別添資料－4 standard operation procedure (sop) for dust ...sop-4 measurement of exhaust gas...

154

Dust content measurement SOP consists of the following SOPs.

SOP-1 Advanced preparation before measurement

SOP1-1 Determination of measuring position

SOP1-2 Weighing Thimbles (Silica Filters) used for measurement

SOP-2 (Common procedures) Preparation of Gas meter and Handling of gas sampling pipe

These Procedures often appear in other SOPs, so SOP-2 describes them as common procedures.

SOP2-1 Preparation of Gas meter

SOP2-2 Handling of gas sampling pipe

SOP-3 Measurement of exhaust gas components

SOP3-1 Measurement of exhaust gas moisture content ⇒ χw(%):　Find the exhaust gas moisture content

SOP3-2 Measurement of exhaust gas components ⇒ CO2、O2、N2、(CO)(%): Find the exhaust gas components

Calculate the specific density of the exhaust gas at the normal condition ⇒ ρ0(kg/Nm3): Calculate the specific density

SOP-4 Measurement of exhaust gas temperature ⇒ θs(deg.C)： the exhaust gas temperature

SOP-5 Measurement of exhaust gas velocity with Pitot Tube

Measure the static pressure at the representative point ⇒ Ps(kPa)：　the static pressure

Calculate the velocity at each measuring points ⇒ v：(m/s)　the velocity

⇒

SOP-6 Measurement of Dust content

⇒ qm(L/min)： the control flow rate for dust isokinetic sampling

SOP-7 Calculation of the dust content

⇒ C(g/Nm3)： dust content in the exhaust gas

Measure the exhaust gas temperature. If the exhaust gas is homogeneous,measure at the representative point

QN：(Nm3/h) Total flow rate of wet flue gas

Q'N：(Nm3/h)　Total flow rate of dry flue gas

Calculate the control flow rate for dust isokinetic sampling at each point, andsampling the dust at each point

Find the dust content in the exhaust gas

Find the exhaust gas compositions, and calculate the specific density of the exhaust gas. In the case that there are no air infiltration into the ductaround the measurement hole, sample the gas at the representative point (ex. Center of the duct or the highest velocity point), because thesecomponents are considered to be homogeneous in the exhaust gas.However, in case that there might be the air infiltration into the duct around the measurement hole, oxygen content at each measuring point shouldbe measured, and the other gas component must be corrected by using oxygen content at each measuring point.

別添資料－４ Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) for Dust content Measurement

158

SOP-2 Preparation of Gas meter and Handling of gas sampling pipeSOP2-1　Preparation of Gas meter (Common procedure)

Implements and toolsa. Gas meter, b. vacuum pump, c. Drain pot, d. Rubber tubeProtective tools

expected injuryBack trouble, Electrification

procedure tools Key points of procedure Safety points Protection

1 Arrange all the implements and tools a,b,c,dConfirm all the implements and tools areready to use

Pay attention to the heavy tools

2 Pour the water to gas meter from filling port aFill the tank with water and overflow from thetank, and pour the water to approximately2mm above the designated water level.

Be careful for the weight of the gasmeter, because it weights 9kg when itis filled with water

3 Place the gas meter at the level place. aLevel the gas meter on the top of gas meter byadjusting the horizontal level control screw

4Discharge the surplus water from Waterdischarge Plug

a

Close the plug after confirming that all thewater flows out. If do not flowing out of thewater discharge plug, it may become difficultto adjust the final water level.

5Adjusting the water level to the designated placeby flowing out the water from Water levelcontrol Plug

aPlace the water pan, and Flow out the watercalmly

6Place the vacuum pump and connected gas meterand vacuum pump with hose

a,b,c,dConfirm the hose is connected to the gas inletport

7Switch on the vacuum pump and confirm theindicator of the gas meter is rotating

bDo not touch with wet hand to thepump switch

8Switch off the vacuum pump, and discharge thesurplus water from Water discharge Plug

aPlace the water pan, and flow out Surpluswater again. Surplus water makes the gasmeter rotation irregular.

9

Make the gas meter in a measurement state withconnecting all the measurement equipmentproperly. When the measurement starts, Replaceinside hose, gas meter, and etc. by measurementgas

a,b,c,d

Confirm the indicator rotates more than 20times. When the temperature differencebetween gas and water is big, keep rotation toreach the temperature being stable.

160

SOP-2 Preparation of Gas meter and Handling of gas sampling pipeSOP2-2　　Handling of gas sampling pipe

Implements and tools

Protective tools

expected injury


1 Confirm the measurement point

2Choose the appropriate sampling pipe byconfirming the objective gas (Refer tothe attached table)

3 Open the measurement hole g,h

Do not face the front of the hole when opening the hole.In case of that the working floor is grating, Place theprotective sheet, which keep the bolt and etc. out ofdropping.Seal the hole with using sealing material, in case that airinfiltrates into the duct or the gas blow out of the duct (When the duct inside has negative pressure, be careful forthe sealing material not to be sucked into the duct).Never leave the hole open.

Use the heat-resistance gloveconsidering the gas temperature ishigh.Do not face the front of the holebecause the inside pressure may bepositive

a,b,c

4 Determine the sampling position

Choose the place which represents the gas flow in theduct when the objective duct has bending, expansion, andetc. Usually the center of the duct is chosen as therepresentative point.

5Use the filtering material considering themeasuring condition

aAttach the filtering material after the sampling pipe whenchanging it frequently. Usually attach the filtering materialat the tip of the sampling pipe.

