eia study for proposed river front development in …...bihar urban infrastructure development...
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VOYANTS SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD. 403, 4th Floor, BPTP Park Centra, Sector - 30, NH-8, Gurgaon - 122001 Phone - 0124-4598 200 , Telefax - 0124-4019051 E-mail – [email protected], www.voyants.in
February 2014
Submitted To
Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited
EIA study for Proposed River Front Development in Patna
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Submitted By
Sen and Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd. South Gandhi Maidan, Patna GPO, Patna – 800001
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... iii
1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 PORTFOLIO OF INVESTMENTS UNDER NGRBA ................................................................................... 2
1.2 PATNA RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 Proposed Developments in Patna RFD ............................................................................................... 3
1.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF EIA ............................................................................................................... 3
1.4 PROPOJECT PROPONENT ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 TECHNICAL CONSULTANT AND ARCHITECT ........................................................................................ 4
1.6 EIA CONSULTANT .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.7 STRUCTURE OF EIA ................................................................................................................................. 4
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 EXISTING GHAT CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 NEED FOR PATNA RFD .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Development of Ghats ....................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together) ............................................ 14
2.3.3 Community cum cultural centres ....................................................................................................... 17
2.3.4 Landscape work at Precinct Zones:................................................................................................... 18
2.3.5 City level parks: ................................................................................................................................. 19
2.3.6 Improvement of approach roads to the precincts .............................................................................. 19
2.3.7 Development of Electric Crematoria at Gulbi Ghat ............................................................................ 21
2.3.8 Development of Toilet Complex ........................................................................................................ 21
2.3.9 Development of Interceptor Drain ...................................................................................................... 21
2.3.10 Environmental Awareness ............................................................................................................... 21
2.4 PROJECT LOCATION.............................................................................................................................. 21
2.5 ADDITIONAL BENEFIT ............................................................................................................................ 24
2.6 PROJECT COST ...................................................................................................................................... 24
3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK......................................... 25
3.1 POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (GOI) ........................... 25
3.2 Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of NGRBA .................................................... 30
4. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................... 35
4.1 PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA ................................................................................................................. 35
4.2 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCREENING: ......................................................................................... 37
4.3 Project Area .............................................................................................................................................. 40
4.4 Baseline Environmental Profile ................................................................................................................. 40
4.4.1 Meteorological environment .............................................................................................................. 40
4.4.2 Physical environment ........................................................................................................................ 42
4.4.3 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY ...................................................................................................... 55
4.4.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................................ 74
4.4.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ............................................................................................................. 79
4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 80
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5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................................. 81
5.1 With or Without Project Alternatives ......................................................................................................... 82
5.2 Good design aspects ................................................................................................................................ 85
5.3 Technology Benefits ................................................................................................................................. 90
6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION & STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION .............................................................. 91
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 91
6.2 Methods of Public Consultation ................................................................................................................ 91
6.3 Focus Group Discussion with local communities ...................................................................................... 92
6.4 Public Consultation with Stakeholders .................................................................................................... 104
7. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...................... 108
7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 108
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL and SOCIAL FACTORS: ......................................................................................... 108
7.2.1 Environmental Factors: .................................................................................................................... 108
7.2.2 Social Factors: ................................................................................................................................. 108
7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-CONSTRUCTION STAGE .................... 108
7.3.1 Quarries and Crushers .................................................................................................................... 108
7.3.2 Cultural and Heritage Resources: ................................................................................................... 109
7.3.3 Loss of Structures............................................................................................................................ 114
7.3.4 Generation of Dust: ......................................................................................................................... 115
7.3.5 Noise and Vibration: ........................................................................................................................ 115
7.3.6 Sanitation and Waste Generation: ................................................................................................... 116
7.3.7 Impact on Utilities: ........................................................................................................................... 117
7.3.8 Integration of Drainage with Patna RFD: ......................................................................................... 117
7.3.9 Loss of vegetation and tree cutting: ................................................................................................. 117
7.3.10 Impacts on Dolphin: ......................................................................................................................... 117
7.3.11 Clearing of Existing Solid Waste humps: ......................................................................................... 120
7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-OPERATION STAGE ........................... 121
7.4.1 Physiography and Drainage: ........................................................................................................... 121
7.4.2 River Water Quality: ........................................................................................................................ 122
7.4.3 Solid Waste Generation : ................................................................................................................. 125
7.4.4 RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES: ......................................................................... 128
8. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................................... 132
8.1 Specific activities by BUIDCo ................................................................................................................. 132
8.2 Specific activities by Contractor .............................................................................................................. 132
8.3 Implementation of EMP .......................................................................................................................... 133
8.4 Environmental Monitoring Program ........................................................................................................ 145
8.4.1 Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment .................................... 145
8.5 Integration of Other NGRBA Programs with Patna RFD ........................................................................ 145
8.6 Environmental Budget ............................................................................................................................ 146
8.7 Reporting System ................................................................................................................................... 152
9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................................. 160
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List of Tables
Table 2-1 : Proposed Ghats for development ....................................................................................................... 14
Table 2-2 : Length and width of access road to projects Ghats ............................................................................ 20
Table 2-3 : Proposed Project Cost ........................................................................................................................ 24
Table 3-1 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations ...................................................................................... 26
Table 3-2 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations ...................................................................................... 27
Table 4-1 : Environment and Social Screening for River Front Development ....................................................... 37
Table 4-2: Proposed Ghats for Developments along river Ganga in Ganga Ghats ............................................... 40
Table 4-3: Rainfall and Temperature at Patna in Ganga Basin ............................................................................. 41
Table 4-4: Soil Quality Analysis of Proposed Project Site ..................................................................................... 49
Table 4-5: Ambient Air Quality within study area................................................................................................... 51
Table 4-6: Ambient Noise Level within study area ................................................................................................ 52
Table 4-7: Water Quality Sample Analysis and Results ........................................................................................ 53
Table 4-8: List of trees reported in the project affected area ................................................................................. 60
Table 4-9: List of Avifauna reported in inner buffer zone ....................................................................................... 63
Table 4-10: Fish Species reported in the study area ............................................................................................. 72
Table 4-11: List of Heritage and Indigenous Building within DPIA ........................................................................ 74
Table 4-12 ICOMOS‟ Value Table ......................................................................................................................... 75
Table 4-13 List of Heritage and Indigenous Buildings within IPIA ......................................................................... 76
Table 4-14: Component wise Project Affected Families ........................................................................................ 79
Table 4-15: Details of Possession of Material in PAFs .......................................................................................... 80
Table 5-1: With and Without Project Scenario ...................................................................................................... 83
Table 6-1: Level of Consultations .......................................................................................................................... 91
Table 6-2: Outcome of Stakeholder Participation Meeting as Held on 30th August 2013. .................................. 105
Table 7-1:Mitigation Measures for Grade- I categorized ghats ........................................................................... 109
Table 7-2: RAP Budget ....................................................................................................................................... 114
Table 7-3: Budget for Solid Waste Management................................................................................................. 126
Table 7-4: Carrying Capacity Calculation for each of project ghats ..................................................................... 128
Table 8-1: Environment Management Plan ......................................................................................................... 134
Table 8-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan .......................................................................................................... 147
Table 8-3: Environmental Budget ........................................................................................................................ 149
Table 8-4: Summary Details of Reporting ........................................................................................................... 152
Table 8-5: Clearance Requirements from Government of Bihar ......................................................................... 153
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1: The Ganga and its spirituality ...................................................................................................... 1
Figure 2.1: Artists view of Golaghar Patna .................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2.2: Sanitation issues along the ghats ................................................................................................ 8
Figure 2.3: Slums at edge of river Ganga...................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.4:Gandhi Ghat (the only developed ghat at moment) ........................................................................ 9
Figure 2.5:Adalat Ghat Edge Condition Analysis (Boulder pitching at the edges) ............................................ 10
Figure 2.6:Edge condition Analysis in Krishna Ghat ..................................................................................... 11
Figure 2.7 Potential of ghat as a public Space ............................................................................................. 14
Figure 2.8: Urban Precincts proposed ........................................................................................................ 15
Figure 2.9: Design of Urban Precinct (3D-View) .......................................................................................... 16
Figure 2.10:View of ghats after the proposed development of urban precinct ................................................. 16
Figure 2.11:Proposed Community cum Eco-centre at Gai ghat ..................................................................... 17
Figure 2.12: Restoring the riparian edge and landscaping ............................................................................ 19
Figure 2.13:Proposed approach road development of Gai ghat ..................................................................... 20
Figure 2.14: Project Location ..................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.15: Landuse along project ghats ................................................................................................... 23
Figure 4.1:Direct Project Influence Area (DPIA) ........................................................................................... 35
Figure 4.2: Colour coded aspect map for direction of the terrain along the RFD, Patna ................................... 43
Figure 4.3: DEM Map along the project section in Ganga ghat section in Patna .............................................. 44
Figure 4.4: Land Use along the stretch of river bank to be developed under RFD project in Patna .................... 45
Figure 4.5: Physiographic map of Bihar along the river Ganga ...................................................................... 46
Figure 4.6: Seismic Hazard Map showing the Project Area (Ganga Ghats) .................................................... 47
Figure 4.7: Seismic Zonation Map of India ................................................................................................. 47
Figure 4.8: Sub-Basin maps of Ganga Basin ............................................................................................. 48
Figure 4.9: Discharge of Raw Sewage in Ganga river from Anta Ghat (left) and Krishna Ghat (Right) ............. 55
Figure 4.10: Forest cover map of Bihar ....................................................................................................... 56
Figure 4.11: Photograph of Flora reported in Riparian Habitat....................................................................... 59
Figure 4.12: Photographs of Trees Reported at Ghat Area ........................................................................... 62
Figure 4.13: Photograph of Animal Reported in study area ........................................................................... 65
Figure 4.14: Dolphins Movement in Project Study Area ................................................................................ 68
Figure 4.15: Location were Dolphins are reported ........................................................................................ 70
Figure 4.16: Location of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphins Sanctuary with respect to project site ......................... 71
Figure 4.17: Photographs of Species of Fishes reported during primary survey .............................................. 73
Figure 4.18: Locations of Heritage/Important Buildings within DPIA and IPIA ................................................. 77
Figure 4.19: Locations of Indigenous Buildings within Project Ghats .............................................................. 78
Figure 7.1: Dolphins Movement ............................................................................................................... 118
Figure 7.2: Open disposal of Solid Waste near to Ganga Ghats .................................................................. 121
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Figure 7.3 : Toilet Block as Proposed in the Project ................................................................................... 123
Figure 7.4 : Proposed toilet Blocks (WC) .................................................................................................. 124
Figure 7.5: Open disposal of Solid Waste near to Ganga Ghats .................................................................. 127
Figure 8.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP .................................................................... 133
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List of Annexure
Annexure 1.1: Guidelines for Existing Quarry Management
Annexure 1.2: Guidelines for Siting and Layout of Construction Camp
Annexure 1.3: Specific R&R Measures
Annexure 1.4: Drawings for Safety Measures
Annexure 1.5: Professor Sinha‟s Report on Gangetic Dolphin in Context of Patna RFD
Annexure 1.6: Participation list of the public consultation with stakeholders
Annexure 1.7: INTACH‟s Report on Cultural Impact Assessment
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ACRONYMS
B.C. Before Christ
BUIDCo Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation
CIA Cultural Impact Assesment
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment
ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework
ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GAP Ganga Action Plan
GoI Government of India
GoB Government of Bihar
ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites
INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests
NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority
NGO Non- Government Organization
NMCG National Mission for Clean Ganga
NPRR National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation
NP National Park
OP Operational Policy
PAFs Project Affected Families
PAPs Project Affected Person
PMG Program Management Group
R&R Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RFD River Front Development
SC Supervision Consultant
SPMG Special Program Management Group
SPV Special Purpose Vehicles
ULB Urban Local Body
VSPL Voyants Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
WB World Bank
WLPA Wild Life Protection Act
WLS Wild Life Sanctuary
ZSI Zoological Survey of India
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
River Ganga has a significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the
Himalayas and flowing into the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses through a course of more than
2500km in the plains of north and eastern India. Increasing population in the basin and haphazard
urbanization and industrial growth has significantly impacted the water quality of river Ganga,
particularly during the dry season. The primary sources of pollution are untreated sewage and
industrial wastewater, also non-point pollution sources from agriculture and livestock, religious
activities and poor solid waste management also contribute significantly to the pollution.
The previous attempts to clean the river, such as Ganga Action Plan (GAP) launched in 1985 have
provided some gains in arresting rate of water quality degradation, but lot more needs to be done.
As a major first step in this direction, Government of India (GoI) has established the National Ganga
River Basin Authority (NGRBA) for comprehensive management of the river.
PORTFOLIO OF INVESTMENTS UNDER NGRBA
The NGRBA program will adopt a river basin approach and has been given multi-sectoral mandate to
address both water quantity and quality aspects. To achieve this objective, NGRBA is implementing a
project with financial assistance from The World Bank. The portfolio of investments supported by
NGRBA under this project includes the following:
Sewerage and sanitation systems/sewage treatment plants (new/up gradation)
Solid Waste Management
Industrial Pollution Control Initiatives
River front Management initiatives
These investments in the first phase of the program are spread across several cities / towns within
Ganga main stem states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
PATNA RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT (RFD)
Government of Bihar through Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCo) intends
to implement improvements to the Ganga River Front in Patna through NGRBA Program.
The River Ganga in Patna is an intrinsic part of life of Patna. Some of the most important Hindu
festivals and religious congregations are celebrated on the banks of the river Ganga such as the
Kumbh Mela and the Chhathh puja and large numbers of devotees gather during these festivals.
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At present the existing facilities at the Ghats for these activities are poor. The Ghats are neither big
enough to accommodate thousands of devotees during Chhath festival nor there is any facility like
changing rooms.
River water fronts have potential to become the recreational and cultural hubs of city and have emerged as lively urban face. River water front development also has potential to create Environmental Awareness for cleanliness of river and generating Ecological Awareness and tourism for the river edge and thus prevent disposal of untreated sewage into the river,
Considering these aspects, the proposed Patna RFD project, proposes the following improvements.
Development of 20 ghats (from Anta ghat to Naujarghat);
Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together); Promenade will have
long walkways along the river ganga
Community cum cultural centres including places for cafeteria, reading room, Dolphin
Information centre.
Landscape work in the precinct zones;
City level parks; and,
Improvement of approach roads to the precincts
Development of Crematoria in Gulbi Ghat to an electric crematoria
Development of interceptor drains (total 8 nos.)
Toilet Complex
The total cost of the project is INR 24327.00 Lakhs. The cost break up is shown in table1.
Table 1: Proposed Project Cost
S.No Description of Item Cost (INR Lakh)
1 Development of 20 ghats (from Anta ghat to Naujar ghat including
change room)
8,929.37
2 Promenades including kiosks (connecting ghats together) 8751.07
3 Community cum cultural centres 1,660.04
4 Landscape work in the precinct zones 425.60
5 City level parks 833.14
6 Improvement of approach roads to the precincts 262.11
7 Development of Gulbi ghat 750.77
8 Interceptor Drain 326.97
9 Toilet Complex 36.96
10 Information Education and communication campaign 75.00
11 ESMP Cost (including R&R Cost) 511.89
12 Add contingency (8%) 1764.08
Total 24327.00
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POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
The following laws and regulations are applicable to the proposed activities of Patna RFD:
Policy and regulatory framework of Govt. of India;
Environmental Policy of the respective State Governments;
Legislations applicable to the construction activities;
Environment and Social Management Framework of NGRBA
The Project is seeking financing from World Bank and hence their environmental and social
safeguards are also applicable to this Project.
Since, the total built up area of the project is about 2700sq.m which is less than 20,000 sq.m and the
total construction area is about 69,500 which is less than 1,50,000 sq.m, the project does not attract
requirement of Environmental Clearance requirements of EIA Notification, 2006 of GoI.
Similarly, the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 is not applicable to the project, despite the presence of
Gangetic Dolphin in the river, as the project area is not located within 10 km radius of a wildlife
sanctuary area.
Other Applicable important regulations are:
The The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and Water Prevention and Control
of (Pollution) act, 1974 will be applicable;
The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 will be applicable;
The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, as the project
area is located however some old building are there along the ghats which will be protected;
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of NGRBA:
In addition to the above regulations, NGRBA has developed an ESMF to address various
environmental and social issues related to investments. According to this framework, any project
supported by NGRBA shall carry out an Environment and Social Screening to understand magnitude
of impacts. In general, based on screening exercise, projects are categorized either as High Impact or
Low Impact category in which high impact projects require detailed ESIA study along with preparation
of an EMP. The Patna RFD has been categorized as High impact category due to presence of
schedule-I animal, i.e. Dolphin and resettlement requirement of 229 Project Affected Families (PAFs).
Therefore a detailed EIA and EMP study has been carried out.
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BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE
In general 200 m lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as Direct Project
Influence Area (DPIA) and 500 m lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as
Indirect Project Influence Area (IPIA) to access the baseline environmental conditions around the
project area.
The area within this DPIA and IPIA mostly consists of built up area which also includes some old and
important buildings. Very few open spaces are present within the IPIA, the prominent one being
Gandhi maidan. No sensitive areas like wildlife sanctuary, national park, etc. are observed within the
DPIA or IPIA. However institutions such as Patna Medical College, Patna College, B.N. College,
Patna Law College, temples along the ghats, some old buildings and few schools are located in the
IPIA.
Meteorology: The climate in Patna is characterized by quite hot summers to moderately cold winters.
In the Ganga basin the mean maximum and mean minimum temperature as recorded in Patna is
respectively 31.9°C and 20.8°C. The relative humidity ranges between 80-93%. The mean annual
rainfall is 1003.4mm. The maximum Wind speed is 177 km/h while the average wind speed during the
year is 5 km/h. The wind direction near the river area varies from NE during the summer season to
SW during the winter season.
Topography: .The topography near the Ganga Ghats in Patna City is like a saucer and city has
drainage issues during monsoon season. This core area of Ganga Ghats in Patna faces problems of
over crowding (e.g. Collectorate ghat, Anta ghat, B.N College ghat, Gulbi ghat etc.) which has lead to
enormous pressure on the physical infrastructure and traffic congestion.
Geology: Ganga ghats are part of the Indo-Gangetic alluvium, one of the three main physiographic
divisions of India, which separates Extra-Peninsular regions on the north from the peninsular region
on the south. The quaternary sediments are deposited unconformable on the Achaean basement.
Physiography and Soil: The project area of Patna RFD falls under active alluvial plain and the soil of
the Patna river basin area is characterized by Calcareous alluvial (UstochreptsHaplaquepts) i.e. it is
slightly alkaline. This shows that the alluvium deposit in this region is old alluvium deposit.
Seismicity: The DPIA and IPIA fall under Seismic Zone-IV i.e. in low hazard zone.
Drainage: The project area falls under the river basin of Ganga and sub basins of Punpun, Gandhak
and Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati river basins. As per the local observation, Ganga river near the project
Ghats are meandering to the left and during the summer season, lean flow is observed between
Collectorate Ghat to Adalat Ghat at the right bank of river Ganga.
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Air Quality: Baseline Ambient air quality was monitored during September 2012 at 3 locations to
understand the air quality of the DPIA for 24 hours in each location as per CPCB standards for the
parameters like PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx, HC and CO. The air quality data are given in table 2.
Table 2: Ambient Air Quality within study area
Location
PM10
(µg/m3)
PM2.5
(µg/m3)
SOx
(µg/m3)
NOx
(µg/m3)
CO
(µg/m3)
Collector ghat 88 47 5.4 26.7 363
Dr. T.N.Banerjeeghat 54 29 4.3 21.4 275
Gulbighat 69 36 4.0 19.0 175
CPCB Standards 100 60 80 80 2000
Source: Baseline Environmental Monitoring done at project site during September 2012
Noise Quality: Noise quality monitoring has been undertaken for the duration of 24 hrs. at 3 selected
locations. The monitoring data is given in table 3.
Table 3: Noise monitoring result in the study area
Location Leq day dB(A) Leq Night dB(A) L Max dB(A) L Min dB(A)
Collectorate ghat 46.60 33.70 51.30 30.20
Gulbi ghat 43.80 31.90 48.30 25.60
Dr. T.N.Banerjee ghat 35.60 33.20 49.80 29.50
CPCB Standards 55.00 45.00
Source: Baseline Environmental Monitoring done at project site during September 2012
Soil Quality: The soil quality has been carried out in 3 locations and it has been observed that the
soil quality is slightly alkaline which also support the presence of Calcareous Alluvium. The texture of
soil is mostly silty loam and loamy.
Water Quality: Water quality samples were collected from 7 locations including upstream and
downstream of Ganga at Anta Ghat where a major sewage outfall has been seen. In general the DO
content of water is quite good ranging more than 7mg/l. The BOD content at the downstream of Anta
ghat shows the impact of Sewage on Ganga as the noted BOD was observed as 12.9 mg/l. In other
locations the BOD content has been seen in the range of 2-3.3 mg/l. Overall the water quality of
Ganga at the project locations are still well within the bathing water quality.
Flora and Fauna: The proposed project partly comprises of Riparian Habitat and partly terrestrial
Habitat. The floristic survey of the proposed site witnesses scattered growth of grasses (mainly
weeds), rooted hydrophytes, emerging hydrophytes and shrubs. Commonly reported weeds species
are Congress grass (Partheniumhysterophorus), Lantana (Lantana Camara), Eipatoriumtrilpineve,
Solanumxanthiocarpum and Datura (Dathurastromonium). The species of grasses reported along the
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banks are Cyanodondactylon, Achyranthesaspera, Saccharumarundinaceum, Vetiveriazizanoides,
Ludwigiaparviflora, Rungiarepens, etc. Rooted hydrophytes are reported along the banks, where
water level is less than a foot or water has recedes after flooding. The commonly reported
hydrophytes are Ipomoea carnea, Argeratumconyzoides, Azollapinnata, Eichhorniacrassipes,
Lemnaperpusilla, Spirodelapolyrhiza, etc. Ipomoea aquatic,etc.
The fauna reported in the area are mainly avifauna (highest diversity) followed by mammals and
reptiles. The commonly reported avifauna in the study area are Common crow, Myna, Eagle,
Sparrow, Babbler, Pigeon, Cattle Egrets, Red Vented bulbul, Drongo, Sparrow, Indian Roller etc.
Aquatic mammals like Gangetic Dolphins (PlatanistaGangeticagangetica) have been reported in the
study area.
The fish species reported in the project area include Mrigal (Cirrhinamrigala), Catla (CatlaCatla), Rohu
(Labeorohita), Calbasu (Labeocalbasu), Bata (Labeobata), Kalabans (Labeodero), Tengara
(Mystustengara), Singhi (Heyeropneustusfossilis), Palwa (Mystuscavasius), Pothia (Puntiussophore),
Phasia (Setipinnabrevifilis).
Cultural and Heritage Resources: A detailed survey of cultural and heritage buildings in and around
the project area was carried out by INTACH as part of preparation of Cultural Impact Assessment
(CIA) Report and has identified 26 structures in the DPIA. While none of them physically affected,
care shall be taken during construction to avoid damages to these structures. These structures are
not included either in the list of Archeological Survey of India or Government of Bihar.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
The anticipated environmental impact both during the construction and operation sages are summarized in table 4.
Table 4: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
S.No Potential Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures
Design and Pre-Construction Stage
1 Vegetation Clearance and Tree Cutting Trees are required to be saved as per the designs and
drawings of promenade and ghat development. Vegetation
are to be removed before commencement of construction
2 Resettlement of PAP Nearly 229 PAFs are to be resettled as per the RAP report
and summary given in Annexure 1.3.
3 Procumbent of plant and machinery Specifications to comply with the relevant national standard
norms of emission control.
4 Set up of construction camp (For 25-30
Peoples) The construction camps will be located at least 200 m away
from Ganga ghats and there must be basic living standard as
per the guidelines given in Annexure 1.2.
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S.No Potential Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures
Construction Stage
5 Procurement of construction materials from
existing quarry sites and thus consumption
of resources.
About 10,000-15,000m3 of quarry material to be procured
from existing and approved quarry sites. For new quarries if
Environmental Clearance is applicable to be obtained.
Adequate safety pre-cautions to be ensured during
transportation of quarry material from quarries to the
construction site. Vehicles transporting the material shall be
covered to prevent spillage.
6 Generation of Debris Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing ghats,
structures shall be stored at a place sufficiently away from the
main channel of Ganga.
The debris generated from the structures shall be reused as
far as possible and the left over material shall be disposed at
a suitable location with following local rules and regulations
along with approval from the „Engineer‟ and the
„Environmental Specialist‟ on the project. In no case, no
debris shall be disposed into the river Ganga.
7 Noise and vibration impact to cultural and
old buildings and safety to devotees
coming to temples along ghat during
construction.
For any kind of piling work during construction vibro hammer
to be used instead of sheet piling to minimize vibration. Noise
barriers shall be put at locations like Patna Medical College,
B.N College, Patna Law College and schools to avoid noise.
8 Discharge from existing sewer drains at
Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat Route of these discharge point to be diverted before the start
of ghat construction at these 2 locations;
Route to be diverted through the existing trunk sewer line to
the existing STP at Saidpur.
This needs to be taken up by BUIDCO as a separate project.
9 Waste Water from construction camp Adequate sanitation and waste management facility to be
provided in construction camp as per Annexure 1.2 of EIA
report and it is to be ensured that no liquid or solid waste get
disposed into river Ganga during the construction period.
Monitoring of water quality during construction period as per
the monitoring plan
10 Impact on structures during construction As part of the project no heritage building/indigenous
buildings/temples/mosques shall be demolished;
For heritage buildings within 25 m from ghat adequate care
shall be taken to minimize vibration impact. Overall piling
work to be used with Vibro Piling rather than normal sheet
piling.
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S.No Potential Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures
Chance find of any heritage structure / remnants during
construction shall be immediately reported to the authorities
and shall comply with Ancient Monuments and
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958
11 Noise from Vehicles, Plants and Equipment Construction activities shall be avoided during evening and
night time hours (7 p.m. to 6 a.m.)
