GDP (109 LE) (A) 60 103.30 106.57 110.28 113.28

-Total Agri. Water withdrawal (109 m3)(B) 57.8 60 60 61 60.9

--Water Return to Environment (C) 18.5 17.15 25.44 23.21 22.90

Water productivity (LE/m3) Wp=A/(B-C) 1.53 2.41 3.08 2.92 2.98

Rate of increase RiWp(%) = (Wpi-Wp2000)/Wp2000

0% 58% 102% 91% 95%

Achievement on irrigated areas:Years (i) 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011

-Irrigated areas(IA) 7836000 8432186 8783214 8741122 8619424

Rate of increase RiIA(%) = (IAi-IA2000) /IA2000

0.00% 7.61% 12.09% 11.55% 10.00%

§Sources of verification and Specific comments:- Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) publications§Specific comments:- This target was announced in a continent wide political declaration but apparently it cannot be applied on each country level since most countries cannot realise it due to lack of resources. Accordingly, comparison between countries within this target might not be realistic.


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1.3.Water for multiple Uses

Target:Increase the Water Demand Satisfaction Index (WDSI) by 10% from 2000 to 2015.

Specific actions taken so far for the milestone:- Several actions have been taken to achieve this target but demand increases mask the impact of those actions.

Achievement:Years (i) 2000 2008 2009 2010 2011

- Total all sectors Water Demand (A) 63.31 74.44 76.10 77.84 79.60

-Total all sectors water supply (B) 60.46 70.23 70.03 74 73.8

- WDSI =B/A 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.95 0.93

Rate of increase RiWDSI(%) = (WDSIi -WDSI2000)/ WDSI2000)

0% -1% -4% 0% -3%

§Sources of verification and Specific comments:-National water Resources Plan Report 2005 - CAPMAS publications

2.1.Basin and Transboundary water resources management

Target: Develop a national Water Efficiency Plan by 2015.

§Specific actions taken so far for the milestone:- Development of the National Water Resources Plan in 2005Availability of Water Efficiency or IWRM Plan and Year of Adoption:- The National Water Resources Plan (NWRP) for Egypt 2017 published in 2005.

Elements of the policy and legal environment:-The main aim of the NWRP is to provide direction and guidelines to all ministries, agencies and institutes working in Egypt’s water sector in one form or another, in order to achieve its particular objectives related to water. NWRP objectives are: (1) the supply of drinking water for domestic uses and the provision of sanitation services, according to the government standards and targets, on a cost recovery basis but taking into account the right on basic requirements of all people (2) The supply of water for industrial purposes and the provision of sewage treatment facilities. (3) The supply of water for irrigation based on a participatory approach and cost-recovery of operation and maintenance (4) The protection of the water system from pollution, based on a polluter-pays principle and the restoration of water systems, in particular the ecological valuable areas

Given the importance of water for the socio-economic development of the country, the Government of Egypt is taking all necessary means and measures to manage and develop the water resources of the country in a comprehensive and equitable manner. The NWRP has looked at Investments that are needed to safeguard the water resources and priorities have to be set, Infrastructural projects and improvements of the operation and maintenance of the system are required and the institutional changes that are needed to decentralise and integrate the various activities. Developments in the legal and regulatory environment have to support these changes.The NWRP has the following pillars (policies): (1) Developing additional new water resources (2) Making better use of existing water resources (3) Protecting health and environment Legal adjustments have been made to develop and implement the measures included in the National Water Resources Plan. Examples are adaptations of Law 48 (1982) to allow the application of the polluters-pay principle and Law 12 (1982) to establish a legal status for the Water boards. Legal adjustment may also be needed to be able to impose fees, issue permits or provide subsidies. On the transboundary aspect, the NWRP also focuses on the cooperation with the Nile basin countries on the development of additional water resources policy. This also monitored through the progress indicators of the NWRP. The MWRI has also the Permanent Joint Technical Commission (PJTC) for Nile Waters and the Joint Authority for studying and development of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System that help in managing the two transboundary basins.

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Element of the institutional arrangements:-The implementation of the NWRP which is based upon the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) concepts that requires that the roles of the various Ministries are clearly set out, as well as the roles of the difference levels of government. Major institutional developments related to the water sector are decentralisation and privatisation. Steps have been taken into those directions but further implementation requires careful consideration and a strong support of a new institutional setting. The principle of appropriate responsible authority and functions being devolved to the lowest possible level is increasingly being regarded as best practice and most likely to result in a sustainable development. The roles of the different levels of government in relation to allocation of water and provision of permits and the powers of enforcement must be clearly set out. Clarity should also be provided on fiscal and budgetary arrangement and intergovernmental transfers and subsidy schemes.Element of the financial structure:- One of the principles adopted by the government in the NWRP is that water is a common good and that it cannot be owned by anybody. The basic human and ecological needs should always be satisfied. Agriculture and industry use water to develop commercial products. This means that water has an economic value for them. However, given the important social function of water for employment and income in agriculture and industry, water should not be treated as a normal economic good, ruled by the market mechanism of supply and demand. The social function of water should be taken into account at all times.

Notwithstanding this social function, economic instruments can be used to recover the costs for providing the services involved in supplying the water. Examples are a service fee for agriculture, covering the costs of the operation and maintenance of the irrigation and drainage systems and a drinking water fee for the operation and maintenance costs for the treatment of the water and the distribution systems to the domestic users. In a similar way economic instruments can be used in pollution control. Based on the polluters-pay principle domestic and industrial polluters can be asked to pay a levy on the discharge of waste to the water system. The income generated in this way can be used again to subsidize treatment plants or the use of less polluting production processes.Management tools:The NWRP has an M&E system that includes approximately 120 indicators to follow up the implementation of the 39 measures of the plan and 15 indicators to assess the impacts. All involved stakeholders have agreed upon those indictors but then they were left to each responsible stakeholder to define how it can be measured. The indicators are updated every 3-6 month and they are collected in paper format. This will change shortly as there is an online system that will be launched and users will be able to access the system to update and view the data.

§Sources of verification and Specific comments:-National water Resources Plan Report 2005

2.2. not applicable §Specific actions taken so far for the milestone:2.3. not applicable - None2.4.Rainwater

Target: Increase the share of rainwater use in total municipal water consumption up to 10% by 2015.

Achievement:Years (i) 2008 2009 2010 2011

-Total municipal water supply (A) 606 8.5 9.55 9.7

- Rainwater use (B) 0 0 0 0

-Water use from other sources (C) 0 0 0 0

-Total municipal water consumption (%) (Twc = A+B+C) 6.6 8.5 9.55 9.7

Percentage of rainwater use pRu(%)=B/Twc 0 0 0 0§Sources of verification and Specific comments:- CAPMAS publications - Egyptian Water Regulatory Agency (EWRA) annual reports

3.1.Urban Water Supply

§Specific actions taken so far for the milestone:- Reform of the Sector started in 2004 resulting in a significant improvement in the services and coverage.


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3.2.Urban Sanitation

Achievement in water supply:Years (i) 1990 2008 2009 2010 2011

-Urban access (%) ----- 100 99.5 99 99

-Rural access (%) ----- 100 100 100 98

-Total access (%) (W) 82.6 100 99.75 99.5 98.5

Rate of Inaccessibility reduction for water IRwat (%) = (Wi-W1990)/(100-W1990) 0.00 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.91

3.3.Rural Water Supply3.4.Rural Sanitation and HygieneTarget: Reduce by 50% from 1990 to 2015, the proportion of the population without improved drinking water source, and the proportion without improved sanitation facility (Urban/Rural /Total).

Achievement in improved sanitation:Years (i) 1990 2008 2009 2010 2011

-Urban access (%) ----- 60 72.5 85 99

-Rural access (%) ----- 11 11 11 30

-Total access (%) (W) 45 36 42 48 59.67

Rate of Inaccessibility reduction for sanitation IRsan (%) = (Si-S1990)/(100-S1990)

0.00 -0.17 -0.06 0.05 0.27

*Sanitation coverage value was updated in 2011 to cover government supplied coverage as well as NGOs and local efforts. It is estimated that local and NGOs provide nearly 9% of the total coverage. This explains the rapid enhancement in coverage from 2010 to 2011. §Sources of verification and Specific comments:- NWRP indicators - The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) presentations- HCWW & EWRA data - CAPMAS data

4.1.Adaptation to Climate Change

Target: Develop and implement, at least 1 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy by 2015.

§Specific actions taken so far for the milestone (New initiatives to improve resilience):- Egypt launched a program called Climate Change Risk Management (CCRM) in 2008. The program aimed at developing a two part strategy to help mitigate the effects of and adapt to climate change. The program is divided into four components, each equipped with relevant government institutions and UN partners, and tasked with the responsibility of implementing either mitigation or adaptation efforts.

Existence of a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Year of adoption:- The CCRM program has published its Climate Change Strategy in 2013. Part of the strategy deals with the adaptation in the water and irrigation sectors. Existence of a Actions Plans on Water for Climate Change resilience:- Action Plans are being formulated.Existence of Programmes for implementing the Actions plans:- None§Sources of verification:- CCRM program reports (http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/English/info/report_CCRMP.asp)§Specific comments:-In Egypt, an action plan exists for Climate Change mitigation. The mitigation action plan focuses on a number of areas including: 1- Environmental Pollution Control 2- Utilizing Nuclear Power and Renewable Energy 3- End-Use Energy Efficiency & Demand-Side Management

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4.2. Water-related Hazards

Target: Establish at least 1 Early warning System for disaster prevention at national level by 2015.

§Specific actions taken so far for the milestone (water disaster prevention initiatives):- An early warning system is established in Nuweiba City to warn against flash floods

Existence of Early Warning Disaster prevention System and Year of establishment:- The Flash Flood Manager (FlaFloM) project began in 2007 and was completed in 2009. It was coordinated by the Egyptian Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI) and the Belgian consultant company SORESMA together with the Vrije Universiteit of Brussels (VUB). The main result of the project was an accurate flash flood early warning system which can provide the necessary lead-time for local authorities to take emergency actions to minimize the number of victims and limit damage to property.

Elements on Knowledge of risks:- An ideal flash flood detection and early warning system would require water level, discharge and rainfall data collected through real-time field measurements and external forecasts. However, the FlaFloM project, as occurs in many arid flash flood prone areas, was confronted with data scarcity and insufficient knowledge in the flash flood driving forces. To overcome this bottleneck, the project developed rainfall intensity maps derived from two global satellite instruments: the weather research and forecasting model (WRF) and satellite estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM).

Elements on Monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards:-The FlaFloM system consists of four modules: 1) a Data gathering module, 2) a Forecasting module, 3) a Decision support module and 4) a Warning module. Each module processes input data and sends the output to the following module. Forecasts have a lead time of up to 48 hours.