6After sealing the measuring hole withsealing material, insert the sampling pipewhich is chose in item 2

a,b,c,d,e

Adjust the sealing material to the measuring holebeforehand ( When the duct inside has negative pressure,be careful for the sealing material not to be sucked intothe duct).. Insert the sampling pipe carefully into the hole.

Do not face the front of the holebecause the inside pressure may bepositive. And wear the properprotective tools considering that thegas temperature may be high.

Cut injury, Burn injury, Electrification, Falling , Direct hit by falling tools, Gas poisoning, Breathing problem

a. Safety helmet b. Heat-resistance glove, c. Antidust mask

a. Quartz wool b. Ribbon heater c. Heating sampling pipe(glass tube) d. Quartz glass tube e. Stainless tube f. Silicon tube g. Monkey wrenchh. Sealing material

162

SOP-3 　Measurement of exhaust gas componentsSOP3-1 　　Measurement of exhaust gas moisture content


Protective toolsa. Safety helmet, b. heat resistance glove, c. Antidust maskexpected injuryBurn injury


1Place the gas meter pump appropriate place nearthe measurement site

a,bFollowing the SOP2-1 "Preparation of Gasmeter"

a,b,c

2Fill the water to the water basket, and carry andinstall it to the measurement site with othermeasurement tools

d,e,f,h,jFollowing the SOP2-2 "Handling of gassampling pipe

a,b,c

3Prepare the balance, and weigh the moistureabsorbing bottle before measurement

c,iPlace the balance at the stable position withno vibration and no wind(for example insidethe room). It can have protection of wind.

4 Operate the vacuum pump a,b, d

For checking if leakageIt is all right that the indicator of gas meterdose not move, when close the tip of thehose

5 Open the measurement hole kFollowing the SOP2-2 "Handling of gassampling pipe

a,b,c

6Insert the sampling pipe, and set the moistureabsorbing bottle in the water basket, and thenconnect the conducting tube to the vacuum pump

a,b c,d,e,fg,h,j

Heat the sampling pipe for water not tocondensate inside the pipe.Purge the tube by exhaust gas beforehand

In case that the conductive tube islong, choose the safe route (forexample not for the tube to be caughtby the rotating machine, etc.).

7With starting signal, Start the sucking of the gasby opening the stop cock

a,b,cWhen gas contains a lot of water, adjust thesucking time and volume (Usually 2L/min×5min）

Do not touch with wet hand to thepump switch

a,b,c

8

When the integrated sucking volume reaches thetarget value, Stop the sucking of the gas byclosing the stop cock, and record the value ofthe gas meter

a,b c,d,e,fg,h,j

The target integrated sucking volume will bearound 10 liter. When the moisture of the gasis over 30%, decrease the integrated suckingvolume.

a. Gas meter, b. Vacuum pump, c. Moisture absorbing bottle, d. sampling pipe, e. Ribbon heater, f. Variable autotransformer, g. Mist catcher, h. Conductingtube, i. Balance, j. Water basket, k. Monkey wrench, l. Sealing material

164

SOP-3 　　Measurement of exhaust gas components

SOP3-2　　Measurement of exhaust gas Components

Implements and toolsa. Orsat gas analyzer, b. Hand Pump, c. Sampling pipe, d. Sealing material, e. Monkey wrenchProtective toolsa. Safety helmet, b. heat resistance glove, c. Antidust maskexpected injuryCut injury, Burn injury


1Open the measurement hole, and insert thesampling pipe into the hole

c,d,eFollowing the SOP2-2 "Handling of gassampling pipe

a,b,c

2Sample the exhaust gas into the Teddler Bagwith Hand Pump

b,cPurging the inside of teddler bag 2 to 3 timesbefore sampling the gas

a,b,c

3 Place and prepare the Orsat gas analyzer a

Choose the place with no vibration and wind,and choose the place where ambiennttemperature is relatively high.Place the analyzer at the heigh of eye's level.

4 Fill the burette and branch piping with water aBy Placing the control bottle on the casing ofOrsat gas analyzer, Confirm no leakage of thebranching pipe

Placing the control bottle on thestable position not to drop from thecasing

5Attach the Teddler bag to the sampling port ofOrsat gas analyzer

a,bWetting the sampling port for theconnection to be done smoothly

6Vent the part of the sample gas into the air andthen feed the gas into the burette

7After feeding sampling gas into the analyzer morethan 100cc, close the 3-way valve and, close thefeeding port of the teddler bag with pinch cock

Feed the 100cc into the burette by watchingthe scale marks carefully

8 Close the measurement hole c,d,eFollowing the SOP2-2 "Handling of gassampling pipe

9Measure the content of CO2 with CO2 absorbingsolution

a

Repeat the absorbing action by the time thesolution dose not absorb the gas any more(by the time the scale does not change)

165

10Measure the content of O2 with O2 absorbingsolution

a

Repeat the absorbing action by the time thesolution dose not absorb the gas any more(by the time the scale does not change)

11 Calculate the N2 100-（CO2+O2)

In case of using Testo (Measurement of O2, CO)Implements and toolsf. Testo, g. Monkey Wrench h. Sealing material

1 Open the measurement hole g,hFollowing the SOP2-2 "Handling of gassampling pipe

a,b,c

2 Insert the Testo into the hole g a,b,c

3Measure the O2 and CO by Testo, and recordthe value

g Wait until the indicated values become stable

4 Close the measurement hole g,hFollowing the SOP2-2 "Handling of gassampling pipe

a,b,c

ReferenceMeasurement of gas composition of flue gas (Orsat analysis method)