All jackhammers and pavement breakers used on the
construction site shall be fitted with manufacturer‟s approved
exhaust muffler.
Use of pneumatic impact equipment shall be restricted 100m
from noise sensitive locations. Instead of pneumatic hammers
electric, hydraulic hammers could be used.
Temporary Noise Barrier at important locations of Schools
and Health centers.
12 Dust Generation and Equipment Selection,
Maintenance and Operation
Vehicles carrying construction materials shall be covered;
Regular water sprinkling at areas of dust generation;
Regular pollution under check for construction vehicles shall
be made;
13 Loss of flora and Fauna Fuel provision shall be made available in camp like LPG so
that no tree cutting is involved for fuel wood.
Construction workers must protect natural resources and wild
animals especially Dolphin
Fishing is strictly prohibited.
14 Risk and Safety Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger from
electrical equipment.
Precautions shall be made to provide proper access route to
the devotees;
The safety of workers shall be taken care as per the
prevailing norms;
No material or any of the sites will be so stacked or placed as
to cause danger.
All necessary fencing and lights will be provided.
Protective footwear and protective goggles to all workers.
Protective eye-shields to workers engaged in welding works
Earplugs to workers exposed to loud noise (above 75dB (A),
The Contractor shall comply with all regulations regarding
safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, etc.
The Contractor shall ensure that no paint containing lead or
lead products is used.
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S.No Potential Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures
Operation Stage
15 Sewage generation from Project and Water
Quality Toilet complexes along with 24 other toilets will be provided
in the project;
Approximately 30 KLD of sewage expected;
Septic Tank and soak pit shall be provided for the sewage;
Water quality to be monitored as per monitoring plan
16 Surface Run-off Interceptor drain has been proposed to cater surface run-off
from promenade and pathways and will be ultimately be
linked with the drains along access roads
17 Increase of speed of water at Ghat section
and chances of Soil Erosion As part of the project necessary green areas along the banks
will be protected as well as new green areas in terms of city
parks shall be created. This will provide necessary bank
stability.
Further, riparian edge restoration program will be undertaken
to maintain natural habitat.
At the bottom of the ghat boulder pitching shall be made so
that uniform speed is maintained.
18 Solid Waste Management Bins along Ganga ghats @4 bins in each ghat for 20kg
capacity;
254 litterbins along promenade and pathways of 1kg
capacity;
Masonry bins at 6 locations to facilitate communities to
dispose their waste at these bins;
Providing 2 no. of 4.5m3 bins at Anta Ghat Vegetable
market;
1 dumper placer, 2 auto trippers and 1 JCB hooper type
vehicle shall be provided to collect the dispose the waste
generated from the proposed project.
19 Dolphin Conservation The mess size of the iron wire to be used to fix the boulders
below the steps at ghats close to the water line or river edge
should be four inches instead of eight inches.
No indigenous grasses should be planted in the landscape
terraces between two ghats as in the spaces natural
amphibious/aquatic grasses of riparian zone of the river
grow
There should be minimum or no noise under the water
during implementation of the project. If any mechanized boat
is used during implementation of the project, the same may
be propeller guard.
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S.No Potential Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures
20 Safety Measures The load bearing capacity of each ghat has been calculated to
indicate the safe number of people to accommodate the ghat
and promenade with a carrying capacity approach. The other
health and safety measures being proposed in the project are:
Belts all along the ghats;
PPE use;
Inaccessibility to children; (Construction Netting);
4 ambulances (for 2 years of project construction
period) shall be provided for any type of medical
emergency;
Chhath festival will be restricted to these ghats during
construction period;
Side Access for pedestrian movements at Mahendru
ghat;
Refuge access;
Increase of access to the promenade through
pedestrian streets;
One way traffic to ghat where accessibility is less than
6m.
Crowd management during festivals
PUBLIC CONSULTATION
Local people were extensively consulted while carrying out the EA study. A total of 8 FGDs were
conducted in the project area in the project influence area. Further, municipal ward councilors, MLAs
were consulted on 3rd August 2013. In addition to the above, a city level public consultation was
carried out on 30th August 2013 to obtain the views of local people. While most of the people
welcomed the project and views and suggestion are incorporated in the project and EMP, wherever
applicable.
EMP BUDGET
In order to implement the proposed Environmental Mitigation Measures a detailed Environmental
Management Plan has been prepared. To implement the plan there will be a Supervision Consultant
who will oversee the work of contractor. The Supervision consultant will further report the progress of
work to BUIDCo. The final implementation monitoring for the same shall be carried out by NMCG. The
total EMP budget has been considered is about INR 84.5 Lakhs. The detail about environmental
budget is presented below in Table-5
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Table-5 Environmental Budget
S.
No
Description of Item Cost (INR
Lakhs)
Primary
Responsibility
Secondary
Responsibility
1 Environmental Awareness program towards minimizing the pollution problem for solid waste management, water pollution prevention and minimizing impact on Dolphin etc. through preparing of IEC materials, media advertisement, clippings in cinema hall etc.
13.00 BUIDCo BUIDCo
2 Environmental Awareness during the construction stage
7.00 Contractors BUIDCo
3 Soil Erosion restoration work like retaining wall, edge restoration work, turfing and vegetative cover,
Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ item 2.1.3)
Contractor BUIDCo
4 Establishing of Construction Camp including facilities for drinking water, waste water treatment and solid waste disposal facilities
Covered in Engineering Cost (Incidental Items)
Contractor BUIDCo
5 Facilities towards solid waste management for the project (Civil Cost from Table 7.3 of EIA report)
Covered in Engineering Cost (Incidental Items)
Contractor BUIDCo
6 Procurement of Vehicles for solid waste management and 2 dumper bins (O&M Cost from Table 7.3)
32.64 BUIDCo BUIDCo
7 Small mesh barrier to screen the pious refuse preferably iron mesh with 1‟‟x1‟‟seize
8.10 Contractor BUIDCo
8 Construction of interceptor drains (3000 m) to collect storm water from project area and raw sewage from the building lines along the ghats, connect to a suitable manhole for ultimate treatment in a STP
Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ item 2.5)
Contractor BUIDCo
9 Construction of toilets along the promenade Covered in engineering cost (Items 2.2.3, 2.2.4, 2.3 of BOQ)
Contractor BUIDCo
10 Provision of boulder pitching with 4incher iron wire; No indigenous grass species to be introduced
Covered in engineering cost (Items 2.1.3,of BOQ)
Contractor BUIDCo
Total Environmental Enhancement Cost 60.74
Environmental Monitoring-Construction Stage
11 Air Quality Monitoring 0.96 Contractor BUIDCo
12 Water Quality Monitoring 3.84 Contractor BUIDCo
13 Noise Quality Monitoring 0.54 Contractor BUIDCo
14 Soil Quality Monitoring 0.72 Contractor BUIDCo
15 Travel and Transportation of Laboratory
Personnel
2.0 Contractor BUIDCo
Total Environmental Monitoring Cost (Construction
Stage)
8.06 Contractor BUIDCo
Environmental Monitoring-Operation Stage
16 Air Quality Monitoring 1.2 BUIDCo BUIDCo
17 Water Quality Monitoring 6.4 BUIDCo BUIDCo
18 Noise Quality Monitoring 0.75 BUIDCo BUIDCo
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S.
No
Description of Item Cost (INR
Lakhs)
Primary
Responsibility
Secondary
Responsibility
19 Soil Quality Monitoring 9.75 BUIDCo BUIDCo
20 Travel and Transportation of Laboratory Personnel for 5 years
5.00 BUIDCo BUIDCo
Total Monitoring Cost-Operation Stage 14.10
Total EMP-Cost 82.86
Contingency (2%) 1.66
Total EMP with contingency 84.52
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1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
River Ganga has a significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising from the
Himalayas and flowing into the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses through a course of more than 2500
km in the plains of north and eastern India. Increasing population in the basin and haphazard
urbanization and industrial growth has significantly impacted the water quality of river Ganga,
particularly during the dry season. The primary sources of pollution are untreated sewage and
industrial wastewater, also non-point pollution sources from agriculture and livestock, religious
activities and poor solid waste management also contribute significantly to the pollution.
Figure 1.1: The Ganga and its spirituality
The previous attempts to clean the river, such as Ganga Action Plan (GAP) launched in 1985 have
provided some gains in arresting rate of water quality degradation, but lot more needs to be done.
As a major first step in this direction, the Government of India (GoI) has established the National
Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) for comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA
program will adopt a river basin approach and has been given multi-sectoral mandate to address both
water quantity and quality aspects.
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1.1 PORTFOLIO OF INVESTMENTS UNDER NGRBA
The NGRBA program will adopt a river basin approach and has been given multi-sectoral mandate to
address both water quantity and quality aspects. To achieve this objective, NGRBA is implementing a
project with financial assistance from The World Bank. The portfolio of investments supported by
NGRBA under this project includes the following:
Sewerage and sanitation systems/sewage treatment plants (new/up gradation);
Solid Waste Management;
Industrial Pollution Control Initiatives; and,
River front Management initiatives
These investments in the first phase of the program is spread across several cities and/or towns
within Ganga main stem states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
1.2 PATNA RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT
The River Ganga in Patna is an intrinsic part of life of Patna. Being a historical city1, the settlements
started right along river‟s bank edge and consequently the river‟s edge remained unattended. Some of
the most important Hindu festivals and religious congregations are celebrated on the banks of the
river Ganga such as the Kumbh Mela and the Chhath puja and large numbers of devotees gather
during these festivals.
At present the existing facilities at the Ghats are quite poor. There is no change room or toilet facility
on the Ghats. The Ghats are neither big enough to accommodate thousands of Devotees during
Chhath festival nor there is any facility like changing rooms. There is hardly any Ghat where Visitors
of Patna can go for an enjoyable glimpse of river Ganges. The entire river bank is hard surface, they
are either Ghats or stone pitched and there is virtually very little landscaping or soft surface along the
river edge. There are also no city level parks.
River water fronts have potential to become the recreational and cultural hubs of city and have
emerged as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from marginal use and connect
to the main stream; public activity etc. The great potential of river front development eluded the people
of Patna.
River water front development also has potential to create Environmental Awareness for cleanliness
of river and generating Ecological Awareness and tourism for the river edge and thus prevent
disposal of untreated sewage into the river, and also prevent solid waste dumping on the river banks.
1 The history of Patna spans three millennia and has the distinction of being associated with two most ancient religions of the world, namely Buddhism and Jainism. Patna was originally known as Patliputra in the Mauryan empire. The mighty river Ganges is an intrinsic part of life of Patna.
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Now with this decision of Govt. of Bihar to develop the Ganga river front, a great opportunity for urban
transformation of city has emerged. The proposed Patna RFD will be developed under the portfolio of
investment under NGRBA.
1.2.1 Proposed Developments in Patna RFD
The proposed Patna river front development project is spread over 6.6 km from Collectorate Ghat to
Naujar Ghat and would involve the following activities:
Development of 20 ghats (from Collectorate ghat to Naujar ghat including change room);
Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together);
Community cum cultural centers;
Landscape work in the precinct zones;
City level parks;
Improvement of approach roads to the precincts
Development of Crematoria in Gulbi ghat with provision of electric crematoria
Development of interceptor drain;
Toilet Complex
Details of the developments are presented in Chapter-2. The total project cost proposed for Patna
RFD is INR 24327.00 Lakhs.
1.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF EIA
The present Patna RFD project will be implemented under NGRBA program being implemented with
the financial assistance from the World Bank. As per the Environmental and Social Management
Framework of NGRBA, the project has been screened (given in details in chapter-4) for its impacts
and has been identified as high impact category and hence an EIA study has been carried along with
specific EMP.
The scope of the EIA study has been finalized based upon the project screening and categorization
and is given below:
Project screening and scoping;
Project categorization considering as per the NGRBA ESMF ;
Detailed assessment of natural habitats in the river and its riparian areas;
Assessment of water quality along the river stretch both through secondary and primary data
generation;
Preparation of study area maps for an immediate vicinity of 200m-500m from either side of
the river through satellite imagery to understand the details of vegetation and potential of
siltation.
Aquatic Ecological assessment of the river stretch of ghat development program;
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Assessment of existing sewage disposal and proposed improvement mechanism for
restricting sewage and other trade effluent disposal (if any) in to the ghat development
section;
Assessment of proposed Solid Waste Management System as part of the proposed
development;
Assessment of possible impact on river bed due to the proposed engineering measures for
ghat development and possible management measures (if any);
Assessment of physical and cultural Resources along the project stretch and assessment of
potential beneficial and adverse impact on such resources from the project;
Assessment of possible Environmental Quality measures and monitoring mechanism;
Assessment of possible Environment Management measures and cost;
1.4 PROPOJECT PROPONENT
Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation, Government of Bihar.
1.5 TECHNICAL CONSULTANT AND ARCHITECT
M/s Sen and Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd. is the technical consultant for this project and M/s NilaA
Architecture and Urban Design is the architect consultant for this project for the proposed river front
development in Patna including development of 20 ghats, promenade including kiosks, community
cum cultural centre, landscape work in the precinct zones, city level parks and development of
approach road to the ghats.
1.6 EIA CONSULTANT
M/s Voyants Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is the EIA consultant for the project.
1.7 STRUCTURE OF EIA
The present EIA report is organised in following chapters. Chapter- 1 Introduction
This chapter describes briefly describes the project, NGRBA Portfolios of Investments, the ESMF and need of EIA study.
Chapter- 2 Project Description
In this, chapter the existing conditions of the project area and proposed developments taken under the projects are described along with the cost summary of total investment under Patna RFD
Chapter- 3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework This Chapter captures the policy and legal framework of government of India as well the safeguard policies of World Bank that are applicable to the project.
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Chapter-4 Description of Environment Description of the baseline environmental condition including the baseline conditions of river water quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecology, air, noise and soil quality are described in this chapter.
Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternatives This chapter describes the alternatives considered in the project towards improving the project.
Chapter-6 Public Consultation
This chapter briefly describes the consultation measures carried out with the various sections of common public in and around the project area and the suggestions provided under the consultation are documented.
Chapter-7 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
This chapter provides details of the potential impacts from the project on various environmental factors and mitigation measures proposed for the construction and operation stage
Chapter-8 Environmental Management Plan This chapter envisages the requirement of Environmental Management Plan including the monitoring and supervision framework for the implementation of EMP along with the budget for implementing EMP.
Chapter-9 Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter provides the conclusion about the implementation of the project and provides necessary recommendations.
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A detailed project report on riverfront revitalization has been prepared to enhance the potential of
Patna‟s river edge infrastructure and future decade. This is an unprecedented opportunity to create
new public realm facing towards the river that is strongly connected to the city‟s urban fabric. The
report outlines a set of urban strategies that form the larger civic vision to the water front in the city
and illustrates the detail proposal in ghat precincts.
The main aim of the project is to attempt with a proposal that works collaboratively with Architecture
and Engineering, Urban design and Ecology and Landscape Design. The project area is spread over
a length of 6.6 km of the water front starting at Collectorate ghat and down the river till Ganga Setu
and beyond upto Naujar ghat.
Figure 2.1: Artists view of Golaghar Patna
The history of Patna spans three millennia and has the distinction of being associated with two most
ancient religions of the world, namely, Buddhism and Jainism. The state has seen the rise and fall of
mighty empires of the Mauryas and the Guptas. The Patna was originally known as Patliputra in the
Mauryan empire. From this city the famed emperor Chandragupta ruled a vast empire from Bay of
Bengal to Afghanistan.
This state has also produced several eminent world class scholars namely:
Aryabhatt-Famous mathematician and astronomers
Chanakya-Master of State Craft and Guru of Chandragupta Maurya
It is believed that Patliputra was among the largest cities of the world between 300 and 195B.C.
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2.1 EXISTING GHAT CONDITIONS
During the visit of the project team of the environmental consultants to assess the existing conditions of
the ghats the following point emerges:
Sanitation: At present the existing facilities at the ghats are quite poor. Practically there is no
infrastructure in the ghats. Disposal of raw sewage from settlement and slums is very common
including open defecation along the edge. Further there are dairy units along the ghat the
waste is directly disposed to river Ganga (Refer Figure 2.2).
The mighty river Ganges is an intrinsic part of life of Patna. This being an historical city, the
settlements started right after river‟s bank edge and consequently the river‟s edge remain unattended. The
great potential of riverfront development eluded the people of Patna.
The famous Chhathh Puja of Eastern India is celebrated in Patna with great gaiety on river Ganga‟s
banks. More than five lakhs devotees offer Puja to Sun God on the occasion of Chhathh Puja in the
month of October. On this occasion lakhs of people trek to Ganges and after holy dip in the Ganges
worship Sun God.
Recently Ganga Aarti has started at 2 nos. ghats, namely Gandhi ghat and Bhadra ghat. The Tourism
Department conducts these activities on weekly basis and this already has emerged an attractive
weekly event of city. Such programs can create enormous awareness for cleanliness of river Ganges.
Now with the decision of Bihar Govt. to develop the Ganga river front, a great opportunity for Urban
transformation of city has emerged.
The spread of Patna along river Ganga The spread of Patna city in and around Gandhi
Maidan
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Disposal of sewage from building lines along
ghat to river ganga
Domesticated animal and dairy units along ghat,
disposal of animal waste to river Ganga
Open Defecation along edges of river Ganga Direct disposal of solid waste from the
slum/colonies along the river bank into river Ganga
Figure 2.2: Sanitation issues along the ghats
Festivals and Safety: The ghats are neither big enough to accommodate thousands of
Devotees during Chhath festival. There are high chances of accident if any mishap happens
with the devotees.
Encroachments: Illegal colonies, slums and encroachment are observed along the ghat
especially at Bhadra ghat high density of slum observed. The colonies are developed so close
to the bank that during monsoon, there are chances of drowning and unsafe conditions. (Refer
figure 2.3).
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Figure 2.3: Slums at edge of river Ganga
Safety issues during Night time: There is no lighting along the ghats making it really unsafe
to women and general public as well. On the contrary at Gandhi Ghat has been developed well
for recreational purposes.
Figure 2.4:Gandhi Ghat (the only developed ghat at moment)
Edge Restoration:. Stone pitching has been observed along the river bank. This is a practice
being done to protect the banks from erosion but this does not sustain for more than 2-3
years and every time such types of edge restoration work is done without any kind of
landscaping or green area, reduces the ecological activities in the river edges and impacts the
food chain (Figure 2.5).
Unsafe Ghats-No clear entry exit route: At present the ghats are very narrow and the steps are very steep especially at Mishri ghat. Almost all the ghats have some temple and devotees go for puja and making it difficult for children, women and aged persons.
Further, there is no demarked entry or exit route to the ghats from the banks which also creates unsafe conditions during mass gatherings like Chhatth festival etc.
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Figure 2.5:Adalat Ghat Edge Condition Analysis (Boulder pitching at the edges)
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Figure 2.6:Edge condition Analysis in Krishna Ghat
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2.2 NEED FOR PATNA RFD
Patna being an historical city2, the settlements started right along river‟s bank edge and consequently
the river‟s edge remained unattended. Some of the most important Hindu festivals and religious
congregations are celebrated on the banks of the river Ganga such as the Kumbh Mela and the
Chhath puja and large numbers of devotees gather during these festivals.
At present the existing facilities at the Ghats are quite poor. There is no change room or toilet facility
on the Ghats. The Ghats are neither big enough to accommodate thousands of Devotees during
Chhath festival nor there is any facility like changing rooms. There is hardly any Ghat where Visitors
of Patna can go for an enjoyable glimpse of river Ganges. The entire river bank is hard surface, there
are either Ghats or stone pitched or there is virtually very little landscaping or soft surface along the
river edge. There are also no city level parks.
River water fronts have potential to become the recreational and cultural hubs of city and have
emerged as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from marginal use and connect
to the main stream, public activity etc. The great potential of river front development eluded the people
of Patna.
River water front development also has potential to create Environmental Awareness for cleanliness
of river and generating Ecological Awareness and tourism for the river edge and thus prevent disposal
of untreated sewage into the river, and also prevent solid waste dumping on the river banks.
Now with this decision of Bihar Govt. to develop the Ganga river front, a great opportunity for urban
transformation of city has emerged. The proposed Patna RFD will be developed under the portfolio of
investment under NGRBA.
After several discussions with the government agencies and NGRBA the need for the river front
development in Patna along river Ganga was taken in to consideration mainly for the following
reasons:
Upgradation of Ghats:
At present the existing facilities at the ghats are quite poor. Practically there is no change room or
toilet facility in the ghats. The ghats are also not big enough to accommodate thousands of Devotees
during Chhath festival. There is hardly any ghat where Visitors to Patna can go for an enjoyable
glimpse of river Ganges.
2 The history of Patna spans three millennia and has the distinction of being associated with two most ancient religions of the world, namely Buddhism and Jainism. Patna was originally known as Patliputra in the Mauryan Empire. The mighty river Ganges is an intrinsic part of life of Patna.
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Environmental Awareness:
The proposed river front development has potential to become one of the recreational and cultural
hubs of the city and can emerge as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from
marginal use and connect to main stream, public activity etc. Once such public place is being
developed then the necessary environmental awareness and citizen‟s responsibility towards the
cleanliness of river Ganga is expected to be developed along with increase of tourism. It is expected
that the proposed river front development in Patna would enhance the environmental awareness
specifically addressing (i) sanitation issues, (ii) prevent disposal of untreated sewage from the houses
adjoin the ghats, (iii) prevent uncontrolled disposal of solid waste in the river, (iv) ecological
awareness among people and among the fishermen specifically regarding Ganga Dolphin and (v)
Open Defecation. The Project also expected to generate awareness among the pilgrims as well as
with the line department regarding the health, safety and environmental issues during mass gathering
of people during famous chhath festival and “Ganga Aarti” along Ganga ghats.
Ghat Landscaping:
At present only stone pitching work has been observed along the banks which are generally need to
be repeated for every 2-3 years of time. This generally reduces the ecological activities along the
banks.
The proposed project is proposed with ecological edge restoration work along the banks.
2.3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS
The proposed Patna river front development project would involve the following projects:
Development of 20ghats (from Collectorate ghat to Naujar ghat including change room);
Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together);
Community cum cultural centres;
Landscape work in the precinct zones;
City level parks; and,
Improvement of approach roads to the precincts
Development of Crematoria in Gulbi Ghat to an electric crematoria
Development of interceptor drains (total 8 nos.)
Toilet Complex
Details of the developments are given below:
2.3.1 Development of Ghats
The proposed 20 ghats considered to be developed under this project given in table 2.1 and shown in
figure 2.8 respectively.
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Table 2-1 : Proposed Ghats for development
Figure 2.7 Potential of ghat as a public Space
2.3.2 Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together)
The proposed development of promenades are given below and shown in figure 2.8 and 2.9:
Name of Precinct Connected Ghats
Precinct-I Collectorate
ghat
Anta ghat B.N.College ghat Mahendru ghat till Adalat ghat
Precinct-II Adalat ghat To Gandhi ghat
Precinct-III Gandhi ghat to Rani ghat
Precinct-IIIA Gulbi Ghat to Gai Ghat
Precinct-IV Bhadra ghat Mahavir ghat Naujar ghat
Ghat Names Ghat Names
Anta ghat B.N. College ghat
Adalat ghat Mishri ghat
T.N. Banerjee ghat Krishna ghat
Baharwa ghat Rani ghat
Ghagha ghat Raushan ghat
Choudharytola ghat Pathri ghat
Alamgaunj ghat Naurwa ghat
Hanuman ghat Raja ghat
Gai ghat Bhadra ghat
Mahavir ghat Naujar ghat
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Figure 2.8: Urban Precincts proposed
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Figure 2.9: Design of Urban Precinct (3D-View)
After the development of the urban precincts the view of a ghat is shown in figure 2.10.
Figure 2.10:View of ghats after the proposed development of urban precinct
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2.3.3 Community cum cultural centres
Three number of community cum culture centres are proposed as given below and shown in figure
2.11.
Community cum Eco Centre at Collectorate ghat: This centre is facilitated with community
landscape court with sit out, eco-centre cum meeting hall, café sitting in the second floor. The
total built up area would be 2014 sq.m.
Community cum cultural Centre at Bhadra ghat: This centre will be facilitated with food
court and community hall and children centre, multi purpose hall for dance and performance
and a promenade view café. The total built up area would be 1273 sq.m.
Dolphin Information Centre at Gai ghat: The total built up area would be 950 sq.m
Café at Patna College: This centre will be facilitated with café in the ground floor, Reading
room and kids reading area in the 1st floor and Amphitheatre and viewing deck in the 2nd floor.
The proposed built up area is 381 sq.m
Audio-Visual theatre at Gandhi ghat: This centre is facilitated with café in the ground floor,
audio-visual hall in the 1st floor, amphitheater and viewing deck in the 2nd floor. Total built up
area 381 sq.m.
Figure 2.11:Proposed Community cum Eco-centre at Gai ghat
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2.3.4 Landscape work at Precinct Zones:
The proposal has also put forward a framework to integrate landscape in to the existing river edge
design. The landscape design has listed criteria like edge restoration, bio-diversity for wildlife,
methods for carbon reduction , providing Larger open space for people for rituals, activity and
exercise, walks, workshops, seminars, shade areas for people, concepts of bio-degradable garbage,
flood control through landscape engineering and environmental education.
The development on the river edge has to be of a kind that doesn‟t harm the river ecology. The design
solution is a sustainable process. Steps have been taken to put in place on the promenade network of
waste disposal. The textures and use of material be such that it would be green and environment
friendly.
