A SEMINAR ON

IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON AIR ENVIRONMENT

PRESENTED BY: SHASHIKANT N. SAWANT M.TECH (ENV. ENGG. SEM-I) {122020011} V.J.T.I., MUMBAI

GUIDED BY: Dr. ABHAY WAYAL

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 2. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH

2.1 Air quality impacts 2.2 Existing air environment condition 2.3 Environmental laws 2.4 Impact prediction 2.5 Impact significance 2.6 Mitigation measures

3. CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

1. INTRODUCTION

Analysis of any possible change in the environmental quality, adverse or beneficial , caused by a developmental project of government or private company is known as Environmental Impact Assessment.

As matter of government policy , it is compulsory for any enterprise ( government/private) to include EIA in the planning stage of any developmental project and submit it to the central government for clearance.

The primary goal of the EIA procedure is to predict any adverse or beneficial effects of a project on the natural and urban environment. This is done so that measures can be taken to minimize or eliminate the harmful impacts when the project is implemented.

The prediction or assessment of impacts must be conducted by an interdisciplinary team including civil engineers and technicians, geologists, urban planners ,and biologists or ecologists.

Certain substances may be any gas, liquid, or solid are considered significant pollutants because of very large emission rates or harmful and unwanted effects.

Air quality impacts can be assessed using sophisticated mathematical models to calculate and predict ground level concentration of pollutants downwind from sources such as stack.

Review: Definition of EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment is

In EIA, the term “impacts” is used instead of “effects of activities.”

What is an impact?

A formal process for identifying:

• likely effects of activities or projects on the ENVIRONMENT, and on human health and welfare.

•means and measures to mitigate & monitor these impacts

Environment is broadly interpreted: physical, biological, and social.

What is an impact?

The impact of an activity is a deviation (a change) from the baseline situation that is caused by the activity.

5

The baseline situation is the existing environmental situation or condition in the absence of the activity.

The baseline situation is a key concept in EIA. EIA PROCEDURE…

.

2. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH

STEPS.

1.Identification of air quality impacts of proposed

projects

2. description of existing air environment conditions.

3.Procurement of relevant air quality standards and/or

guidelines

4.Impact prediction

5.Assessment of impact significance

6.Identification and incorporation of mitigation

measures.

2.1 AIR QUALITY IMPACTS

Point sources (stacks) Line sources (roads) Area sources (treatment ponds) Volume sources (buildings) Biogenics

About 60% of the emissions are from point sources

Air Quality Monitoring  

Parameters Monitored   

Criteria Pollutants -SPM, SO2, RSPM/PM10, NOx,

CO, Pb   Specific Pollutants

-Poly aromatic Hydrocarbons        Benzene / Xylene / Toluene         Ground level ozone   (24 hourly, 8 hourly, 1 hourly)  

2.2 EXISTING AIR ENVIRONMENT CONDITION  

 

I. MAJOR CITIES (DELHI, KOLKATA, MUMBAI, CHENNAI, AHMEDABAD, BANGALORE, HYDERABAD, PUNE, KANPUR).-----VEHICLES, SMALL/MEDIUM SCALE INDUST II. PROBLEM AREA 

AREA   TYPE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES

SINGRAULI - POWER PLANTS, MINING, ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY.

KORBA - POWER PLANTS, ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY, MINING.

VAPI / ANKALESHWAR

- CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES.

GREATER COCHIN - OIL REFINERIES, CHEMICAL, METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES

VISAKHAPATNAM - OIL REFINERY, CHEMICAL, STEEL PLANTS.

HOWRAH - FOUNDRY, REROLLING MILLS, VEHICLES.

DURGAPUR - CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, POWER PLANTS, STEEL PLANTS .

AREA TYPES OF INDUSTRIES

MANALI - OIL REFINERIES, CHEMICAL INDUSTRY , FERTILIZER INDUSTRY

CHEMBUR - REFINERIES, POWER PLANT, FERTILIZER INDUSTRY.

