egypt under the pharaohs ancient egypt dr-mahmoud elhosary

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Egypt Under the Pharaohs Ancient Egypt Dr-Mahmoud Elhosary

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  • EgyptUnderthePharaohs

  • AncientEgypt

  • RosettaStone

    Greek

    Demotic

    hieroglyphic

    SteleinscribedwithadecreeissuedatMemphisin196BCbyPtolemyV;divinecultofanewruler

  • EgyptianArt

    Predynastic:5500B.C.3100B.C.(Neolithic) OldKingdom:2575B.C. 2134B.C. MiddleKingdom:2040B.C. 1640B.C. NewKingdom:1550B.C 1070B.C. Ptolemaic:332B.C. 395A.D.(ClassicalGreece)

    HerodotuscharacterizedtheEgyptiansasreligioustoexcess,theirconcernwithimmortalityamountedtonearobsessionandtheoverallpreoccupationinthislifewastoinsuresafetyandhappinessinthenextlife.(AnAccountofEgypt,5th cB.C.)

  • EgyptiangodsAquickreferencetoafewofthemajorancientEgyptiangods

    Amun ancientcreationdeity;oneof8godsofchaos;combinedwiththesupremesolardeity,Ra;AmunRAwasthehiddenpowerthatcreatedthegods.

    Anubis Embalming,funerarygod Horus Falcon.Skygodwhoselefteyewasthemoonandwhose

    righteyewasthesun(depictedasaneye);kingofEgypt. Osiris Earthandvegetation. Ptah Patronofcraftsmen Re/Ra Sun Seth LordofLowerEgypt&evilenemyofHorus Thoth Wisdom&learning.

  • Egyptiangoddesses Bastet asungoddess(whocametobeassociatedwiththemoon

    aftercontactwiththeGreekgoddessArtemis.) Hathor thesky,thesun,thequeen,music,danceandthearts;

    canbeseenasthemothergoddessofthewholeworld,similartoIsis

    Isis birth,growth,developmentandvigor;lovingwifeandmother,andthatwashowAncientEgyptiansworshipedher andlovedher themost;alsoamagician.TwinsisterofNephthys

    Nephthys death,decay,diminutionandimmobility;twinsisterofIsis.

    Nut skygoddessandmotherofthegods(connectedwiththeunderworld,resurrectionandthetomb.Shewasseenasafriendtothedead,asamotherlike)

  • Predynastic Egypt

    Egyptiansdevelopedwrittenlanguageandinstitutionalizedreligion(possiblybeforetheSumerians,butthisdebatable!)

    Developedasettled,agriculturalcivilizationalongtheNile. Potterywasbeingmadeandtombswereconstructedofmud

    andbrick. LowerEgypt(north)wasmoreopulent,populousandurban;

    UpperEgypt(south)wasdry,rocky,culturallyrustic.

  • Describewhatyousee.

    Watercolorcopyofawallpaintingfromtomb100atHierakonpolis,Egypt,Predynastic,ca.35003200BCE.

  • Gardner/Kleiner suggestsapossibleMesopotamianinfluenceintheheraldicimageasseenabove.

    Doyouthinkthistheoryisvalidoranoversimplification?

    ca.30002600B.C.

    35003200B.C.

  • OldKingdom

    ItwasduringtheOldKingdom,thatthetraditionsandstandardsofEgyptianartwereestablished.RulesofconstructionandcompositionwereestablishedbetweenDynastyIIIandIV.

    Egyptiansculptureischaracterizedby(1)compactness(2)symmetryofformand(3)itsblocklikeshape

  • PaletteofNarmer

    PaletteofKingNarmer (left,back;right,front),fromHierakonpolis,Egypt,Predynastic,ca.30002920BCE

  • Inthreeregisters:

    Top:2cowheadssymbolicofHathor;Narmersnamewritteninhieroglyphs

    Middle:theking,wearingthewhitecrown(ofUpperEgypt),accompaniedbyanofficial(carryinghissandals)slaysanenemy.Besidehimweseethehumanarmedfalcon,Horus,thekingsprotector,overahumanheadedpapyrushieroglyphforLowerEgypt.

    Below :twomoreslainenemies.Belowarefallenenemiesandabovearefurthersymbolsforthekingspalaceandthecowfacedgoddess,Hathor.

  • Infourregisters:

    Top:2cowheadssymbolicofHathor;Narmersnamewritteninhieroglyphs

    TopMiddle:Narmer,inthered,cobracrownofLowerEgyptreviewsbeheadedenemies.

    LowerMiddle:asymmetricalpairof[lions]withtheirnecksintertwined,symbolizingtheunification.