Elements on Communication or dissemination of alerts and warnings: - The FlaFloM is able to send in time a flood warning to the decision-makers in the area In case of a flash flood emergency.Elements on Local capabilities to respond to the warnings received:-In the Nuweiba City where the FlaFloM early warning system was running, no casualties were reported during the 2010 flash floods. This could indicate good local capabilities to respond to the warnings received by the system.§Sources of verification and Specific comments:- http://www.euromedcp.eu/index.php?option=com_customproperties&view=show&task=tag&Itemid=1043&tagId=20&lang=en- http://library.witpress.com/pages/PaperInfo.asp?PaperID=21031 - http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.php?id=12519 - http://www.innovyze.com/news/case_studies/sinai_peninsula.aspx

5.1. Institutional arrangements

5.2. Ethics, transparency, empowerment

5.3. Public and private roles

5.4. Right to water

5.5. Regulatory approaches

§Specific actions taken so far for the milestone:- Establishment of the Institutional Reform Unit (IRU) at MWRI in 2002 - Water and Wastewater sector reform in 2004 - Development of the National Water Resources Plan in 2005

Existence of Water sector policy that reflects good governance principles, and Year of latest update:- See section 2.1 above.


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Target: Institute/update, by 2015, water sector policy reforms that reflect good governance principles of: (i) partnership commitment; (ii) ethics -transparency,

Elements on Partnership and commitment:In May 2005, the Institutional Reform Unit (IRU) prepared the guiding document “Vision and Strategy for MWRI Institutional Reform”, which reiterated the challenges in the water sector that call for new approaches to water management in Egypt. Whereas the IRU Vision and Strategy recognised that efficiency gains and equity improvements could be made through the application of information systems, technology and communication, it stressed that 21st century water management also requires fundamental institutional reform, i.e. a change in the distribution of responsibility and authority among stakeholders. As with the NWRP, the Vision and Strategy maintained that the modern water resources management challenges could mainly be met by “a greater involvement of water end-users and an increasingly multi-sector approach to water resources planning and control”. The Strategy as developed was guided by a number of principles such as decentralisation, participation and inter-ministerial coordination which can be applied in different degrees and combinations to Egypt’s water management system.

equity and fairness; (iii) responsibility and accountability; (iv) inclusiveness, participation, predictability and responsiveness; and (v) coherence.

Elements on Ethics - transparency, equity and fairness:Within the Vision and Strategy for MWRI Institutional Reform described above, the concept of participation includes enhancing of the openness, accountability and transparency of transactions. However, it is recognised that this process requires time to be fully developed.

Elements on Responsibility and accountability:A transfer of responsibilities to end-user organisations (see section below) necessarily requires the corresponding adaptation of the roles, responsibilities and mode of operation of the government agencies at local, district and governorate levels, as is reflected in the shared vision of decentralisation, the horizontal integration of MWRI administrations and multi-sector cooperation for the implementation of IWRM. Equally shared is the vision that adaptations to the legal framework are required in order to achieve the reforms, particularly to enable the effective functioning of the water users’ organisations as partners in water management. The IRU’s Vision and Strategy sets out the following requirements: - The proposed reorganization of MWRI entities at the District and General Directorate levels can be established by Ministerial decrees. - The changes at the regional and national level will require the approval of Central Authority of Organization and Administration - A Presidential Decree is required for the reorganization of the Ministry. - Three draft amendments to Law 12/1984 are both necessary and sufficient to constitute the Directorate Boards, District Boards, and Branch Canal Boards as corporate entities. The executiveregulations of the amended Law 12 will be critical for setting out: 1 the legal rights and responsibilities of water boards 2 the framework for water board membership, governance, management, accounting, financial management, and setting of charges and penalties 3 the framework of transfer agreements, including levels of management transfer, preconditions for “graduation” to each level, and mechanisms and procedures for MWRI monitoring and regulationElements on Inclusiveness, participation, predictability and responsiveness:Within the Vision and Strategy for MWRI Institutional Reform described above, the following two-phased reform process was proposed: First stage: a) Formation of water users’ organizations (WUOs) at branch canal, district, and directorate levels to propose water distribution plans and participate in O&M activities, resolve internal conflicts, and assume responsibility for selected O&M costs b) Horizontal integration of MWRI administrations at district, directorate, and regional levels c) Increased private sector participation in O&M d) Formation of the National Water Council

Second stage: a) Transfer of O&M management and financial responsibilities to WUOs b) Restructuring of MWRI local administrations into Regional Water Management Authorities of the public service authority type, with inter-ministerial boards of directors c) Increased private sector participation in financing and operation of large I&D works. The above focuses on the end-user participation which remains firmly at the foundation of the policies for reform, with the shared vision of the gradual – or phased – transfer of responsibilities, authority and control to water users’ organisations at mesqa, branch canal, and governorate level.

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Elements on Coherence:- See section 2.1 above.§Sources of verification and Specific comments:-National water Resources Plan Report 2005 - NWRP Technical Report No. 70 Strengthening the Participatory Approach in Irrigation Management

6.1.Financing Local Authorities

Targets: -Allocate immediately at least 0.5 % of GDP to sanitation & hygiene.

§Specific actions taken so far for the milestone:- First target was almost achieved in 2009.

Achievement for GDP allocation:Years (i) 2008 2009 2010 2011

- GDP (A1) 10^6 LE 855302 994055 1150620 1309905

- Sanitation and Hygiene Budget (B1) 3600 4800 4300 2900

Percentage of GDP to Sanitation and Hygiene gdpSH (%) = B1/A1 0.42% 0.48% 0.37% 0.22%

and -Allocate immediately 5% of national budget for water & sanitation.

Achievement for national budget allocation:Years (i) 2008 2009 2010 2011

- Total National Budget (A2) - Millions 855302 994055 1150620 1309905

- Water and Sanitation Budget (B2) - Millions 12100 15500 13800 8800

Percentage of national Budget to Water and Sanitation BdgWS (%) = B2/A2 1.41% 1.56% 1.20% 0.67%

§Sources of verification and Specific comments:- CAPMAS publications

6.2.Pricing Strategies

§Specific actions taken so far for the milestone:Tariff system is already in place.

6.3.Pro-poor financing Strategies

Describe the Water Tariff Structure:

Lifeline Water (l/ca/day): 66

Minimum salary of the population (local currency-llcc-): 710 LE / month

Rate (USD or EURO/local currency): 1 USD for 6.8 LE (March 2013)

Target: Set by 2015, water tariff system that addresses cross-subsidy and the need of poor.

Water Tariff Structure:Consumption categories (m3) Rate (local currency)

< 10 m3 0.23 LE/ m3

0 m3 to 20 m3 0.3 LE/ m3

0 m3 to 30 m3 0.43 LE/ m3

0 m3 to 40 m3 0.45 LE/ m3

> 40 m3 0.5 LE/ m3

Adjustments for cross-subsidy:Adjustments Rate

Industrial 2.3 LE/ m3

Commercial 0.95 LE/ m3

Regional Adjustment NA

Other? Hotels 2.3 LE/ m3

Tariff for rural areas if any:- NADescribe the sanitation services pricing if there is any: - Tariff is 40% of the domestic use water tariff and 75% of the water tariff for other uses§Sources of verification and Specific comments: - HCWW data


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7.1.Education and capacity development

Target: To be identified.

§Not be reported.

7.2.Information

Target: Enhance by 2016, the national water and sanitation Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting (M&E, &R) Systems in a way to be in line with the pan African M&E.

- The Monitoring Analysis and Reporting System (MARS) is used for the monitoring and Evaluation of the performance of the companies that are under the HCWW. The system at the beginning was used to collect the laboratory results of the water samples and was extended with time to be an online system that covers the following aspects: 1. Water quality parameters 2. Performance Indicators 3. Financial and Economic Analyses Based upon the system results and reports, recommendations are made to improve the services provided by HCWW.

Recent updates in the M&E System:Items Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 2011

-New Elements incorporated System is already established

-Drivers System is already established

Elements of the pan African M&E incorporated:- Not yet but is part of the Monitoring and Evaluation of for Water in North Africa (MEWINA) project.§Sources of verification and Specific comments:- MEWINA project reports

7.3.Water and Technologies Target: To be identified.

§Not be reported.

7.4.Professional Networks/ AssociationsTarget: To be identified.

§Not be reported.

5.3 Global Targets

In September 2000, 189 nations acknowledged that human development progress is to be based on sustainable economic growth. Accordingly the Millennium Declaration was issued, with the objective of promoting“acomprehensiveapproachandacoordinatedstrategy,tacklingmanyproblemssimultaneouslyacross a broad front”. This is being carried out through the identification of inter-connected andmutuallyreinforcingdevelopmentalgoalsandtheirincorporationintoaglobalagenda,withquantifiabletime-bound targets and indicators to monitor progress (Ramadan, 2006). MDGs, despite their notable achievements to date, have been subject to criticism, such as (Miyazawa, 2012):

1) Neglecting issues in developed countries

2) Not considering the real needs in recipient countries, particularly those of marginalized populations

3) Utilizing a donor-driven design

Because of those shortfalls and as the target date of the MDGs, 2015, is approaching, 192 UN member

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statesagreedtostartaprocessof designingSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),whichare“action-oriented, concise and easy to communicate, limited in number, global in nature and universally applicable to all countries while taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities.

The MDGs and the SDGs represent the most recent and comprehensive global targets and are presented in the next sections.

5.3.1. The Millennium Development Goals

Eight developmental goals addressing poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and discrimination against women were adopted with a framework of eighteen targets and forty-eight indicators. These eight millennium development goals (MDGs) are:

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

Goal 4. Reduce child mortality

Goal 5. Improve maternal health

Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development

Theframeworkof theMDGspresentsanopportunityforcountriestosetcontext-specifictargetsforeach of the eight goals, according to their national priorities to assist in triggering the necessary actions and support decision-making and assess progress monitoring. The progress assessment is based on a number of indicators that are straightforward to measure and communicate, and ideally, for which good quality data already exist and are accessible. The most relevant MDG for water sector is Goal 7 which is Ensure environmental sustainability. This entails proper management of natural resources as a basis for sustainable development. Within this context, Goal 7 encompasses three targets concerned with reversing losses of environmental resources, improving access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and improving living conditions of slum dwellers. For these three targets a number of indicators are identifiedforprogressmonitoring.Table3presentsGoal7targetswiththeirindicators.Ascanbeseen,themost related target for thewater sector isTarget 10 “Halve, by 2015, the proportionof peoplewithoutsustainableaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandsanitation”.ForEgypt,thetwoindicatorsof thistarget are within the National targets presented above. They are also part of the AMCOW Continental targets and achievements are reported in the above section.


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Table 3. Goal 7 Targets and Indicators

MDG Target Indicators

Target 9

Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources

Proportion of land area covered by forest

Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to sur-face area

Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP

Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons)

Proportion of population using solid fuels

Target 10

Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sus-tainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation

Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural

Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural

Target 11

By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

Proportion of households with access to secure tenure

5.3.2. The Sustainable Development Goals

One of the main outcomes of the Rio+20 Conference was to develop a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which will build upon the Millennium Development Goals. It was decided establish an “inclusiveandtransparentintergovernmentalprocessopentoallstakeholders,withaviewtodevelopingglobalsustainabledevelopmentgoalstobeagreedbytheGeneralAssembly”.TheSDGsarecurrentlybeing developed, and it is anticipated that they will be:

• Action-oriented

• Concise

• Easytocommunicate

• Limitedinnumber

• Aspirational

• Globalinnature

• Universallyapplicabletoallcountrieswhiletakingintoaccountdifferentnationalrealities,capacitiesand levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities.