Landscape work has been proposed in four (4) number of precinct zones as given below and shown
in figure 2.12:
Precinct Landscape Work Landscape Work Landscape Work
Precinct-I Collectorate ghat to Anta ghat Anta ghat to B.N
college ghat
B.N College ghat to
Mahendru ghat
Precinct-II Mishri ghat to T.N Banerjee ghat T.N Banerjee ghat to
Kali ghat
Precinct-III
and Precinct-
IIIA
Gandhi ghat to Bharva ghat Bharva ghat to Law
college ghat
Rani ghat to Gulbi ghat
Precinct-IV Gai ghat to Naujar ghat
The proposal under the landscape works at the precinct zones will include the following aspects:
Riparian edge restoration, planting long edge for biodiversity of wild life, carbon reduction,
nutrient exchange along edge
Large open space to facilitate people for rituals, activity and exercise, walks, workshops,
seminars, shade areas for people
Flood control through landscape engineering permanent and temporary
Environmental education
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Figure 2.12: Restoring the riparian edge and landscaping
2.3.5 City level parks:
Two (2) city level parks are proposed respectively at Patna College ghat and Gai ghat
2.3.6 Improvement of approach roads to the precincts
Following approach roads are proposed for improvement:
Approach road to precinct-I
Approach road to precinct-II
Approach road to precinct-III and IIIA
Approach road to precinct-IV
Approach road to Krishna ghat
Approach road to Choudury tola ghat
Approach road to Pathri ghat
Approach road to Gai ghat
Approach road to Raja ghat
A schematic view of proposed development of approach road is given in figure 2.13. The length and
width of access roads to the project ghats are listed in Table: 2-2. As part of the DPR it has been
proposed that Govt. may suitably take up clear pathways along these access roads along with street
lighting.
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Table 2-2 : Length and width of access road to projects Ghats
S. No. Name of ghat Width of access road. Length of access road to nearest street
1. Anta Ghat 3.5m 120m 2. B.N.College ghat No direct access 90m 3. Adalat ghat 4 m 145m 4. Mishri ghat 5m 85m 5. T.N.Banerjee ghat 1.5 42m 6. Krishna ghat 8m 85m 7. Bharawa ghat 6m 98m 8. Rani ghat From law college ghat 60m 9. Ghagha ghat 3m 150m,110m 10. Raushan ghat 2m 100m 11. Chaudhary tola ghat 5m 46m,78m 12. Pathri ghat 5m and 1.5m pathway
connection along ghat 55m, 100m
13. Alam ganj ghat 2m-3 m 90m 14. Naurwa ghat 2m-3m 75m 15. Hanuman ghat 2m-3.5 m 88m 16. Raja ghat 3.5m single lane with 2m parking
provision on both sides 163m,100m
17. Gai ghat 6m wide vehicular road 200m 18. Bhadra ghat 7m wide vehicular road 280m 19. Mahaveer ghat 5m wide vehicular road 240m 20. Naujar ghat 2m lane 140
Government has planned to improve these access roads through providing clear pathways and street lighting as suggested in the DPR.
Figure 2.13:Possible way of improving the access road at Gai ghat
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2.3.7 Development of Electric Crematoria at Gulbi Ghat
At present the present crematoria uses wood as burning material. This electric crematorium will help
in reducing the wood consumption and next it would give more burning facilities. These electric
crematoria would help in burning 30 dead bodies in a day.
2.3.8 Development of Toilet Complex
Toilet complexes are proposed at 3 locations as part of the project namely at Collectorate Ghat, Anta
Ghat and Bhadra Ghat. Nearly 600 people are expected to use each of these toilets in a day.
2.3.9 Development of Interceptor Drain
The project also envisages towards improving interceptor drains to capture the sewage getting
directly disposed to Ganga from the building along the ghat and run-off and then finally disposing
them off at a main drain line. A total of 8 such interceptor drains are being proposed.
2.3.10 Environmental Awareness
The proposed river front development has potential to become one of the recreational and cultural
hubs of the city and can emerge as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from
marginal use and connect to main stream, public activity etc. Once such public place is being
developed then the necessary environmental awareness and citizen‟s responsibility towards the
cleanliness of river Ganga is expected to be developed along with increase of tourism. It is expected
that the proposed river front development in Patna would enhance the environmental awareness
specifically addressing (i) sanitation issues, (ii) prevent disposal of untreated sewage from the houses
adjoining the ghats, (iii) prevent uncontrolled disposal of solid waste in the river, (iv) ecological
awareness among people and among the fishermen specifically regarding Ganga Dolphin and (v)
Open Defecation. The Project also expected to generate awareness among the pilgrims along with
various line department health, safety and environmental issues during festivals like “Chatth Puja”
and “Ganga Aarti”.
2.4 PROJECT LOCATION
The proposed project site is located along the river Ganga starting from Collectorate ghat and spread
beyond the Ganga setu. Few of the ghats are proposed to be connected through promenade and
would also involve landscape work.
The location map of the proposed project site is provided in Figure 2.14 and existing landuse along
the ghats is presented in Figure 2.15.
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Figure 2.14: Project Location
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Figure 2.15: Landuse along project ghats
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2.5 ADDITIONAL BENEFIT
„Chhathh Festival‟ is the most important festival of Bihar. Millions of devotees congregate on bank of river
Ganga for taking a dip and also undertake other religious rituals. The celebration of Chhath festival would
become much more comfortable to these devotees by construction of walkway and the socio-cultural
centres. This will also help in developing tourist attraction as Ganga Aarti can be organized on regular
basis at 2 – 3 ghats as is done in other religious cities like Varanasi, Haridwar etc. This will also help
develop ecological awareness to prevent the pollution of the river.
The Promenades will provide an alternative passage for people to travel from one ghat to the other
directly without getting on to the main road. This will greatly reduce traffic on main road and reduce
misery of people in traffic, particularly during festival times. The Promenades will reduce the distance to
be travelled and time required for going from one ghat to the other substantially. The Promenades will
also provide a panoramic view of the river banks and ghats to the visitors.
2.6 PROJECT COST
The proposed cost for the project is given in Table 2.3.
Table 2-3 : Proposed Project Cost
S.No Description of Item Cost (INR Lakh)
1 Development of 20 ghats (from Anta ghat to Naujar ghat including
change room)
8,929.37
2 Promenades including kiosks (connecting ghats together) 8751.07
3 Community cum cultural centres 1,660.04
4 Landscape work in the precinct zones 425.60
5 City level parks 833.14
6 Improvement of approach roads to the precincts 262.11
7 Development of Gulbi ghat 750.77
8 Interceptor Drain 326.97
9 Toilet Complex 36.96
10 Information Education and communication campaign 75.00
11 ESMP Cost (including R&R cost ) 511.89
12 Add contingency (8%) 1764.08
Total 24327.00
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3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
The policies, regulations and administrative framework within which the project is to be implemented with
respect to environmental management and protection are reviewed in this section. The review includes
the sector-specific Environmental and Policies and Regulations of the Government of India, National
policies regarding socio-economic issues and the Administrative framework of various agencies, such as
the Ministry of Environment and Forest, the Pollution Control Boards and other bodies associated with the
implementation of the proposed project.
The following laws and regulations are application to the environment and social aspects of the proposed
ghat development program:
Policy and regulatory framework of Govt. of India
Environmental Policy of the respective State Governments
Legislations applicable to the construction activities
The Project is seeking financing from World Bank and hence their environmental and social safeguards
are also applicable to this Project. The categorization of the project as per World Bank guideline is
detailed in Chapter-4.
3.1 POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (GOI)
Constitutional Provisions
The Constitution of India, in Article 48, of Directive Principles of the State, states that “the state shall
endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife of the country”.
Further Article 51-A (g), of fundamental duties, emphasizes that, “It shall be the duty of every citizen of
India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to
have compassion for living creatures”. These two provisions of the constitution are the guiding principles
for the environmental legislation in India.
The Government of India has laid down various policy guidelines, regulations, acts and legislations
pertaining to sustainability and protection of the environment and its various components. The statutory
requirements for the proposed project are discussed briefly in the following paragraphs.
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Environment (Protection) Act, popularly known as EP Act, is an umbrella legislation that supplements
existing environmental regulations. Empowered by the EP Act, the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF), the Government of India has issued the following notifications regulating the siting of industry
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and operations, procuring clearance to establish industries and development of projects with appropriate
Environmental Impact studies, coastal zone regulations and many other aspects of environment through
notifications. One of the important notifications under this Act is EIA notification which discusses a gamut
of projects under various sectors and requirement of Prior Environmental Clearance for a particular
project as per the notification. The applicability of EIA notification for the Patna RFD and requirement of
Prior Environmental Clearance, if any is discussed below.
EIA Notification 14th September 2006 and its applicability for Patna RFD:
Patna RFD is a river front development which does not fall under any project category of the EIA
notification 14th September 2006. However, it has mix used development including construction of large
area, buildings, road carpet improvement etc. The total construction area for the Patna RFD project is
given in table 3-1.
Table 3-1 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations
S.No Description of Item Area (Sq.m)
1. Ghat Construction 26,000
2. Promenade Construction 26,000
3. Buildings 2700
4 Development of Access Roads 12,800
5 Facilities and Kiosks 1996
Total construction area 69,500
The total built up area as part of the building construction is 2700 sq.m; which is less than 20,000 sq.m
and the total construction area is 69,500 which is less than 1, 50,000 sq.m. Thus the project does not fall
under schedule of activities 8(a) (Building and Construction Projects) or 8(b) (Area Development Projects
and Townships) of EIA notification 2006 and its recent amendments and does not attract requirement of
any Prior Environmental Clearance.
The key environmental laws and related regulations are given in table 3.2. The key environmental
regulations can also be accessed at www.MoEF.nic.in/rules-and-regulations.
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Table 3-2 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations
S.No Act/Rules Purpose Applicabil
ity
(Yes/No)
Reasons for Applicability Authority
1 Wildlife (Protection)
Act 1972
The Wildlife Protection Act,
1972 has been formulated
in order to protect the wild
life in sanctuaries and
National Park.
No This act is not applicable as
no any sanctuary / national
park exists within 10 km
radius of project site.
The Vikramshila Gangetic
Dolphin Sanctuary is more
than 160km from project
site
However, schedule-I
animal, Dolphin have been
observed in the left bank of
Ganga for which suitable
monitoring and mitigation
measure have been
suggested.
Chief Conservator
Wildlife, Wildlife
wing, state forest
department, MoEF,
GoI
2 Land Acquisition
Act, 1894 (As
amended)
Sets out rule for acquisition
of land by govt.
No No private land acquisition
is involved. However, the
social assessment study
has identified about 229
projects affected Families,
residing along the bank of
the river. Suitable RAP for
these PAPs has been
developed as part of the
project.
Revenue
Department, State
Government
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S.No Act/Rules Purpose Applicabil
ity
(Yes/No)
Reasons for Applicability Authority
3 The Air (Prevention
and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981
To control air pollution by
controlling emission of air
pollutants as per the
prescribed standards.
Yes This act will be applicable
during the construction
stage
SPCB
4 Water Prevention
and Control of
(Pollution) act,
1974
To control water pollution
by controlling discharge of
pollutants as per the
prescribed standards
Yes This act is applicable for
the construction stage of
the project.
SPCB
5 The Noise Pollution
(Regulation and
Control) Rules,
2000
The standards for noise for
day and night have been
promulgated by the MoEF
for various land uses.
Yes This act will be applicable
for all construction
equipments deployed at
worksite
SPCB
6 Municipal Solid
Wastes
(Management and
Handling) Rules,
2000
To manage collection,
transportation, segregation,
treatment and disposal of
municipal solid waste
Yes This rule is applicable both
during the construction
stage (from generation of
waste from labour camp)
and generation of waste
from ghat users during
operation stage.
Moe, CPCB, SPCB
7 The Ancient
Monuments and
Archaeological Sites
and Remains Act,
1958
Conservation of cultural
and historical remains
found in India
Yes The proposed development
is not in close proximity to
any ancient monument
declared protected under
this act.
However, about 25 heritage
structures old have been
spotted in the project sites
which are required to be
protected. Appropriate
conservation and protection
Archaeological
Dept., GoI,
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S.No Act/Rules Purpose Applicabil
ity
(Yes/No)
Reasons for Applicability Authority
measures are being
developed as part of the
project.
8 Public Liability Act
and Insurance act
1991
This act details out the
requirement of protection
from hazardous materials
and accidents and sets the
guideline how to store the
hazardous materials.
No Largely no such hazardous
waste is being expected
from ghat development
project hence this act is not
applicable. Contractor need
to abide by this act if they
store hazardous
substances such as
petroleum products, etc.
SPCB
9 Mines and Minerals
(Regulation and
Development) Act,
1957 as amended
in 1972 and
Mining of Minerals
as per EIA
notification 2006
and MoEF circular
as per the Supreme
Court Order
27.02.2012
Permission of Mining of
aggregates and sand
As per the circular all
mining project (including
minor minerals) irrespective
of their lease areas of
operation would now
require environmental
clearance.
No/Yes Only licensed quarry will be
used and no new quarries
will be developed for minor
minerals like stone, soil,
river sand etc.
However, if new mining of
more than 5ha is being
explored the contractor
may need to take
environmental clearance.
State Department of Mining SEIAA/SPCB
Other applicable acts and rules mostly related to the construction activities are given below:
Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970
Engagement of labour and basic facility to be provided and labour licence to be obtained.
This act will be applicable for engagement of labour.
Minimum Wages Act, 1948
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The employer is supposed to pay not less than the minimum wages fixed by appropriate government as
per provisions of the act.
This act will be applicable for engagement of labour.
The building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions
of Service) Act 1996 ad the Cess Act of 1996
All the establishments who carry on any building or other construction work employ 10 or more workers
are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety measures at
the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities,
ambulance, housing accommodation for workers near the workplace etc.)
This act will be applicable for engagement of labour.
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2000
Whereas it is expedient to prohibit engagement of child in factory, mining and similar other risky work and
to make necessary provision for health. Child‟s safety and services and facilities while engaging them in
other work.
This act will be applicable to make sure not to engage any child labour.
3.2 Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of NGRBA
An ESMF has been developed for all the NGRBA portfolios of investments. The Investments aims at
preventing discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga and thus aiding abatement of river water
pollution and improvement in water quality. Consequently, this also contributes to the improvement in the
status of environment health and sanitation for the citizens of the concerned cities and towns. The
Investments, to be implemented, have its own beneficial as well as adverse impacts.
Objective of ESMF: The objective of ESMF is to ensure environmentally sustainable development in
NGRBA‟s endeavour of Mission Clean Ganga by effective management of environmental and social
issues in all the investments with a special focus on the following:
Ensure that all investments adhere to the national, state and local regulatory requirements during
the design, implementation and operation stage;
Ensure that best environmental and social practices are mainstreamed/integrated during design,
implementation and operation of the investments;
Strive to enhance environmental conditions wherever feasible;
Undertake to develop communication strategy, capacity building and training initiative for all
stakeholders such as the SPMGs, EAs, ULBs, NGOs and common citizen.
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The Riverfront Management Investments involve river front development schemes, beautification of river
banks, construction of bathing ghats along rivers, lakes and water body improvements, redevelopment of
cremation ground among others.
As part of river front investments, there will not be any permanent adverse or negative impacts due to
these investments, if there are no major interferences in the river flow channel hydraulics, which can
trigger erosion and siltation issues either in situ or elsewhere along the course of the river. Impacts due to
such investments could be minimized or mitigated by appropriate interventions and engineering designs.
The environmental issues that may arise due to investments like river front development schemes are:
Change in land use and drainage pattern
Change in channel hydraulics, triggering erosion and siltation problems either at in situ or
elsewhere along the course of river
Impact due to inadequate solid and liquid waste disposal arrangements
Impact due to inadequate sanitation , health and safety facilities
Impact on river water quality due to proposed amenities
Impact on environmental aesthetics and cultural values
However in Patna RFD, the project has been envisaged to take care of the issues in the design stage
itself. For example the ecological edge restoration work, development of land scape actually helps in
improving the present situation of drainage pattern. The project also envisaged to provide management of
solid and liquid waste expected to generate from the project and thereby improving the river water quality.
The project also provides various benefits due to such river front development such as:
Ensuring more safe environment for bathing for children and older people with the implementation
of life guard and guard rails;
Opportunities for employment for people who will operate kiosks and other informal economic
activities due to development of the ghats as an open public place to the people of Patna;
More efficient management of solid waste and sewerage generated along project ghats; and,
Improvement of safety measures with deployment of efficient exit routes during religious
gatherings along the project ghats.
As regards to the Social Impacts, the requirement of land for all these investments is rather small.
However, wherever there is displacement of titleholders/ non-titleholders, it may involve resettlement
issues and may result in temporary loss of access to private and common properties during construction.
The ESMF of NGRBA advices to adhere to the following rules and regulations related to Environment:
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Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI);
Environmental Policy and Regulations of respective State Governments;
Legislations applicable to construction activities
The applicability of these rules and regulations pertaining to Environment largely depends upon the type
of project. On a generic note each project under NGRBA need to check the applicability of following rules
and regulations:
Environment Protection Act,1986 ;
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 14th Sep-2006;
Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification 1991 (2011)
The Forest (Conservation) Act,1980
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958
Public Liability and Insurance Act, 1991
Explosive Act, 1984
Minor Mineral and concession Rules
Central Motor Vehicle Act, 1988
National Forest Policy, 1988
The Mining Act
The ESMF of NGRBA advices to adhere to the following rules and regulations related to Social:
National Tribal Policy, 2006;
National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007;
Land (Acquisition) Act, 1894 (as amended);
Forest Right Act, 2006
Screening and Categorization of Investments:
As part of the ESMF, each project are required to be scrutinized as to its location, scale and sensitivity
and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts.The extent of assessment required to identify and
mitigate the impacts largely depends upon the complexities of project activities. The scrutiny and
screening will be based on a detailed environmental and social screening exercise.
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The level of impact (high/low) will be decided based upon the overall assessment of the Environmental
and Social Screening exercise.
High Impact Category: A proposed investment will be classified as High impact category, if it is likely to
impact (adverse or moderate) the environmental and social aspects of the investments. The High
Category investments will also include all those investments which require the mandatory environmental
clearance as per the EIA 93 notification S.O 1533 (E) dated Sept 2006, published by Ministry of
Environment and Forests.
The investments categorized as “High” would require conducting an Environmental and Social
Assessment (ESA) by an independent agency (other than the agency designing the project) and the
scope of the assessment will be decided based on the nature of the investment and the environmental
and social sensitivity of the area.
The ESA report may include (a) Detailed description of the Environmental and Social condition of the
project area; (b) an assessment of the potential impacts; (c) formulation of mitigation measures; (d)
preparation of environmental and social management plan
The project categorization of Patna RFD has been detailed in Chapter-4 after project screening.
Conclusion:
The total construction area of the project is 69,500 and is thus less than the threshold construction
area (1,50,000) which attracts obtaining prior environmental clearance under schedule 8(b) of
projects (large construction and township) as per EIA notification 2006 and its subsequent
amendments;
Further the total built up are of the project is 2700 sq.m which is less than the threshold limit of built
up area (20,000 sq. m) which requires prior environmental clearance under schedule 8(a) of projects
as per EIA notification 2006 and its subsequent amendments;
The project area does not require any clearance under Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 with
amendments made in 1988 (for details please refer section 4.4.3 of EIA report);
Project area also does not fall under any protected area declared under Wildlife protection act 1972
also is not within 10km boundary of any protected area declared under Wildlife protection act 1972
(please refer section 4.4.3 for details);
Contractor also needs to take necessary permission and NOC‟s (if required) for setting up of their
plant and machineries as prescribed in table 3-2;
Contractor also need to abide by various provisions of construction related acts like Contract Labour
(Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970, Minimum Wages Act, 1948, The building and Other Construction
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Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1996 ad the Cess Act of 1996,
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2000;
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4. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
4.1 PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA
In Patna River Front Development (RFD) all the development work are associated with the right bank of
river Ganga. Hence the right bank and the ghat sections have been considered as the influence area for
the EIA study. In general 200 m lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as Direct
Project Influence Area (DPIA) and 500 m lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as
Indirect Project Influence Area (IPIA).
Figure 4.1:Direct Project Influence Area (DPIA)
The DPIA and IPIA, mostly consists of built up area which also includes some old and important
buildings. There are very few open spaces in the IPIA, the only prominent one being Gandhi maidan.
There is no natural sensitive area observed within the DPIA or IPIA such as wildlife sanctuary, national
park, protected areas, conservation reserve, tiger reserve, protected lake, etc. However man made
sensitive locations like Patna Medical College, Patna College, B.N. College, Patna Law College, temples
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along the ghats, some old buildings and few schools are observed falling within the DPIA and IPIA. The
lists of such man-made sensitive areas are listed below:
Faculty of Science-Patna Science College;
St. Joseph‟s Convent High School;
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering;
Centre for Water Resource Study;
Morning bell;
BNR training college;
Bal Vidya Niketan;
Narket ghat urdu school;
Patna Medical College;
There are some important old buildings observed within the DPIA and IPIA, which include:
Commissioner‟ Office;
St. Xavier‟s School;
Old Police Lines;
Collectorate Building;
Bankipore Club;
Graham‟s House;
B.N.College;
Victoria Jubilee Club;
St. Joseph‟s Cathedral;
Patna Medical College;
Anjuman Islamia Hall;
Darbhanga House;
Patna College;
Khuda Baksh Library;
Wheeler Senate Hall;
Patna Science College;
NIT Patna;
Rani Ghat;
Pathar Ki Masjid;
Tekari House;
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Badshah Nawabi Girl‟s High school;
Haveli Mir Mishraf;
Rajaji Mandir;
Aadi Chitragupta Mandir;
Government Press
However none of these buildings are listed as archeologically important sites protected under The Ancient
Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
4.2 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCREENING:
The details of environment and social screening details are shown in table 4.1 as given below:
Table 4-1 : Environment and Social Screening for River Front Development
Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River Front Development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost: 243.27 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District): Patna S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) Explanatory note for
categorization 1 Is the project in an eco-sensitive
area or adjoining an eco-sensitive area? (Yes/No). If yes, which is the area? Elaborate impact accordingly.
The project stretch does not fall under any kind of eco-sensitive zone, wild life sanctuary, national park, conservation reserve etc. However, Gangetic Dolphin (a schedule I specie as per Wild Life Protection Act, 1972) is present in this stretch of the River.
Though the project area does not fall under any protected or conserved area (like wildlife sanctuary, national park etc.), the presence of Schedule-I wild life species , the Gangetic Dolphin the project need to be considered as r High Impact category and requires a detailed environmental assessment.
Will the project create significant /limited/no social impacts? 2 Will the project create significant
/limited/no social impacts? Land acquisition resulting in
loss of income from agricultural land, plantation or other existing land use.
Land acquisition resulting in relocation of households.
Any reduction of access to tradition and river dependent communities (to river and areas where they earn for their
The project requires displacement of 229 Project Affected Families (PAFs). No land acquisition is involved and no income from agricultural land or plantation used for livelihood present there will be affected. No land acquisition resulting in relocation of households. However, 229 PAFs (non- title holders) along the ghats will be affected and are need to be relocated. Not envisaged
The project does not involve any land acquisition. However around 229 PAFs need to be displaced. These include about 25 cattle sheds at T.N Banerjee ghat that may get affected.
Considering these factors, project is categorized as high impact category.
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Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River Front Development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost: 243.27 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District): Patna S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) Explanatory note for
categorization primary or substantial livelihood).
Any displacement or adverse impact on tribal settlements(S).
Any specific gender issues.
Not as such
3 Will the project creates significant/limited/no environmental impacts during the construction stage?(Significant/limited/no impacts) Clearance of vegetation /tree
cover Direct discharge of
construction run off, improper storage and disposal of excavation spoils, waste and other construction materials adversely affecting water quality and flow regimes.
Flooding of adjacent area Improper storage and handling
of substances leading to contamination of soil and water
Elevated noise and dust emission
Disruption to traffic movements Damage to existing
infrastructure, public utilities, amenities etc.
Failure to store temporary construction sites
Possible conflicts with and /or disruption to local community
Health risks due to unhygienic conditions at works camps
Safety hazards during construction.
There will be limited environmental impacts during construction stage. Clearance of vegetation will be
required, however no tree cutting would be involved
The project will be constructed in narrow area and may include demolition of structures of PAPs, ghats etc. which generates debris. Chances of construction run-off are also there. This may affect water quality during the construction stage. Category-High
Chances of flooding is anticipated during monsoon but limited.
Chances of contamination due to improper storage of material
The roads along the ghat section are narrow and hence disruption of traffic movement during construction stage will be high.
Damage to public utilities, infrastructure is however low as design has been envisaged in such a manner.
Temporary construction site is a constraint so also the storage of materials.
Displacement of 229 household may lead to a possible conflict.
The construction is close to the river front and including r excavation and scaffolding work. Safety Hazard is hence high.
Limited environmental impact is envisaged and with set control measures most of the impacts will be minimized at the contractor‟s level.
4 Will the project create significant /limited /no environmental impacts
The project may create limited environmental impacts during the
Impacts are anticipated both during the construction as well
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Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River Front Development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost: 243.27 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District): Patna S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) Explanatory note for
categorization during the operaotin stage?(Significant/Limited/No impacts) Flooding of adjacent area Impacts to water quality due to
effluent discharge Gas emission Safety hazards
operation stage as: Chances of flooding to adjacent areas
are less due to more bank protection/stabilization
Effluent from the project will be taken care through toilet/mobile toilet and interceptor drains
Chances of gas emission is negligible from the project
Proper protection in the river front where the promenade or road is given shall be made to avoid unavoidable circumstances/accidents etc.
Based on the recommendations of Gangetic Dolphin‟ the project proposes riparian edge restoration as against stone pitching for bank stabilization. Hence this will create more natural habitat. Thus impact on on dolphin from the project (if any) is minimized
as the operation stage. Especially safety is important during the festive season. Impact to water quality from the proposed facilities and sewage generation is also anticipated. Flooding of adjacent areas is however low. The impacts are mitigated through monitoring and implementation of EMP.
5 Do projects of this nature/type require prior environmental clearance either from the MoEF or from the relevant state Government department?(MoEF /relevant state Government department/No clearance at all)
Not applicable as per the EIA notification 2006. Impact-Low
The proposed ghat development work involves construction work less than 1, 50,000 sq.m. Further, the total built up area is also less than 20,000 sq.m. Hence, the project does not require Environmental Clearance.