← Take 2 samples.← Sampling by the double balloon

← Measurement of CO2 concentration.← Measurement of O2 concentration. order of measurement← Measurement of CO concentration.← Calculation of N2 concentration. N2=(100-CO2-O2-CO)

Gas Sampling

Analysis by Or sattype analyzingapparatus

Calculation

w

w2220 18

1001CO28O32CO44

10022.4

1χ

χρ N

168

SOP-5　　Measurement of exhaust gas velocity with Pitot Tube

Implements and toolsa. Pitot tube, b. Rubber tube, c. Manometer, d, Thermometer, e. U-type tube, f. waste cloth, g. Sttel tape(scale), h. Monkey wrench, i. Sealing materialProtective tools

expected injuryBurn injury, Falling , Direct hit by falling tools, Gas poisoning, Breathing problem


1Place the manomer at horizonatalplace, and adjust the the mamometerto the level position

cAdjust the horizontal level gauge with watching it fromright above.

2Confirm the liquid surface level, andadjust the reading scale

cRecord the liquid surface level as zero point. Confirm nogas bubble inside mamometer

3Make the marking to the Pitot tubefollowoing the designated measureingpoints

aMake the marking with heat resistance tape to the Pitottube, considering the length from flange surface to theduct inside surface

4 Connect the manometer and Pitot tube a,b

Be careful for small break of rubber tube, flattening ofthe hose, clogging of the hose, etc..Connect to "T" mark of the Pitot tube to "T" mark ofthe manometer, and "S" mark of the Pitot tube to "S"mark of the manometer.

5Tie up the rubber hose from the Pitottube to the Pito tube itself not toflatten the hose

a,bBe careful for small break of rubber tube, flattening ofthe hose, clogging of the hose, etc..

6Open the measurement hole, andinstall the sealing material

h,i Following the SOP2-2 "Handling of gas sampling pipe a,b,c,d

7Insert the Pitot tube to the designatedpoint through the hole

a

Before measurement starts, flatten the hose by bendingthe rubber hose for the liquid not to flow out from themanometer. After inserting the Pitot tube, then slowlyreturn the hose to straight.Seal the clearance between the Pitot tube andmeasurement hole with sealing material

8With starting signal, Start themeasurement and record the daynamicpressure

a,b,cRecord together with Pitot tube number, Pitot tubecoefficient, inclined angle of the manometer, and liquidspecific density to the data sheet

a. Safety helmet, b. heat resistance glove, c. Dust-proff glass, d. Antidust mask

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SOP-6　　Measurement of Dust content

Flow before measurement starts


Protective tools

expected injuryBurn injury, Falling , Direct hit by falling tools, Gas poisoning, Breathing problem


1 Arrange all the implements and tools a to i

2 Measure the water content in the exhaust gasFollowing the SOP3-1 "Measurement of exhaustgas moisture content"

Do not face the front of the hole

3 Measure the exhaust gas componentsFollowing the SOP3-2 "Measurement of exhaustgas Components"

Do not face the front of the hole. Donot touch with the bare hand

4 Measure the exhaust gas temperatureFollowing the SOP-4 "Measurement of exhaustgas temperature"

Do not face the front of the hole. Becareful for stumbling and falling down

5Measure the dynamic pressure and staticpressure with the Pitot tube

Following the SOP-5 "Measurement of exhaustgas velocity with Pitot Tube"

6 Calculate the velocity of the exhaust gas

Using the results of item 2 to 5, calculate thevelocity at each measuring point. (Or use thecalculation results based on the fuelconsumption)

In case that the conductive tube islong, choose the safe route (forexample not for the tube to be caughtby the rotating machine, etc.).

7Calculate Control Flow rate for dust isokineticsampling

Calculate them with using the results of item 4 to6

8 Adjust the gas meter flow rate a,cAdjust the flow rate at the rate to the calculatedresults at each measuring point

9Connect in order of the conducting tube, gasabsorber, vacuum pump, and gas meter withusing rubber tube

a,b,c, fRefer to the attached figure. When the gastemperature is high, use the nephron tube withconnecting between the instruments

10Make the marking to the dust sampling pipefollowing the designated measuring points

dUsing the same dimensions as the measurementof Pitot tube

11Install some kinds of fixing jig to the dustsampling pipe

eHeat resistance tape can be usable in place offixing jig

a. gas meter, b. gas absorber, c. vacuum pump, d. Dust sampling holder, e. Sealing material, f. Gas conduction tube, g. Thimble, h. Pipe wrench, i. steel wire


172

12 Attach the thimble to the dust sampling holder gRefer to the attached figure. Adjust the directionof the dust sampling holder to the gas stream

Be careful for cut injury in case thatdust sampling holder is made of glass.This time the stainless tube isselected.

13Connect in order of dust sampling holder, gasconducting tube, and gas absorber

fFix the gas conducting tube to the hand rail withsteel wire or vinyl tape

Fix the instruments to the handrail forinstruments not to fall down

14Check the gas leakage from dust sampling holderto gas meter inlet

a,b,c,d,e,f,g

Close the tip of the nozzle, and switch thevacuum pump on. Confirm the indicator of thegas meter dose not rotate.