MANDI -SECONDARY STEEL GOBINDGARH INDUSTRY

DHANBAD - MINING, COKE OVEN.

PALI COTTON TEXTILE, DYEING.

NAGAFGARH DRAIN POWER PLANTS, VEHICLES.BASIN

ANGUL-TALCHER - MINING, ALUMINIUM PLANTS, THERMAL POWER PLANTS.

AREAS TYPE OF INDUSTRY

BHADRAVATI - IRON & STEEL, PAPER INDUSTRYKARNATAKA

DIGBOI -OIL REFINERY

JODHPUR - COTTON TEXTILE, DYE

KALA-AMB - PAPER, ELECTROPLATING

NAGDA-RATLAM - VISCOSE RAYON, CAUSTIC, DYESDISTILLERY

NORTH ARCOT - TANNERIES

PARWANOO FOOD PROCESSING UNITELECTROPLATING

PATANCHERU- - ORGANIC CHEMICAL, PAINTSBOLLARAM PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

TARAPUR - CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

REASONS FOR HIGH AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA 

     POOR QUALITY OF FUEL (COAL, DIESEL, PETROL , FUEL OIL)

      OLD PROCESS TECHNOLOGY (SPECIALLY IN S.S.I.)

    WRONG SITING OF INDUSTRIES

 NO POLLUTION PREVENTIVE STEP TAKEN (EARLY STAGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION )

   POOR VEHICLE DESIGN (2-STROKE)

UNCONTROLLED GROWTH OF VEHICLE POPULATION I ALL MAJOR CITIES/TOWNS.

   NO POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM IN SMALL/MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTR.

  POOR COMPLIANCE OF STANDARD

 

VEHICULAR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN INDIA

High vehicle density in Indian urban centers

Older vehicles predominant in vehicle vintage

Inadequate inspection & maintenance facilities

Predominance of two stroke two wheelers

Adulteration of fuel & fuel products

Improper traffic management system & road conditions

High levels of pollution at traffic intersections

Absence of effective mass rapid transport system & intra-city

railway networks

High population exodus to the urban centers

Emission Estimates

Share of Suspended Particulate Matter Load (tonnes/day) by Different Categories of

Industries (With Control Device), Total Load = 5365 tonnes/day

Sugar10%

Thermal Power Plants82%

Others 1%

Cement7%

Share of Sulphur Dioxide Load ( tonnes/day)

by Different Categories of Industries

(Total Load = 3715 tonnes/day)

Steel5%

Thermal Power Plants89%

Sulphuric Acid Plants

2%

Oil Refineries3% Others

1%

ESTIMATED AIR POLLUTION LOAD IN MAJOR CITIES

CITY POLLUTION LOAD (TONNES/DAY)

NUMBER OF ON-ROAD VEHICLES

(LAKHS)

Delhi 2686 34.25

Mumbai 885 8.4

Bangalore 971 12.4

Kolkata 449 6.6

Chennai 786 11.5

Ahmedabad 638 7.8

Hyderabad - Secunderabad

1123 10.99

8%20%

72%

Domestic Industrial Vehicular

CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SECTORS TO AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES

FUEL SHARE IN INDIA

GASOLINE DIESEL CNG LPG/ELEC

2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWSWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act,1977

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Atomic Energy Act of 1982

Motor Vehicles Act ,1988

The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA)

The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997

Public Liability Insurance Act (PLIA), 1991

National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995

Sensitive areas – sensitive area may include the following: 1) 10 kms all around the periphery of health resorts so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of public health of the concerned state. 2) 10 kms all around the periphery of biosphere reserves, sanctities and national parks, so notified by Ministry of Environment and Forest or concerned states. 3) 5 kms all around the periphery of an archeological monument declared to be of national importance or otherwise so notified A.S.I. in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards. 4) Areas where some delicate or sensitive to air pollution crops/important to the agriculture/horticulture of that area are grown so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of agriculture/horticulture of concerned state.  5) 5 kms around the periphery of centers of tourism and/or pilgrim due to their religious, historical, scenic or other attractions, so notified by department of tourism of the concerned state with State Pollution Control Boards. 