6 Does the project involve any prior clearance from the MoEF or state Forest department for either the convention of Forest land or for tree Cutting?(Yes/NO)
No clearance is required from MoEF or state forest department as no tree cutting would be involved in this project.
7 Please attach photographs and location maps along with this complete Environmental format for screening.
Attached separately with the form during the screening form submission and also given in chapter-2 of EIA report.
Overall Assessment High
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After overall assessment of the project, this project can be considered high impact on Environment and
Socio-economic environment. Hence as per the NGRBA framework (page 92, section 4.4.1 of NGRBA
framework) the project has been categorized as high impact category.
4.3 Project Area
The proposed project is river front development of Ganga Ghats in Patna, comprising development of 20
ghats (total length of 6.60 km), promenade including kiosks, community cum cultural centre, landscape
work in the precinct zones, city level parks and development of approach road to the ghats. The detail of
ghats along River Ganga is provided in the Table 4-2.
Table 4-2: Proposed Ghats for Developments along river Ganga in Ganga Ghats
Source: Feasibility Study
4.4 Baseline Environmental Profile
The baseline environmental setting has been studied using secondary data as well as primary data to
understand the present environmental scenario of the proposed location. Primary data has been collected
at site during post monsoon season in the month of September, 2012 by an NABL approved laboratory.
4.4.1 Meteorological environment
Climate
The project ghats are within 1 km from Patna City.
The climate of Patna is characterized by quite hot summers to moderately cold winters. The day
temperature generally ranges from 21.1ºC (Avg.) in January to 38.7ºC (Avg.) in May and night
Ghat Names
Anta ghat B.N. College ghat
Adalat ghat Mishri ghat
T.N. Banerjee ghat Krishna ghat
Baharwa ghat Rani ghat
Ghagha ghat Raushan ghat
Choudharytola ghat Pathri ghat
Alamgaunj ghat Naurwa ghat
Hanuman ghat Raja ghat
Gai ghat Bhadra ghat
Mahavir ghat Naujar ghat
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temperature from 7.3ºC (Avg.) in December to 27.7ºC in May/June (Avg.). The summer begins in April
and peaks in June/July with the temperature soaring up to 43°C (Max) till the moisture laden monsoon
wind bring some much-needed relief to the parched fields. The rains last through August /September and
continue into early October.
Relative Humidity
The relative humidity near the Ganga ghats is round 80 to 93 %.
Rainfall and Precipitation
The weather in the Ganga Ghats in Patna is characterized by a distinct wet season during the period of
south west monsoon (June to September). The air temperature starts falling with the onset of the
monsoon from June onwards, making the weather more humid and equable. The diurnal range between
the daily mean minimum and the daily mean maximum temperature reduces progressively as the
monsoon advances. Eventually, the lowest diurnal range of temperature occurs at the peak of the
monsoon, which is usually in August, though sometimes in July. As soon as the monsoon is over, the
diurnal range of temperature starts increasing rapidly to a maximum attained during the month of
November. The rainfall and temperature detail in Patna is given in Table 4-3.
Table 4-3: Rainfall and Temperature at Patna in Ganga Basin
S.No Station and Year
Mean Annual Rainfall (mm)
Water surplus in wet months; Jul-Sep (mm)
Rainfall as expressed in percentage of annual rainfall from Jul-Sep
Mean Temp in 0C Maximum Minimum
1 Patna
(1951-
1980)
1003.4 807.1 80.4 31.9 20.8
Source: Indian Meteorological Department
Wind Speed
The maximum wind speed is 177 km/h while the average wind speed during the year is 5 km/h
Wind Direction
By the Indian Metrological data (IMD) the wind direction near the river area varies from NE during the
summer season and SW during the winter season.
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4.4.2 Physical environment
Topography
Patna district can be sub-divided into two prominent natural features comprising:
A narrow strip of somewhat high land about 8 km in width along the Southern bank of the Ganges
having very fertile soil & alluvial fertile plains in the remaining portions. Patna does not contain
any hilly region. It has an entirely alluvial and flat region;
Patna is located on the south bank of the Ganga River. The town is situated at an altitude of 48 -
51 m above mean sea level. A characteristic of the geography of Patna is its confluence of five
rivers in its vicinity. The Ganga River being the largest and the other being Ghaghara, Gandak,
Punpun and Sone. Patna is unique in having.
The land in the district is highly fertile. The district is devoid of any forest wealth of consequences. The
alluvial text of land yields rice, sugarcane and other food grains.
The topography near the Ganga Ghats in Patna City is like a saucer and city has drainage issues during
monsoon season. This core area of Ganga Ghats in Patna faces problems of over crowding (e.g.
Collectorate ghat, Anta ghat, B.N College ghat, Gulbi ghat etc.) which has lead to enormous pressure on
the physical infrastructure and traffic congestion. The newer development areas lying in the central and
western part of Ganga Ghats comprise of both plotted developments and apartment houses.
A pre-independent image of Ganga ghats Image of collectorate ghat
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Geology
Ganga ghats are part of the Indo-Gangetic alluvium, one of the three main physiographic divisions of
India, which separates Extra-Peninsular regions on the north from the peninsular region on the south. The
level plain is known to be the outcome of a granular filling of a great depression with alluvial sediments
since Middle Pleistocene times. This forming a part of the flood plains of the Ganga has a monotonously
flat relief. The area under study is underlain by alluvial sediments of quaternary age. The quaternary
sediments are deposited unconformable on the Achaean basement.
Land use
During the baseline study the existing land use pattern with other geomorphological features around the
Patna RFD project and its surrounding area has been conducted as presented here in Figure 4.2 Figure
4-3 and Figure 4-4 respectively.
In Figure 4.2 the colour coded aspect map is representing the cardinal direction, which is based on
sunlight striking on the surface of the terrain along the River Ganga whioch shows the flow pattern of river
Ganga.
Figure 4.2: Colour coded aspect map for direction of the terrain along the RFD, Patna
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Figure 4.3: DEM Map along the project section in Ganga ghat section in Patna
This digital elevation model (Figure 4.3) along the Patna RFD project site clearly shows the elevation
pattern with direction and magnitude. This elevation map is helpful to understand the course pattern of
River Ganga within our project site including water catchment area.
Further, the existing land use within the DPIA and IPIA is observed from Figure 4.4. This land uses as
observed within the IPIA include mainly built up areas, major roads, vegetation, open spaces and water
bodies. The maps also indicate that the DPIA and IPIA are consisting of highly dense building lines.
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Physiography and Soil
Physiographically, India is divided into seven major divisions: (1) Northern Mountains, (2) Great Plains (3)
Central Highlands (4) Peninsular Plateaus, (5) East Coast, (6) West Coast and (7) Islands.
The Ganga basin falls entirely within the first three divisions. The peninsular plateau of the Gangetic
trough (with an elevation of less than 300 meters) is filled with older (Pleistocene) and recent alluvial,
forming nearly 4,000,000 Sq.Km in the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal as
shown in Fig: 4.5. The project area of Patna RFD falls under active alluvial plain i.e. landform created by
deposition of sediment over a long period of time by river coming from highland regions.
Figure 4.4: Land Use along the stretch of river bank to be developed under RFD project in Patna
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Figure 4.5: Physiographic map of Bihar along the river Ganga
Soil: The Ganga basin is characterized by a wide variety of soils. The soils of the high Himalayas in the
north are subject to continued erosion and the Gangetic trough provides a huge receptacle into which
thousands of meters of thick sediment layers are deposited to form a wide valley plain.
Among the soil types within Ganga basin, the alluvial soil covers more than 52 per cent of the basin. The
alluvial deposits of the basin not only cover the great Gangetic trough, but also extend over a sizable
portion of the peninsular foreland in the form of a layer less than 3 metres thick. The entire alluvial
formation is endowed with rich soil nutrients.
The Patna river basin area is characterized by Calcareous alluvial (Ustochrepts Haplaquepts) i.e. it is
slightly alkaline. This shows that the alluvium deposit in this region is old alluvium deposit. In general the
Calcareous Alluvium has higher potential of binding of molecules than the newer alluvium or acidic
alluvium and hence the chance of erosion in Calcareous alluvium is comparatively lesser than acidic
alluvium.
Seismicity
According to Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP), the state of Bihar lies in a region
with moderate to low to high seismic hazard, though the project site (Ganga Ghats) lies in Low Hazard
Zone (refer Figure 4-6). As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, this state also falls in
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Zones III, IV & V. The project site (Ganga Ghats) falls under Zone IV (as per IS 1893 (Part-I): 2002), refer
Figure 4-7 which indicates that it is situated in moderately stable zone.
Figure 4.6: Seismic Hazard Map showing the Project Area (Ganga Ghats)
Figure 4.7:Seismic Zonation Map of India
Project Area
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Hydrology and Drainage
The project area falls under the Ganga river basin. The River Map of Bihar is provided in Figure 4-8.
Figure 4.8:Sub-Basin maps of Ganga Basin
The major tributaries of Ganga in India include Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi.Chambal is one of
the major tributaries of Yamua, which merges with Ganga at Prayag (Allahabad). These tributaries and
their watershed form the 16 major sub-basins of the Ganga basin. Hoogly diverts from Ganga before
Ganga enters Bangladesh.
Patna river front development is situated at the right bank of river Ganga just after the confluence of
Ganga and Gandhak River. The project area mostly falls under the river basin of Ganga and sub basins
of Punpun, Gandhak and Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati river basins. As per the local observation, Ganga river
near the project Ghats is meandering to the left and during the summer season, limited flow is observed
between Collectorate Ghat to Adalat Ghat at the right bank of river Ganga.
The major sub-basin of Ganga in project area, Gandak- Burhi Gandak contributes mean annual flow
58.967 BCM which is about 11.23 % of total tributaries.
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Soil Quality
Soil samples have been collected from 3 Ghat areas during the environmental monitoring in the month of
September 2012. The location of soil samples were selected based upon following criteria:
The spread of the project area and length;
Uniqueness of the ghats;
Waste disposal or any other related activities for soil contamination;
Any other activities which may relate to soil contamination.
Accordingly the soil samples were collected from following sites:
Gulbi Ghat: It is well known for the cremation ground and hence is unique from the other ghats.
Possibilities of soil contamination could be highest at this site, so this site was selected;
Collectorate Ghat: The start point and open defecation was seen common and hence soil quality
monitoring was selected;
T.N Banerjee Ghat: Dairy units are found here and animal waste get mixed with water and soil,
so selected
Characterizations of soil samples was performed by adopting methods prescribed under relevant parts of
IS: 2720, “Indian Standard Methods of Test for Soils”. The soil analysis results are given in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4: Soil Quality Analysis of Proposed Project Site
Sr.
No.
Parameter Unit Gulbi ghat Collectorate ghat T. N. Banerjee ghat
1 pH - 8.56(1:5) 26⁰C 8.85(1:5) 26⁰C 7.8(1:5) 26⁰C
2 Texture - loamy sand Silt loam Loam
3 Sand % 84.2 26.1 38.3
4 Silt % 10.2 52.4 34.1
5 Clay % 5.6 21.50 27.6
6 Bulk density g/cc 1.43 1.29 1.25
7 WHC % 30.26 42.67 44.17
8 OM % 0.15 0.64 1.59
9 N mg/kg 92.23 184.46 338.18
10 P mg/kg 16.25 <4 292.49
11 K mg/kg 20 500 400
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Sr.
No.
Parameter Unit Gulbi ghat Collectorate ghat T. N. Banerjee ghat
12 Na mg/kg 60 60 40
13 Ca mg/kg 13584 11808 4224
14 Mg mg/kg 2678.4 2966.4 2476.8
15 EC µm/cm 68.8(1:5) 25⁰C 199(1:5) 25⁰C 112(1:5) 25⁰C
Source: Laboratory Analysis
The soil quality as observed shows alkaline content which supports the presence of Calcareous alluvium
(as referred from secondary literature as well).
Ambient Air Quality
The monitoring of the ambient air quality (AAQ) in the project site has been carried out for a regular
period of 48 hrs. at 3 ghats, by M/s Mitra S. K. Pvt. Ltd., recognised by NABL and MoEF. Sampling at
each location and analysis has been carried out as per guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board and
as per the requirements of MoEF.The total no of stations have been distributed throughout the project
influence area so as to get representative baseline of the study area. The selection of the locations was
made due to following reason:
Collectorate ghat: The road between Collectorate ghat to Anta ghat is quite congested and thus requires
an air quality sample;
T. N. Banerjee ghat: Being selected as a control as being seen as one of the dust free ghat by the ESIA
team members.
Gulbi Ghat: Cremation ground and hence chances of air pollution could be higher; so being selected for
an air quality sample
The ambient air quality monitoring results along with locations are given in Table 4-5.
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Table 4-5: Ambient Air Quality within study area
Location Date of
Monitoring
PM 10
(µg/m3)
PM 2.5
(µg/m3)
SO2
(µg/m3)
NO2
(µg/m3)
CO
(µg/m3)
Collector ghat 14/15.09.2012 88 47 5.4 26.7 363
Dr. T.N.Banerjeeghat 15/16.09.2012 54 29 4.3 21.4 275
Gulbi ghat 16/17.09.2012 69 36 4.0 19.0 175
Limit as per CPCB notification, New Delhi,
18th Nov, 2009. for Ambient air quality 100 60 80 80 2000
Sampling Method
IS: 5182
(Part-23)-
2006
USEPA
CFR-40,
Part-50,
Appendix-L
IS: 5182
(Part-2)
-
2001
IS: 5182
(Part- 6)
-
2006
IS 5182 :
Part 10
1999
Source: Laboratory Analysis
Results & Analysis:
The PM10 and PM2.5 level near the Collectorate Ghat is found in the higher range possibly due to the
market activities and associated dust generation. However, all the parameters of ambient air quality are
found well within prescribed limit.
Noise Levels
Locations for noise monitoring along the corridor are identified based on the following criteria:
Gulbi Ghat: Crematorium ground and hence accumulation of people along with various rituals and thus
possibilities sensitivies of noise generation during project construction / operation, hence been chosen for
one of the noise monitoring site;
Collectorate Ghat: Government offices and gathering of many people in this area, also presence of
market between Collectorate ghat to Anta ghat, hence selected as a noise monitoring location.
T.N. Banerjee Ghat: Used as a control point since it has been seen as one of calm ghat
Noise level monitoring photographs are given in Table 4-6.
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Table 4-6: Ambient Noise Level within study area
Location Date of Sampling Leq day
dB(A)
Leq Night
dB(A)
L Max
dB(A)
L Min
dB(A)
Collectorate ghat 14/15.09.2012 46.6 33.7 51.3 30.2
Gulbi ghat 15/16.09.2012 43.8 31.9 48.3 25.6
Dr. T.N.Banerjee ghat 16/17.09.2012 35.6 33.2 49.8 29.5
Permissible Limits/Standards as per CPCB Leq
dB(A) Day & Night (Residential) 55 45
Source: Laboratory Analysis
Results & Analysis:
The noise quality is well within the permissible limit. The discussion with the locals indicated that the
noise level goes high intermittently due to movement of water boats and other human activities. Overall,
the noise quality in the project area is within the permissible limits.
Water Quality
Water quality has been analysed for Surface water of Ganga River by Mitra S. K. Pvt. Ltd., recognised by
NABL and MoEF. Six representative water samples were collected in September, 2012, based on the
present usage and pollution load. The physical and chemical parameters of the collected samples were
tested as per established standard methods and procedures of CPCB. The selection of the stations was
based on the fact that the almost all the ghats are being covered. Further, water quality at the upstream
and downstream of Ganga River at Anta ghat has also been carried out to know the water quality in
Ganga River at Anta Ghat. The results of water quality samples are given in Table 4-7.
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Table 4-7: Water Quality Sample Analysis and Results
Sr. No. Parameter Unit Kali
ghat
Krish
na
ghat
Collec
torate
ghat
Gandhi
ghat
Anta ghat
(upstrea
m)
Anta ghat
(downstrea
m)
Gulbi
ghat
Desirable
Standard
(Bathing):
CPCB
Desirable
Standard
(Propagation of
Wilidlife and
Fisheries):
CPCB
1 pH 7.52 at
28⁰C
7.36
at
28⁰C
7.31at
28⁰C
7.65 at
28⁰C
7.49 at
28⁰C
7.6 at 28⁰C 7.45 at
28⁰C
6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5
2 TDS mg/l 127.4 257 141.5 130.5 128.4 402 136.4
3 TSS mg/l 680 599 165 837 157 1279 170
4 TH mg/l 103.68 172.8 107.52 119.04 88.32 213.4 111.36
5 Fe mg/l 1.93 3.27 3.88 3.47 1.69 4.12 3.35
6 Cl mg/l 17.81 31.67 15.83 15.83 17.81 42.2 17.81
7 F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
8 Ca mg/l 27.65 44.54 26.11 41.47 23.04 49.66 27.65
9 Mg mg/l 8.29 14.75 10.13 3.68 7.37 21.42 10.14
10 SO4 mg/l <1.0 25.89 1.71 28.75 7.19 56.9 3.05
11 NO3 mg/l 3.2 <0.4 5.7 3.1 2.7 12.6 11.2
12 As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
13 Zn mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 2.7 <0.02
14 DO mg/L 7.7 7.3 7.9 7.7 7.2 6.4 7.2 >5 >4
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14 BOD mg/l 3.3 3.21 3.11 <2.0 3.21 12.9 2.1 <3
15 COD mg/l 19.48 15.58 19.48 7.79 19.48 48.4 7.79
16 Total
Alkalinity
mg/l 105.08 184.6 99.4 110.76 110.76 187.2 107.92
17 Total
Coliform
cfu/10
0ml
30 110 50 170 280 280 23 <500
18 Faecal
Coliform
cfu/10
0ml
13 21 13 17 22 22 13
Source: Laboratory Analysis
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Results & Analysis: Analysis of water quality indicates that the water is suitable for bathing and
propagation of aquatic species. Further, the BOD as observed in almost all the measurement locations is
more than 3mg/L, as against the CPCB standard of 3 mg/l (for bathing). However, the total coliform count
in all the water quality monitoring station was observed less than 500 MPN per 100 ml (as per CPCB
standards for bathing water quality). During the site visits, the consultants, at two locations (Anta Ghat
and Krishna Ghat) noticed discharge of storm water mixed with sewage into Ganga, including many
open sewer lines (Refer figure 4-9). This demands suitable measures to avoid direct disposal of untreated
sewage in Ganga.
Figure 4.9:Discharge of Raw Sewage in Ganga river from Anta Ghat (left) and Krishna Ghat (Right)
4.4.3 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY
Forest Resources
Bihar is situated in the eastern part of India bordering Nepal and has a geographical area of 94,163 km².
It is part of gangetic plains and is drained by two major rivers, the Ganga and the Gandhak. Annual
rainfall in the state varies from 1000mm to 2000 mm.
The recorded forest area of the state is 6473 km² which is 6.87% of the geographical area. Reserve forest
constitutes 10.70%, Protected Forest 89.28% and unclassed Forest, which is about 0.02% of the total
forest area.
The proposed project falls in 7 – Gangetic plane as per the Biogeographic Classification of India and 7B
Lower Gangetic Plane Province of India.
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Forest Description
Patna district has deciduous type of forest. The district has 3202 km² of Geographical area comprising 13
km² of Moderately Dense forest, 3 km² open forest and absence of Very Dense forest. Thus the forest
cover of the district is 0.50% of total Geographic Area. (Source: State Forest Report – 2009). The Forest
map of Bihar is given in Figure 4.10.
Figure 4.10: Forest cover map of Bihar
The proposed ghat development area does not encounter with any kind of forest types like Reserve
Forest, Protected forest or un- classed Forest (declared Protected under “ The Indian Forest Act,
1927”) and “Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988”. (Source: Forest
Department Patna).
Further no tree cutting is involved in the project and with a landscape design approach all the trees will be
saved as part of this project.
Thus no forest Clearance is required for the proposed development.
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Wildlife Protected area and Wildlife Sanctuary
One Wildlife National Park (Valmiki National Park) and twelve Wildlife Sanctuaries are located in Bihar.
However, no National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is reported within 10 km from project boundary. The
Nearest wildlife sanctuary is Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin WLS which is more than 50 km in District
Bhagalpur.
Therefore clearance under “The Wildlife (Protection) Act – 1972” is not required for the proposed Ghat
development project.
During primary survey Schedule – I mammals as per WPA – 1972, like fresh water Dolphin (Platanista
gangetica gangetica) was seen in river Ganga stretch in Patna city.
Wetland:
No wetland notified under “The Ramsar Convention – 1971” or listed under“the National wetland
Conservation Programme – 2009” is reported within 10 km from project boundary. The nearest Wetland
notified under National Wetland Conservation Programme – 2009 are:
1. Kabar Wetland – District Begusarai
2. Barilla Wetland – District Vaishali
3. Kusheshwar Asthan Wetland – Darbhanga.
Terrestrial Ecology
The core zone comprises of Riparian Habitat (transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem).
A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream. Plant habitats and
communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by
hydrophilic plants.
Riparian zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or restoration. These zones are
important natural bio-filters, protecting aquatic environments from excessive sedimentation, polluted
surface runoff and erosion. They supply shelter and food for many aquatic animals and shade that is an
important part of stream temperature regulation.
The proposed project (Ghat Development) is partly comprises of Riparian Habitat and partly terrestrial
Habitat. During primary survey it has been noticed that the existing habitat along the banks of Ganga is
manmade type. Daily thousands of people visit the Ghat to take bath in Ganga as religious rituals.
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The floristic survey of the proposed site witnesses scattered growth of grasses (mainly weeds), rooted
hydrophytes, emerging hydrophytes, shrubs in undisturbed area where human movement is absent and
trees leaning over river water.
Among herbs species, weed are commonly reported on the river bank. Commonly reported weeds
species are Congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus), Lantana (Lantana Camara), Eipatorium
trilpineve, Solanum xanthiocarpum and Datura (Dathura stromonium). This is mainly due to better survival
rate, higher seed production and fast growing in comparison to other herbs.
The species of grasses reported along the banks are Cyanodon dactylon,Achyranthes aspera,
Saccharum arundinaceum, Vetiveria zizanoides, Ludwigia parviflora, Rungia repens, etc. These are
mainly reported above the water level, in an undisturbed area.
Rooted hydrophytes are reported along the banks, where water level is less than a foot or water has
recedes after flooding. The commonly reported hydrophytes are Ipomoea carnea, Argeratum
conyzoides,Azolla pinnata, Eichhornia crassipes,Lemna perpusilla,Spirodela polyrhiza, etc. Ipomoea
aquatic,etc. Photograph of flora reported in riparian Habitat are given in Fig: 4.11.
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Congress Grass Datura (Dathura stromonium) Cyanodon dactylon
Riparian Habitat Reprived of grass cover Extensive growth of herbs Anthropogenic activity along banks
Figure 4.11: Photograph of Flora reported in Riparian Habitat
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The phytosociological study of the core zone (terrestrial habitat) beyond the riparian habitat
comprises of manmade ecosystem. Trees plantation in form of landscaping was noticed due to
nearby residential area, government offices, hospitals, university, parks and market places. The
species of trees reported are mainly planted, except few species which are naturally growing. These
trees are fruit, flower and seed bearing and attract avifauna, small mammals and reptiles. Nesting
was commonly reported. Species of trees reported during primary survey are given in Table (4.8)
below.
Table 4-8: List of trees reported in the project affected area
S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Type Growth
1 Peepal Ficus religiosa River Bank Natural
2 Bargad Ficus benghalensis Mahindru Ghat Natural
3 Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Anta Ghat Natural
4 Jamun Syzygium cumini River Bank Natural
5 Neem Azadirachta indica River Bank Planted
6 Sal Shorea robusta University Ghat Planted
7 Salai Boswellia serrate University Ghat Planted
8 Bahera Terminalia arjuna Near Krishna Ghat Natural
9 Mango Mangifera indica University Ghat Planted
10 Golden shower Crassia fistula Collectrate Ghat Planted
11 Bakain Melia azadirachta Kali Ghat Planted
12 Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus University Ghat Planted
13 Kadamb Anthocephalus cadamba University Ghat Planted
14 Bail Aegle marmelos University Ghat Natural
15 Siris Albizia procera University Ghat Planted
16 Devil Tree Alstonia scholaris Krishna Ghat Planted
17 Royal Palm Roystonea regia Krishna Ghat Planted
18 Amla Phyllanthus emblica Krishna Ghat Planted
19 Neem Azadirachta indica Krishna Ghat Planted
20 Coconut Coco nucifera Krishna Ghat Planted
21 Umar Ficus racemosa Krishna Ghat Planted
22 Mango Mangifera Sp Ghandhi Ghat Planted
23 Gular Ficus Glomerata Ghandi Ghat Planted
24 Palash Butea monosperma Near Ghandhi Ghat Planted
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S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Type Growth
25 Gulmohar Delonix regia Near Ghandhi Ghat Planted
26 Kala siris Albizia lebbeck Near University Ghat Planted
27 Semal Bombax ceiba Near Kali Ghat Planted
28 Bair Zizyphus jujube Near Kali Ghat Planted
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Mangifera indica Ficus religiosa Ficus benghalensis
Azadirachta indica Alstonia scholaris Royal Palm
Figure 4.12: Photographs of Trees Reported at Ghat Area
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Terrestrial Fauna
To study the diversity of fauna, various survey methods were adopted. The survey was mainly carried
out at dawn and at dusk to study animal behavior and habitat. This study period is mainly selected as
animals are most active.
Secondary data was collected from the forest department and interaction with the local was also
conducted to establish baseline study for distribution of wild animals in the study area. No wild
mammals are reported in the study area, due to anthropogenic activity and urbanized habitat.
Domestic mammals are reported in the study area.