In particular, the SDGs should:

• Beusefulforpursuingfocusedandcoherentactiononsustainabledevelopment

• Contributetotheachievementof sustainabledevelopment

• Serve as a driver for implementation andmainstreaming of sustainable development in theUNsystem as a whole

• Addressandbefocusedonpriorityareasfortheachievementof sustainabledevelopment

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6. MEWINA SOW Indicators

6.1. Water & Availability

i. Annual Spatially Averaged Precipitation Depth: Average precipitation over space in depth

ii. Annual Precipitation Volume: Average Precipitation over space in volume, it is the product of the Annual Average Precipitation Depth and the Effective Rainfall area.

I. Blue Water

The term “BlueWater” referrers to all Surface and groundwater resulting from natural hydrologicalprocesses, and are voluntarily abstracted by different water use sectors, the term also applies to stored masses of water directly consumed by ecological systems.

a) Internal Renewable Surface Water (IRSW):Theamountof precipitationthatisneitherbeneficiallyabstractedbythegreencover,norinfiltratedintheground,butflowsoverlandandroutedthroughchannels or joins bigger water bodies.

b) Internal Renewable Groundwater (IRG): Groundwater Recharge is the total volume of water entering underground sources of water (typically aquifers) within a country’s borders from endogenous (internal)precipitationandsurfacewaterflow(FAO)

c) Total Internal Renewable Blue Water Resources (TIRBWR)=(IRSW+IRG): Long-term averageannualflowof riversand rechargeof aquifersgenerated fromendogenousprecipitation.Double counting of surface water and groundwater resources is avoided by deducting the overlap from the sum of the surface water and groundwater resources. (FAO)

d) ExternalSurfaceWaterInflow(ESWI): That part of the country’s annual renewable surface water resourcesthatarenotgeneratedinthecountry.Itincludessurfaceinflowsfromupstreamcountries,andpartof thewaterof border lakes and/or riverswithouthuman influence), it also takes intoaccountthequantityof flowprotectedbyformalagreementsortreaties,andtherefore,itmayvarywithtime.(ModifiedfromFAO)

e) ExternalSurfaceWaterOutflow(ESWO): Long-term average annual quantity of Surface water leaving the country’s boundaries to another country.

f) ExternalGroundwaterInflow(EGI): l Quantity of groundwater annually entering the country naturally,

g) External Groundwater outflow (EGO): Annual quantity of groundwater leaving the country (FAO)

h) Total External Renewable Blue Water Resources (TERBWR)=(ESWI+EGI): The portion of the country’s renewable water resources which is not generated within the country (FAO).

i) Total Renewable Blue Surface Water (TRBSW)=(IRSW)+(ESWI)-(ESWO): Is the resultant of theinternalproducedsurfacewaterandthetransboundaryinflowsandoutflowsof surfacewater.


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j) Total Renewable Blue Groundwater (TRBG)=(IRG)+(EGI)-(EGO): Is the resultant of the internal produced groundwater and the transboundary inflows and outflows of groundwater.

k) Overlap between surface water and Groundwater (OSW): Part of the renewable freshwater resources that is common to both surface water and groundwater. It is equal to groundwater drainage intorivers(typically,baseflowof rivers)minusseepagefromriversintoaquifers.(FAO)

l) Total Renewable Blue Water Resources (TRBWR) = (TRBSW) + (TRBG)-(OSW): Is the sum of total renewable blue surface and groundwater excluding the overlap between them.

m) Total Exploitable Non-Renewable Ground Water Resources: The annual extractable amount of non-renewablegroundwateraccordingtoaprespecifiedsafeyieldthatisdictatedbyapre-specifiedsustainability period (x number of years) and a maximum allowable drawdown at the end of the sustainability period.

n) Total Blue Water Resources: The sum of total Renewable and Non-Renewable Blue Water Resources

II. Green Water

Theterm“GreenWater”referstotheportionof beneficialabstractionsof renewablewaterresourcesfrom green cover which comes from atmospheric water directly and is consumed by rain-fed agriculture, natural pasture, and forests (AbuZeid, 2008). Sustainable, water-dependent, socio-economic development will simply not be possible without taking an integrated perspective on all water-dependent and water impacting activities in a river basin and their relative upstream/downstream relations (Falkenmark, 1999).

Total Green water consumptions are divided into: Rain-fed areas consumptions, Pasture areas consumptions, and Forest Areas consumptions. For the purpose of this report the following methodology (CEDARE, 2014) will be used in estimating the total consumption for each of the three different kinds of areas that collectively represent the total Green Water Consumption:

o (R) is a Reference value calculated as the ratio between irrigation withdrawals and the irrigated agriculture area in the same country

o Alphaisacoefficient(from0-1)functionof theprevailingaridityandtheplantcover(e.g.0.2forhyper arid regions, 0.5 for arid regions, 0.7 temperate regions, and 1.0 for tropical areas)

o TheRainyPeriodCoefficientforRain-fedAgricultureisfunctionof therainymonths(e.g.3monthsis“0.25”of ayear,avalueof “1.0”for12rainymonths)

o Average Vegetation consumptions for the North African region = Area of Vegetation * (R) * Alpha *RainyPeriodCoefficient

a) Water for Rain-fed Agricultural Consumptions: The total amount of precipitation directly consumed by rain fed agriculture.

b) Water for Rain-fed Pasture Consumptions: The total amount of precipitation directly consumed by pasture areas.

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c) Water for Rain-fed Forest Consumptions: The total amount of precipitation directly consumed by forests.

d) Total Renewable Green Water Resources: a+b+c

e) Total Renewable Water Resources (TRWR)=(TRBWR+TRGWR)

The Total Renewable Water Resources is hence calculated as the sum of the total Blue Water described in the previous sub-section and the total Green Water.

III. Non-Conventional Water

a) Produced Municipal Wastewater (PMW): Annual quantity of wastewater generated in the country, in other words, the quantity of water that has been polluted by adding waste. The origin is domestic use (used water from bathing, sanitary, cooking, etc.) wastewater routed to the wastewater treatment plant. It does not include agricultural drainage water, which is the water withdrawn for agriculture but notconsumedandreturnedtothesystem”(ModifiedfromFAO)

b) Produced Industrial Wastewater (PIW): Annual quantity of wastewater generated in the country, in other words, the quantity of water that has been polluted by adding waste. The origin is industrial wastewater routed to the wastewater treatment plant. It does not include agricultural drainage water, whichisthewaterwithdrawnforagriculturebutnotconsumedandreturnedtothesystem”(Modifiedfrom FAO)

c) Treated Municipal and Industrial Wastewater: Quantity of generated municipal and industrial wastewaterthatistreatedinagivenyearanddischargedfromtreatmentplants(effluent).(Modifiedfrom FAO)

d) Produced Agricultural Drainage (PAD): Total volume of the water withdrawn for agriculture but notconsumedandflowsoutof thesystem(modifiedfromFAO).

e) Produced Desalinated Water (PDW): Water produced annually by desalination of brackish or salt water.(ModifiedfromFAO).

f) Total Non-Conventional Water Resources (TNCWR)= (PMW)+(PAD)+ (PIW)+(PDW)

g) Total Conventional Water Resources(TCWR)= TRWRR+TNRGR

h) Total Available Water Resources (TAWR) = TCWR+TNCWR

6.2. Water & Uses

a) Annual Total water withdrawal: the gross amount of water extracted from all sources, either permanently or temporarily, for all uses. It can be either diverted towards distribution networks or directlyused.Itincludesconsumptiveuse,conveyancelosses,andreturnflow”“modifiedfromEarthTrends’

b) Withdrawals by the Domestic sector: Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for domestic purposes.

c) Withdrawals by the Industrial sector: Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for industrial purposes.


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d) Withdrawals by the Agricultural sector: Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for industrial purposes.

e) Agricultural Consumption from Green Water: the total volume of green water annually consumed by rain-fed agriculture.

f) Total Agricultural Water Use: The total annual volume consumed by both rain-fed and irrigated agriculture.

g) Withdrawals from Blue Surface water: Annual gross amount of water extracted from rivers, lakes and reservoirs. It includes withdrawal of primary renewable surface water resources and secondary freshwater sources (water previouslywithdrawn and returned).” (FAO)

h) Withdrawals from Blue Groundwater: Total abstractions from groundwater sources, including nonrenewable sources per year

i) Withdrawals from Blue Renewable Groundwater: Total annual volumes abstracted from renewable resources.

j) Withdrawals from Blue Exploitable Non-renewable Groundwater: Total annual volumes abstracted from non-renewable resources, namely, fossil groundwater.

k) Total withdrawals from Blue Water: h+i+j

i) Agricultural Drainage Water Reuse: The total volume of agricultural drainage that is returned back to the system through reuse.

l) Withdrawals from Desalinated Water: The Total Volume of Water actually desalinated in a given year.

j) Reused Treated Municipal Wastewater: Quantity of Municipal treated wastewater that is reused in a given year.

k) Reused Treated Industrial Wastewater: Quantity of treated Industrial wastewater that is reused in a given year.

m) Withdrawals from non-conventional resources: Total volumes abstracted annually from water resources other than surface and groundwater, namely, treated wastewater , Produced Agricultural drainage, and desalinated sea water

n) Annual Volume of Total Actual Evapotranspiration: Equal to the total renewable green water resources

o) Green Water Consumption for livestock Fodder Water Use: Is the total volume of green water consumed by livestock, could be calculated by identifying the average number of heads for each kind of livestock and the average annual consumption per head, and calculating the sum of the products of the number of heads and average annual consumption for each type.

p) Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Demands: The Total Volume of Water used for Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture.

q) Navigation demands: The Total Volume of Water Reserved for Inland Navigation.

r) Evaporation Losses: The total Volume of Water lost by Evaporation.

s) Bottled Water Production: the Total volume of Water bottled for the purpose of commercial sale.

t) Water Demand for Environmental Uses: The Total volume of water used to sustain and preserve

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ecological systems.

u) Withdrawals for Oil and Gas Water Use: the total annual volume withdrawn for Oil and Gas Water use.

6.3. Water & Land-Use Changes

a) Total Irrigated Agricultural land: Total agricultural area that is managed by irrigation systems.

b) Total Rain-fed Agricultural land: The total rain-fed agricultural area

c) Total Pasture area

d) Total Forests area

e) Urban Encroachment on Green Cover: Is the loss of Green Cover caused by urbanization, and is expressed by agricultural area lost/ year. The complexity of evaluating that indicator arises from the fact that there are other factors that increase the total agricultural area in a given country, therefore, urbanization cannot be estimated by observing the difference in agricultural areas recorded in two different years for the same country.

Avisualchangedetectionmethodhas tobedeveloped toobtainvalues for this significant indicator.Annual maps

There is lots of concrete evidence of urban encroachment on agricultural land in Egypt which are aided by continuous reports.

Figure 4 shows the urbanization expansion on the expense of agricultural areas in the Greater Cairo area of Egypt in 2006, the assessment made by Sims and Sijourne in 2006 was also suggested that over 2 millionhectaresof agriculturallandhasbeenlostinEgyptsincethefifties.

The methodology developed by Shalaby, 2012 to determine the urban encroachment in the Nile Delta is recommended for this report in case data is available.