Flow After measurement starts


Protective tools

expected injuryBurn injury, falling from high place

procedure tools Key points of procedure Safety points Protection15 Open the measurement hole h Seal the hole with sealing material soon Do not face the front of the hole a,b,c,d16 Read the indicator scale, and record the value a Fill out the value to the data sheet

17Insert the dust sampling holder with thimble intothe duct through the hole

d,gRefer to the attached figure. Set the dustsampling holder to the reverse direction to theflow of the gas stream

Be careful for blowout of the hot gasnot to have the burn injury.Use the heat resistance glove

a,b,c,d

18Send the signal to start measurement, and startthe measurement by turning the nozzle to thedirection of the gas stream

Refer to the attached figure

19 Switch the vacuum pump on c

20Adjust suction volume rate of the pump to thecontrol Flow rate for dust isokinetic sampling

Adjust to the suction volume to the designatedvalue of item 7 with using stopwatch. Or adjustthe suction volume with using bypass cock.

21Record the pressure, temperature, suction flowrate of the gas meter, and the number of thethimble.

a Fill out to the data sheet

22Open the measurement hole, and insert the dustsampling holder into the duct, and fix it.

d,e,iRefer to the attached figure. Use the fixed jig.When jig Is not applicable, use the heatresistance tape or steel wire.

a. gas meter, b. gas absorber, c. vacuum pump, d. Dust sampling holder, e. Sealing material, f. Gas conduction tube, g. Thimble, h. wrench, i. steel wire


173

23

When the integrated suction volume to aroundthe target value, send the signal to stop themeasurement.And move to the next measurement point.

In case of measuring the dust content at thedownstream of the ESP, the integrated suction

volume is basically between 0 5 to 1Nm3.

In case of measuring the dust content at theupstream od ESP, adjust the suction volume ratewhen the flow rate becomes slow.In case that the dust amount is not appropiate(too much or too low), measure the dust again bysetting the target value appropiate.

24Record the pressure and temperature of the gasmeter

Record these values before measurementfinishes.

25Send the ending signal, and turn the nozzle inreverse direction.

Use the transceiver in case of long distance

Do not face the front of the hole.Use the heat resistance glove and becareful for the burn injury, becausedust sampling pipe may be hot.

b

26Take out the sampling pipe and dust samplingholder from the duct.

d,eTake out quickly not to damage to the dustsampling holder.

27 Switch the vacuum pump off c Following the receipt of the signal28 Record the indicate scale of the gas meter

29Take out the thimble from the dust samplingholder

d, gTake out the thimble with keeping the dustsampling holder upward in order for the dustinside thimble not to drop out.

Use the heat resistance glove and becareful for the burn injury, becausedust sampling pipe may be hot.

b

30Put the cap and rubber plug to the holder. Wipeoff the dust around the holder.

g Refer to the attached figure.In case of being made of glass, treatthe dust sampling holder cautiously

31 Close the hole, and fit the flange hUse the heat resistance glove and becareful for the burn injury, becausedust sampling pipe may be hot.

a,b,c,d

32 Repeat the procedure 15 to 32 a,b,c,d33 Clean up all the implements and tools a to i

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SOP-7　　Calculation of the dust content

Implements and toolsa. Thimbles (Silica Filters) b. drying instrument　c. Electrical balanceProtective toolsa. Heat-resistance gloveexpected injuryBurn injury, Electrification


1 Arrange all the implements and tools a,b,cConfirm all the implements and tools areready to use

2 Prepare measured thimbles a confirm the number of the thimble

3 Drying the thimbles with drying instruments a,bKeep the temperature between 105 to 110deg.C longer than 1 hour

Do not touch with wet hands

4 Take out the thimbles after drying a,bPay attention to the hot container.Use the heat resistance glove foravoiding burn injury.

a

5 Weighing the each thimble a,cweigh each thimble and record the weightof each thimble following each number.

6Calculate the sampled dust weight from themeasured weight before measurement and aftermeasurement

7Calculate the dust content by the sampled dustweight divided by integrated suction volume.

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別添資料―５分析結果（石炭、飛灰、炉底灰）

５－１工業分析、元素分析

下記に石炭、飛灰、主灰（炉底灰）の工業分析、元素分析の結果を示す。

石炭は水分を吸湿する可能性があるため、現地サンプリング時と日本に持ち帰った後の分析時で水分

量に誤差が出ることを防止するために、現地で 105℃乾燥を実施し、石炭中の水分量を測定した。炉底

灰、飛灰については吸湿する性質がないため、乾燥は実施していない。

石炭の分析結果は日本に持ち帰った石炭に対して実施したものであり、水分量は少ない値を示してい

る（搬送中、及び保管中に吸湿したと思われる水分がある程度存在するものと推定される）。本文に示す

分析値は事前に乾燥した水分量を使用して補正し算出したものである。

また、同時に本文中に示す工業分析は合計が 100％となるように補正を実施している。

参考までに現地で実施した石炭の水分量の分析結果を下記に示す。

現地での石炭の水分測定結果

（105℃で、2 時間以上放置）

Kosovo A Sample Weight (g) Water content (%)

Sample Name Wet Sample Dry Sample Differnece (%) Average

A-3 ① 293.52 159.61 133.91 45.62

A-3 ② 286.37 155.43 130.94 45.72

A-3 ③ 139.11 75.73 63.38 45.56 45.64

A-5 ① 178.62 97.01 81.61 45.69

A-5 ② 232.74 125.80 106.94 45.95

A-5 ③ 255.64 139.09 116.55 45.59 45.74

Kosovo B Sample Weight (g) Water content (%)