Avifauna:
The fauna reported in the inner buffer zone 3are mainly avifauna (highest diversity) followed by
mammals and reptiles. The commonly reported avifauna in the study area during primary survey, with
higher diversity are Common crow, Myna, Eagle, Sparrow, Babbler, Pigeon, Cattle Egrets, Red
Vented bulbul, Drongo, Sparrow, Indian Roller etc. During site visit higher frequency of birds recorded
in the project affected. This is mainly due to availability of nesting habitat, discarded foods from rituals
ceremony and fruits bearing trees. Table 4.9 gives the list of avifauna reported in the core zone and
inner buffer zone.
Table 4-9: List of Avifauna reported in inner buffer zone
S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Distribution WLPA4
1. Red Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Bushes -
Neating
Common IV
2. Rock Pigeon Columba livia Old building Common IV
3. Cattle Egrets Bubulcus ibis Trees, grass
land
Sporadic IV
4. Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Trees Common IV
5. Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Bushes &
Trees
Sporodic IV
6. Common Crow Corvus splendene Trees Sporadic IV
7. Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Trees Sporadic IV
3 The core zone for the present project is considered witin 500 m distance from the project site and the areas beyond this limit is considered as buffer zone. 4 Schedule IV of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, predominantly enumerated the species of common occurance, which needs lesser attentation in terms of conservation and management. Further, these species are conisedred as “Least Concern” under the Red List Category & Criteria of IUCN.
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S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Distribution WLPA4
8. Common Babbler Turdoides caudate Trees & Shrubs Common IV
9. Green Bee eater Merops orientalis Trees Rare IV
10. House sparrow Passer domesticus Trees &
Settlements
Common IV
11. Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus Trees Common IV
12. Egret Casmerodium albus Grass land
&shrubs
Common IV
13. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Grass land &
shrubs
Common IV
14. Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula Krameri Trees Sporadic IV
15 Spotted dove Spilopelia chinensis Grass land &
trees
Common IV
16 Bank Myna` Acridotheres ginginianus Trees Sporodic IV
Mammals:
During primary survey no wild mammals are reported in the study area. Based on secondary information
like interaction with the local, wild mammals like Indian mongoose and five stripped squirrel are reported.
Domesticated mammals like goat, sheep, dog, cow, ox, donkey etc. are reported. These animals are
domesticated for milk and other commercial purposed.
Reptiles:
Based on forest working Plan and interaction with people dwelling nearby ghat areas, it has been
confirmed that the study area witness poor reptilian distributions. Reptile like Rat Snakes (Ptyas
mucosus), Common Kraits (Bungarus caerulens), Indian cobra (Naja Naja) etc. has been reported. House
Geiko and Garden Lizard are directly sighted during primary visit.
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Sparrow Common Crow
Goat Buffalo
Figure 4.13: Photograph of Animal Reported in study area
Aquatic Ecology
The proposed project is located on the bank of Ganga River, which is fresh water and Lotic in nature. The
proposed project is located partly on the river bank (riparian Habitat) and partly on the river bed.
During primary survey of the site, it has been noticed that no well-established riparian habitat exists. This
is mainly due to urban development and other anthropogenic activity. Annually lakhs of people visit the
Ghat area for ritual baths and prayers. This part of the banks also received storm and sewer water drains
from Patna city. As a whole, the existing environment is not suitable for existence of any type of habitat.
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During lean period except monsoon, the depth of water available is less than one meter and maximum is
1.5 meter at few areas where ghat has been proposed. This depth is not suitable for the existence of
breeding, nesting and feeding habit for large aquatic mammals and reptiles.
The Aquatic faunal survey was carried out at early morning and in the evening. Fish net were used to
study the distribution of aquatic fauna in the project affected area. During primary survey no aquatic fauna
are captured in the net. Fixed net were also installed and left over night to study night time movement of
fishes and aquatic mammals.
Aquatic Profile of the Project Area
Aquatic Flora (Hydrophytes):
Hydrophytes grow in habitats where water is in excessive supply. They may be free floating, submerge
floating, submerged and rooted, emergent and rooted, etc.
In the proposed project area free floating hydrophytes reported during primary survey are Eichhornia
crassipes and Pistia sp,
The rooted emergent hydrophytes reported along the river banks are Ipomoea aquatic, Ipomoea fistulosa
and Saccharum spontaneum,
Rooted submerged hydrophytes reported in the project affected area during primary survey are
Potamogeton crispes and Vallisnaria.
Some plants like Phragmites Karkar, Arundo donax, Typha sp, etc. are on the river bed during survey.
They grow around water bodies with the water currents touching them occasionally; they also can survive
dry periods.
Aquatic Fauna:
Along its course (2500 km) river Ganga support rich faunal habitat. Numerous species of fishes, reptiles
and aquatic mammals has been reported.
The stretch from Haridwar to Gangasagar is primarily known for the presence of Ganga River Dolphins.
The population of which had been tremendously decline due to pollution caused by effluents discharge
from major city, mining of sand on river bed, construction of dam, over fishing, and poaching of dolphins
for using in fishing net and for meat.
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Fauna of Study area:
Extensive survey for the distribution of aquatic fauna in the study area was carried at dawn and at dusk.
Primary survey along the river bed with fisher men were carried out to establish the presence of dolphin‟s
habitat in the project affected area. Secondary information was collected from Zoological Survey of India
and from forest department for faunal distribution.
Different faunal group like mammals, reptiles, fishes and aquatic avifauna are recorded from the study
area based on primary and secondary survey.
Aquatic mammals:
Aquatic mammals like Gangetic Dolphins (Platanista Gangetica gangetica) have been reported in the
study area. The behavior and ecology is as follows:
Gangetic Dolphins(Platanista Gangetica gangetica)
Gangetica Dolphins is Scheduled – I animals as per “The Wildlife (Protection) Act – 1972”. This animal is
declared endangered by the IUCN Red List Category - 2012 and need conservation to safe guard the
population.
Dolphins Habitat in Project Affected Area:
To establish the existence of Dolphins habitat in the proposed ghat development area, extensive survey
was carried out at dawn, afternoon and at dusk to have rough ideas whether their distribution is driven by
circadian rhythm. Secondary information was collected based on the interaction with boat men, fishermen
and people dwelling near the ghat. ZSI and forested department were also consulted regarding the
presence of Wildlife sanctuary and dolphins breeding site.
In addition, renowned Gangetic Dophin expert, Prof.R.K.Sinha, has reviewed the project proposals and
according to his preliminary report, the entire stretch of the river along the city of Patna is a good habitat
for the Gangetic Dolphin. The report further indicates that, the Gangetic Dolphin prefers deep zone with
eddy counter currents and complex hydro-geomorphological formation in the river. Such habitats were
formed along the left bank of the river at Patna. When the flow of Ganga was from Pahleza ghat to Digha
ghat, i.e. North to South, the river used to flow very close to the city of Patna from Digha Ghat to
Deedarganj.
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In last two decades the course of Ganga has shifted away from the city of Patna from Digha to
Collectorate Ghat. Thus currently the Dolphin habitat close to the river front is from Collectorate Ghat
downward only.
The left bank of the river at Patna was protected by brick and boulder pitching since long back as this
bank used to be the erosion side of the river. The boulder and bricks along the river bank have been
found to be good habitat for many of the invertebrates and breeding sites of some of the important fish
species. The Dolphin feeds on small size (usually about 10 cm long or less) fish as its gullet is very small.
Occasionally it also feeds on mud-dweller small fishes groveling in the bottom of the mud.
The Gangetic Dolphin have been observed near the cremation ghats, ferry ghats, bathing and washing
ghats. In areas with human activities like bathing and washing ghats, ferry ghats and cremation ghats
people tend to throw some edible items which could attract the fishes and ultimately Dolphin.
Figure 4.14: Dolphins Movement in Project Study Area
No feeding habitat is reported in the project area due to low water depth, island formation due to sand
deposition and frequent movement of motor driven boats, effluent discharge pollution the water towards
Dolphin Movement
Ghat Development
Sand Deposit
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right banks and other anthropogenic activity has deprive the right bank (ghat development area) from
dolphins movement.
Based on secondary information, discussion with ZSI and Forest department, higher frequency of
dolphins movement is reported at three location in the study area (within 10 km from project boundary).
They are
1. Ganga – Gandhak confluence site
1. Danapur - Punpun Bridge
2. Fatuwah – Trivani Ghat.
(Source: Zoological Survey of India, Patna, Bihar)
Dolphins are reported at these sites because fishes are maximum available at the confluence site and
where counter current exists, which make them easier to catch prey. Dolphins prefer to stay where water
depth is more, counter current in water exists and water beels exists at confluence point with streams and
rivers (refer Figure 4.15).
Wildlife Sanctuary – Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located near Bhagalpur, between Sultangaunj and Kahalgaon
(Source: Conservation and Biomonitoring in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar, India) more than 160 km
(aerial distance) downstream of project site of Patna RFD.
The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganges River from Sultangaunj to Kahalgaon. Designated in
1991, this sanctuary is earmarked for conservation of Dolphins. Figure 4.16 gives the location of
Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphins Sanctuary with respect to project site.
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Figure 4.15: Location were Dolphins are reported
Ghat Development Area
Locations Dolphins
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Figure 4.16: Location of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphins Sanctuary with respect to project site
Vikramshila WildlifeSanctuary
Ghat Development
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Other Aquatic Fauna:
Fishes
Ganga River is adobe for variety of fishes. To have an idea about the fishes distribution netting were
carried out along the proposed Ghat, sand deposited area within the river and on left banks. The
number of fishes caught is less in the right bank (proposed project area) in comparison to the left
bank. Highest catch of fishes were reported near the sand island on course of river. Secondary
information about fishes distribution was collected from fishery department and from the fisher men.
The species of fishes reported during primary visit are Rohu, Catla, Hilsa, Mystus sp, Cirrhinus Sp,
etc. Species of fishes reported in the study area is given in table 4.10.
The species of fishes given in Table 4.10 are commonly reported in the fresh water bodies like river,
streams, lakes, pond and estuaries. They are cosmopolitan in distribution and are reported all over
India and Indian Sub continents. These species of fishes are commonly used in aqua culture practice
and had good commercial importance.
Ecologically these species are primary and secondary consumer in the freshwater ecosystem mainly
in rivers. They are primary food for secondary consumers like fresh water dolphins (Platanista
Gangetica gangetica), gharials, crocodiles, turtles, etc. They do not have fix breeding and nesting site
and mainly spawn during monsoon season when the water is diluted, laden with silt and current of
water is high to keep their spawn (egg) floating for hatching of eggs. Hence they breed all over river,
streams, lakes, etc. during favorable conditions.
Therefore the species of fishes reported in table are not confined to project site only but are reported
all over Ganges courses.
Table 4-10: Fish Species reported in the study area
S.No Common
Name
Scientific Name Categories Category as per IUCN –Red List
1. Mrigal Cirrhina mrigala Indian Major
carps
Not Included
2. Catla Catla Catla Do Not Included
3. Rohu Labeo rohita Do Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)
4. Calbasu Labeo calbasu Do Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)
5. Bata Labeo Bata Indian Minor
Carp
Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)
6. Kalabans Labeo dero Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)
7 Wallaga attu Not Included
8. Rita rita Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)
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S.No Common
Name
Scientific Name Categories Category as per IUCN –Red List
9. Cyprinus carpio Other fishes Vulnerable A2ce (As per Ver 3.1)
10. Channa punctate Not included
11. Channa marulias Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)
12. Tengara Mystus Tengara Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)
13 Ponthia Puntius sophore Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)
14 Puntius ticto Not Included
15 Singhi Heyeropneustus fossilis Non Included
16 Palwa Mystus cavasius Least Concern ( as per Ver. 3.1)
17 Phasia Setipinna brevifilis Non Included
(Source: Primary data & Fishery department, Patna)
Catla Catla Labeo rohita Cirrhina mrigala
Mystus Tengara Prawn Puntius sophore
eel Fish Aristichthys nobilis Cyprinus carpio
Figure 4.17: Photographs of Species of Fishes reported during primary survey
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Hence it has been observed that most of the fish species observed in the project stretch are either not
included in the IUCN-Red List or under “Least Concern” category except Cyprinus carpio which is
categorized as “Vulnerable”. Suitable measure shall be given in EMP so that the existing population of
this species is not destroyed from the project.
4.4.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Although the DPIA and IPIA do not counter with any kind of archeologically important building/site
conserved listed under Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, some
heritage buildings were observed along with many indigenous cultural resources like temples within the
IPIA. The lists of such important heritage as well as indigenous buildings within DPIA and IPIA are
given in table 4.11 and 4.13 respectively.
Table 4-11: List of Heritage and Indigenous Building within DPIA
S.No Name of the Structure Purpose of Uses Grade as per ICOMOS
1 Collectorate Building Administrative I 2 Temple Complex near Collectorate Ghat Religious II 3 Bankipore Club near Collectorate Ghat Club I 4 B.N.College near B.N. College Ghat Academic I 5 Railway Reservation Centre at Mahendru Ghat Public Services III 6 Patna Civil court at Mahendru Ghat Administrative II 7 Temple complex at Adalat Ghat Religious II 8 Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat Religious 9 Patna Medical College at T.N Banerjee Ghat Academic and Hospital II 10 Patna College and Darbhanga House at Kali ghat Academic and heritage I 11 Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat Religious II 12 Hostels of Patna University at Krishna Ghat Academic and Residential II 13 Patna Science Collge at Krishna Ghat Academic II 14 National Institute Technology at Gandhi Ghat Academic IIB 15 Law college hostel block at Law college ghat Academic II 16 Temple complex at Rani Ghat Religious I 17 Temple complex at Ghagha ghat Religious II 18 Remnants of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat Ancient Building I 19 Temple complex at Chaudhury Tola Ghat Religious II 20 Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf at Chaudhury Tola Ghat Ancient Building I 21 Badshah Nawab Rizvi Girls Training school at
Pathri Ghat Academic III
22 Mosque at Alamganj Ghat Religious III 23 Temple complex at Raja Ghat Religious II 24 Fortification at Raja Ghat Ancient I 25 Government Press at Mahavir Ghat Public Service building IIB 26 Aadi Chitragupta Temple at Naujar Ghat Religious I
Source: Cultural Impact Assessment Report by INTACH, December 2013
For the assessment of the values of cultural heritage the grade scale proposed in the cultural impact
assessment (CIA) report by Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) is based on
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS‟) guideline on heritage impact assessments
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of Cultural World Heritage Properties. According to it the value of the asset may be defined using the
following grade scale:
Grade-I: Equivalent to High;
Grade-II: equivalent to medium;
Grade-III: Equivalent to low
As the cultural heritages referred in the CIA report are not Cultural World Heritage Properties, the very
high was eliminated from this list. Also negotiable and unknown potential were not considered in the
CIA report as the selection was already made for heritage. The detail of the meaning of grades is
given in table 4.12.
Table 4-12 ICOMOS’ Value Table
Grading Archaeology Built Heritage or Historic Urban
Landscape
Historic Landscape Intangible Cultural Heritage or association
High Nationally-designated Archaeological Monuments protected by the State Party‟s laws. Undesignated sites of the quality and importance to be designated. Assets that can to acknowledged national research objectives.
Nationally designated structures with standing remains Other buildings than can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical associations not adequately reflected in the listing grade. Conservation Areas containing very Important buildings.
Undesignated structures of clear national importance.
Nationally designated historic landscape of outstanding interest. Undesignated landscapes of outstanding interest. Undesignated landscapes of high quality and importance, and of demonstrable national value. Well preserved historic landscapes, exhibiting considerable coherence, time depth or other critical factors.
Nationally-designated areas
or activities associated with globally-important
Intangible Cultural Heritage activities.
Associations with particular
innovations, technical or movements of national
significance.
Associations with particular individuals of national
importance
Medium Designated or undesignated assets that can contribute significantly to regional research objectives.
Designated buildings. Historic (unlisted) buildings that can be shown to have exceptional qualities or historical associations.
Conservation Areas containing buildings that contribute significantly to its historic character.
Designated special historic landscapes. Undesignated historic landscapes that would justify special historic landscape designation.
Historic townscapes or built-up
areas with important historic
integrity in their buildings, or built settings.
Landscapes of regional value.
Averagely well
preserved historic landscapes with
reasonable coherence, time-
depth or other critical factors.
Areas associated with Intangible Cultural heritage activities as evidenced by
local registers.
Associations with particular
innovations or developments of regional
or local significance.
Associations with particular individuals of regional
importance.
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Grading Archaeology Built Heritage or Historic Urban
Landscape
Historic Landscape Intangible Cultural Heritage or association
Low Designated or undesignated assets of local importance. Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations. Assets of limited value, but with potential to contribute to local research objectives.
“Locally Listed” buildings. Historic (unlisted) buildings of modest quality in their fabric or historical associations. Historic Townscape or built-up areas of limited historic integrity in their buildings, or built settings.
Robust undesignated historic landscapes. Historic landscapes with importance to local interest groups. Historic landscapes whose value is limited by poor preservation and/ or poor survival of contextual associations.
Intangible Cultural heritage activities of local significance. Associations with particular individuals of local importance. Poor survival of physical areas in which activities occur or are associated.
Table 4-13 List of Heritage and Indigenous Buildings within IPIA
S.No Important Heritage Site
Distance from Patna RFD (Approx. m)
Year of Construction
Purpose of Use
1 Gol-Ghar, Patna; 1000 1786 Tourist Place
2 Commissioner‟ Office; 850 1952 Administration Office
3 St. Xavier‟s School; 820 1940 School
4 Old Police Lines; 325 - Administration Office
5 Graham‟s House; 120 - Administrative Office (ASI
Circle office)
6 Victoria Jubilee Club; 120 1924 Club
7 St. Joseph‟s Cathedral; 265 Religious
8 Anjuman Islamia Hall; 25 1885 Community Centre
9 Khuda Baksh Library; 222 1891 Academic
10 Wheler Senate Hall; 345 1926 Academic
11 Pathar Ki Masjid; 24 1621 Religious
12 Rajaji Mandir; 11 Religious
Among these important heritage sites only Gol Ghar Patna, is an archeologically important site, which
is about 1 km from the project area. The figures showing the locations of heritage and indigenous
buildings are placed in Figure 4.18 and 4.19 respectively. The CIA report is placed in Annexure-1.7
and the recommendation of the report for restoring the heritage structures are given in Chapter 7.
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Figure 4.18: Locations of Heritage/Important Buildings within DPIA and IPIA
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Figure 4.19: Locations of Indigenous Buildings within Project Ghats
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4.4.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
The impact of this development project in stretch of 6.6 kilometres were identified through a series of exercises
including social screening during early project preparation stage and detailed social impact assessment and
public consultation in the project area. In addition to various positive project impacts perceived due to the
proposed project intervention, some negative social impacts in terms of loss of structures/housings are also
envisaged from the project.
Since the project does not involve any private land acquisition hence, there will not be any impacts on
titleholders land or structures. As revealed from the social survey, a total of 229 residential structures all belong
to non-titleholder i.e. squatters are likely to be affected by the project. The project impacts are due to mainly ghat
development component. Out of 229 affected families, 194 will be affected due to ghat development and rest of
the 35 will be affected due to construction of approach road. The social impact due to different activities of
different project component is summarised here in Table- 4.14
Table 4-14: Component wise Project Affected Families
Sl. No. Project Components Affected Families Number of
PAPs
1 Development of Ghats
194 943
2 Construction of Promenades 0 0
3 Community cum cultural centers. 0 0
4 Landscape work in the precinct zones 0 0
5 City level parks 0 0
6 Construction of Approach Roads* 35 160
Total 229 1103
* Only at Mahendru Ghat (Source: Primary Data, RAP)
However, in all non-titleholders affected structure 84.72 % are semi-permanent and rest included under
temporary structures.
Socio - Economic Profile of PAFs
The total PAFs (229) contributes an average family size of 4-8. Their composition was slightly tilted in the
favors of males at 54.31% as compared to 45.69% females. All affected people falls under Hindu religion in
which 42.79 % included under Schedule Caste category while 52.14% comes under Other Backward Caste
and rest are General Category. Most of the persons in this project affected area are illiterate (51.95 %) and
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married (86.03 %). For employment they are engaged in daily wage labour (165 out of total) hence, 62.45 %
of PAFs limited to an income category of 3000-5000 per month. The possession of durable consumer items
by the PAFs is shown in Table-4.15
Table 4-15: Details of Possession of Material in PAFs
Sl. No.
Items Possession %age
1 Electric fan 79 34.50
2 Mobile phone 37 16.16
3 TV 27 11.79
4 Cycles 2 0.87
5 Rickshaw 1 0.44
6 Thela 2 0.87
7 Boat 5 2.18
Out of total 229 numbers of PAFs identified during the survey in which 24 female headed household will be
affected by the project. Women‟s status in illiteracy, work force participation rate, general health conditions
etc. are found to very backward in project area. In PAFs, 39 females contribute their hand in income of their
family through different employment. However, out of 39 women, 32 are engaged in daily wage labour job,
five (5) are sweeper and one woman is contributing service and cattle rearing.
4.5 Conclusion
The base line environmental profile of the project influence area indicates that the air, water and noise
quality of the project area is good and is within the permissible limits of the regulatory authorities. The
aquatic and terrestrial ecology of the project area also does not present any sensitive species. However,
presence of Gangetic Dolphins in the river, number of heritage structures along the river banks, residential
structures and cattle sheds on the banks of the river, makes the sensitive from environmental and social
impact point of view.
In addition, a few drainage and waste water channels also discharge into the river and could create conflicts
with the construction and operation of the River Front Development Project. These aspects, requires
particular attention in the assessment of impacts and development of mitigation measures for the project.
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5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
Analysis of alternatives involves a thorough study of the possible future conditions in the project study area
of the possible future conditions in the project area in response to a set of alternatives without the project or
status quo condition. The development of ghats and promenade is proposed with a noble intention to
provide:
A comprehensive public place for the citizen of Patna a public spanning the entire city length, which at
present is not available;
Enhance the safety during local festivals and minimizing water related pollution
Enhance the environment awareness among local people and to create a sense of pride of their city‟s
river edge.
Existing condition
The River edge is a discontinuous 6.6 km stretch of 28 Ghats-isolated and unconnected at the river edge.
Some of the Ghats are very well connected with city and are actively used and some of them are only used
at a local level due to their poor accessibility and connectivity to city but are well knitted and forms an
important part of community structure as recreational space.
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EXISTING CONDITION- Isolated small Ghats with individual access
The detailed strategies and overall design proposal can be understood from DPR chapter 4. In brief, the
strategies followed to address the issues mentioned above are:
Create an active urban edge to riverfront
Upgrade and organize access to ghats
Renew local potential
Structure existing open spaces connection to river
Ghat and promenade designs to provide multi use public space with facilities
5.1 With or Without Project Alternatives
Keeping in view the site conditions and the scope of development of the area, the „with‟ and „without‟ project
scenarios have been compared as shown in Table 5.1. By looking at the table it can be concluded that “with”
project scenario with positive/beneficial impacts will vastly improve the environment and enhance social and
economic development of the region compared to the “without” project scenario, which will further deteriorate
the present environmental setup and quality of life. Hence the “with” project scenario with minor reversible
impacts is an acceptable option than the “without” project scenario
Limited impacts on vegetation are expected during construction. Little air and water pollution is expected
from the proposed construction activities; however these are localized impacts and can be minimized with
proper construction schedule and enclosing harmful construction within the ghat area. The possible storage
of any kind of hazardous materials may need to be used carefully as the same has the potential to put risk
City boundary
Access Access Access
Wide Ghats with bigger space for gathering and recreation, but still limited use because of individual access
TRADITIONAL APPROACH
Isolated Ghats- not connected, hence limited use and view Small Ghats, hence less space for recreation
River
River
City boundary
Access Access Access
Ghat Ghat Ghat
Ghat Ghat Ghat
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on water quality. As part of the project, however no tree cutting is involved as revealed during the discussion
with the project proponent.
Table 5-1: With and Without Project Scenario
Component With Project Scenario Without Project Scenario
Selection of Ghats
for improvements
The ghats selected in the project are from
Collectorate ghat till Naujar ghat. Study
has been made to understand the
requirement of development for the
various ghats in the project area. It has
been observed that from Digha Ghat to
Collectorate ghat (the starting location of
project) i.e. the river Ganga has shifted to
a large extent and large extent of land
mass surfaced. Hence the ghat
development work has been taken up
only from Collectorate ghat onwards.
Without the project, first of all
such scientific way of
development of ghat would not
happen.
A public Place for
Patna
The proposed project would minimize the
requirement of public place in Patna and
would enhance tourism potential and
attract tourists.
Without the project such
opportunity of creating a public
place would not have been
achieved and other associated
improvements like good
approach road to ghats, green
parks and gardens,
promenades would not have
been considered.
Easy of access
during Festival
With the present proposal of improving
the ghats and developing promenades
there will be easiness of gathering
number of people during the Chhath
festivals and would minimize chances of
mishaps during crowded festival time.
Additionally, as part of the project apart
Without the project, such
opportunities are reduced and
unhygienic and risky condition
during the festivals would
prevail.
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Component With Project Scenario Without Project Scenario
from developing the ghats, various exit
routes are being provided to manage the
devotees during emergency etc., if any.
Promenade
The promenade has been designed after
careful consideration of public usage. The
facilities along the promenade provide
comfortable walking stretches along with
kiosks. In case of overcrowding in one
ghat, the devotees are able to move to
nearby ghats through the connection
provided by promenade, thus providing a
safer environment to large crowd
gatherings along with recreational
facilities. (DPR chapter 6)
Without the project, there is no
connection between ghats
along the river.
Environment
Education The development of the project with
Dolphin awareness centre will enhance
the chances of minimizing the impact on
river dolphins and aid in its conservation
through creation of more awareness.
.
These chances for awareness
generation on Dolphins and
environmental education will be
very minimum without the
project.
Public Awareness With the proposed development the
chances of enhancing public awareness
increases towards minimizing the river
pollution and disposal untreated waste
This opportunity is lost without
the development and the
disposal of wastewater will
continue.
Environment
Friendly
embankment
development (DPR
chapter 7)
With the project environment friendly
embankment development like riparian
edge restoration, , control of flood through
landscape along the banks are possible
These opportunities would be
lost and flash flood and erosion
would continue.