The approach used by Shalaby, 2012 depends on the presence of high resolution Landsat Satellite images for different years for the area or country of interest. These images are simply overlaid as shown in Figure 5 and the difference in area between them is studied by Geographical Information System (GIS) software.

It was found that the total loss of agricultural productive land in the Nile Delta was 434.9 km2, at a rate of 54.4 km2 per year between 1984 and 1992, and 1525 km2, at a rate of 108.9 km2between 1992 and 2006 (Shalaby, 2012).


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Figure 4. Urban Encroachment on Agricultural Areas in Greater Cairo in 2006 (Sims and Sejourne, 2006)

Furthermore, the capability of the lost agricultural land could be identified by overlaying the urbanencroachment map on the soil capability map as shown in Figure.3. The Soil map of Egypt was obtained from the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology. It was shown that the urbanexpansion during the 1984 – 2006 period was on the expense of the most fertile as the high capable soils (ClassI)lost797.9km2andthemoderatecapablesoilslost310.93Km2,whilethelowcapablesoilslostonly 672.3 km2 during the same period (Shalaby, 2012). It is worth mentioning that the super-position of current and past GIS maps could also lead to a precise assessment of all land-use change, and is not limited to urban encroachment on agricultural land. For, example, the superposition of two maps for pasture areas for the same country in different years, could lead to a precise calculation of the total change in pasture areas during a certain period.

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Figure 5. Urban Encroachment in the Nile Delta in Three Different Years (Shalaby, 2012)

Figure 6. Urban Encroachment Map of the Nile Delta in 2006 Overlaid on the Soil Capability Map (Shalaby, 2012)


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f) j. Impact of Urban Encroachment on agricultural land: Is the amount of water resources gained or lost due to urban encroachment on agricultural lands and is assessed through the following indicators:

o ThedecreaseinGroundwaterrecharge:definedastotalvolumeof waterthatwouldhavenaturallyentered underground sources of water (typically aquifers) in the Urbanized areas from endogenous (internal)precipitationandsurfacewaterflow,hadurbanizationnottakenplace(FAO)

o Theincreaseof surfacerunoff:undertheassumptionthatmostof thevolumethatusedtoinfiltrateto the root zone will be changed into surface runoff due to the drastic difference in permeability between agricultural land and asphalt, the increase of surface runoff is estimated as 80-90% of the decreaseintheamountof waterinfiltratedtotherootzoneinrain-fedagriculture.

o Thedecreaseinwaterconsumptionsof GreenCover:definedastheproductof thegreencoverarealost due to urban encroachment and the average consumption of the unit area.

o Theincreaseindomesticwaterwithdrawals:definedasthetotalvolumeusedbythepopulationthatre-located to the abused areas which is given by the product of the estimated population and the annual average domestic water consumption per capita (100-200 cubic meters).

6.4. Water & Services

i. Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage: This sub-category addresses the water supply and sanitation coverage in the MEWINA countries. For each coverage related indicator, the percentage will be expressed according to two sources; the national entity in charge of water, and the 2012 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. The main reason for presenting two different values for the same indicator is to highlight the difference in the conceptualizationof “improved”WaterSupplyandSanitationbetweenInternationalorganizationsandNationalentities.TheJMPdefinitionsof improvedWaterSupplyandSanitationarepresentedbelow.

a) Urban Water Supply coverage: Percentage of population provided with piped drinking water in urban areas

b) Rural Water Supply coverage: Percentage of population provided with piped drinking water in rural areas

c) Urban Sanitation Coverage: Percentage of population covered with sanitation in urban areas.

d) Rural Sanitation Coverage: Percentage of population covered with sanitation in rural areas.

e) Percentage of population with improved water supply: An improved drinking-water source is definedasonethat,bynatureof itsconstructionorthroughactiveintervention,isprotectedfromoutsidecontamination”.Theimprovedoptionsarerankedfrombesttoworstasfollows(WHOand UNICEF):

o Piped Into Premises: Best Option

o Other improved drinking water sources: Public taps or standpipes, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater collection.

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o Unimproved drinking-water sources: Unprotected dug well, unprotected spring, cart with small tank/drum, surface water, bottled water.

o Unimproved: Surface drinking-water sources: river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation channels.

f) Percentageof populationwithimprovedsanitation:Definedlookingatthefollowingfacilitiesasindicators:Flushorpour-flush(pipedsewersystem,septictank,pitlatrine),VentilatedImprovedPit (VIP) latrine, pit latrine with slab, composting toilet. The improved options are ranked from best to worst as follows(WHO and UNICEF):

o Flush/pourflushto:pipedsewersystem,septictank,pit latrine-Ventilatedimprovedpit-(VIP) latrine, Pit latrine with slab

o Sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type shared between two or more households. Only facilities that are not shared or not public are considered improved

o Unimproved sanitation facilities: do not ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. Unimproved facilities include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines.

o Open defecation

ii. Water Infrastructure:

a. Length of Water Supply Networks

b. Length of Sewage Networks

c. Length of Irrigation Networks

d. Length of Drainage Networks

e. Dam Storage Capacity: The total capacity of all water regulating structures installed.

f. WaterSupplyCapacity:DefinedasthetotalDrinkingWaterTreatmentcapacity,inotherwordsitis the summation of the potential capacities of all drinking water plants in any given country.

g. Desalination Capacity: The total capacity of all desalination plants

h. Municipal Wastewater Treatment Capacity: is the summation of the potential capacities of all municipal treated wastewater plants in any given country

i. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Capacity: is the summation of the potential capacities of all Industrial treated wastewater plants in any given country

j. Wastewater Collection Capacity: the Total volume of wastewater that can be collected through the existing collection systems.

k. Maximum Annual Dam Storage Reached: is the actual storage reached in a given year, which should always be lower than the Dam Storage Capacity.

6.5. Water & Energy

a. Electricity Generated using Hydropower: Hydropower production as percent of total electricity


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production (World Bank). And, the Hydropower generated per year.

b. Electricity Generated using Hydropower as a percent of all generated Electricity

c. Installed Hydro capacity: Sum of all generator nameplate power ratings (in GW) from the installed Hydropower Plants (AMCOW, 2012).

d. Waterusedtogenerateelectricity:Thetotalannualvolumeof inflowthroughallhydrogenerators.

6.6. Water & Population

a. Internal Renewable water resources per capita: The maximum theoretical amount of water produced internallyandactuallyavailable,onaperpersonbasis(modifiedfromFAO).

b. Total renewable Blue water resources per capita: the maximum theoretical amount of water actually available, on a per person basis (FAO).

c. Total Population

d. InternalRenewableWaterResourcesperCapita:Long-termaverageannualflowof riversandrechargeof aquifersgeneratedfromendogenousprecipitation,onaperpersonbasis(ModifiedfromFAO).

e. Total Renewable Blue Water Resources per Capita: Is the resultant of the internal produced surface waterandthetransboundaryinflowsandoutflowsof surfacewater,onaperpersonbasis.

f. Total Renewable Water Resources per Capita: Is the sum of total renewable blue and green water resources, on a per person basis.

g. Blue Water Withdrawal Per Capita: Total annual abstractions from surface and groundwater sources including non-renewable groundwater and secondary freshwater sources (water previously withdrawn andreturned),onaperpersonbasis(modifiedfromFAO).

h. Green Water Consumption Per Capita: The total amount of precipitation directly consumed by pasture areas, rain-fed areas, and forest areas, on a per person basis.

i. Total Available Water Resources Per Capita: The sum of renewable, non-renewable, and non-conventional Water resources on a per person basis.

j. Total Water Consumption Per Capita: the gross amount of water extracted from all sources, either permanently or temporarily, on a per person basis.

k. Agricultural Water Withdrawal Per Capita: The sum of total agricultural abstractions from blue water, anddirectbeneficialabstractionsfromprecipitationinrain-fedareas,onaperpersonbasis.

l. Industrial Water Withdrawal Per Capita: Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for industrial purposes on a per person basis.

m. Domestic Water Withdrawal Per Capita: Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for domestic purposes on a per person basis.

n. Population Without Improved Water Supply: The total population without improved Water supply.

o. Population Without Improved Sanitation: The total population without improved Sanitation.

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6.7. Water & Health

a. Diarrhea prevalence (% of children under five): % of children under five cases suffering fromDiarrhea.

b. Cholera Reported Cases: number of annual incidents of the disease.

c. Dracunculiasis Reported Cases: number of annual incidents of the disease.

d. Typhoid Reported cases: number of annual incidents of the disease.

e. Hepatitis A Reported cases: number of annual incidents of the disease.

f. Open defecation practice: Number of people who continue to practice open defecation.

g. Percentage of open defecation: The percentage of population practicing open defecation.

6.8. Water & Quality

The following indicators should be measured or reported for in all surface and groundwater quality monitoring stations in each country to identify the average, minimum, and maximum values for each indicator, the values of all of these indicators are directly connected to anthropogenic activities:

a) Dissolved oxygen (ppm): is a measure of free (i.e., not chemically combined) oxygen dissolved in water. It is essential to the metabolism of all aerobic aquatic organisms. Reduced levels could harm andevenkillplantsandfish.

b) pH (dimensionless): is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a water body. It can affect aquatic organismsbothdirectly,byimpairingrespiration,growth,anddevelopmentof fish,andindirectly,byincreasing the bioavailability of certain metals such as aluminum and nickel.

c) Electric Conductivity: measured in 1/OHM (S/M) is a measure of the ability of water to carry an electric current, which depends on the presence of ions. Increases in conductivity can lead to changes that reduce biodiversity and alter community composition.

d) Total Dissolved Solids (ppm): is a measure of the combined content of all organic and inorganic substances contained in a water sample.

e) Nitrogen Concentration (ppm): Nitrogen and phosphorus are naturally occurring elements essential for all living organisms. But they are often found in growth-limiting concentrations in aquatic environments. Increases in nitrogen or phosphorus in natural waters, largely as a result of human activities in the drainage basin (e.g., from agricultural runoff from manure and synthetic fertilizers, and from municipal and industrial waste-water discharge), can overstimulate plant growth and choke off oxygen supplies.

f) Phosphorous Concentration (ppm): See above.

g) Fecal Coliform (Colonies/100 ML) : Increased levels of fecal coliforms means there is a failure in water treatment, a break in the integrity of the distribution system, or possible contamination with


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pathogens. Tests for this kind of bacteria are done through the cheap and rapid 1-day incubation methodology.

h) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (mg/l): the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period

i) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)(mg/l): chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water

j) Chloride Concentration: the concentration of chloride in a given water sample.

k) Total Hardness: The concentration of Calcium Carbonate (CACO3) in a given water sample.

6.9. Water & Ecosystems

a) Number of wetlands sites: Including those acknowledged by RAMSAR, Sabkhas, Groundwater-based wetlands, and water bodies of special importance.

b) Total Wetlands areas (to be calculated by earth observation tools).

c) Number of Endangered species: The total number of endangered species that dwells partially or permanently in the water bodies inbounded within the country.

d) Number of Invasive species: The total number of invasive species that dwells partially or permanently in the water bodies inbounded within the country.

e) Total Freshwater Species Count: The total number of species that dwells partially or permanently in the fresh water bodies inbounded within the country.