Sample Name Wet Sample Dry Sample Differnece (%) Average

B-1 ① 289.20 152.63 136.57 47.22

B-1 ② 280.55 146.77 133.78 47.68

B-1 ③ 217.40 114.68 102.72 47.25

B-2 ① 171.56 88.24 83.32 48.57 47.68

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５－２飛灰の定性分析、粒径分布、電気抵抗率

下記に各ボイラ飛灰の定性分析、粒径分布、電気抵抗率の測定結果を示す

184

５－２－１飛灰の定性分析

185

５－２－２飛灰の粒径分布

188

５－２－３飛灰の電気抵抗率

194

５－３石炭の X 線回折

下記に各ボイラへ供給される石炭中の化合物特定のために実施した X 線回折の結果を示す

201

５－４飛灰の溶融点等

飛灰のボイラ内スラギングの可能性調査のため、飛灰の溶融点等を測定した

202

別添資料－６派遣日程

６－１第 1次派遣日程（実績）

The year of 2015

Schedule ReferenceSHIMIZU, USUI NAKAJIMA

10/17 Sat.

22:30 Leaving Tokyo : TK53 (Turkish Airline)

22:30 Leaving Osaka: TK547 (Turkish Airline)

overnight in plane

10/18 Sun.

4:40 Arriving at Istanbul 5:35Arriving Istanbul Hotel Pristina 7:35 Leaving Istanbul TK1017

8:10 Arriving at Pristina 14:00 Team Meeting

1st

week

10/19 Mon.

9:00 Courtesy call to MESP AM: Preparation for Meeting with related organizations 13:00: Meeting with related organizations on the basis of the document “Work Plan”（MESP、KEPA、Inspectorate, MED, Kosovo A and Kosovo B） Purpose of Mission, Work Plan of JICA Expert activities ・Explanation of the Action plan of this Project and its Activity ・Adjustment of the schedule and request for support for measurement

10/20 Tue.

Site Visit (Kosovo A TPP and Kosovo B TPP ) : Confirmation of measurement Site and measurement apparatus

9:00: Departure from MESP Arrival at Kosovo A TPP -Site Survey of Kosovo A TPP: Survey of measurement site 11:30：Departure from Kosovo A TPP Arrival at Kosovo B TPP -Site Survey of Kosovo B TPP: Survey of measurement site and laboratory

10/21Wed.

Work Shop（The on-site stack gas measurement: Dust content） AM: Preparation for Work Shop 13:00: Work shop -The explanation of the measurement of Dust content -Confirmation of measurement schedule of Kosovo A TPP, B TPP -Confirmation of Preparation and Support for measurement

10/22 Thu.

Information Collection to related Government Organization 9:00：Visit and Information Collection to KOSTT -Electrical power supply and demand in Kosovo 10:30：Visit and Information Collection to MED -Energy Master Plan especially for Electrical power -Law, standard and regulations for LCP -Future power installation plan Etc.

10/23 Fri.

9:00：Departure from MESP Arrival at KHMI Lab. Preparation for Kosovo A TPP on-site stack gas measurement -Unpacking and Checking of measurement equipment -Preparation & Arrangement of equipment -Preparation for Kosovo A-3 TPP measurement

10/24 Sat. 9:00: Preparation for Kosovo A TPP on-site stack gas measurement 13:00:Mission Team internal discussion and works

10/25 Sun. Mission Team internal discussion and works 2nd we

10/26 Mon.

Kosovo A TPP Survey 9:00：Departure from MESP Arrival at Kosovo A TPP Kosovo A-3 TPP on-site stack gas measurement trial -Bringing out measurement equipment

Kosovo A TPP Survey -Hearing about Kosovo A -Organization, Boiler specification,

203

ek

-ESP inlet & outlet measurement

-Operating Condition -Maintenance history, etc. -Observation of Boiler operation

10/27 Tue.

Kosovo A-3 TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from MESP Arrival at Kosovo A TPP Kosovo A-3 TPP on-site stack gas measurement -ESP inlet & outlet measurement

Kosovo A TPP Survey -same as above -Observation of Boiler operation

10/28 Wed.

Kosovo A TPP Survey 8:30：Departure from MESP Arrival at KHMI Lab. -A-3 Dust weighing & calculation -Preparation for Kosovo A-5 TPP measurement

10:00: Viist to Kosovo A TPP Interviews on the boiler facilities and operations. KHMI lab.

10/29 Thu.

Kosovo A-5 TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from MESP Arrival at Kosovo A TPP Kosovo A-5 TPP on-site stack gas measurement -ESP inlet & outlet measurement Clear up measurement euipment

Kosovo A TPP Survey -Observation of Boiler operation

10/30 Fri.

Kosovo A TPP Survey 8:30：Departure from MESP Arrival at KHMI Lab. Kosovo A-5 TPP on-site stack gas measurement -A-5 Dust weighing & calculation -Preparation for Kosovo B-1 TPP measurement

Kosovo A TPP Survey -Sampling of coal etc. & Drying - Overall review of measured data

10/31Sat. Mission Team internal discussion and works 11/01Sun. Mission Team internal discussion and works

3rd

week

11/02 Mon.

9:00：Reporting of the progress of this project (2 hours) 13:00 Arrival at Kosovo B TPP

-Bringing in and preparation of measurement equipment to Kosovo B-1 TPP -Bringing in and unpacking -Kosovo B1 TPP preparation

Kosovo B TPP Survey -Hearing about Kosovo B -Organization, Boiler specification, -Operating Condition -Maintenance history, Etc.

11/03 Tue.

Kosovo B TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from MESP Arrival at Kosovo B TPP Kosovo B1 TPP No.1 ESP on-site stack gas measurement -ESP inlet & outlet measurement

Kosovo B TPP Survey -Sampling of coal etc. & Drying -same as above -Observation of Boiler operation

11/04Wed.