Public Facilities With the project there will be facilities like These facilities and
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Component With Project Scenario Without Project Scenario
public toilets, solid waste management,
policing to minimize uncivilized activities
(like taking alcohol and other narcotics)
The facilities like toilet, solid waste
disposal system and lifeguard stations-
provide safety, awareness and prevent
solid waste being disposed into the river.
opportunities would be lost
without the development.
Development of
Crematoria at Gulbi
ghat
The development of Crematoria at Gulbi
ghat will be made with electric challah.
Further, the place will be enclosed to
minimize the disposal of body ash, un
burnt wood and other ritual materials in
the river.
Without the project the burning
with wood will continue and
disposal of waste materials into
Ganga will still continue.
5.2 Good design aspects
Accessibility
At present, ghats have disconnected access mostly encroached and narrow to commute. In the proposal,
existing access to ghats are widened and enhanced for easy movement of the people. During festival times,
emergency evacuation routes have been proposed leading away from each ghat with provision for
ambulance parking and movement being directions one way, forming a loop system. Existing access roads
identifies and enhanced, thus limiting the construction cost more economical.
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The project would instill a sense of pride in the citizens, thus creating awareness, causing behavior change
and protecting the river and its ecology. The constant monitoring and usage would prevent unethical
activities and illegal fishing.
River Edge
Currently the river banks are prone to erosion and suffer from garbage dumping. The riparian edge
restoration proposed in-between the ghats protect the erosion and retain the local flora and fauna preserving
the existing environment. The presence of promenade and solid waste disposal system discourages tourists
to discard garbage into river.
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Riparian within loose boulders, Gabions with grass, plants with native shrubs to control soil erosion and
planting along the river edge.
To protect the littoral zone which provides the vital area for symbiotic exchange between the river and land,
no new species of landscaping are proposed in the areas between the ghats. The existing flora and fauna
are encouraged to remain and grow.
Construction techniques
The construction techniques proposed are familiar to local workers; materials used are locally available thus
preventing large transit of materials. Environmentally friendly materials (non-lead based paints etc.) are
proposed in construction, finishes with natural stones are proposed for durability and aesthetically pleasing.
Periodic inspection and supervision during construction ensures good practice.
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Solid waste
At present garbage dumps are present along the river edge. The ghats and in between edges suffer from
strewn garbage and lack of toilets leads to unhygienic conditions. Adequate solid waste collection bins and
pick up and disposal locations are proposed along the promenade. Adequate public toilets are also proposed
along each ghat location which is currently absent.
Heritage buildings
Currently, buildings of heritage value remain neglected without proper use. The proposal incorporates the
existing heritage and indigenous buildings in the development. This protects dilapidated buildings from
further deterioration. Indigenous temples already popular amongst locals are identified and developed
integrating current practices, with proposed activities. This enhances the local potential with minimum
constructed intervention.
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Trees
The river edge has number trees. In the proposal, Existing trees along the river edge have been marked,
avoiding any construction around the tree. The promenade design meanders around the existing clusters,
maximizing shade. Stilt construction provides flexibility to avoid roots of the trees to prevent damage to trees.
The design of the promenade meanders around existing tree clusters minimizing tree cutting as shown below
Lighting and Water
Currently except for the functioning ghats, there are no street lights or general lighting present. The proposal
includes LED lights conserving energy. Architectural features are highlighted, adequate street and post lights are
proposed providing security and access in evenings. All kiosks and toilets are provided with water supply to
facilitate the visitors.
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5.3 Technology Benefits
With the proposed development there will environment friendly embankment development which is
intended towards the following:
Riparian edge restoration, planting long edge for biodiversity for wildlife, carbon reduction,
nutrient exchange along edge;
Control of flood and overflowing through landscape along the banks and engineering
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6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION & STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION
6.1 Introduction
Consultation is a process in the project cycle in which an attempt is made to involve the public as
stakeholders in project preparation through consultation and focus group discussion meetings.
Stakeholders‟ participation and consultation have been viewed as a continual course of action, which
promote public understanding and help eradicate hurdles in the way of the project. Consultation
during project preparation as an integral part of the social assessment process not only minimizes the
risks and unwanted propaganda against the project but also removes the gap between the community
and the project formulators, which leads to timely completion of the project and making the project
people friendly.
6.2 Methods of Public Consultation
Keeping in mind the objective of minimizing adverse impact and the need of the stakeholders‟
participation for the smooth implementation of the project, consultation with the members of different
sections of society, the affected people, identified vulnerable groups including women headed
households, slum dwellers regular Ghat visitors, venders, boatman, vegetable seller, tourist and
students of the project area were carried out. The consultation with vulnerable people was made with
the aim of building awareness among them so that likely potential adverse impacts of the project on
the target vulnerable population may be minimized. In this regard several meetings were organized at
various locations, as detailed in this chapter. Consultations were carried at different level (Table 7.1)
to elicit required information (their view & opinions).
Table 6-1: Level of Consultations
Key Stakeholders Types of Consultations
Local communities Individual interview, field level observations,
community consultations & meetings
Political and Policy Makers Formal meetings and discussion
Individual affected households Census & Socio – economic Survey
Tourists & Students Focus Group Discussions
Women‟s groups Focus Group Discussions
Other vulnerable groups (SC, OBC etc.) Focus Group Discussions
Fisher man and Boat mans Focus Group Discussions
Vegetable seller Focus Group Discussions
Slum dwellers Focus Group Discussions
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The main objectives of undertaking these consultations were:
To seek inputs from the stakeholders on the project design and understand the priorities /
concerns of the communities
To make affected persons aware of the project impacts and broad provisions of the R&R policy
Dissemination of information to build awareness among APs and inform them about the objective
of the project.
Discuss about the training requirements to enhance their skills & restore the livelihood.
6.3 Focus Group Discussion with local communities
Public consultation is a continual process and has been carried out at all stages throughout the
project period. In order to understand the issues of the potential APs, public consultations were
conducted in all Ghats. Some of the Affected Persons expressed their views about the proposed ghat
Development project. A total 8 such Focus Group discussion were conducted during the EIA
preparation period. The name of Focus group discussion is given below:
FGD-1 : Local vegetable seller and boatman at Anta ghat
FGD2 : Local ghat Users in Mahendru ghat and Collectorate ghat
FGD3 : Slum population along river Ganga between Mishri to Dr. T.N.Banerjee ghat
FGD4 : Common ghat users coming to ghat for passing time during evening period at Gandhi
ghat and Kali ghat
FGD5 : Relatives who gather in the funeral at the crematorium at Baikuntha Dham ghat
FGD6 : General Public discussion may be at some tourist place of the city (like Golaghar or
Gandhi Maidan to know their perception about ghat development work)
FGD7 : Local fishermen to understand their livelihood and possibility of any impact on them.
FGD8 : Discussion with local fishermen for discussion as part of river Dolphin, its observation
frequency, poaching provisions and use of its oil for fishing etc.
A summary of different issues discussed with the potentially affected persons are given below.
1. Public Consultation with Vegetable sellers Community at Anta Ghat, Patna
Minutes
Date: 19th Sep, 2012 Time: 10:00 to 11:30 Place: Anta Ghat
Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYANTS
1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra
2. Mr. Y P Mishra
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3. Mr. Ashok kumar
4. Mr. Avadhesh Das
Name of participants:
1. Nanank Rai
2. Shambhu
3. Harinder
4. Subhas
5. Shatrughan
6. Rohit
7. Shiv Poojan
8. Virendar
9. Rajkumar
10. Nandoo
11. Asharfi Rai
12. Om Prakash
The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the
participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried
forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future
government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the
project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are
mentioned in the following points:
Construction of partially build religious structure
proper sanitation facilities to the Vegetable growers coming from Diara for selling their
vegetables to the whole sale dealers
Construction of Pucca road up to the Ghat for better accessibility for commuters
cleaning of the Ghat and stop direct dumping of vegetable wastes in the river Ganga
Develop a sewerage treatment plant before this Ghat
Ensure participation of Vegetable Venders for the maintenance of Ghat after rejuvenation/
maintenance
The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok
Kumar.
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Public Consultation with local people at anta Ghat
2. Public Consultation held with Slum dwellers at Mahendu Ghat, Patna
Minutes
Date: 19th Sep, 2012 Time: 12:00 to 1:30 Place: Mahendru Ghat
Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS
1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra
2. Mr. Y P Mishra
3. Mr. Ashok
4. Mr. Avadhesh Das
Name of participants:
1. Makhiya Devi
2. Rajan
3. Ganesh Ram
4. Amar Kumar
5. Abhishek Kumar
6. Kailash Kumar
7. Arvind Malik
8. Umesh Ram
9. Pradeep Kumar
10. Shambhu Ram
The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the
participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried
forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the project, future government plans,
possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief summary
of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points:
Develop approach road Problem of direct access of the Ghat for the community
Develop an approach road for the access of Ghat by the slum dwellers/Ghat users
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Improve the sanitation and basic facilities for the slum dwellers
Water logging problem in the slum
Employment Opportunity for Slum Dwellers during construction work
The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok
Kumar.
Public Consultation with the slum dwellers at Mahendru Ghat
3. Public Consultation on with Woman group at T N Banerjee Ghat, Patna
Minutes
Date: 20th Sep, 2012 Time: 10:00 to 12:30 Place: T N Banerjee
Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS
1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra
2. Mr. Y P Mishra
3. Mr. Ashok
4. Mr. Avadhesh Das
Name of participants:
1. Jooli Kumari
2. Munni Devi
3. Asha Devi
4. Khushabu devi
5. Geeta Devi
6. Sadhana Devi
7. Chanda Devi
8. Mamata Devi
9. Keshari Devi
10. Seema kumara
11. Rajani Devi
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The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the
participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried
forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government
plans, possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief
summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following
points:
Problem of toilet and bathroom facility for woman
Lack of basic facilities like water, electricity in the slum
Employment issue also raised by woman and slum dwellers
Slum is situated at highly risk prone area
The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok
Kumar.
Public Consultation at Dr. T.N.Banerjee Ghat
4. Public Consultation held with Vulnerable Community at Mishri Ghat, Patna
Minutes
Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 9:30 to 11:00 Place: Mishri Ghat
Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS
1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra
2. Mr. Y P Mishra
3. Mr. Ashok Kumar
4. Mr. Avadhesh Das
Name of participants:
1. Uday Malik
2. Munna Ram
3. Sunil Malik
4. Sujeet Ram
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5. Kanhae Ram
6. Suraj Malik
7. Gudiya devi
8. Rinki devi
9. Manju
10. Videshwar Mahato
11. Lalan Mahato
The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the
participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried
forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government
plans, possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief
summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following
points:
Construction for community toilets and sanitary latrines for slum dwellers
Problem of water and electricity for slum dwellers
Employment problem in vulnerable groups were found
Increase employment opportunity in construction work. APs should be given priority for
getting employment.
Public Consultation with Mishri Ghat
5. Public Consultation held with Fisher Man and Boatman Community at Baharwa
Ghat, Patna
Minutes
Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 12:00 to 1:00 Place: Baharwa Ghat
Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS
1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra
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2. Mr. Y P Mishra
3. Mr. Ashok Kumar
4. Mr. Avadhesh Das
Name of participants:
1. Lalan yadav
2. Bachcha ray
3. Vijay Rai
4. Gulab Prasad
5. Amir lal
6. Styanarayan
7. Bhikhan Rai
8. Ashok Chand
9. Gopal Rai
10. Sujan Rai
11. Amarjeet Rai
12. Sanjay Rai
The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the
participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried
forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government
plans, possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief
summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following
points:
Provide proper sanitation facilities along with efficient operation and maintenance system to
the Fisher man/ boatman community using Ghat and regular Ghat visitors for taking bath in
the Holy River
In the rejuvenation of Baharwa Ghat special emphasis should be given on the deepening of
Ghats and sufficient space for boats man
In order to ensure proper cleaning of the Ghats dumping of solid waste must be stopped near
river Ganga by community
Ensure participation of Fisher man/ boatman community for the maintenance of Ghat after
rejuvenation
The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok
Kumar.
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Public Consultation With Local boatmen and fishermen
6. Public Consultation held with Ghat users at Gulbi Ghat (Vaikunth dham), Patna
Minutes
Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 1:30 to 2:30 Place: Gulbi Ghat
Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS
1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra
2. Mr. Y P Mishra
3. Mr. Ashok
4. Mr. Avadhesh Das
Name of participants:
1. Naresh Thakur
2. Gulshan Thakur
3. Chotu Kumar
4. Shobhit Singh
5. Sakaldeep Singh
6. Pradip Singh
7. Ramavtar Rai
8. Maheshwar Rai
9. Janardan Pandit
10. Rampukar Rai
11. Rameshwar Singh
The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the
participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried
forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government
plans, possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief
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summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following
points:
Lack of space on the Ghat for people who comes for buried the dead bodies
Approach road is congested because of vendors sitting along the road.
Ghat should be wide and attractive.
Provision for proper sanitation facilities for the Ghat users
The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok
Kumar.
Consultation with local people at Gulbi Ghat-Crematorium
7. Public Consultation held with Students at Patna Collage Ghat, Patna
Minutes
Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 3:00 to 4:00 Place: Patna Collage Ghat
Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS
1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra
2. Mr. Y P Mishra
3. Mr. Ashok Kumar
4. Mr. Avadhesh Das
5.
Name of participants:
1. Manish Tiwari
2. Ramayan Ram
3. Sunil Jaiswal
4. Shakti Singh
5. Sushil Kumar
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6. Amit Singh
7. Aman Singh
8. Rajesh Yadav
9. Mulchand Agrawal
10. Rajveer Singh
11. Pawan Kumar
The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the
participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried
forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government
plans, possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief
summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following
points:
Approach should be improved of all the Ghats so one can reach easily with their vehicle.
Availability of Safe Drinking water facility should be ensured at each Ghat.
Fixation of Dustbins at various places and provision of modern Sanitation facility should be
provided at each Ghat
Provision of good quality canteens at major Ghats should be ensured
Disposal of sewerage system directly in to rivers must be stopped immediately..
Student should involve in Awareness campaign regarding Saving of Holy Ganga.
The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok
Kumar.
Consultation with Students at Patna College
8. Public Consultation held with Tourists and Regular Ghat visitors at Gandhi
Ghat, Patna
Minutes
Date: 21th Sep, 2012 Time: 4:30 to 6:00 Place: Gandhi Ghat
Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS
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1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra
2. Mr. Y P Mishra
3. Mr. Ashok Kumar
4. Mr. Avadhesh Das
Name of participants:
1. Ankit Kumar
2. Rahul Raj
3. Prem Mishra
4. Susheel Kumar Singh
5. Uma Kumari
6. Madhavi Kumari
7. Birendra Singh
8. Nand Jee Singh
9. Radjeet Sharma
10. Vinod Sharma
11. Jitendra Shrivastava
12. Padmeshchand Shrivastav
The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the
participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried
forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government
plans, possible assistance by World Bank, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief
summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following
points:
Development of proper approach roads for all weather. .
Drinking water facility should be ensured properly
Daily cleaning of Ghat for attracting more spiritual tourists during Aarti.
Park should be developed and clothes should not be dry on the railings of the park
Proper place should be determined for the spiritual activities (Mundan etc.)
Development/ increase of cafeteria and its modernization according to the social needs
Safety of tourists from bad elements in and around the Ghat area.
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Public Consultation with the local people at Gandhi ghat with local tourists
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6.4 Public Consultation with Stakeholders
In additional to the Focus Group discussions, a city level public consultation was held on 30th August
2013 at 11.00 am in Krishna Memorial Hall in Patna, to seek inputs from the larger stakeholders.
Necessary advertisements in local media and communications were issued prior to the meeting to
inform the public about the meeting. This advertisement cum invitation was published in reputed news
papers (both national and local) for the announcement of the public consultation meeting indicating
the date and venue of the meeting. The advertisement is given in photoplate below.
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Mr. Mishra, GM, BUIDCo introduced the audience about the religious and other aesthetic importance
of river Ganga and also highlighted the exiting scenario. He also appraised about the government
initiative to protect and maintain the quality of river Ganga. In this continuation, Mr. Mishra welcomed
their own Managing Director and DPR Consultant to explain more about the BUIDCo and this RFD
Project.
Managing Director explained the entire project in connection with importance of river Ganga with local
people. He also emphasized that development will be in eco sustainable manner. Finally, after
presentation of project through PPT a video was presented that presents the proposed RFD project.
Total 164 people have participated in the public consultation meeting. The participation list along with
English translation is given in Annexure 1.6. Number of suggestions and comments were later
emerged from the public during the subsequent discussions and these are summarized in Table 6.2.
Table 6-2: Outcome of Stakeholder Participation Meeting as Held on 30th August 2013.
S.No. Issues/Suggestions Response from BUIDCo/DPR Consultant
1. There is a need to develop other ghats as well
from Digha to Collectorate ghat.
Development of other ghats is being
considered by GoB.
2. What about the management practices opted
for construction of tent during construction
phase and solid waste management practices
A well framed system has been proposed for
construction of construction camps with
proper sanitation facility and with the help of
Patna Municipal Corporation the MSW
management will be taken care.
3. Crematoria system near Digha ghat should be
developed which may reduce the burden on
other ghat of Patna
As this ghat is not in the project area, this
will be presented to GoB.
4. There is an existence of siltation problem in
river Ganga, Gandak and Kosi, Which reduces
the water availability along the ghats.
This issue is beyond the current scope of
the RFD project.
5. There is need to change human behavior
regarding control to level of pollution in Ganga
and also need to involve local people for
security purposes.
This aspect is being considered as part of
the awareness program proposed in project.
6. During peak rain fall time, will any landscape
get affected and can we do cycling on
pathway.
Designing has been done by considering
these factors. ; The project proposes only
pedestrian pathway and no cycling will be
possible.
7. We should think more about open landscaping
rather than construction and the engagement
of local people for labour purposes will be
Designing has been done by considering
these factors.
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S.No. Issues/Suggestions Response from BUIDCo/DPR Consultant
appreciated.
8. Heritage and old monuments should be
preserved and renovated and this
development should be sustainable in both
engineering and environmental aspects.
This aspect has been considered in the
project and specialized agencies are
working on protection and conservation of
the structures.
9. There should be a particular ghat or place for
disposal of god or goddess statue during
different festive season. Facility of access
road should be provided for this purpose.
Proper facility of access roads is proposed
as part of the project along with various
refuge access routes for safety purposes.
10. Untreated disposal from different point through
nallah should be avoided.
These have considered in the project, as far
as feasible and will be further improved in
the proposed city level sewerage project.
11. Is there any scheme of development for
people/structure, which is getting affected
from this development project?
The Managing Director of BUIDCo replied
that without compensation or rehabilitation
or resettlement, the project will not move
forward. An NGO has been assigned the
task of developing suitable measures for the
rehabilitation of the affected
people/Families.
12. The remaining ghats of Patna should be
joined through this development.
The Managing Director of BUIDCo
answered that they can be considered in
another phase.
The program ended with Vote of Thanks from Mr. Mishra to all the persons present in the consultation
program. The photgraphs of the public consultation meeting is given below:
Location of Consultation Banner of Consultation Program
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Gathering in the Consultation Meeting People expressing their views, suggestions
Reply of a raised question by M.D of BUIDCo Video forcasting based on RFD project
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7. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
7.1 INTRODUCTION
This Chapter presents an anticipated impacts that are likely as a result of the project, identified based
on the analysis of project activities and the environmental elements of the project area.
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL and SOCIAL FACTORS
During the initial site visit to the project site between During September 2012, almost all the existing
ghats were visited to identify the major Environmental and Social factors as per the guidelines of WB
and ESMF of NGRBA. The factors which were looked into include:
7.2.1 Environmental Factors
• Change in Landuse and drainage pattern
• Change in channel hydraulics, triggering erosion and siltation problem either at in-situ or
elsewhere along the course of the river
• Impact due to inadequate solid and liquid waste disposal arrangements
• Inadequate sanitation, health and safety facilities
• Impact on river water quality due to proposed amenities
• Impact on environmental aesthetics and cultural values
• Impact on natural habitat (if any)
7.2.2 Social Factors
• Land availability/requirement;
• Loss of structures
• Loss of livelihood
• Impacts on common property resources etc.
These factors were considered while preparing the project impact and its mitigation measures during
the construction as well as operation stages of the project.
7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-CONSTRUCTION STAGE
7.3.1 Quarries and Crushers
Excavation of quarries and borrow pits for obtaining rocks, soil and aggregate materials for the
construction of bathing ghats and promenades and other construction items is proposed under this
project. Also sand, cement, steel and other materials would be required as part of the project. It has
been estimated that as part of the project around 10,000-15,000m3 of aggregates are required for the
construction purpose.
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Mitigation Measure:
The quarry materials shall be sourced from approved local quarries. All other construction material
shall be procured by the contractor from agencies / sites approved by the regulatory authorities, as
applicable.
All existing quarries from where the contractor obtains the material, shall comply with the Guidelines
for Existing Quarry Management of ESMP (Annexure 1.1). .
7.3.2 Cultural and Heritage Resources:
Along the ghats there are about 26 cultural resources like temples, indigenous buildings, mosques
and other old buildings (Please refer table 4.11) within the DPIA along with some other buildings
within IPIA (refer table 4.13 in Chapter-4). Though none of the buildings are of Archeological
Important Sites (except Goal Ghar which is 1 km away from site) however chances of vibration impact
to these buildings during the construction activities is high. According to INTACH‟s report on Cultural
Impact Assessment, the City of Patna has few officially protected monuments and detailed survey of
the heritage buildings at the riverfront is required as many of these building have importance being
already recognized by books, researchers and also by the population. As per the CIA report, INTACH
has given the recommendations for mitigating the potential impacts due to project activity or designed
structure. The significance of the impact on the identified heritage variable was also based on
ICOMOS‟ Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessment for Cultural World Heritage Properties;
2011.Accordingly, on the basis of impact three grades has been categorized. The Grade- I include
high impact due to project activities on exiting resource like ancient buildings, heritages or other
historic structure. Hence, the specific mitigation measure for each ghat has been suggested by
INTACH as depicted below:-
Table 7-1: Mitigation Measures for Grade- I categorized ghats
S.No. Name of Ghats
Proposed Activities Impact Categorization
Mitigation Measures
1. Collectorate Ghat
• Construction of a promenade and Eco Center
• Connection of Ghats.
Grade-I Demolition of cultural and religious buildings should be avoided, in case it is proposed in this intervention, especially those that attract a good number of visitors / devotees.
2. Anta Ghat • Construction of Ghat (Arched Gateway design), promenade and wall.
• Requalification to the area.
Grade-I Impacts over the population living at the encroachments will be mitigated.
3. Adalat Ghat • Construction of Ghat (Chathhri design) and promenade. (walls weren‟t shown for this and all the next Ghats).
Grade-I • The construction of “Chattris” in front of
the temple complex should be avoided. The “Chattris” located in front of the
Temple Complex should be moved towards the sides or removed. • In the proposals where there are
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temples the construction of elements that might obstruct the facades should be avoided. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in
the religious practices. 4. Kali Ghat • Construction of
promenade and connection between existent Ghat and other Ghats.
Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.
5. Rani Ghat • Construction of Ghat (Heritage design) and promenade.
Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade shouldn‟t be designed
as a bridge close to the Rani Ghat and its walls. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should go around Rani Ghat‟s walls,
replicating them and creating an opening for the entrance to the existing Rani Ghat. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in
the religious practices. 6. Raushan
Ghat • Construction of Ghat
(Dome design) and promenade.
Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade shouldn‟t go around
the remnants of Tekari House. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should enter the remnants of Tekari House, integrating it to the project, proposing a landscaped area surrounding the ruins. • 2 possibilities for the area located
between Raushan and Chaudhary Tola Ghats: * the promenade should follow the alignment of the other promenades,
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crossing private areas. There is an issue related to the ownership and allowance from the owners of the lands; * the promenade should contour the areas, going towards the riverfront, in a curved shape, turning towards the land side to connect with the promenades at the Raushan and Chaudhary Tola Ghats.
7. Chaudhary Tola Ghat
• Construction of Ghat (Temple Pavilion design) and promenade.
Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade as it is proposed
shouldn‟t go around the remnants of
Tekari Ghat and adjacent walls. For this case the promenade should enter the Temple Complex‟s area behind the
Tekari House‟s walls, integrating it to the
project. There may be an issue related to the ownership of the area and allowance from the Temple‟s owners. • The construction of the promenade shouldn‟t affect the temples and the
Tekari Ghat. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in
the religious practices. The access from the temples to the river should be maintained.
8. Patheri Ghat • Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design) and promenade.
Grade-I During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade shouldn‟t go around
the existing ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should enter the haveli‟s
ruins, integrating them to the project, proposing a landscaped area inside the haveli. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in
the religious practices. 9. Raja Ghat • Construction of Ghat
(Buland Gateway Grade-I During excavations the team should be
extremely attentive. Archaeological
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design) and promenade.
assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI. • The promenade shouldn‟t go around
the existing fortification and historic buildings. There are two possibilities proposed: * the promenade should enter the complex inside the fortification, crossing the areas that belong to the temple and to the government, facing a difference of level between the two lands; * the promenade should be interrupted at the fortification‟s walls, continuing at the
other side, going around the temple at the rear. • The new Ghat should preserve the
existing historic Ghat along with its steps by moving the proposed Ghat towards the west. The new Ghat should be designed in continuity to old Ghat. • The structures of the new ghat
shouldn‟t block the view towards the
temple complex. It should also be moved towards the west, ahead from the beginning of the steps. • The construction of the promenade
shouldn‟t affect the Fortification. • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in
the religious practices. 10. Najaur Ghat Construction of Ghat
(Heritage design) and promenade.
Grade-I • The intervention shouldn‟t interfere in
the religious practices.