6.10. Water & Climate

i. Extreme Weather Events

a) Numberof Class1floodevents:Class1floodsarelargefloodeventscausingsignificantdamageto structures or agriculture; fatalities; and/or 1-2 decades-long reported interval since the last similar event (Dartmouth, 2013)

b) Numberof Class1.5floodevents:Class1.5floodsareverylargeevents:withagreaterthan2decades but less than 100 year estimated recurrence interval, and/or a local recurrence interval of at 1-2 decades and affecting a large geographic region (> 5000 sq. km) (Dartmouth, 2013)

c) Numberof class2floodevents:Class2floodevents are extremeeventswith an estimatedrecurrence interval greater than 100 years (Dartmouth, 2013)

d) Drought events: a drought event is a long period of abnormally low rainfall, especially one that adversely affects growing or living conditions. The abnormally low rainfall will be taken as 25%

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of the record monthly average. In other words, a period where rainfall has been consistently lower than 25% of the record average will be considered a drought event.

e) Costof Annualdamageinducedbyfloods:estimatetobereportedbythenationalauthority

f) Cost of Annual damage induced by droughts: estimate to be reported by the national authority

g) Annual human losses related to Floods.

h) Annual human losses related to Droughts.

i) Average Temperature: The Annual Average recoded temperature.

j) Unusual Weather Events (Snow, Hail,): The number of occurrences of weather events that are historically unusual to a given country.

k) Existence of Early Warning Disaster prevention System and Year of establishment

l) Existence of National Climate Change Adaptation Plan. (Yes/No): A cross sectoral plan that addresses Climate Change mitigation measures as well as water adaptation measures.

6.11. Water & Socio-Economics

i. Water Productivity

a) Industrial water productivity: Industrial GVA / (Industrial water withdrawal), Economic value added (in US$) per cubic meter of water withdrawn by industry: The gross industrial revenue divided by the total Industrial Water consumption. The Gross Value Added (GVA) is related to Gross Domestic Product GDP as follows: GVA + taxes on products - subsidies on products = GDP, industrial GDP comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification(ISIC),revision3.

b) Agricultural water productivity (Crop per Drop): Economic value added (in US$) per cubic meter of water withdrawn by agriculture: In other words, it is the gross agricultural revenue (Agricultural GVA) divided by the total agricultural water consumption (including irrigation withdrawals and rain fed agriculture green water consumption).

c) EmploymentinAgriculture“JobperDrop”:Theratioof totallaboremployedinAgriculturetothe total agricultural withdrawals (including irrigation withdrawals and rain fed agriculture green water consumption)

d) EmploymentinIndustry“IndustryJobperDrop”:Theratioof totallaboremployedinIndustryto the total industrial withdrawals.

e) GrossDomesticProduct(GDP):Themonetaryvalueof allthefinishedgoodsandservicesproducedwithin a country’s borders in a specific time period


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ii. Tariffs and Affordability

a) Absolute monthly tariff of Water and Sanitation in US$

b) Water and Sanitation charges as % of average household income: The monthly charge for 10 cubic metres of Water compared to the monthly household income. The household Income is estimatedasfivetimestheGrossNationalIncome(GNI)perCapita.

o GNI per Capita: GNI per capita (formerly GNP per capita) is the gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI, calculated in national currency,isusuallyconvertedtoU.S.dollarsatofficialexchangeratesforcomparisonsacrosseconomies,althoughanalternative rate isusedwhen theofficialexchange rate is judgedto diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions.Tosmoothfluctuationsinpricesandexchangerates,aspecialAtlasmethodof conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflationbetweenthecountry,andthrough2000,theG-5countries(France,Germany,Japan,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates).From2001,thesecountriesincludetheEuroarea,Japan,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates.

6.12. Water & Finance

a) Total Investment inWater&Sanitation: it isdefinedasgovernment spending inwater resourcesinfrastructure development, planning & management, as well as drinking water supply and sanitation treatment and reuse.

b) Foreign Aid for Water &Sanitation: The sectoral distribution of bilateral Official DevelopmentAssistancecommitmentsreferstotheeconomicsectorof destination(i.e.thespecificareaof therecipient’s economic or social structure whose development is, or is intended to be fostered by the aid), rather than to the type of goods or services provided. These are aggregates of individual projects notifiedundertheCreditorReportingSystem,supplementedbyreportingonthesectoraldistributionof technical co-operation, and on actual disbursements of food and emergency aid.

c) Aid for the Water sector in Foreign Countries: The Total Financial Aid disbursed for the purpose of enforcing and enhancing the water sector in other countries.

d) Percentage of National Budget directed to the Water Sector: It is the percentage of national budget directed to all water related projects, labor, and services. It includes all water use sector, and is not limited to Water supply and sanitation.

e) Budget Directed to Sanitation & Hygiene as a percent of GDP: It is the percentage of national budget directed to all water related projects, labor, and services compared to the country’s GDP

f) Operation & Maintenance Cost Recovery for Water Supply and sanitation: Is the sum of all tariffs collected from all subscribers to Water supply and Sanitation services in one year divided by the total

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operation and Maintenance cost of water supply and sanitation for the same year. Operation & Maintenance cost for a particular year= (c1/number of durability years) + (c2/number of durability years)+……………………..(cn/number of durability years)

Where c is the amount disbursed, given that there are n number of different amounts disbursed.

g) Operation & Maintenance Cost Recovery for Irrigation: Is the sum of all tariffs collected from all farmers in one year divided by the total operation and Maintenance cost of irrigation for the same year.

h) Operation & Maintenance Cost Recovery for Industry: Is the sum of all tariffs collected from all industrial establishments in one year divided by the total operational cost of irrigation for the same year.

6.13. Water & Trade

Virtual-waterflowsrelatedtotradeincrop,animalpercountry:

a) TotalAgriculturalVirtualWaterImport:Totalinflowof virtualwaterwhichinturnisdefinedasthevolume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured at the place where the product was actually produced (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2001).

b) TotalAgriculturalVirtualWaterExport:Totaloutflowof virtualwaterwhichinturnisdefinedas:the volume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured at the place where the product was actually produced (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2001).

Hoekstra and Chapagain (2001) provided reference tables that provide the approximate volume of water needed to produce one kilogram of different crop, animal, and industrial products. Therefore, the volume of water used to produce a certain product can be estimated by multiplying these reference values (or any similar values provided in the national and global literature) by the total annual produced amount of the same product. In the same manner, it is possible to estimate the amount of water embedded in imported and exported products.

6.14. Water & Governance

a) IWRM plan in place (yes/no): a national plan dedicated entirely to water resources, with more than 3 entities involved, and with all water use sectors addressed could qualify as a national IWRM.

b) Existence of National Water M&E, & R System (AMCOW): a national Water Monitoring, Evaluation, andReportingsystemisdefinedasasystemof indicatorsthatcoversallareasrelatedtowaterandis adequately and continuously assessed and reported according to clear pre-set definitions. Thereporting could be in the form of reports or an online web-based system.

c) SurfaceWaterpermitsissuedtodate:numberof officiallyauthorizedwaterpermitsforbeneficialusage by individuals or entities to date.


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d) Total Volumetric Water Rights Associated with Surface Water Permits: The total annual authorized volumes associated with all authorized water Surface water permits.

e) Total Volumetric Water Rights Associated with Surface Water Permits as a Percent of Annual Blue Surface Water Withdrawals

f) GroundwaterWell Permits issued to date: number of officially authorizedpermits for registeredshallow or deep wells for beneficial usage by individuals or entities, Issued to date.

g) Total Volumetric Water Rights Associated with Well Permits: The total annual authorized volumes associated with all authorized well permits.

h) Total Volumetric Water Rights Associated with Well Permits as a Percent of Annual Blue Groundwater Abstractions Number of Unlicensed Wells: Could be obtained from annual well survey.

i) Irrigation & Drainage Related Complaints as a Percentage of Irrigation Water Users: annual number of complaints that relate directly to irrigation and drainage issues as a percent of total surface water permits.

j) Water Supply and Sanitation Related Complaints as a Percentage of Serviced Households: annual number of complaints that relate directly to water supply and sanitation services as a percent of all serviced households.

k) Number of Water Supply meters installed as a percent of total number of covered households: the ratio of the total number of installed water supply meters to the total number of households covered with water supply. The total number of households can be estimated by dividing the total covered population by 5.

l) Number of Groundwater Meters Installed as a Percent of Licensed Wells

m) Number of Irrigation meters Installed as a percent of surface water permits

n) Physical Domestic water losses: The amount of domestic water lost due to leakage in the piped conveyance system. It is best determined by detailed flow measurements

o) Where: Lm = Length of mains in feet, Nc = Number of service connections, Lp = Length of private pipe in feet, P = Average pressure in PSI

p) Commercial water losses: Is the Unaccounted for water due to theft or lack of metering and is calculated by subtracting the sum of the total accounted for water (metered volumes) and the physical losses from the total withdrawals by the domestic sector.

q) Physical Irrigation Water losses: The amount of Irrigation water lost in the different elements of the irrigation conveyance system (canals and drains) through seepage and evaporation.

r) OverallWaterUseEfficiency:Theratioof thedifferencebetweenthetotalwithdrawalsfromoriginalsources (surface water, renewable and non-renewable groundwater, and Desalinated Water) and the wastewaterandDrainageflowsTOtheWithdrawalsfromOriginalSourcesexpressedasapercentage.

OverallwaterUseEfficiency=100*((WithdrawalsfromOriginalSources-WastewaterandDrainageoutflows)/WithdrawalsfromOriginalSources)

s) Water Sustainability / Depletion Index: The ratio of the Total Withdrawals from Original sources including green water consumptions by rainfed agriculture TO The Total Renewable Water Resources (Blue and Green Water).

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t) WastewaterandDrainageOutflows:WastewaterandAgriculturalDrainageflowingoutof thesystemto local and national sinks.

u) TransboundaryWastewaterandDrainageoutflows:WastewaterandAgriculturalDrainageflowingout of the country’s borders.

v) Number of Water Related Citations (Water Laws Enforcement): Total annual number of water related citations.

w) Number of Water Users Associations.

x) Water Users Associations Agricultural land Coverage: The ratio of the agricultural areas covered by Water Users Associations to the total Agricultural area in the country.

6.15. Water & International Relations

a) Transboundary water bodies’ dependency Ratio: the percent of annual volumes abstracted from transboundary water bodies to total annual available water resources.

b) Shared Waters related Bilateral/ Multilateral Agreements and/or Memorandums of Understanding and Cooperation Mechanisms: The number of Bilateral or Multilateral agreements or other sort of cooperation a particular country is involved in. These agreements should be solely intended for transboundary water resources.

c) Number of Riparians Sharing all Shared Water Bodies

d) Number of Shared Water Resources


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7. Proposed M&E Operational Framework and Guidelines

The above sections show that the challenge Egypt faces is not developing a new M&E system, but rationalizing and improving what already exists. Therefore, this section proposes an M&E operational framework that is based on the conceptual standardization and harmonization framework. This conceptual framework is anticipated to be (Hassan, 2013):

• An online, compatible with existing systems and affordable system. With recent advances intechnology, the world is moving towards developing online systems that can receive inputs and feed outputs into other available systems. The use of open source software can easily make this system affordable. It is also necessary to avoid over-engineering whatever M&E system that is being created (Mackay, 2007).