Kosovo B TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from MESP Arrival at Kosovo B TPP Kosovo B1 TPP No.2 ESP on-site stack gas measurement -ESP inlet & outlet measurement -Bringing out measurement equipment

Kosovo B TPP Survey -same as above -Observation of Boiler operation

11/05 Thu

Kosovo B TPP Survey 8:30：Departure from MESP Arrival at KHMI Lab. -Kosovo B TPP Dust weighing & calculation -Wrapping up the measurement results

10:00: Viist to Kosovo B TPP Interviews on the boiler facilities and operations. KHMI lab.

11/06 Kosovo B TPP Survey 8:30：Departure from MESP Arrival at KHMI Lab.

204

Fri. -Data arrangement -Packing of measurement equipment -Report writing

Kosovo A TPP Survey -Reconfimation of Kosovo A TPP specification and operation

14:00 Meeting with KHMI Confirmation of Ion Chromatograph Etc.

-Overall review of measured data -Study of Survey results, calculations, and countermeasures

11/07 Sun. Mission Team internal discussion and works 11/08 Sun. Mission Team internal discussion and works

4th week

11/09 Mon.

9:00：MESP Meeting with MESP -Discussion on NERP Development and MOU Preparation for Work Shop

11/10 Tue.

9:00：MESP AM: Preparation for Work Shop 13:00 Work Shop (Boiler Management) - Boiler and pollution material - Boiler efficiency and combustion calculation - Summary of On-site stack gas measurement results

11/11 Wed.

9:00：MESP Meeting with MESP -Reporting on the result at the 1st mission -Reporting on the summary of 1st mission -Reporting on the measurement results -Discussion and Agreement on the activities of 2nd mission Confirmation on MOU

11/12 Thu.

9:30：KHMI lab. Hotel at Beograd 10:00: Move from Pristina to Scopje Airport：

From Scopje Airport to Beograd (JU163 15:05⇒16:15） 11/13 Fri.

9:00: Report to JICA Balkan office Overnight in Plane 20:15 Leaving Beograd : T51084 (Turkish Airline)

23:10 Arriving at Istanbul

11/14 Sat.

1:00 Leaving Istanbul TK046 19:10 Arriving at Osaka

21:35 Leaving OsakaNH100Y 22:45 Arriving at Tokyo

205

６－２第 2次派遣日程（実績）

The year of 2016

Schedule ReferenceSHIMIZU, USUI NAKAJIMA

3/5 Sat. 22:25 Leaving Tokyo : TK53 (Turkish Airline)

23:00 Leaving Osaka: TK547 (Turkish Airline)

Overnight in plane

3/6 Sun. 4:20 Arriving at Istanbul 5:20Arriving Istanbul Hotel Pristina 7:30 Leaving Istanbul TK1017

8:10 Arriving at Pristina 14:00 Team Meeting

1st week

3/7 Mon.

9:00 Courtesy call to MESP Procedure of receiving carrying equipment (we cannot acquire equipment) PM；Meeting about questionnaire from NERP secretariat -New instrument unpacking -Checking of measurement equipment -Preparation for measurement *Please Provide with Venues for Work Shop (3 times) & Apparatus for presentation

such as screen, projector and white-board

Hotel Pristina

3/8 Tue.

Kosovo A TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from Hotel, Arrival at KHMI lab, and move to Kosovo A TPP Preparation for measurement Acquiring carrying equipment (we receive the equipment from custom) Acquiring standard gas (we cannot acquire standard gas) Test of Kosovo A TPP on-site stack gas measurement - Flue Gas Measurement (A-4: NOX, SO2) by JET

3/9 Wed.

Kosovo A TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from Hotel, Arrival at Kosovo A TPP Acquiring standard gas Kosovo A TPP on-site stack gas measurement (A-4, outlet) - Flue Gas Measurement (NOX, SO2)

by JET

Kosovo A TPP Survey - Observation of Boiler operation - Monitor the operating condition of boiler

3/10 Thu.

Kosovo A TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from Hotel, Arrival at Kosovo A TPP Kosovo A TPP on-site stack gas measurement (A-4, outlet) - Flue Gas Measurement (NOX, SO2,

Dust) by JET

10:00: Meeting about questionnaire from NERP secretariat (continued) - Observation of Boiler operation

3/11 Fri.

Kosovo A TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from Hotel Arrival at Kosovo A TPP Kosovo A TPP on-site stack gas measurement (A-3, outlet) - Flue Gas Measurement (NOX, SO2,

Dust) by JET

Kosovo A TPP Survey - Observation of Boiler operation 13:30: Meeting about questionnaire from NERP secretariat (continued)

3/12 Sat. 8:30: KHMI lab. Dust weighing & calculation, and Data arrangement 3/13 Sun. Mission Team internal discussion and works

2n

d week

3/14 Mon,

Kosovo A TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from Hotel Arrival at Kosovo A TPP - Kosovo A TPP on-site stack gas measurement (A-3, inlet gas flow distribution) -Kosovo B TPP preparation

Kosovo A TPP Survey - Observation of Boiler operation 10:00 Meeting about questionnaire from

NERP secretariat (continued) 3/15 Tue.

Kosovo B TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from Hotel, Arrival at Kosovo B Kosovo B TPP on-site stack gas Kosovo B TPP Survey

206

measurement - Dust measurement by C/P (B-2,

No2 ESP inlet) - Flue Gas Measurement (NOX, SO2)

by JET (B-2, No2 ESP outlet)

- Observation of Boiler operation 13:30 Meeting about questionnaire from NERP secretariat (continued)

3/16 Wed.