    Bottom:bulltopplesarebelliouscity.

  • Whyisthepaletteimportant?Thesimpleanswer:

    ThePaletteofNarmer isamajorhistoricaldocumentandpieceofEgyptiansculptureoftheEarlyDynasticperiod,ca.3150BC.

    Itshows,inrepresentationalandsymbolicform,theconquestofLowerEgyptbyanUpperEgyptianrulercalledNarmer (akaMenes). Narmer,byunifyingthetwoEgypts,becamethefirstpharaoh.Heisthedivineruler,suprememanandsolelyresponsiblefortriumphovertheenemy.

    Onthepalette,Narmer isshownwiththeUpperEgyptiangod,Horus(imagedasafalcon),defeatingalowerEgyptianwarriorandlordingitovertheLowerEgyptiansymbol,thepapyrusplant.

  • Mastaba

    Section(top),plan(center),andrestoredview(bottom)oftypicalEgyptianmastaba tombs.

    Thestandardtombwasthemastaba(Arabicforbench),builtoverasubterraneantombchamber,connectedwiththeoutsidebyashaft.

    Originallybuiltforanindividual,iteventuallywasusedformultiplefamilyburials=funerarychapel

  • Step(ped)Pyramid

    ca.2650B.C.theStepPyramidofDjoser wasbuilt.

    Dualpurpose:protectmummifiedkingandhispossessions&symbolizehisabsoluteandgodlikepower.

    CreatedbyImhotep,firstknownartistofrecordedhistory

  • Plan(top)andrestoredview(bottom)ofthemortuaryprecinctofDjoser,Saqqara,Egypt,ThirdDynasty,ca.26302611BCE.

    Thepyramidwasnotanisolatedmountain,butpartofanelaboratecomplex.Thisonewassurroundedbya34stone(fortresslike)wall,enclosing37acresoflivingmortuary

  • OldKingdomPyramids Egyptiantombsprovidetheprincipal,ifnot

    theexclusive,evidenceforhistoricalreconstructionofEgyptiancivilization.

    OnthewestbankoftheNilearethethreepyramidsofKhafre,KhufuandMenkaure(4th Dynasty). Pyramidsdidnotevolveoutofnecessity.The

    3rd dynastykingswerelargelyinfluencedbythecityofHeliopolis,closetotheancientEgyptiancapitalofMemphis

    HeliopoliswastheseatofthecultgodRe,thesungod,whosefetishwasapyramidalstone,thebenben.

    Bythe4th dynasty,thekingsconsideredthemselvesthesonofReandhisincarnationonearth.

    PharaohsbelievedthespiritandpowerofReresidedinthebenben,soitisntafarstretchtobelievethattheirbodiesandspiritswouldbesimilarlypreservedwithinpyramidaltombs.

  • GreatPyramids

    GreatPyramids,Gizeh,Egypt,FourthDynasty.Frombottom:PyramidsofMenkaure,ca.24902472BCE;Khafre,ca.25202494BCE;andKhufu,ca.25512528BCE.

    Egyptiansburiedtheirdeadonthewest(sunset)sideoftheNile

  • Khafre (Chephren)Khufu(Cheops)

    Menkaure (Mycerinus)

  • SectionofthePyramidofKhufu,Gizeh,Egypt,FourthDynasty,ca.25512528BCE.

  • GreatSphinx(withPyramidofKhafre inthebackgroundatleft),Gizeh,Egypt,FourthDynasty,ca.25202494BCE.Sandstone,65X240.

  • Mummification Mummificationisanembalmingtechnique Preservationofthebodywasrequiredsothedeceasedpersoncouldliveforeternity.

    Equallyimportantwereallearthlypossessionssothateverythingthatwasenjoyedinthislifecouldcontinuetobeenjoyedinthenextlife. Food,drink,utensils Ushabtis (figurines)

  • Mummies

  • GraveGoods

  • Sculptorsatwork,detailofthesouthwallofthemainhallofthefunerarychapelofRekhmire,Thebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.1425BCE.

    Imagessuchasthiswallpaintingprovidesinformationonhowsculptures,andbyextensionarchitecture,wasmadeinEgypt.

    Makingsculptures

  • Intombs,sculpturesprovidedtheimportantfunctionofcreatinganimageofthedeceasedthatwouldhousetheka (soul),shouldthemummybedestroyed.

    Royalandnobleclassimagesweremadeofstone(moredurablethanclayandwood)

    Forthisreason,aninterestinportraituredevelopedearlyinEgypt.

    Menkaure &Khamerernebty,Gizeh,ca.25252475B.C.