• Allowingdatamoveandexchangeatdifferentlevels(local,nationalandregional).Havinganonlineand compatible system can facilitate the data exchange process at different levels. Data can be entered at local levels but then can be viewed at other levels to give a wider picture.

• Using internationallyacceptedindicatorswheneverpossible.Selectionof thetypeandnumberofindicator is a key aspect that needs to be undertaken by the system users. As a starting point the indicators can be from those that are internationally accepted in addition to other required indicators at other levels (e.g. regional). It is also essential not to cram the system with too many indicators that render it of no or little use.

• Linkedtodecisionmakingvia,forexample,reporting.Thisisaveryimportantaspectof theproposedsystem to prove its usefulness. Systems that are not linked to decision making or makers are left behind with time and not used. This could be due to the complexity of their output which cannot be interpreted by decision makers. Therefore, the proposed system has to produce outputs that can assist in decision making. This can be achieved by involving decision maker needs when developing the system.

• Reportingsuccessesandfailures.Theproposedsystemshouldalsoallowitsusertoprovidefeedbackandlessonslearned.Thishelpsinonewaytoimprovethesystemandalsohelpotheruserstobenefitfrom successes and avoid failures.

• With proper documentations andmanuals. Although, this is a fundamental requirement for anydeveloped system. It is sometimes missed or under-delivered. Therefore, the system should have a complete set of documentations and manuals that enable the easy use of it.

In order for the above system to function, a full Manual for assessing, measuring, calculating, documenting, and reporting the values of the SOW Indicators needs to available. This manual is a living document that will evolve with the system. A simple manual is presented in Table 6. It is a starting point that can be initially used by the National State of the Water reporters and then enhanced with time.

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Table 4. SOW Indicators Manual

SOW Indicators Definition / Units MethodologyProposed

Responsible institution(s)

Proposed presentation

method(s)

Comments

1 - Water Availability

1.1Annual Average Precipitation Depth

Long-term depth average (over space and time) of annual precipitation in the country (mm/year).

1. Depth data is measured at each station and sent via the internet, email or phone to Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA).2. Raw data is saved and then analyzed to obtain statistical required parameters (i.e. average in this case). Raw data can also be used to obtain forecasts using numerical models. 3. Long term analyzed and/or forecasted data is calculated.

EMA

Maps showing station locations and precipitation depth contours. Yearly time series per station.

1.2Annual average Precipitation Volume

The product of the Annual Average Precipitation Depth and the Effective Rainfall area (Billion m3/year)

1. Annual Average Precipitation Depth is obtained from 1.1 above.2. Effective Rainfall area of each rainfall station is obtained from maps of 1.1 above. 3. Annual average Precipitation Volume is calculated for each station.

EMAYearly time series per station.

1.3

Internal Renewable Surface Water (IRSW)

The amount of precipitation that is neither beneficially abstracted from the atmosphere, nor infiltrated in the ground, but flows overland and routed through channels or joins bigger water bodies (Billion m3/year)

Data is not readily available by now, but due to the (semi)-arid conditions, the value of this indicator can be considered as zero (See comments).

MWRI

NA (See comments)

MWRI NTF member indicated that this indicator is not Applicable for Egyptian Conditions

1.4

Internal Renewable Groundwater (IRG)

Total volume of water entering underground sources of water (typically aquifers) within a country’s borders from internal precipitation and surface water flow (Billion m3/year)

Since the seasonal variation of shallow groundwater levels is almost zero, the amount of shallow groundwater recharge is almost equal to the amount of shallow groundwater abstracted. Based on the number of active wells and the water abstraction of each well, the total volume of groundwater abstraction can be measured.

MWRI-GWS

Yearly time series

1.5

Total Internal Renewable Blue Water Resources (TIRBWR)

= (IRSW+IRG) (Billion m3/year)

Sum of values obtained from 1.3 and 1.4

MWRI - GWS Yearly time series

1.6External Surface Water Inflow (ESWI)

Annual renewable surface water resources that are not generated in the country (Billion m3/year)

The indicator is measured on daily basis and summed up to present the annual ESWI. It is represented by the inflow to Lake Naser. It is calculated as follows:ESWI= discharge at Dongola - Pumping discharge between Dongola and lake Naser - losses between Dongola and Lake Naser

MWRI-NWS Yearly time series

1.7External Surface Water Outflow (ESWO)

Long-term average annual quantity of Surface water leaving the country (Billion m3/year)

Drainage water outflow to sea and northern lakes and lake Qaroun and reported by DRI. MWRI-IS-DRI Yearly time

series

1.8External Groundwater Inflow (EGI)

Long-term average annual quantity of groundwater annually entering the country, taking into consideration treaties (Billion m3/year)

Data is obtained from simulation models at RIGW

MWRI-RIGW Yearly time series

1.9External Groundwater outflow (EGO)

Long-term average annual quantity of groundwater leaving the country (Billion m3/year)

Data is obtained from simulation models at RIGW MWRI-RIGW Yearly time

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method(s)

Comments

1.10

Total External Renewable Blue Water Resources (TERBWR)

=(ESWI+EGI) (Billion m3/year)

Sum of values obtained from 1.8 and 1.9MWRI-RIGW-HADA

Yearly time series

1.11Total Renewable Blue Surface Water (TRBSW)

=(IRSW)+(ESWI)-(ESWO) (Billion m3/year)

Data is obtained from 1.3, 1.6 and 1.7 MWRI-HADA-IS-DRI

Yearly time series

1.12

Total Renewable Blue Groundwater (TRBG)

=(IRG)+(EGI)-(EGO) (Billion m3/year)

Data is obtained from 1.4, 1.8 and 1.9MWRI-GWS-RIGW

Yearly time series

1.13

Overlap between surface water and Groundwater (OSW)

Groundwater drainage into rivers minus seepage from rivers into aquifers (Billion m3/year)

Data is obtained from simulation models at RIGW RIGW Yearly time

series

1.14

Total Renewable Blue Water Resources (TRBWR)

= (TRBSW) + (TRBG)-(OSW) (Billion m3/year)

Data is obtained from 1.11, 1.12 and 1.13 MWRI - GWS -RIGW-IS-HADA

Yearly time series

1.15

Total Non-Renewable Ground Water Resources (TNRGR)

The annual extractable amount of non-renewable groundwater (Billion m3/year) according to a pre specified safe yield that is dictated by a pre-specified sustainability period.

Data is obtained from simulation models at RIGW

MWRI - RIGW

Time series for the safe rate of yearly withdrawals, the sustainability period and maximum allowable drawdown.

1.16Total Renewable Green Water Resources.

= (Rain-fed +Pasture + Forest) Consumptions (Billion m3/year)

Total Renewable Green water consumptions are divided into: Rain-fed areas consumptions, Pasture areas consumptions, and Forest Areas consumptions. The following methodology can be used to estimate the total consumption for each of the three above areas that collectively represent the total Green Water Consumption: 1. The Reference value (R) is calculated as the ratio between irrigation abstractions and the area for the corresponding land use. 2. (α) is a function of the prevailing aridity and the plant cover (an average value of 0.7 may be assumed for crops in temperate to arid regions, which is the case in North Africa) 3. The rainy period for the Natural vegetation land use is then identified (3 months yearly in North Africa, which corresponds to quarter of the year, i.e. (0.25) year)4. Average Vegetation consumptions for the North African region = Area of Vegetation * (R) * (0.7) * (0.25)a) Rain-fed Consumptions: The total amount of precipitation directly consumed by rain fed agriculture. b) Pasture Consumptions: The total amount of precipitation directly consumed by pasture areas. c) Forest Consumptions: The total amount of precipitation directly consumed by forests. d)Total Renewable Green Water Resources: a+b+c

MWRI-MALR Yearly time series

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method(s)

Comments

1.17Total Renewable Water Resources (TRWR)

=(TRBWR+TRGWR) (Billion m3/year)

Sum of values obtained from 1.15 and 1.16 MWRI - GWS -RIGW-IS-HADA

Yearly time series

1.18

Produced Municipal and Industrial Wastewater (PMW)

Annual quantity of wastewater generated in the country (Billion m3/year)

Generated wastewater data can be obtained from the HCWW MARS system

HCWW Yearly time series

1.19

Treated Municipal and Industrial Wastewater

Quantity of treated municipal and industrial wastewater that is discharged from treatment plants (Billion m3/year)

Treated wastewater data can be obtained from the HCWW MARS system


1.20

Reused treated Municipal and Industrial Wastewater

Quantity of treated wastewater that is reused (Billion m3/year)

See commentHCWW/MALR

Yearly time series

Methodology to be provided by Surveyor.

1.21Produced Agricultural Drainage (PAD)

Total volume of the water withdrawn for agriculture but not consumed and flows out of the system (Billion m3/year)

The indicator is calculated as the sum of drainage water discharged to sea/lakes (measured by Mechanical and Electricity Department and reported in The Drainage Water Status in the Nile Delta Report, published by the Drainage Research Institute) and the official quantity of drainage water reuse. This approach is cross-checked by the empirical formula:Produced Drainage Water (PAD) ≈ (Diverted agriculture water )/3

MWRI - IS Yearly time series

1.22Reused Agricultural Drainage

The total volume of agricultural drainage that is returned back to the system through reuse (Billion m3/year)

The indicator is calculated as the sum of:• Drainage Water reuse in Delta: that is measured through Mechanical and Electricity Department (MED) and published by Drainage Research Institute (DRI) in The Drainage Water Status in the Nile Delta Year Book.• Intermediate drainage reuse and unofficial Drainage reuse: estimated at 4 BCM/year.


1.23Produced Desalinated Water (PDW)

Water produced annually by desalination of brackish or salt water (Billion m3/year)

Produced Desalinated data can be obtained from the HCWW system HCWW -

TDAYearly time series

1.24

Total Non-Conventional Water Resources (TNCWR)

= (PMW)+(PAD)+(PDW) (Billion m3/year)

Sum of values obtained from 1.18, 1.21 and 1.23 MWRI - IS

– HCWW - TDA

Yearly time series

1.25Total Conventional Water Resources(TCWR)

= TRWR+TNRGR (Billion m3/year)

Sum of values obtained from 1.17 and 1.15 MWRI (GWS-RIGW-IS-HADA-HCWW-TDA)

Yearly time series

1.26Total Available Water Resources (TAWR)

= TCWR+TNCWR (Billion m3/year)

Sum of values obtained from 1.25 and 1.24 MWRI (GWS-RIGW-IS-HADA-HCWW-TDA)

Yearly time series

2 - Water & Uses

2.1Annual Total water withdrawal:

Gross amount of water extracted from all sources (Billion m3/year)

Sum of values obtained from 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 in addition to other withdrawals.