Besides of this some general mitigation measures (as described below) has been also suggested
which should be followed during planning, construction and operation phases. (For detail see
Annexure- 1.7)
Archeological, Built Heritage and Historic Landscape Impact
Due to the proposed RFD project and its construction activities there could be direct or indirect impact
on the building structures of those listed in the CIA report as well as placed in table 4.11 of the EIA
report (Refer chapter-4). Especially the structures with Grade-I and Grade-II require adequate
attention.
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Mitigation Measures:
Mitigate the adverse effect on Built Heritage and Historical Landscape through design
interventions that respect the historic character of the buildings and some historic areas;
Reuse of heritage structures instead of demolitions;
Avoid vibration close to buildings during construction;
Undertake ground investigations on site after excavations and removal of vegetation, before
starting the construction works;
During the construction work ensure effective monitoring of the site to safeguard any
unknown archaeological resource discovered during construction work on site;
Spatial and Visual Impacts:
There could be potential that the proposed RFD and the structures proposed under the project may
obstacle the visual of these heritage buildings from the river front.
Mitigation Measures:
Avoid/minimize visual construction of the heritage buildings through designs that will highlight the
buildings and with coherent typologies.
The report also emphasized to take care of the environmental and social and community impacts. The
related mitigation measures are already discussed in this EIA report as well as in the Resettlement
Action Plan report prepared separately for the this project and given as a summary in Annexure 1.3.
Additionally as part of the project following mitigation measures shall be taken up:
Mitigation Measure:
No major piling work to be involved. However if it is involved then the site of piling work shall
be carefully selected to avoid any vibration related impact to these temples/religious
structures etc. along the ghat. Vibration damper shall be used to minimize the impact of
vibration to cultural resources as felt suitable. Instead of normal piling hydraulic or vibro5
hammer shall be used especially for those heritage building which are within 25 m distance
from Ghat;
Adequate diversion signs shall be displayed in the access route for the devotees towards
these cultural heritage and temples.
Warning signs shall be given if there is any large excavation, piling work and scaffolding work
involved.
Night time construction shall be avoided and proper lighting shall be given in the construction
areas as well as in the access route of the devotees during the evening/night time to avoid
any accidents.
5 Hydraulic and Vibro hammer work with a core cutting technology and puts the pile all together instead of
normal piling and hammering. The advantage is that it reduces the noise of normal piling work.
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A conservation architect shall be deployed to guide the contractor on identification and on
conservation of structures in the project area ;
Demolition of any heritage structure shall not be carried out.
Chance find of any heritage structure / remnants during construction shall be immediately
reported to the authorities and shall comply with Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites
and Remains Act, 1958.
Cultural and Heritage resources are shown in Figure 4.18 and Figure 4.19 respectively. Further the
report of INTACH is annexed as Annexure 1.7.
7.3.3 Loss of Structures
The project construction work may require clearance of 229 structures along the banks. As per the
social impact assessment identifies impacts on about 229 PAFs for rehabilitation and resettlement. .
The debris generated from the demolition of these structures shall also be managed carefully.
Mitigation Measures:
Prior to the demolition of the structures all the affected families shall be compensated as per the
requirements of NGRBA ESM and shall be relocated at a suitably (as per the plans given in the SIA
and RAP report prepared separately as part of the project. The summary of the RAP report is given in
Annexure-1.4. The RAP budget proposed under project is given table 7.2.
Table 7-2: RAP Budget
S.No Entitlement Unit Quantity Amount (In Rs) 1 Compensation for
Structure Dwelling Unit 229@Rs 150000 (as per
Rajiv Awas Yojna) 34350000
2 Assistance for Cattle Shed
Cattle Shed 25@ Rs 15000 per cattle shed
375000
3 Shifting Assistance PAFs 229@Rs 10000 2290000 4 ERG to Cattle shed
owner PAFs 25@10000 250000
5 Special Assistance to Vulnerable PAFs
PAFs 164@10000 1640000
Sub-Total (A) 38905000 6 RAP Implementation Cost for NGO 1800000 7 M&E Cost 800000 8 Contingency (5%) 1717500 Sub-Total (B) 4317500 Grand Total 43222500
The debris generated from the structures shall be reused as far as possible and the left over material
shall be disposed at a suitable location with approval from the „Engineer‟ and the „Environmental
Specialist‟ on the project. In no case, no debris shall be disposed into the river Ganga.
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7.3.4 Generation of Dust:
There would not be any crushing activities involved in the project and hence chances of fugitive
emission are negligible.
Though the project does not involve huge construction activities as such, still the following activities
have the potential for dust generation during construction stage:
Excavation work for demolishing the old stairs in the project ghats as well as demolition of
buildings and structures;
Construction of new ghats, promenade and other structures as proposed;
Movement of vehicles carrying construction materials;
Mitigation Measure:
Area of dust generation to be suppressed by spraying of water through sprinklers;
The demolition work for building and structures shall be carried out in a controlled manner , so
that dust generation is minimum;
Necessary protection shall be provided during demolition, to avoid spillage of debris in to the
River
The debris shall be cleared on the same day to storage or disposal site, as needed.
Necessary dust cover arrangements shall be provided to the public and sensitive buildings
around the demolitions site
Workers involved in the demolition shall be provided with face mask to minimize impact on
their health.
Regular pollution under check for construction vehicles shall be made;
Further, idling of vehicles to be stopped during construction period;
Automatic diesel logger may be installed in vehicles to minimize idling
7.3.5 Noise and Vibration:
The project involves piling work due to the construction of ghat, promenade and building which may
generate noise during the construction. The project area being surrounded by number of old and
heritage buildings and some manmade sensitive locations like schools and hospitals (refer list of
schools and hospitals in section 4.1 in Chapter-4) therefore impact from noise and vibration is a
concern. Further Dolphin‟s entire life system depends on echo-location; noise pollution in its habitat is
harmful for this species.
Mitigation Measures:
Hydraulic or Vibro pilling shall be adopted instead of normal sheet pilling. This reduces the
vibration and noise to a large extent;
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Construction activities especially the use of impact pile drivers shall be restricted during
evening and night time hours (7 p.m. to 6 a.m.)
All jackhammers and pavement breakers used on the construction site shall be fitted with
manufacturer‟s approved exhaust muffler.
Use of pneumatic impact equipment shall be restricted 100m from noise sensitive locations,
cultural resources during night time. Instead of pneumatic hammers electric, hydraulic
hammers could be used.
The local power grid shall be used to limit generator noise
Provision of ear-plugs to contractors exposed to high noise levels.
Provision of temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations (like schools and hospitals), especially at following locations:
- B.N College;
- Darbhanga House;
- Patna College;
- Khuda Baksh Library;
- Tekari House (though not a school but a heritage building very near to Ghat);
- Badshah Nawabi Girl‟s high school;
- Patna Medical College and Hospital
7.3.6 Sanitation and Waste Generation:
The construction camp for the workers may have issues related with safe drinking water, sanitation
and solid waste generation. These if not properly managed may go to river Ganga.
Mitigation Measure:
Workers shall be provided with adequate sanitation and waste management facilities in their
construction camps. Makeshift toilets shall be prepared in the camps and waste from the toilets shall
be provided with septic tank and soak pit. The location of the construction camp shall be at least
200m away from the river bank.
Some of the possible locations where the construction camp may be established include the following:
Option-1: Area near to Gandhi setu where Gammon Construction Company used the site for
the construction of Gandhi setu
Option-2: Open area near back side of Gai Ghat;
Option-3: At the left bank of river Ganga at Hajipur site. In this case the materials and labour
are to be brought to the project site through Gandhi setu;
Waste management activities shall also be undertaken and biodegradable and non-biodegradable
wastes shall be separately collected and taken to the nearby waste collection point placed by Patna
Municipal Corporation (PMC). At every access street to the Ghat, PMC has secondary collection point
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responsible for pick up and disposal of garbage. The primary locations are along the promenade as
recycle bins at every ghat, toilet, kiosk and along the promenade.
The guideline towards establishing the construction camp is given in Annexure 1.3. and shall comply
with the Building and Other Construction Workers Rules (BOWCR) of Government of India.
7.3.7 Impact on Utilities:
As part of the project there are no utility lines (like water supply, sewer lines) in the project are and
thus chances of disturbance to such utility channels are negligible during the construction work.
However, there are two lateral drains which discharges wastewater from other parts of the city into
Ganga mainly at Anta Ghat and at Krishna Ghat. The project proposes divert these channels through
rehabilitation of the existing trunk sewer and will be connected to the existing STP at Saidpur. This
STP currently receives around 33 MLD of sewage (against the total capacity of 45 MLD) and the load
from Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat altogether will be 6.64 MLD. There is already a trunk sewer that
connects these ghats connecting to Saidpur STP. Hence it is feasible to divert the discharge from
Anta Ghat and Krishna ghat to Saidpur STP. The existing trunk sewer line and pump house that is
closed present due to maintenance problems may be restored with suitable improvements. This
activity shall be taken up and implemented separately by BUIDCo.
7.3.8 Integration of Drainage with Patna RFD:
As indicated in Chapter-4, at 2 locations namely Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat Drainage channel along
with city sewage get disposed off at river Ganga. Although such impacts are not directly generated
from the present RFD project, however such discharge of sewage at places of River front may pose
aesthetic impact to the visitors and tourists. If such sewage discharge is continued then bathing at
these ghats may not be allowed during the operation stage of the RFD.
Mitigation Measure:
As indicated in section 7.3.7, these channels will be diverted to the existing trunk sewer, as a long
term measure, rehabilitation of the sewerage network and augmentation of Saidpur STP shall be
taken on priority, to ensure the wastewater from these channels is diverted permanently from the river
front. The DPR for the sewage network and STP augmentation is in the advance stage of preparation
and the approval decision for the same is expected shortly.
7.3.9 Loss of vegetation and tree cutting:
Clearance of vegetation, bushes is involved in the project but no tree cutting is involved. Additionally
new public parks and landscape areas shall be created in the project.
7.3.10 Impacts on Dolphin:
Based on the outcome of primary survey and secondary information (chapter 4) it has been reported
that Gangetic Dolphin is present in the Ganga stretches of Patna.
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Figure 7.1: Dolphins Movement
Based on discussions with ZSI6 and Forest department, higher frequency of dolphin movement is reported at three locations in the study area (within 10 km from project boundary). They are
Ganga – Gandhak confluence site Danapur - Punpun Bridge Fatwah – Trivani Ghat.
(Source: Zoological Survey of India, Patna, Bihar)
Further as part of the project, Professor Ravindra Kumar Sinha of Patna Science College (a renowned
expert on Gangetic Dolphins in India) was engaged by BUIDCo to assess the impact of the proposed
RFD project on Gangetic Dolphin:
The report identifies that in the last 2 decades the course of Ganga has shifted away from the city of
Patna from Digha to Collectorate ghat. Thus currently the dolphin habitat close to river front is from
Collectorate Ghat and upstream (away from the locations of the proposed ghats). In addition, the left
bank of the river at Patna is protected by brick and boulder pitching since long back as this bank have
found to be the erosion side of the river. The boulders and bricks along the river bank have been
found to be good habitat for many of the invertebrates and breeding sites for some of the important
fish species. The Dolphin feeds on small size (usually about 10cm long or less) fish as its gullet is
very small. Occasionally it also feeds on mud dweller small fishes, snails, insect larvae etc. while
groveling in the bottom mud. Littoral zones of rivers i.e. close to the river banks are preferred habitat
for small fishes and invertebrates. Thus the stretches close to the banks of the river are good foraging
ground for the Dolphins.
6 Zoological Survey of India, the only taxonomic organization in the country involved in the study of all kinds of animals from Protozoa to Mammalia, occurring in all possible habitats from deepest depth of the ocean to the peaks of Himalaya, was established on 1st July, 1916 to promote survey, exploration and research leading to the advancement in our knowledge of the various aspects of the exceptionally rich animal life.
Dolphin Movement Path Ghat Development
Sand Deposit
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Dolphins are also observed near cremation ghats, ferry ghats, bathing and washing ghats. It is
understood that in the area of human activities like bathing and washing ghats, ferry ghats and
cremation ghats, people tend to throw some edible items which could attract fishes and ultimately
Dolphin.
As the Gangetic Dolphin is „blind‟ and its entire life system depends on echo-location, noise pollution
in its habitat is dangerous for this species. Further many cases of strikes with motorized vessel have
been observed to be fatal for the dolphin in and around Patna. The preliminary report of Professor
Sinha is attached as Annexure 1.5.
Mitigation Measure Proposed in Project:
Based on this report of Prof. Sinha the following mitigation measures are proposed in the
implementation of the project:
The mesh size of the iron wire to be used to fix the boulders below the steps at ghats close to
the water line or river edge should be four inches instead of eight inches. The boulders should
be in the river water even in the leanest months. The invertebrates and fishes should have
access to the boulder pitching.
No indigenous grass should be planted in the landscape terrace between two ghats as in
these spaces natural amphibious/aquatic grasses of riparian zone of the river grow which are
breeding grounds for various terrestrial and aquatic insects and provides habitats for
amphibious/aquatic invertebrates. The planted grasses will get destroyed due to deposition of
fresh mud during flood every year. Whereas the natural amphibious/aquatic grasses
germinate and grow as a natural process every year. It is advisable that landscaped terraces
should not be allowed to dump solid waste and be used as open lavatory; it should not be
allowed for cattle wallowing.
There should be minimum or no noise under water during the implementation of the project. If
nay mechanized boat is being used during the implementation of the project the same must
have propeller guard.
In addition, a Dolphin Information Centre an exhibition cum awareness generation centre for common
public is proposed at Gai Ghat.
Further to ensure, avoidance of impacts on dolphins during the operation phase of the project,
BUIDCo was working with Prof.Sinha, to carry out a detailed assessment of impacts of the project on
Gangetic Dolphins and his recommendations will be implemented appropriately. In this connection,
Prof. Sinha has submitted proposal to conduct research on the impact of River Front Development
Project on Gangetic dolphin at Patna and to recommend mitigation plan and preparation of report
thereof. The main scope of work of Prof Sinha‟s study would be to study temporal and spatial variation
in status and distribution of the Ganges River dolphin in the river in the study area during the course
of its implementation i.e. during execution and Operation & Maintenance. The study area will cover
about 30 km stretch of the River Ganga from Danapur to Punpun confluence at Fatuha during Post-
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Monsoon (November), winter (February), and summer (May). Two copies of the annual progress
report will be submitted by 31st December every year. The prelimary report of Prof Sinha as well as
the terms of reference for the detailed study for Dolphin monitoring during the project implementation
is given in Annexure 1.5. BuiDCo as an Executing Agency will work with Prof Sinha as per the ToR.
Further as part of Dolphin Conservation, Government of India has already established a Working
group as well as an advisory committee. The working group has also prepared a Conservation Action
Plan report which has been disclosed in the website of NGRBA. Further to this advisory committee,
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) and National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) are
actively getting involved in identifying various dolphin conservation measures in critical stretches of
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. In this regard, Centre for Environment and Education (CEE) was already
interacts with a project of community awareness for a span of 2 years (July 2010 to September 2012).
As part of the programme, CEE has established a network of 15 NGOs, 525 schools, 470 teachers
and several stakeholders. The programme components included:
Research and Documentation;
IEC material Development and Production;
Review Workshop;
Orientation of Partner Agencies;
Teachers Training Programs;
School activities;
Dolphin Fair;
Regional Dolphin Camps;
Additional initiatives
Further as part of the 2nd Phase CEE will also work with 700 more schools in Ganaga basin as well as
with communities and fishermen for alternative livelihood, reducing the usage of pesticides, eco-
torusim so as to minimize the threats to the National Aquatic Animal of India.
Further, Govt of India is in process of operationalize the action plan for Dolphin conservation for which
various reputed institutes like WWF, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Vikramshila
University and forest and wildlife divisions are consulted with for making joint effort for Dolphin
conservation considering its legal, scientific and awareness requirements.
7.3.11 Clearing of Existing Solid Waste humps:
Solid waste dumps are seen all along the edge of river Ganga and during monsoon they get washed
into the Ganga. The waste is generally disposed by the local community who does not have facility for
primary collection point. These locations include:
Collectorate Ghat; Krishna Ghat; Bharwa Ghat; Law College Ghat; Rani Ghat; Gai Ghat
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Figure 7.2: Open disposal of Solid Waste near to Ganga Ghats
Mitigation Measures:
During the construction stage the existing waste as found accumulated in the project area shall be
taken and will be handed over to the secondary collection point of Patna Municipal Corporation.
Additionally Masonry bins are being proposed to cater to the waste generated from the communities
so that they are regularly cleaned and disposed through smaller vehicles and ultimately taken to the
larger vehicle for disposing to the disposal site of Patna Municipal Corporation. The detailed drawings
of the Solid Waste Masonry bins are given in the impact from solid waste as described in Operation
Stage.
7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-OPERATION STAGE
7.4.1 Physiography and Drainage:
Impact:
The proposed ghat development activities for the project involve development of existing ghats,
preparation of walkway and promenade above the banks and restoration of riparian edge. As such
there is no such change in drainage network. However a localized increase in river portion velocity is
likely when it comes in contact with the ghat section and this increase in speed may sometime create
increased drag to the open bank immediately after the project construction section.
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Mitigation Measure:
The chances of increase of river flow speed with the development of ghat and localized erosion will be
minimum as immediately after the ghat there will be riparian edge restoration and embankment
protection with gabion structure will persist. This will reduce the localized water speed and thereby
would minimize the chances of in-situ erosion.
Further at the bottom there will be boulder pitching throughout which will maintain the speed of the
water and localized increase of speed is not envisaged.
7.4.2 River Water Quality:
It is envisaged that with the development of the project there would be increase in all sorts of
population along the ghats and promenades and hence chances of pollution to river water is expected
(mainly solid waste and sanitation issues). Further during the various Hindu rituals and festive season
various pious refuse are also disposed which when biodegrade pollute the river body.
Mitigation Measure7:
The number of existing visitors at each ghat at present is around 100. However, after completion of
the project the expected population coming to each ghat would be around 400-500. The total
population expected at a time for all the 20 ghats is about 8000-10,000.
Hence the total sewage generation considering 60% of visitor will use toilet at least once the quantum
of sewage generation would be:
0.6*10000*5(ltr) = 30000 Liter i.e. 30 KLD.
As part of the project 24 toilets are being proposed in the project and toilets shall be proposed in the
promenade with a septic tank and soak pit arrangement. During the special events like Chaath, Govt.
PMC provides makeshift toilets like mobile toilets to take care of the situation. The waste water will be
disposed by the PMC and will be treated in the STPs. Further to cater the run-off from the promenade
and pathways interceptor drain is being proposed which will be connected to existing drainage lines
along the access road. The interceptor drain drawings are given along with DPR in the following DPR
drawings in section A:
PROM/PH-01.1
PROM/PH-01.2
PROM/PH-01.3
PROM/PH-01.4
The drawing of toilets is given figure 7.4 and 7.5 may also be referred as DPR drawing number TB/A-01.
7This compliance mitigation measure is given on the basis of observation received from NMCG and World Bank on draft ESIA
report.
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Figure 7.3 : Toilet Block as Proposed in the Project
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Figure 7.4 : Proposed toilet Blocks (WC)
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Small mesh barrier are proposed to screen the pious refuse. Once screened these pious refuse may
be taken by safai karmachari to be disposed off to dustbins.
The mesh barrier shall be given at each ghat. The mesh barrier will be constructed at the downstream
of the ghat with extension into the river around 20m perpendicular to the direction of flow and then a
bend against the direction of the flow for 2m.
The height of the mesh should be approximately 2/3rd of the stair height (measured from the lowest
levels of the stairs). The mesh shall be iron mesh with sizes of 1”x1” mesh size (Mesh code A25)
During festive season makeshift toilet arrangement shall be made in addition to the toilets proposed in
the project.
7.4.3 Solid Waste Generation8 :
Impacts:
The projected population in each ghat after the completion of the project is expected to be
around 400. The quantum of waste generation could be around 200gm/capita. Hence the total
waste generation from 20 ghats would be around = 400*20*200/1000=1600 kg (400 is the
maximum expected population);
Chances of little generation is there along the promenade and pathways;
During festive season and when huge numbers of pilgrims gather at various ghats, additional
waste collection bin facility is generally provided by urban local body. Additionally, as part of
the project few such bins are proposed so that no direct waste disposal is being made to the
river body;
Huge vegetable waste being seen dumped at Anta Ghat vegetable market area which leads
to unhygienic condition; and,
Community near the area used to put solid waste in the bank of river Ganga which ultimately
goes to Ganga through inundation during monsoon.
Also no regular waste collection.
Mitigation Measures:
To take care of this quantum of waste 4 dustbins will be provided in each ghat and each
dustbin will have capacity of 20 kg. Hence capacity of waste collection= 4*20*20=1600 kg;
In additional along the promenades for a total length of 5000m a total of 254 number of litter
bins (i.e. 1 liter bin per 20 m length) shall be provided with capacity of 1 kg each. This when
used in full capacity can take care of 254 kg of solid waste;
8This compliance mitigation measure is given on the basis of observation received from NMCG and World Bank on draft ESIA
report..
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In Anta ghat area, for the fresh vegetable market 2 big dustbins of 4.5m3 capacity has been
proposed so that the waste generated from the market can be taken care.
To avoid open disposal of solid waste by the communities at 6 identified location as
mentioned in section 7.3.11, masonry bins shall be provided.
Since the waste collection in Ganga ghat area has been observed quite regular Waste
Collection vehicles are proposed to be procured. Since the access roads will be on an
average 4m wide therefore smaller tippers may be proposed which may ultimately dispose
the waste to bigger tipper truck to dispose the waste to the disposal site of Patna Municipal
Corporation.
The drawing of masonry waste collection point is shown in Figure 7.5.
The generated waste will be collected everyday by the maintenance staff and the collected
waste will be disposed to the secondary collection points to the nearby areas provided by
PMC.
Apart from these identified projects, as part of the EMP a detailed environmental awareness
program has been proposed with the involvement of local schools. The awareness program
can be in the forms of waste cleaning, road play along the promenades.
The budget for the proposed solid waste management is given in table 7.3 below:
Table 7-3: Budget for Solid Waste Management
S.No Description of Item No. Of Units Unit Cost
(INR Rupees)
Total Cost
(INR Rupees)
Coverage
1 4 dustbins at each ghat
with 20 kg capacity
80 10000 8,00,000 Civil Cost
2 Litterbins with 1 kg
capacity
254 6000 15,24,000 Civil Cost
3 Compactor dustbins at
Anta Ghat with capacity 4.5
m3
2 70000 140000 O&M Cost
4 Masonry dustbins 6 60000 350000 O&M Cost
5 Hydraulic Dumper Placer 1 600000 574000 O&M Cost
6 Auto tipper 2 700000 1400000 O&M Cost
7 Hooper with front end
loader
1 800000 800000 O&M Cost
Total Cost of SWM 5588000
Total Civil Cost 2324000 Civil Cost
Total O&M Cost 3264000 O&M Cost
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Figure 7.5: Open disposal of Solid Waste near to Ganga Ghats
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7.4.4 RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES:
As part of the project risk assessment and safety measures, carrying capacity approach has been
taken to understand the withstand capacity of the ghats as well as promenade for the maximum
number of population. Various tailor made safety measures are accordingly being proposed in the
project:
Carrying capacity of the safety aspects:
The aspect of carrying capacity is related to the carrying capacity of the Ghats as well as the
promenades in which during the festive season generally large number of people gathers.
One of the good aspects of the project is that it will provide a large space to the devotees instead of
conglomeration of large density of people in one ghat. Project ghats and associated promenade will
facilitate to spread the devotees so that the concentration of large number of people at one place is
reduced.
Calculation of carrying capacity on Ghats and Promenade:
The proposed Ghats are of the configuration of 60mx20-30m with a depth ranging between 24-30m.
The total area of a ghat approximately varies between 60x20=1200 sq.m to 60x30=1800 sq.m.
For example in anta ghat the area is 1800 sq. m where nearly 2-3 persons per Sq.m can be allowed
and thus it becomes around 5000 persons in Anta ghat that can be allowed at a time.
The load calculations are based upon IS code with a reference of 6 kilo Newton/sq.m.
It is estimated that overall around 1, 00,000 people can be allowed with the proposed design of the
Ghats at a time within the 6.5 km of proposed project areas. The list of people allowable in each ghat
is given in table 7.4.
Table 7-4: Carrying Capacity Calculation for each of project ghats
Sl. No. Name of Ghats Size of the Ghats
Total Area of the Ghats
Person accommodate
at Ghats 1 Anta ghat (60x30) m 1800 sqm 5400 person
2 B.N.College ghat (60x24.50) m 1470 sqm 4400 person
3 Adalat ghat (70x25.80) m 1806 sqm 5400 person 4 Mishri ghat (60x35) m 2100 sqm 6300 person 5 T.N. Banerjee ghat (60x31.80) m 1908 sqm 5700 person 6 Krishna ghat (70x24.6) m 1722 sqm 5100 person
7 Brahva ghat (60x35) m 2100 sqm 6300 person 8 Rani ghat (60x28) m 1680 sqm 5000 person 9 Gulbi ghat (40 x 10) m 400 sqm 100 person 10 Ghagha ghat (60x28) m 1680 sqm 5000 person
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Sl. No. Name of Ghats Size of the Ghats
Total Area of the Ghats
Person accommodate
at Ghats 11 Raushan ghat (60x24.50) m 1470 sqm 4400 person 12 Choudhary Tola ghat (60x27.80) m 1668 sqm 5000 person 13 Pathri ghat (70x35) m 2450 sqm 7300 person 14 Alamganj ghat (70x35) m 2450 sqm 7300 person 15 Laurwa ghat (60x27) m 1620 sqm 4800 person 16 Hanuman ghat (60x27) m 1620 sqm 4800 person 17 Raja ghat (70x23.80) m 1666 sqm 5000 person 18 Gai ghat (40x46.45) m 1858 sqm 5500 person 19 Bhadra ghat (90x40) m 3600 sqm 10000 person 20 Mahavir ghat (60x40) m 2400 sqm 7000 person 21 Nauzar ghat (60x40) m 2400 sqm 7000 person
Accordingly safe structural designs are being incorporated in the project.