    Seatedscribe,fromamastabainSaqqara,ca.25002400B.C.

  • SeatedstatueofHemiunu,fromhismastaba atGizeh,Egypt,FourthDynasty,ca.25502530BCE.Paintedlimestone,511/2"high.RmerundPelizaeusMuseum,Hildesheim.

  • Compare&Contrast

    25252475B.C25502530BCE.

  • EgyptianTombReliefsandMurals

    Goats treadingseedandcattlefordingacanal,reliefsinthemastaba ofTi,Saqqara,Egypt,FifthDynasty,ca.2450 2350BCE.Paintedlimestone.

  • InEgyptiantombs,thedeceasedwerealsorepresentedinreliefsandmuralpaintings.

    Sometimesalone,sometimesinanarrativecontext.

    Mostoftenscenesareofagriculture&hunting.

    Geese,detailfromafrescointhemastabatombofAtetatMedum,ca.26002550B.C.

    Tiwatchingahippopotamushunt,reliefinthetombofTi,Saqqara,ca.25002400B.C.

  • MiddleKingdom

    Rockcuttombsreplacethemastaba.Pyramidswerebuiltbutonamuchsmallerscale.

    Sarcophagibecamelargerandheavier,madeofgranite. Theywereintendedtostoprobbersb/coftheirsizeandweight.

    Portraitsbecomerealistic. Theyarepersonal&tendtoshowanxiety,reflectiveofatroubletimeinEgypt.

  • FragmentaryheadofSenuret III,12th Dynasty,ca.1860BCE.Redquartzite,6high.MetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork.

  • SeatedstatueofLadySennuwy,fromKerma,Sudan,12thDynasty,ca.19601916BCE.Diorite,573/4"high.MuseumofFineArts,Boston.

  • RockcuttombsBH35,Beni Hasan,Egypt,12thDynasty,ca.1950 1900BCE

    ARCHITECTURE

  • InteriorhalloftherockcuttombofAmenemhet (tombBH2),Beni Hasan,Egypt,12thDynasty,ca.19501900BCE.

  • TheNewKingdom ConsideredthemostbrilliantperiodinEgyptshistory

    Themostprosperoustimeandmarkeditspeakofpower. Thebesisestablishedasthenewcapital

    Luxuriousmetropoliswithpalaces,tombs,temples BordersrangedfrommoderndaySyriatoNorthernSudan(Nubia,KushKingdom)

    ContainedsomeofEgyptsmostfamouspharaohs Hatshepsut Akhenaten Tutankhamen RamessesII(theGreat)

  • MortuarytempleofHatshepsut(withtheMiddleKingdommortuarytempleofMentuhotep IIatleft),Deir elBahri,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14731458BCE.

  • Hatshepsut ReliefsfromthetempledepictherasthedaughterofAmunRa.Sheisthefirstwomantoreceivesuchlavishroyaleulogiesandrepresentation.

    Therewereasmanyas200freestandingimagesdepictingHatshepsutinvariousactivities.Mostofthesewereremovedorshatteredbyherstepson,ThutmoseIII(r1458 1425BCE),whenhecametothethroneinthefollowingreign. Heclaimedsheusurped20yearsofhisreign.

  • Hatshepsutwithofferingjars,fromtheuppercourtofhermortuarytemple,Deir elBahri,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14731458BCE.Redgranite,86high.MetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork.

  • TempleofRamessesII,AbuSimbel,Egypt,19thDynasty,ca.12901224BCE.Sandstone,colossi65high.

  • TempleofRamessesII Thetempleisdedicatedtothemostimportantgodsofthe

    NewKingdom,Ptah (thecreatorgodofMemphis),AmunRa(thegreatgodofThebes)andRaHarakhte (sungodofHeliopolis),aswellastothePharaohRamsesIIhimself.

    AstatueofRaHarakhte withthefalconheadisinanicheovertheentrance. ThegodisflankedbylowreliefdepictionsofRamessesIIwho

    presentshimwithatinystatuetteofMaatgoddessofTruthandJustice.

    Smallersculpturesbetweenthelegsandatthebaseofthecolossirepresentmembersoftheroyalfamily:mainlyhis4children,QueenTu'e,theKing'smotherandQueenNefertari,hiswife

  • InteriorofthetempleofRamessesII,AbuSimbel,Egypt,19thDynasty,ca.12901224BCE.Sandstone,pillarstatues32high.

  • RestoredviewofthetempleofAmenRa,Karnak,Egypt,begun15th centuryBCE(JeanClaudeGolvin).

    ancientreligioussite..