MWRI (IS I ID), HCWW, IDA, GOFI

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Comments

2.2Withdrawals by the Domestic sector:

Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for domestic purposes (Billion m3/year)

Data can be obtained from the HCWW MARS system HCWW Yearly time

series

2.3Withdrawals by the Industrial sector:

Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for Industrial purposes (Billion m3/year)

Data can be obtained from the HCWW MARS system and IDA IDA, HCWW Yearly time

series

2.4Withdrawals by the Agricultural sector:

Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for Agricultural purposes (Billion m3/year)

Reported in CAPMAS yearly book MWRI (IS-ID), MAL-R(SWERI)

Yearly time series

2.5Agricultural Con-sumption from Green Water

The total volume of green water annually consumed by rainfed agriculture (Billion m3/year)

Its value is assumed to be equivalent to the effective rainfall MWRI (PS,

IS)Yearly time series

2.6 Total Agricultural Consumption

The total annual volume consumed by both rain-fed and irrigated agricul-ture (Billion m3/year)

Reported in CAPMAS yearly bookMWRI (IS - ID - PS)

Yearly time series

2.7Withdrawals from Blue Sur-face water

Annual gross amount of water extracted from riv-ers, lakes and reservoirs (Billion m3/year)

It is estimated based on the agricultural consumption and agricultural field efficien-cy, drinking water capacities, and estimat-ed industrial requirements

MWRI (IS - ID)

Yearly time series

This indica-tor includes withdrawal of primary renewable surface water re-sources and secondary freshwater sources (water previously withdrawn and re-turned).

2.8Withdrawals from Blue Groundwater

Total abstractions from groundwater sources, including nonrenewable sources per year (Billion m3/year)

It is calculated by summing up groundwa-ter well abstraction from both renewable and non-renewable sources MWRI (GWS) Yearly time

series

2.9

Withdrawals from non-renew-able Ground-water:

Total annual volumes abstracted from non-re-newable resources, namely, fossil groundwa-ter (Billion m3/year)

It is calculated by summing up groundwa-ter well abstraction from non-renewable sources MWRI (GWS) Yearly time

series

2.10

Withdrawals from non-con-ventional re-sources

Total volumes abstracted annually from water resources other than surface and groundwa-ter, namely, treated wastewater and desali-nated sea water (Billion m3/year)

It is calculated by summing up the capac-ities of treatment plants and desalination plants

MWRI (IS) Yearly time series

2.11 Overall Water Use Efficiency

100* ((Withdrawals from Original Sources- Waste-water and Drainage outflows) / Withdrawals from Original Sources)

Calculated based upon 2.1 and 2.13.MWRI (IS - ID - PS - NWRC)

Yearly time series

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2.12Water Sustainability Index

The ratio of the total withdrawals to the total renewable water resources

Calculated based upon 1.17 and 2.1 above. MWRI (IS - ID - PS - NWRC)

Yearly time series

2.13Wastewater and Drainage Outflows

Wastewater and Agricultural Drainage flowing out of the system (Billion m3/year)

Data is obtained from MWRI. MWRI (DRI), HCWW

Yearly time series

2.14

Trans-boundary Wastewater and Drainage Outflows

Wastewater and Agricultural Drainage flowing out of the country’s borders (Billion m3/year)

Calculated based upon 2.13

MWRI (DRI), HCWW

Yearly time series

3 - Water & Land Use Changes

3.1 Total Irrigated Agricultural land

Total water managed agricultural area (Feddan)

Data is collected by the economic affairs sector of MALR though the agriculture directorates and reported on yearly basis.

MALR (ARC) Maps, Yearly time series

3.2 Total Rainfed Agricultural land

The total rainfed agricultural area (Feddan)

Data is collected by the economic affairs sector of MALR though the agriculture directorates and reported on yearly basis.

MALR (ARC) Maps, Yearly time series

3.3Urban Encroachment on Agricultural land

The loss of agricultural land caused by urbanization (Feddan)

NoneMALR (ARC), NCPSLU

Maps, Yearly time series

Capacity is needed for this indicator.

4 - Water & Services

4.1 Urban Water Supply coverage

Percentage of population provided with piped drinking water in urban areas (%)

1. HCWW provides the total number of subscription in urban areas times 5 (average number of beneficiaries per subscriptions in urban areas)2. CAPMAS provides the total population in urban areas.


HCWW Definition

4.2 Rural Water Supply coverage

Percentage of population provided with piped drinking water in rural areas (%)

1. HCWW provides the total number of subscription in rural areas times 9 (average number of beneficiaries per subscriptions in rural areas)2. CAPMAS provides the total population in rural areas.


HCWW Definition

4.3 Urban Sanitation Coverage

Percentage of population covered with sanitation (access to sewage networks discharging into wastewater treatment plants) in urban areas (%)

1. HCWW provides the total number of subscription in urban areas times 5 (average number of beneficiaries per subscriptions in urban areas)2. CAPMAS provides the total population in urban areas.


HCWW Definition

4.4 Rural Sanitation Coverage

Percentage of population covered with sanitation (access to sewage networks discharging into wastewater treatment plants) in rural areas (%)

1. HCWW provides the total number of subscription in rural areas times 9 (average number of beneficiaries per subscriptions in rural areas)2. CAPMAS provides the total population in rural areas.


HCWW Definition

4.5

Percentage of population with improved water supply

Improved water supply is defined as sustainable access to safe drinking water as one that, by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is protected from outside contamination (%)

To be calculated based upon data of 4.1 and 4.2 above.


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method(s)

Comments

4.6

Percentage of population with improved sanitation

Improved sanitation is collected wastewater passes through treatment plants and disposed of in a safe and effective manner (%)

To be calculated based upon data of 4.4 and 4.5 above.


HCWW Definition

4.7 Length of Networks

Length of Water supply, Sewage, Irrigation, and Drainage networks (km)

1. HCWW provides the water supply and sewage networks data2. MWRI (through IS and EPADP) provides the irrigation and drainage networks data

MWRI (IS - EPADP), HCWW

Yearly time series

4.8 Dam capacity

The total capacity of all water regulating structures installed (Billion m3)

1. MWRI (through HADA and RGBS) provides the capacity of all regulating structures.

MWRI (HADA/RGBS)

Yearly time series

4.9 Water Supply Capacity

The total Drinking Water Treatment capacity (Billion m3).

HCWW to provide data on the capacities of all drinking water plants. HCWW Yearly time

series

4.10 Desalination capacity

The total capacity of all desalination plants (Million m3).

HCWW to provide data on the capacities of all desalination plants. HCWW, TDA Yearly time

series

4.11Number of water supply meters installed

Number of water supply meters installed

HCWW to provide dataHCWW Yearly time

series

5 - Water & Energy

5.1

Percent of electricity Generated using Hydropower

Hydropower generated per year to the total power generated (%)

1. The sum of the generated hydropower all over the year is recorded automatically for each turbine.2. The above data is collected by Egyptian Electricity Holding Company3. The total generated power is also collected by the Egyptian Electricity Holding Company

MoEE, Egyptian Electricity Holding Company

Yearly time series

5.2 Installed Hydro capacity

Total capacity of the installed Hydropower Plants (MW)

This data can be collected from the recorded manufacturing capacity for all units from the name plates.

MoEE, Egyptian Electricity Holding Company

Yearly time series

6 - Water & Population

6.1 Total PopulationCounty population Data can be collected from the CAPMAS

yearly book. CAPMAS Yearly time series

6.2

Internal Renewable Water Resources per Capita

Long-term average annual flow of rivers and recharge of aquifers generated from internal precipitation, on a per person basis (m3/capita)

Calculated based on data of 1.5 and 7.1 above. MWRI (IS-

ID-NWRP), CAPMAS

Yearly time series

6.3

Total Renewable Blue Water Resources per Capita

The sum of renewable Blue Water resources on a per person basis (m3/capita)


ID-NWRP), CAPMAS

Yearly time series

6.4Total Renewable Water Resources per Capita

The sum of renewable Water resources on a per person basis (m3/capita)

Calculated based on data of 1.17 and 7.1 above.

MWRI (IS-ID-NWRP), CAPMAS

Yearly time series

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6.5Blue Water Withdrawal Per Capita

Total annual abstractions from surface and groundwater sources including non-renewable groundwater and secondary freshwater sources (water previously withdrawn and returned), on a per person basis (m3/capita)



Yearly time series

6.6Green Water Consumption Per Capita

The total amount of precipitation directly consumed by pasture areas, rainfed areas, and forest areas, on a per person basis (m3/capita)

Calculated based on data of 2.5 above.


Yearly time series

6.7Total Available Water Resources Per Capita

The sum of renewable, non-renewable, and non-conventional Water resources on a per person basis (m3/capita)


ID-NWRP), CAPMAS

Yearly time series

6.8Total Water Withdrawal Per Capita

The gross amount of water extracted from all sources, either permanently or temporarily, on a per person basis (m3/capita)


ID-NWRP), CAPMAS

Yearly time series

6.9

Agricultural Water Withdrawal Per Capita:

The sum of total agricultural abstractions from blue water, and direct beneficial abstractions from precipitation in rain-fed areas, on a per person basis (m3/capita)



Yearly time series

6.10Industrial Water Withdrawal Per Capita

Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for industrial purposes on a per person basis (m3/capita)


ID-NWRP), CAPMAS, IDA, GOFI

Yearly time series

6.11Domestic Water Withdrawal Per Capita

Total annual volume of water withdrawals used for domestic purposes on a per person basis (m3/capita)

Calculated based on data of 2.2 and 7.1 above. CAPMAS,

HCWWYearly time series

6.12

Population Without Improved Water Supply

The total population without improved Water supply



6.13

Population Without improved Sanitation

The total population without improved Sanitation



7 - Water & Health

7.1

Diarrhea prevalence (% of children under five)

% of children under five suffering from Diarrhea

Data of all diseases are reported to MoHP regional directorate to head office. This data is then analysed and statistical parameters are obtained. MoHP

There is an issue here as age data might not be reported.

7.2 Dracunculiasis reported cases

number of annual incidents of the disease (Number)

MoHP


MEW

INA




method(s)

Comments

7.3 Cholera Reported Cases

number of annual incidents of the disease (Number)

Will not be reported since practice has been eliminated from Egypt MoHP

7.4 Open defecation practice

(Number) Will not be reported since practice has been eliminated from Egypt MoHP

7.5 Percentage of open defecation

(%) Will not be reported since practice has been eliminated from Egypt MoHP

8 - Water & Quality

8.1

DoBODpHTDSConductivityTotal NitrogenTotal phosphorus

Water quality parameters

1. Samples are collected on a monthly basis at 201 stations in Lake Nasser, Main Nile, Damietta branch and Rosetta branch 2. Samples are analysed at the MoHP labs3. Samples analysed data are sent to EEAA4. MoHP and EEAA publishe that data in the annual reports showing the number of accepted and unaccepted samples.5. In each reach the number of accepted samples is divided by the total number to define the indicator value.

EEAA / MoHP

Yearly time series per reach.

8.2 Surface water quality index

An overall water quality parameter

Based on the indicator values in 8.1 an overall average is calculated. MoHP/EEAA

9 - Water & Ecosystems

9.1

Number of wetlands sites acknowledged by RAMSAR

Number EEAA to provide data or data can be obtained from the RAMSAR website. EEAA

9.2 Total Wetlands areas

(km2) EEAA to provide data.EEAA

10 - Water & Climate

10.1Flood events in the last two decades:

Number NA

MWRI NA

Indicator is not applicable in Egypt.

10.2Flash-flood events in the last two decades:

Number Data is obtained from EMA recordsEMA Number and

location

10.3Drought events in the last two decades:

Number Data is obtained from EMA recordsEMA Number and

location

10.4 Drought Index

Ratio of precipitation to potential evapo-transpiration for green areas or evaporation for non-green areas.