Kosovo B TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from Hotel, Arrival at Kosovo B Kosovo B TPP on-site stack gas

measurement - Flow rate measurement by C/P

(B-2, No1 ESP inlet) - Flue Gas Measurement (NOX, SO2,

Dust) by JET (B-2, No.2 ESP outlet)

Kosovo B TPP Survey - Observation of Boiler operation - Monitor the operating condition of boiler

3/17 Thu.

Kosovo B TPP Survey 8:00：Departure from Hotel, Arrival at Kosovo B Kosovo B TPP on-site stack gas

measurement - Flue Gas Measurement (NOX, SO2,

Dust) by JET (B-2, No.1 ESP outlet)

Kosovo B TPP Survey - Observation of Boiler operation 13:30 Meeting about questionnaire from NERP secretariat (continued)

3/18 Fri

Laboratory 8:30：Departure from Hotel, Arrival at Laboratory -Dust weighing & calculation -Clean up equipment and Data review

3/19 Sat. Mission Team internal discussion and works 3/20 Sun. Mission Team internal discussion and works

3rd week

3/21 Mon.

Laboratory 8:30：Departure from Hotel, Arrival at Laboratory - Preparation of presentation - Zero and span adjustment of automated gas analyzer by C/P at Kosovo B TPP - Interview to Kosovo B laboratory on the condition of Ion Chromatograph

3/22 Tue.

9:00 MESP 9:00 1st Work Shop（The on-site stack gas measurement） Work shop The explanation of the measurement results and automated gas analyzer, etc. 13:00: follow-up meeting

3/23 Wed.

9:00 MESP Hotel

Pristina A.M. Mission Team internal discussion and works 13:00 Interview with KEK about the future emission measures - interview about the future plan for emission reduction of boilers - discussion about on-site gas stack measurement - Discussion on measures for emission reduction

3/24 Thu

Laboratory 8:30：Departure from MESP, Arrival at Laboratory Confirmation of measurement equipment 9:00 Transferring equipment check -Dust measurement equipment, automated gas analyzer, Checking by equipment list together with person in charge 13:00 Discussion on future measurement items and methods related to the EC Directive

3/25 Fri.

9:30：MESP 10:00 2nd Work Shop (Boiler management and emission control) Workshop - Introduction of analysis results of coal etc. in Japan - Emission Control Technology of Boiler and effective countermeasures - Introduction of Capacity Development Project for Air Pollution Control in Mongolia

207

14:00: Confirmation of measurement holes position for future measuremnent 3/26 Sat. 12:30 Instruction of dust measurement calculation

3/27 Sun.

Mission Team internal discussion and works Mr. Yamada’s arrival at Pristina

4th week

3/28 Mon.

National Holiday Mission Team internal discussion and works

Hotel Pristina

3/29 Tue

9:00：MESP 9:00 3rd Work Shop

(Sorting out Kosovo’s homework on future plan for Air Pollution control, etc.) 9:00 Discussion on the measures for emission reduction of boilers

Discussion on Transfer of measurement technologies (Participation by related authorities or organizations members) - future assignment mainly about the NERP development - future requirement for transfer of measurement technologies 13:00 Drawing up MOU

3/30 Wed.

9:00：MESP Meeting of Discussion and Agreement of MOU - Discussion on MOU and Drawing up MOU

3/31 Thu.

9:00：MESP Hotel at Beograd 9:00 Meeting with General Secretariat of MESP about signing of MOU

10:30: Move from Pristina to Scopje Airport：From Scopje Airport to Beograd (JU163 15:10⇒16:05)

4/1 Fri.

Report to JICA Balkan office Overnight in Plane 10:00 JICA Balkan office

20:20 Leaving Beograd : TK1084 (Turkish Airline) 23:05 Arriving at Istanbul

4/2 Sat

1:00 Leaving Istanbul TK052 18:30 Arriving at Narita

0:50 Leaving Istanbul TK046 17:55 Arriving at Osaka

208

別添資料－７機器リスト

受け渡し機器の確認は、2016 年 3 月 24 日に、C/P 関係者および JET が集まり、受け渡しリストに従っ

て、一つずつ確認を実施した。全数確認後、署名をして最終機器リストとした。

機器チェックの様子

213

別添資料－８その他

８－１ KEK（Kosovo Energy Corporation）の組織図

214

８－２ Kosovo-A、B TPP での SO2発生実態確認調査案

Kosovo-A の今回の排ガス測定で、SO2 の測定値が、あるダクトでは、0mg/Nm3 が継続し、他のダクト

ででは、1,000 mg/Nm3 を超える値が継続すると言うような結果が得られ、翌日、同一の場所で計測する

と、前日 0 mg/Nm3 であったところが、高い値を示し、高い値を示していた所が 0 mg/Nm3 となると言う

特異な現象が観察された。なお、測定された SO2 の値は、燃料中の燃焼性硫黄分（Combustible Sulfur）

が全て SO2に転換したと見なした値より低い値となっている。

SO2 や NOXは燃料の燃焼によって生成するが、ボイラの火炉で生成した際には多少の濃度アンバラン

スはあっても、伝熱面を通過する際や、排ガス Duct の Bend 部を通過する際などで混ざり合って均一化

し、ESP 出口では大きな差を生じることはない。なお、Dust については、煤固体粒子なので、ガスが偏

流した時には遠心力で吹き寄せられたり、ガス速度の遅いところでは重力によって沈降したりすること

で、濃度分布を発生する。

燃料中の硫黄分は、JIS では全硫黄分と全硫黄分の一部をしめる焼性硫黄分（全硫黄分の一部を）に分

類されるが、日本の微粉炭焚きボイラでは燃焼温度が最高部では 1500℃に達することから、硫黄全量が

分解して排ガス中の SO2に転換するが、循環流動層ボイラ（CFB）のように 900℃程度の温度で燃焼す

るボイラでは、燃料中の燃焼性硫黄分のみが排ガス中の SO2に転換すると言われており、石灰石(CaCO3)