  • Hypostylehall,templeofAmenRa,Karnak,Egypt,19thDynasty,ca.12901224BCE.

    4precincts:AmenRa,Mut,Montu,andthedismantledTempleofAmenhotep IV

    50,000sqft,with134massivecolumnsarrangedin16rows

  • SculptureandPaintingoftheNewKingdom

    Senmut withPrincessNefrua,fromThebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14701460BCE.Granite,31/2high.gyptisches Museum,Berlin.

  • Fowlingscene,fromthetombofNebamun,Thebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14001350BCE.Frescoondryplaster,.28high.BritishMuseum,London.

    Theimageryinthetombissymbolicandthematicallyrelatedtoajoyfulafterlife.

  • Musiciansanddancers,fromthetombofNebamun,Thebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.14001350BCE.Frescoondryplaster,1X23.BritishMuseum,London.

  • AkhenatonandtheAmarna Period

    Akhenaton,fromthetempleofAton,Karnak,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.13531335BCE.Sandstone,13high.EgyptianMuseum,Cairo.

  • Tiye,fromGhurab,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.13531335BCE.Wood,withgold,silver,alabaster,andlapislazuli,33/4high.gyptisches Museum,Berlin

    THUTMOSE,Nefertiti,fromAmarna,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.13531335BCE.Paintedlimestone,approx.18high.gyptisches Museum,Berlin.

    .

  • Akhenaton,Nefertiti,andthreedaughters,fromAmarna,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.13531335BCE.Limestone,11/4high.gyptisches Museum,Berlin.

  • KingTutankhamen(PostAmarna Period)

    DeathmaskofTutankhamen,fromtheinnermostcoffininhistombatThebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.1323BCE.Goldwithinlayofsemipreciousstones

    InnermostcoffinofTutankhamen,fromTutstombatThebes,Egypt,18thDynasty,ca.1323BCE.Goldwithinlayofenamelandsemipreciousstones,61long.

  • EgyptianPaintinginBooksoftheDead

    apapyrusscrollinscribedwithacollectionoftextsfromtheBookoftheDead,knowntotheEgyptiansasthe"BookofComingForthbyDay."

  • LastjudgmentofHuNefer,fromhistombatThebes,Egypt,19thDynasty,ca.12901280BCE.Paintedpapyrusscroll,16high.BritishMuseum,London.

    HuNefer,aroyalAnubisadjustingAmmit waitsforoutcomescribeandsteward,thescales;theheart(lion,hippo,croc femaledemon)ledbyAnubis,godweighedagainstMaatofembalming.

    Toth waitstorecordtheverdict

    HavingsurvivedthetestHuNefer isledbyHorusuptoOsirishimself,toreceivehisrewardofeternallife.

  • KingdomofKush TheNewKingdom

    pharaohscolonizedNubia(Kushite Kingdom)andcontrolledthemajortraderoutebetweenEgyptandsubSaharaEgypt.

    727BCEtheKushite kingPiye invadednorthward,seizingcontrolofThebesandeventuallytheDelta.Hisdynasty,the25thdynastyofEgypt,continueduntilabout653BCE.

  • PyramidsofMeroeinSudan.InthefrontfromlefttorightarethepyramidsN25,N26andN27.

  • PtolemaicEgypt Foundedin305BCbyPtolemyISoter whodeclaredhimself

    PharaohofEgypt. AlexandriabecamethecapitalcityandacenterofGreekculture

    andtrade. TogainrecognitionandacceptancebythenativeEgyptian

    population,theynamedthemselvesthesuccessorstothePharaohs. EgyptiantraditionsandreligionwerecontinuedunderGreekrule. PtolemaicPharoahs oftenportrayedthemselvesinthetraditional

    pharaonic iconography,especiallyinpublicmonuments. HellenisticculturecontinuedtothriveinEgypt,evenafterthe

    Romanconquestin30BC

  • Cleopatra

    Cleopatra&Caesarion,TempleofDendera Dendera TempleComplex

  • TempleofHorus,Edfu,Egypt,ca.240BCE

  • ContinuityinAncientEgyptianArt Despitesomealterationsandshortdeviations(Amarna)fromtheirartistic

    tradition,Egyptiansmaintaincontinuityintheirart(statueofMentuemhet,ca.650BCE)andarchitecture(TempleofHorus,Edfu,ca.

    237 47BCE)

  • ThelastrulersofEgypt

    332BCEAlexandertheGreatconquersEgypt(Ptolemaic)

    30BCERomans conquerEgypt 616 629ADPersians conquerEgypt 629ADRomans reconquer 639 641ADMuslim conquest(viaPalestine)