Precipitation data comes from 1.1 or 1.2 above.

There are devices for measurement of evaporation and are known as Class A-Pan and evapo-transpiration is and are known as the Lysimeter. In the absence of those devices values have to be estimated using the Penman formula.

EMA Yearly time series

10.5

Existence of Early Warning Disaster prevention System and Year of establishment

(yes/no) NA

MWRI NA

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10.6

Climate Change Adaptation: National adaptation plan

(yes/no) NA

EEAA NA

11 - Water & Socio-economics

11.1 Industrial water productivity

Industrial GDP / Industrial water withdrawal (US$)

1. Industrial GDP is obtained from CAPMAS year book2. Industrial water withdrawal is obtained from 2.3 above.

CAPMAS, IDA

Yearly time series

11.2Agricultural water productivity

Agricultural GDP / Agricultural water withdrawal (US$)

1. Agricultural GDP is obtained from CAPMAS year book2. Agricultural water withdrawal is obtained from 2.4 above.

CAPMAS, MALR

Yearly time series

11.3Employment in Agriculture “Job per Drop”

The ratio of total labour employed in Agriculture to the total agricultural withdrawals

1. Agricultural labour is obtained from CAPMAS year book2. Agricultural water withdrawal is obtained from 2.4 above.

MALR, CAPMAS

Yearly time series

11.4 Employment in Industry

The ratio of total labour employed in industrial to the total industrial withdrawals

1. Industrial labour is obtained from CAPMAS year book2. Industrial water withdrawal is obtained from 2.3 above.

IDA - CAPMAS

Yearly time series

11.5

Water and Sanitation charges as % of average household income

The monthly charge for 10 cubic metres of Water compared to the monthly household income (US$)

1. HCWW to provide the monthly charge for 10 m3

2. Monthly average household income is obtained from CAPMAS year book.

HCWW, CAPMAS

Yearly time series

11.6

Subsidy (Domestic-industrial-Agricultural)

Percentage of subsidy applied for different sectors

1. For domestic use data can be obtained from the HCWW MARS system.2. For agriculture use no data is available. MOF Yearly time

series

Industry information to be provided by NTF members.

12 - Water & Finance

12.1

Public Expenditure on Water Related Projects

Government spending in water resources infrastructure development, planning, management, as well as drinking water supply and sanitation treatment and reuse (US$)

CAPMAS year book or the assigned budget to MWRI and HCWW by MOF

CAPMAS / MWRI/ HCWW/ MOF

Yearly time series

12.2 Foreign Aid for Water

Foreign Aid for Water (US$)

CAPMAS year bookCAPMAS Yearly time

series

12.3

Percentage of national Budget directed to the water sector

Percentage of national Budget directed to the water sector

1. National budget is obtained from the CAPMAS year book2. Public Expenditure on Water Related Projects is obtained from 12.1

MOF Yearly time series

12.4

Operational Cost Recovery for Water Supply and sanitation

Data can be obtained from HCWW MARS system. MOF -


12.5 Cost Recovery for Irrigation

There is currently no cost recovery for Irrigation so this value is nil. MWRI - IS Yearly time

series

13 - Water & Trade


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method(s)

Comments

13.1Agricultural

Virtual Water Export

Total outflow of virtual water which in turn is defined as: the volume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured where the product was actually produced

Data can be obtained from the ASME model at NWRP or from the NWRP SoW report.

MWRI -

NWRPYearly time series

13.2Agricultural

Virtual Water Import

Total inflow of virtual water which in turn is defined as: the volume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured where the product was actually produced

Data can be obtained from the ASME model at NWRP or from the NWRP SoW report.

MWRI -

NWRPYearly time series

14 - Water & Governance

14.1 IWRM plan in place

(yes/no) NA MWRI-NWRP

NA

14.2

Existence of National Water and Sanitation M&E,& R System (AMCOW)

(yes/no) NA

HCWW

NA

14.3Surface Water Permits Issued to Date

Number of officially authorized water right permits for beneficial usage by individuals or entities and equivalent % of total annual volume distributed

This indicator is split into two categories:1 The indicator value is calculated as total agricultural area which is recorded in the Yearly Agriculture statistics Bulletin in feddans2- Surface water permits for water treatment plants and industrial factories which is a number

MWRI - IS / MALR

Yearly time series

14.4

Total Volumetric Water Rights Associated with Surface Water Permits BCM/Year

Calculated based upon 14.3 as the sum of:• Estimated agricultural water use,• Total drinking water plants capacities;• Estimated water used by factories authorized to abstract from surface water.

Yearly time series

14.5

Total Volumetric Water Rights Associated with Surface Water Permits as a Percent of Annual Blue Surface Water Withdrawals

%

Calculated based upon 14.4 divided by of Annual Blue Surface Water Withdrawals obtained from the Water & Uses category.

Yearly time series

14.6Groundwater Well Permits Issued to

Number Data is obtained from GWS of MWRI.MWRI-GWS Yearly time

series

14.7

Total Volumetric Water Rights Associated with Well Permits BCM/Year

Data is obtained from GWS of MWRI.

MWRI-GWS Yearly time series

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14.8

Total Volumetric Water Rights Associated with Well Permits as a Percent of Annual Blue Groundwater Abstractions

% Calculated based upon 14.7 divided by of Annual Blue Groundwater Abstractions obtained from the Water & Uses category.

Yearly time series

14.9Number of Unlicensed Wells Number/Year

Data is obtained from GWS of MWRI.MWRI-GWS Yearly time

series

14.10

Irrigation & Drainage Related Complaints as a Percentage of Irrigation Water Users Number/Year

The indicator value is represented by the number of received complaints by irrigation directorates and the Central Directorate for Complains at the Minister’s office of MWRI.

MWRI Yearly time series

14.11

Water Supply and Sanitation Related Complaints as a Percentage of Serviced Households

Number Data is obtained from the HCWW MARS system.


14.12 Number of Water Supply Meters Installed as a Percent of Total Number of Covered Households

% Data is obtained from the HCWW MARS

system. HCWW Yearly time

series

14.13

Number of Groundwater Meters Installed as a Percent of Licensed Wells

Number

Data is obtained from GWS of MWRI.

MWRI-GWS Yearly time series

14.14

Number of Surface Irrigation Meters Installed as a % of Surface Irrigation Water Permits

%

The indicator value is represented by the number of devices used to measure water discharge/level. • For irrigation purposes, there are no devices installed at field/ canal levels to measure water flow. However, water levels in main canals are measured using special meters located usually at the start of each canal (rokhama). The indicator represents the number of those meters at the national level.• For drinking purposes, each drinking water plant has a water meter, thus, the number of water meters will be equal to the number of drinking water plants.• For industrial purposes, factories that abstract water from canal which is operated by pumps has meters. factories.


14.15Physical Domestic Water Losses

BCM/YearCAPMAS year book or data from HCWW CAPMAS/


14.16 Overall Water Use Efficiency % Calculated as per the definition NA

Yearly time series


MEW

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method(s)

Comments

14.17Water Sustainability/ Depletion Index

% Calculated as per the definition NA Yearly time series

14.18Wastewater and Drainage Outflows

It is defined as the amount of wastewater and agricultural drainage flowing out of the system (BCM/Year)

The indicator value is represented by the sum of drainage water discharged to the sea measured by Mechanical and Electrical Department (reported by DRI) and the amount of drainage water that discharged to Lake Qaroun in Fayoum Governorate estimated at 0.65 BCM/year.

MWRI (IS / DRI)

Yearly time series

14.19

Transboundary Wastewater and Drainage Outflows

It is defined as the amount of wastewater and agricultural drainage flowing out of Egypt. (BCM/Year)

The indicator value is represented by the amount of drainage water discharged to the sea measured by Mechanical and Electrical Department (reported by DRI).

MWRI (IS / DRI)

Yearly time series

14.20

Number of Water Related Citations (Water Laws Enforcement)

the total irrigated area cultivated outside the legal command area of directorates.

The legal irrigated area in each directorate is defined, based on which irrigation water requirement is calculated and delivered. Some farmers reclaim areas outside the defined irrigated area and abstract water to irrigate it. Such action results in water problems for farmers who receive less water than required and also leads to management issues for water authorities.In each directorate, these illegal areas are recorded in accordance with Law 12/1984 for Irrigation and Drainage and reported to the Minister’s office to take corrective actions.


14.21

Number of Water Users Associations

The total number of non-governmental organization at canal level that are supposed to operate and maintain the system (Number)

These organizations are formed by different agencies such as Irrigation Improvement Sector (IIS), Irrigation Advisory Services (IAS), and Irrigation Improvement and Integrated Management Project (IIIMP).


14.22

Water Users Associations Agricultural Land Coverage

The ratio between the areas managed by Water Users Associations to the total agricultural area (% of Ag. Land)

The value of the indicator is calculated based on the information available at the Irrigation sector.


15- Water & International Relations

15.1

Transboundary Water Dependency Ratio

The percent of annual volumes abstracted from transboundary water bodies to total annual renewable water resources

1. The percent of annual volumes abstracted from Nile is fixed and is 55.5 Billon m32. Groundwater abstraction from transboundary aquifers is obtained from GWS in MWRI3. Total annual renewable resources is obtained from 1.17 above

MWRI-NWS Yearly time ser ies

15.2

Shared Waters related Bilateral/ Multilateral Agreements and/or Memorandums of Understanding and Cooperation Mechanisms

The number of Bilateral and/ or Multilateral agreements a particular country is involved in.

Data is obtained from MWRI MWRI-NWSNumber and details of the agreements.

These agreements should be solely intended for transboundary water resources.

15.3

Number of Riparians Sharing all Shared Water Bodies

Number Data is obtained from MWRI MWRI Number

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15.4Number of Shared Water Resources

Number Data is obtained from MWRI MWRI Number


MEW

INA

References

Agriculture Research Center. (2009). Sustainable Agriculture Development Strategy 2030. Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation.

CAP Malaria Online M&E System. (n.d.). Retrieved 05 05, 2013, from http://www.khmerreal.com/index.php?page=welcome#

Clifton, M. (2003). What Is A Framework. Retrieved April 18, 2013, from Code Project: http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/5381/What-Is-A-Framework

EEAA. (2010). Egypt State of Environment Report. Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs and Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency.

El-Rawady, M. (2013, November). Final List of SOW Indicators. Personal communication (email) .

Hassan, M. (2013). The Standardization and Harmonization Framework Report. Cairo: MEWINA National office .

Lahey, R. (2010). The Canadian M&E System: Lessons Learned from 30 Years of Development . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank .

Mackay, K. (2007).How to BuildM&E Systems to Support BetterGovernment. TheWorld Bank:Washington, D.C.

Miyazawa, I. (2012, March). What are Sustainable Development Goals? Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES).

NWRP. (2011). Technical Report 45 - Presenting Progress on NWRP implementation. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation.

Ramadan, A. (2006). One Step Ahead Towards Environmental Sustainability.

Rapid Assessment Reports (RARs). (2013). provided by Ministry of water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Health and Population and Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency.

Talbot, C. (2010). The Evolving System of Performance and Evaluation Measurement, Monitoring, and ManagementintheUnitedKingdom.Washington,D.C.:TheWorldBank.

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