を炉内に投入することにより SO2と反応して石膏（CaSO4）を生成し脱硫が行われる。

CaCO3＝CaO＋CO2 CaO＋SO2＋1/2 O2=CaSO4

Kosovo の Lignite 焚きボイラでは燃焼温度が CFB のように低く、Kosovo の Lignite は多量のカルシウ

ム（Ca）分を含んでおることから、CFB と同様の現象が自然に発生していると考えられる。

第 1 次派遣時に持ち帰った Kosovo の Lignite と燃焼灰の分析結果をもとに、Lignite 中の燃焼性硫黄分

が SO2に転換したとみなして計算で求めた排ガス中の SO2濃度よりも、実際に測定された SO2濃度は低

く、Lignite に含まれる Ca 分によって、自然に炉内脱硫反応が起こっていることが確認できた。しかし、

その反応は安定して継続せず、いろいろな因子によって脱硫効率が大きく変化していると推定される。

第 2 次派遣時に自動連続測定機器で測定した結果、SO2濃度には大きな分布や変動があり、SO2 濃度

が大きく変動するのであれば、EC に提出するデータの信憑性にも影響し、また ELVs を満足させる為に、

どのような SO2 低減対策を行えばよいかの判定が困難である。

すなわち、運用方法の改善で SO2 濃度を低く保つことができ脱硫装置の設置を必要としないのか、脱

硫装置を導入せざるを得ないとしても適切な設備仕様をどのように設定すれば良いかのかを明らかにす

る事は大きな課題である。

第 2 次派遣時に測定された SO2の測定値の最大値をベースに十分な余裕を見込んで、安易に設備仕様

を設計すれば、非常に過大な設備となり経済性を損なうものとなってしまう。逆に、導入される環境装

置の仕様が不適切であれば、測定された濃度よりもさらに高い排出濃度となることも考えられ、その時

には、設備の能力が不足して SO2の環境規制値を満足できない。

炉内で起こっていると思われる脱硫反応は炭種（Lignite の成分）や運転状態（炉内温度や炉内の酸素

濃度）で変化して炉内脱硫効率が変化すると考えられ、データの蓄積と、炉内脱硫現象に与える要因の

解明が必要である。

SO2 濃度がゼロの状態が長く継続し、ごくまれにしか SO2濃度が上昇することがないと言う結果が得

られた場合には、ボイラの運転や Lignite の選定、石灰石の投入などで脱硫装置を設置せずに運転を継続

できる可能性も考えられる。

215

このような特異な現象が発生するのは、Ca 分を多量に含む Kosovo 特有の Lignite の特徴であり、これ

らの現象の実態の確認（再現性、Lignite の性状やボイラの運転状態による違い）や、その原因の究明（非

常に難しいと思われるが、ボイラの運用による排出 SO2濃度低減の方策があるかの検討）が必要である。

そのためには SO2生成に影響を与えていると思われる因子を見出すための確認試験を行い、どこまで

が運用で対処が可能であり、もし、脱硫装置設置する必要があると判断された場合には、脱硫装置の設

計が最適なものとなるように設計仕様を確立する必要がある。

具体的な検討要領 (ボイラ調査に関する案)

No 実施項目実施内容備考

0 準備

・連続測定の為のサンプ

リング代表点の設置

・連続測定装置の追加

ID Fan 出側ダクト（または煙

突）に新しく測定座と測定用デ

ッキを設置する。

現在のサンプリング座はガス流速

のアンバランスが大きい。

ID Fan 出口では Fan によりガスが

撹拌されるので、混合による平均

化が進みやすい。

1 現状確認再現性、発生状況

（Kosovo A-3, 4, 5 ボイラのい

ずれかでまず実施。A-5 が望

ましい）

・SO2分布発生状況（実際にダク

ト毎に大きな SO2分布があるか。

3 つのダクトのガス混合後（煙突

排出ガス）の SO2 変化の状況）

・SO2上昇発生時期と持続時間

2 考えられる SO2 濃度に

与えると思われる因子

の抽出

ボイラ負荷、過剰空気率、使用

ミル台数と、運転するミル、炭

種など

3 運転方法などを変えて

SO2 の発生状況確認

SO2 変動主要因子の抽出 Lignite、Ash の性状との関係を把

握する。

4 代表ボイラ以外のボイ

ラでの確認

1, 2, 3 で得られた結果が残りの

ボイラへ適用可能かどうかの

確認

Kosovo A, B ではボイラ容量、製造

メーカが異なるので、同じ結果が

得られない可能性が高い。

5 Lignite の Data 収集将来使用する Lignite の分析値

Data

炭鉱の試掘サンプルの分析

6 低 SO2運転維持方法の

検討

使用褐炭の選択

SO2 濃度上昇時の対策

－以上－

別添資料－4 standard operation procedure (sop) for dust ...sop-4 measurement of exhaust gas...

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