2.4 IMPACT PREDICTION

Emissions from industrial stacks are regulated to protect human and environmental health

Industrial facilities are required to obtain permits to emit into the atmosphere and to demonstrate their compliance with regulations

In the process of applying for permits, dispersion models are generally used to assess the impact of point source emission

Typical Velocity, and Plume Shapes

2.5 Air Quality Models

The air quality modeling procedures can be categorized into four generic classes: Gaussian, numerical, statistical or empirical and physical

The emphasis is on Gaussian-plume type models for continuous releases, which are at the core of most U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory models

Gaussian models are the most widely used techniques for estimating the impact of nonreactive pollutants

Dispersion Model

A dispersion model is essentially a computational procedure for predicting concentrations downwind of a pollutant source

Routinely used in: Environmental impact assessments Risk analysis Emergency planning

Plume Dispersion by Gaussian Distribution and Coordinate System

Model Parameters

The model is based on our knowledge of the following parameters:The emissions characteristics (stack exit velocity, plume

rise, temperature, stack diameter)Terrain (surface roughness, local topography, nearby

buildings) State of the atmosphere (wind speed, stability, mixing

height, wind direction)

Horizontal Dispersion Coefficient as a Function of Downwind Distance from Source

Vertical Dispersion Coefficient as a Function of Downwind Distance from Source

1990

1st set norms notified

1995

Emission norms forcatalytic vehicles

1996

2nd set normsnotified

2000/01

Euro-I equivalent (Country)Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros) 2005

Euro-II (Country)Euro-III (7 megacities)

2010

Euro-III (Country)Euro-IV (metros)

VEHICLE EMISSION NORM SCHEDULE IN INDIA

2.6 mitigation measures

1.limitations on practice of open burning of agricultural crop residues.

2. control of wind erosion from open land by watering, use of chemical stabilizer and wind breaks. Also

vegetative cover. 3.air pollution control equipment can be used for point sources of

emission. Such as i) cyclones ii) fabric filters iii) electrostatic precipitators iv) scrubbers v) incineration or carbon adsorption vi) flue gas desulfurization

1.Cyclones

Principle • The particles are removed by the application of a centrifugal

force. The polluted gas stream is forced into a vortex. the motion of the gas exerts a centrifugal force on the particles, and they get deposited on the inner surface of the cyclones

2. Fabric Filters

Principle · The filters retain particles larger than the mesh size· Air and most of the smaller particles flow through. Some of the

smaller particles are retained due to interception and diffusion. · The retained particles cause a reduction in the mesh size. The primary collection is on the layer of previously deposited

particles.

3. Electrostatic Precipitator

Principle · The particles in a polluted gas stream are charged by passing

them through an electric field. · The charged particles are led through collector plates · The collector plates carry charges opposite to that on the

particles · The particles are attracted to these collector plates and are thus

removed from the gas steam

Air Pollution Control For Gases

· Adsorption Towers

· Thermal Incernation

· Catalytic Combustion Air Correction Equipment for Gases and Vapors

Conclusion

Air impact can be presented in a six step methodology for addressing the impacts of proposed projects or plans ,program or policies .

These steps provide a general framework which can be used- 1.as a guide to study planning and construction 2.as an indication of areas for which more detailed

information will be necessary 3. to discuss a study with a contractor or sponsor and

develop appropriate term of reference. 4. to review impact study work done by others.

Reference

1.John Glasson, Riki Therivel and Andrew Chadwick, “Introduction of Environmental Impact Assessment” Routledge Tayler & Francis group,3rd edition,2006.

2.Cooper, C.D.,and Alley,f.c.,”air pollution control: a design approach. 2nd edition, waveland press,inc., prospects heights,IL,1994.

3.jerry A. Nathanson,p.e,”Basic Environmental Technology “prentice hall, new jersy,2nd edition,1997.

4.Barker J.R and Tingey, D.T,”Air pollution effects on biodiversity”, van Nostrand Reinhold, new york,1991