Health and Safety Measures: In addition to carrying capacity the project will also undertake following
general health and safety measures are given below:
Belts all along the ghats;
PPE use;
Inaccessibility to children; (Construction Netting);
Medical check-up;
Local labour will be hired for the project to the extent possible and no camping along the
project areas would be allowed;
4 ambulances (for 2 years of project construction period) shall be provided for any type of
medical emergency;
Contacts with nearby hospital, primary health centres etc. shall be established;
Reporting format for accidents and near miss accidents shall be prepared and will be
maintained and will be monitored on fortnightly basis by the SHE (Safety, Health and
Environmental ) officer of the project;
Chaath festival will be restricted to these ghats during construction period;
Side Access for pedestrian movements at Mahendru ghat;
Refuge access;
All along promenades for better accessibility
One way traffic to ghat where the accessibility is less than 6m;
In other cases 2 way traffic can be provided;
Safety measures towards the access to the promenade from Collectorate ghat to Rani Ghat:
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The existing access road for different ghats (as refered in Table 2.2) need to be upgraded for safe
access of visitors to the ghats. This activity shall be taken up and implemented separately by BUIDCo.
However as part of the present ptoject access to the promenade has been increased by proposed
pedestrian streets connecting the existing streets network to the promenade
a. 6m wide access proposed between Collectorate complex and Bankipur club
b. 2.5m proposed adjoining SBI Campus towards proposed Anta ghat.
c. 3m between B.N.College and Ganga mahal towards Proposed B.N.College ghat
d. 6m between GM residence and Railway reservation Centre towards Mahendru ghat.
e. 4.5m along Patna college campus towards proposed Adalat ghat
f. 6m adjoining Patna medical college and hospital towards Proposed Mishri ghat.
g. 6m towards proposed Banerjee ghat
h. 6m adjoining Darbhanga house towards Kali ghat
i. 6m adjoining Patna college science and NIT towards Patna college ghat
j. 6m towards proposed Krishna ghat
k. 5m adjoining engineering college building towards Gandhi ghat
l. 6m adjoining Law college towards proposed Bharawa ghat
m. 4m through campus university quarter towards Rani ghat
Streets above 5m width are to be used for two way pedestrian traffic and streets under 5m
are used as one way towards the promenade and alternate access roads made away from
promenade
Safe gathering areas (Refuge areas) are provided at Gandhi ghat, Adalat ghat, B.N. College
ghat.
Refuge areas are connected to evacuation routes. The details of refuge access routes are
shown in Annexure 1.4.
Evacuation routes are provided at an interval of (approx.) 300m leading away from
promenade and Ghats.
Provision for Ambulance access and parking on each evacuation route
1 life guard station provided at every ghat.
Crowd Management during festivals:
The crowd management is an important aspect for minimizing the safety hazards and risks related to
it. In Patna the crowd management during the festivals is the responsibility of District Magistrate and
his team. Generally it is like they depute number of police personnel in each of the Ghats with
separate access route for ongoing and outgoing visitors.
In this regard recently a District level Disaster Management Plan has been prepared and the draft
report is under the approval stage. The draft management plan includes the arrangement for following
aspects:
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Adequate crowd management through limiting the time of stay of persons in the ghats;
The suggested measures adopted in the project can also be shared with the DM so that
accordingly crowd management can be made;
Separate entry and exit route to minimize any panic related hazard;
Close circuit television at strategic points as well as in the entry and exit point to monitor
traffic inflow and outflow;
Adopting the proposed access routes as suggested in the project for crowd management;
Ensure that the maximum allowable load of persons in the Ghats as suggested in the project
does not exceed at any point of time;
Adequate signage shall be provided along with public address system through media,
newspapers and Addressable by the polices;
Policing to restrict the entry of any kind of vehicles towards the ghat approach roads during
the festival season, only pedestrians are allowed along the approach roads;
Life boat and life jackets shall be provided in each ghat to provide safety during any kind of
emergency conditions;
A separate crowd modelling study is being prepared by IIT-Delhi. The detailed recommendation of the
Crowd Modelling study will be implemented in the project.
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8. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
The Environment Management Action Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development of
the proposed river front development project in Patna both during the construction as well as during
operational phases. The EMP is site and time specific including necessary responsibility matrix.
In general, the urban development department, Bihar known as Bihar Urban Infrastructure
Development Corporation Ltd. (BUIDCo) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent
Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures
as suggested in the ESMP are carried out. Mitigation measures for Environment and Social impacts
are listed in Table 8-1. The list provides reference implementing organisation and responsible entity.
8.1 Specific activities by BUIDCo
The role of BUIDCo in the implementation of ESMP involves the following activities:
EIA clearance from NGRBA and World Bank;
Disclosure of ESIA document as well as in the info shop of World Bank and
Permission from line department for laying of drainage line, construction of toilets and connection
to city sewer line;
Diversion of drainage outfall points at Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat (to be completed before the
completion of construction work of RFD and to be taken up as a separate project);
Permission for tree felling (if any) ;
Displacement of encroachers from project site;
Carrying out necessary environmental monitoring of Air, Water, Noise and Soil Quality during the
Operation phase for a period of 5 years
Conducting a detailed study to assess the impacts of the project on Gangetic Dolphins and
implementation of its recommendations
Deployment of specialised conservation team during the construction phase to identify chance
find archaeological remnants and provide guidance to contractors on conservation
8.2 Specific activities by Contractor
The activities to be performed by the contractor to implement the EMP shall comprise the following:
Obtain consent to establish from state pollution control board under air and water act;
Felling of trees (if at all required) with the prior permission of Forest Department;
Finalizing the selection of material sources (quarry and borrow material, etc.) and shall follow
necessary guidelines as given in Annexure 1.1, and Annexure 1.2).
Carrying out necessary environmental monitoring of Air, Water, Noise and Soil quality during the
construction stage;
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Selection, design and layout of construction areas, labour camps etc. (Refer Annexure 1.3)
Implementation of other mitigation measures, as recommended by EIA
8.3 Implementation of EMP
The Environmental Officer of the contractor should be available for the entire duration of the project
and shall be primarily responsible for compliance of EMP. The Environmental Specialist from the
Independent Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the
design drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval. The proposed
organogram for the implementation and monitoring of ESMP is presented in figure 8-1. Contractor
shall report the implementation of the EMP to the Environmental Expert of Supervision Consultant as
well as to BUIDCo through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is required to be prepared and
to be given to NMCG for the implementation of EMP.
Figure 8.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP
Managing Director
Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)
BUIDCo
Project Manager(Contractor)
Environmental Officer (Contractor)
Team Leader(Supervision Consultant)
Environmental Expert (Supervision Consultant)
GM (Tech) GM (Works) GM (Admin.)
CGM
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Table 8-1: Environment Management Plan
Environmental Impact / Aspect
Mitigation Measures9 Location10 Time Frame11
Responsibility Cross reference Implementati
on Supervision
DESIGN STAGE
Issues from stakeholder Consultations
Various issues raised were examined & suitably incorporated based on merit.
Along the ghats During Design Contractor BUIDCo EIA and DPR
PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Tree cutting and vegetation clearance
All the trees are required to be saved. Vegetation will required to be removed from the ghat section before the commencement of construction.
Along the ghats Before construction starts
Contractor BUIDCo Forest Act
Mobilisation & Site Clearance
Resettlement of PAPs
The project affected Families shall be suitably relocated as per the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) after giving necessary compensation as per RAP budget.
Along the ghats and adjoin areas and access
roads
Before construction Starts
BUIDCo BUIDCo Annexure 1.3
of EIA and RAP
Procurement of plants and machineries
Specifications of plant and machinery to be procured need to comply to the relevant national standard norms and with the requirements of emission control and noise pollution abatement requirement as per the standards prescribed by CPCB
Prior to mobilization at site
Contractor BUIDCo
National Ambient Air and Noise Quality Standard of CPCB
Setting up of construction camps
The construction camps (for 25-30 people) will be located at least 200m away from Ganga ghats and there must be basic necessary (temporary) living
Option1: Near Gandhi Setu;
During Establishment, Operation and
Contractor SC, BUIDCo Annexure 1.2 of EIA.
9 Some of the mitigation measures are preventive in nature while some others include additional measures in terms of environmental conservation and involve physical and construction work. 10 Unless otherwise stated, the Project Site covers area around the ghats. 11 Time frame refers to the duration or instant of time when the mitigation measures will be taken.
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Environmental Impact / Aspect
Mitigation Measures9 Location10 Time Frame11
Responsibility Cross reference Implementati
on Supervision
accommodation and ancillary facilities per the guideline given in Annexure 1.2.
Option2: Back side of Gai Ghat;
Option3: Left Bank of Ganga at Hajipur site
Dismantling of Such Camps.
CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Land
Quarrying Material sources
Quarry material shall be sourced from approved and licensed quarries.
For new quarry if Environmental Clearance is applicable to be obtained.
For operating new quarries, the Contractor shall obtain materials from quarries only after consent of concerned authorities and only after development of a comprehensive quarry‟ redevelopment plan.
Adequate safety precautions shall be ensured during transportation of quarry material from quarries to the construction site. Vehicles transporting the material shall be covered to prevent spillage.
Along the ghats During
construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo
Standard Engineering Practices and Annexure 1.1.
Contamination of soil
Oil & fuel spills from construction vehicles equipment shall be controlled by good O&M practices like maintaining diesel log book, and regular maintenance of the heavy vehicles and equipments;
If there is any oil spill that must be reported to the highest level of the working team of the contractor and immediately the oil spill are shall be converged
At fuel storage areas – and at DG set operating areas.
During Construction. Contractor
SC, BUIDCo, SPIU
Guidelines of CPCB and World Bank
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within absorbents like Absorbent Mat (like Pig Oil Absorbent Mat)
DG set (if used) shall be placed in a concreted mountain platform so that oil spillage does not mix with the soil;
The used oil from DG set to collected at certain intervals and shall be sold to authorized vendors of Bihar State Pollution control Board.
Generation of Debris
Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing ghats and other concrete structures (Collectorate ghat) and buildings and slums shall be stored at a place sufficiently away from the main channel of Ganga.
The generated debris shall be re-used efficiently if found suitable for using mainly as fill materials and stone pitching work.
Throughout Project Corridor.
During Construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo
General Construction Practices
AIR
Dust Generation
Vehicles carrying construction materials shall be covered;
Regular water sprinkling at areas of dust generation.
Along the ghats, all
access roads,
temporarily acquired
sites.
During construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo
Equipment Selection, Maintenance and Operation
Regular pollution under check for construction vehicles shall be made;
Further, idling of vehicles to be stopped during construction period;
Automatic diesel logger may be installed in vehicles to minimise idling
Monitoring of air Quality as per the monitoring plan
Along the ghats, all access roads,
temporarily acquired sites
During Construction. Contractor SC, BUIDCo
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Water
Discharge from existing sewer drains at Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat
Route of these discharge point to be diverted before the start of ghat construction at these 2 locations;
Route to be diverted through the existing trunk sewer line to the existing STP at Saidpur.
Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat
Whenever encountered
during construction
Contractor under the supervision of BUIDCo and Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad
Will be taken up by BUIDCO as a separate
project
Waste Water from construction camp
Adequate sanitation and waste management facility to be provided in construction camp as per Annexure 1.2 of EIA report and it is to be ensured that no liquid or solid waste get disposed into river Ganga during the construction period.
Monitoring of water quality during construction period as per the monitoring plan
Construction Camp During Construction Contractor BUIDCo Annexure 1.2.
Disposal of Debris and other wastes into Ganga
The debris generated from the structures shall be reused (as a quarry material within project site) as far as possible and the left over material shall be disposed at a suitable location with following local rules and regulations along with approval from the „Engineer‟ and the „Environmental Specialist‟ on the project. In no case, no debris shall be disposed into the river Ganga.
Further, contractor to develop a comprehensive debris and solid waste management and disposal plan considering the local laws and approval from BUIDCo.
Empty paint or emulsion containers to be disposed off;
Solid Waste generated from construction camp shall be disposed as per the approved waste management plan
Along construction areas and
Construction Camp
During Construction Contractor BUIDCo
Refer Clause 11.8 under
section VII of the bid
document.
Physical and Cultural Resources
Impact on cultural As part of the project no heritage building/indigenous Location of Heritage Construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo Refer Figure
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heritage/structures during construction
buildings/temples/mosques shall be demolished;
Heritage building which are of Grade-I category should be integrated with the promenade design as per the mitigation measure proposed in the Cutural Impact Assessment (CIA) report prepared by INTACH as given in Annexure 1.7 and section 7.3.2 of the EIA report.
For heritage buildings within 25 m from ghat adequate care shall be taken to minimize vibration impact. Overall piling work to be used with Vibro Piling rather than normal sheet piling.
During vibration muffler to be used.
A conservation architect shall be deployed to guide the contractor on identification and on conservation of structures in the project area ;
Demolition of any heritage structure shall be not be done
Chance find of any heritage structure / remnants
during construction shall be immediately reported to
the authorities and shall comply with Ancient
Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains
Act, 1958.
Building near to Ghat period and Conservation Consultants
4.18 and Figure 4.19 of EIA and Annexure 1.7
Noise
Noise from Vehicles, Plants and Equipment
Construction activities shall be avoided during evening and night time hours (7 p.m. to 6 a.m.)
All jackhammers and pavement breakers used on the construction site shall be fitted with manufacturer‟s approved exhaust muffler.
Use of pneumatic impact equipment shall be
All the ghat section and surrounding area
Throughout construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo
Various plant and machinery manufacturing guidelines and
OSHA guidelines
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restricted 100m from noise sensitive locations. Instead of pneumatic hammers electric, hydraulic hammers could be used.
Use hydraulic or vibro impact hammers in place of diesel hammers for piling work;
The local power grid shall be used to limit generator noise
Provision of ear-plugs to contractors exposed to high noise levels.
Flora and Fauna
Loss of trees for fuel wood
Fuel provision shall be made available in camp like LPG so that no tree cutting is involved for fuel wood.
All the ghat section and surrounding camp area
After completion of construction activities
Contractor SC, BUIDCo
Fauna Gangetic Dolphin
Construction workers must protect natural resources and wild animals especially Dolphin
Fishing is strictly prohibited.
Throwing of food items in Ganga be restricted as that attracts fish as well as Dolphin
All the ghat section and surrounding area
During construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo
No debris or any contaminated material to be disposed during the construction stage;
No indigenous grasses should be planted during the construction of landscape terraces;
No natural amphibious/aquatic grasses of the riparian zone of the river be disturbed as these are breeding ground of various terrestrial and aquatic insects;
No underwater noise shall be created during the construction activities. Piling work to use minimum
All the ghat section and surrounding area
During construction
Contractor SC, BUIDCo Refer
Annexure 1.5 of EIA
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underwater noise so that Dolphins are not disturbed;
The temporal and seasonal variation of the in status and distribution of the Ganges River dolphin in the river in the study area during the course of its implementation i.e. during execution and Operation & Maintenance.
30 km stretch of the River Ganga from Danapur to Punpun confluence at Fatuha during Post-Monsoon (November), winter (February), and summer (May).
During implementation and O&M
Socio-Economic Environment
Accidents
The Contractor will provide, erect and maintain barricades, including signs marking flats, lights and flagmen as required by the SC along the ghat sections, approach roads etc.
Ghat sections and approach roads
During Construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo
Resettlement Action of People
Nearly 229 Families are getting affected as part of the project.
Affected population will be compensated as per entitlement framework presented in the RAP report
Locations as mentioned in RAP report
During Construction BUIDCo BUIDCo
Appendix 1.3 and RAP Report
Resettlement of Cow shelters
Nearly 25 families have cattle shelters. They will be provided with necessary financial one time financial assistance like @ Rs 15,000 for each cattle shed and ERG to cattle shed owner @ Rs 10,000.
T.N. Banerjee Ghat During Construction
Contractor, BUIDCo
BUIDCo Appendix 1.3
and RAP report
Risk and Safety
Risk and Safety from construction activities
Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger from electrical equipment.
Precautions shall be made to provide proper access route to the devotees to access the cultural resources/temples during the construction stage along with adequate signage to avoid any accidents;
The safety workers shall be taken care as per the prevailing norms and life boat and jackets shall be
Entire Project site. During Construction
Contractor SC, BUIDCo EHS
guidelines of WB
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kept in adequate numbers; No material or any of the sites will be so stacked or
placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public.
All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public.
Protective footwear and protective goggles to all workers employed in mixing asphalt materials, cement, lime mortars, concrete etc.
Protective eye-shields to workers engaged in welding works
Protective goggles and clothing to workers engaged in stone breaking activities and workers shall be seated at sufficiently safe intervals
Earplugs to workers exposed to loud noise (above 75dB (A)), and workers working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation.
The Contractor shall comply with all regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress.
The Contractor shall ensure that no paint containing lead or lead products is used except in the form of paste or readymade paint.
Safety Measures During Construction
All accidents and safety incidents at the project site and involving contractor shall be immediately reported to the Employer and the Engineer.
To ensure safety of the temporary accesses during construction, safety devices shall be installed.
Workers undertaking various operations during construction shall be protected by providing helmets, masks, safety goggles, hand gloves and rubber
All construction sites During construction
Contractor SC, BUIDCo
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boots etc.
First aid kits shall be provided at construction site for workers to meet minor accidents during construction
The transportation of construction material preferably can be brought to the project site during evening hours (7-10 p.m) or during early morning (5-8 a.m) to avoid congestion in the project area.
The collected solid waste will be transported on or before official or academic time schedule. (10 am to 6 pm).
Hygiene
At every workplace, good and sufficient water supply shall be maintained to avoid waterborne / water-related / water-based diseases to ensure the health and hygiene of workers.
Adequate drainage, mobile toilets shall be provided at workplace.
Preventive Medical care shall be provided to workers.
An action plan shall be prepared and implemented
All Worker‟s Camps During construction Contractor SC, BUIDCo Appendix 1.2
OPERATION STAGE
Sewage generation from Project and Water Quality
Toilet complexes along with 24 other toilets will be provided in the project;
Approximately 30 KLD of sewage expected;
Septic Tank and soak pit shall be provided for the sewage;
Water quality to be monitored as per monitoring plan
Toilets shall be provided along the promenade
During Operation BUIDCo BUIDCo
Figure 7.4 and 7.5 of EIA
report
Surface Run-off Interceptor drain has been proposed to cater surface Along promenade from During BUIDCo BUIDCo DPR Drawings
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run-off from promenade and pathways and will be ultimately be linked with the drains along access roads
Collectorate Ghat to Rani Ghat
Operation PROM/PH-01.1 to 01.4
Increase of speed of water at Ghat section and chances of Soil Erosion
As part of the project necessary green areas along the banks will be protected as well as new green areas in terms of city parks shall be created. This will provide necessary bank stability.
Further, riparian edge restoration program will be
undertaken to maintain natural habitat.
At the bottom of the ghat boulder pitching shall be made so that uniform speed will be maintained.
Entire Project corridor bank length
During Operational Stage
BUIDCo BUIDCo DPR drawings for Ghat section
Solid Waste Management
To minimize the waste disposal in river Ganga, the following measures shall be undertaken: Bins along Ganga ghats @4 bins in each ghat for
20kg capacity;
254 litterbins along promenade and pathways of
1kg capacity;
Masonry bins at 6 locations to facilitate
communities to dispose their waste at these bins;
Providing 2 no. of 4.5m3 bins at Anta Ghat
Vegetable market;
1 dumper placer, 2 auto trippers and 1 JCB hooper
type vehicle shall be provided to collect the dispose
the waste generated from the proposed project.
Ghat Locations and Promenade and waste dump areas where masonry bins proposed like Collectorate Ghat, Krishna Ghat, Bharwa Ghat, Law College Ghat, Rani Ghat and Gai Ghat
During Operation Stage
BUIDCo BUIDCo
Figure 7.6
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Dolphin Conservation
The mess size of the iron wire to be used to fix the
boulders below the steps at ghats close to the water
line or river edge should be four inches instead of
eight inches. The boulders should be in river water
even in the leanest month. The invertebrates and
fishes should have access to the boulder pitching.
No indigenous grasses should be planted in the
landscape terraces between two ghats as in the
spaces natural amphibious/aquatic grasses of
riparian zone of the river grow which are breeding
grounds for various terrestrial and aquatic insects
and provide habitats for amphibious/aquatic
invertebrates.
It is advisable that landscape terraces should not be
allowed to dump solid waste and be used as open
lavatory. It should not be allowed for cattle
wallowing.
There should be minimum or no noise under the
water during implementation of the project. If any
mechanized boat is used during implementation of
the project, the same may be propeller guard.
Along the ghats and Ganga river stretch for the conservation
During Operational Stage
BUIDCo BUIDCo
Annexure 1.5
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8.4 Environmental Monitoring Program
The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 8-2. Successful
implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following:
The Supervision Consultant (SC) is to request the Contractor to commence all the
initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise Levels) early in the
Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to
effects from the Construction activities being felt);
The SC to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for approval a proposed
schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out;
Monitoring by the SC‟s Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring
tests, and subsequent analysis of results;
Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, SC to
instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to:
o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency);
o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations;
o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required;
o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and,
o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment,
processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed significantly to
monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe" levels.
8.4.1 Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment
All issues related to negative environmental impacts of the Contractor's Facilities, Plant
and equipment are to be controlled through:
The Contractor's self-imposed quality assurance plan
Regular / periodic inspection of the Concessionaire / Contractor‟s plant and equipment
Monthly appraisal of the Contractor.
Other environmental impacts are to be regularly identified and noted on the monthly appraisal
inspection made to review all aspects of the Contractor's operation. The officer is to review all monthly
appraisal reports, and through the team leader is to instruct the Contractor to rectify all significant
negative environmental impacts.
8.5 Integration of Other NGRBA Programs with Patna RFD
Patna RFD is only one of the portfolios of investments under NGRBA towards cleaning the Ganga. In
Patna alone Patna RFD can‟t reduce the pollution load that is coming into river Ganga in the form of
raw sewage or semi-treated sewage. The city urgently needs construction of STPs and establishing
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sewerage networks to minimize the waste load to river Ganga. Considering the same the
improvement work for the sewerage network in various zones are already undertaken. However, the
sewerage network in sewerage Zone-III (Saidpur) and Zone-IVA (North) shall be taken up in priority
with augmentation of existing STP to cater to more sewage treatment. This will ultimately held in
minimizing the pollution in river Ganga. Till the construction period of the RFD (26 months) the
drainage outfall points at Anta Ghat and Krishna Ghat will be diverted through trunk sewer line to the
existing STP at Saidpur so that no discharge outfall in being made at these Ganga ghats.
8.6 Environmental Budget
The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the
ESMP is detailed in Table 8-3. There are several other environmental issues that have been
addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the
Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates
and the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under engineering
costs are listed below:
Turfing and Pitching of slopes with landscaping work
Riparian Edge Restoration
Toilets with septic tanks and connection to city sewer
Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city
sewer
City Parks and beautification work etc.
Safety Measures and Exist routes;
Solid Waste Management
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Table 8-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan
Env. Component
Stage Institutional Responsibilities
Parameter Standards Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision
Air
Qu
alit
y
Co
nst
ruct
ion
PM10 μg /m3, PM2.5
μg/m3, SO2, NOX, CO
CPCB
Plant site, and at locations of baseline
monitoring
1 seasons annually except monsoon
Contractor through approved monitoring agency/Lab
SC and BUIDCo
Op
erat
ion
PM10 μg /m3, PM2.5
μg/m3, SO2, NOX, CO
At locations of baseline monitoring
Once in a year except monsoon for
first 5 years.
BUIDCo or its SPV
BUIDCo
Su
rfac
e W
ater
Qu
alit
y
Co
nst
ruct
ion
pH, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solid, turbidity, Total Hardness, Chlorine, Iron, Total Coliform.
Surface Water Quality
Standard IS:3025
At locations of construction of ghats
Grab sampling, once during construction for pre-monsoon,
monsoon and post monsoon at all ghats
Contractor through approved monitoring agency/Lab
SC and BUIDCo
Op
erat
ion
pH, temperature,Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solid, turbidity, Chlorine, Iron, sulphate, nitrate
At locations of baseline monitoring
Grab sampling, once in a years for first 5 years at 4 urban precincts in up stream and downstream and one control.
BUIDCo or its SPV
BUIDCo
No
ise
Lev
els
Co
nst
ruct
ion
Leq dB (A) (Day and Night) Average and Peak values
Ambient Noise Standard
CPCB
At ghat construction sites and
promenade
Once during construction at ghat construction sites
Contractor through approved monitoring agency/Lab
SC and BUIDCo
Op
erat
ion
Leq dB (A) (Day and Night) Average and Peak values
At locations of baseline monitoring
Once in year for 1st 5 years
BUIDCo or its SPV
BUIDCo
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Env. Component
Stage Institutional Responsibilities
Parameter Standards Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision
So
il
Co
nst
ruct
ion
Physical Parameter: Texture, Grain Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; Chemical Parameter: pH, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio
Near Construction sites along the ghat
at locations of baseline monitoring and areas of storage
of materials, equipments,
construction camp etc.
Once in a season except monsoon for construction period
Contractor through approved monitoring agency/Lab
SC and BUIDCo
Op
erat
ion
Physical : Texture, Grain Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; Chemical Parameter: pH, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio
Once in a year for
first 5 years, BUIDCo or its SPV
BUIDCo
Dolphin Conservati
on
Co
nst
ruct
ion
an
d O
per
atio
n
The data base of existing dolphin population in the project stretch will be monitored both during the construction and operation stage
Near Construction Sites and if sited
that will be note and data base shall be
maintained
3 season in year Post Monsson
(November), winter (February) and
Summer ( May) for 3 years
BUIDCo in discussion with Mr. R.K.Sinha and their team
BUIDCo
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Table 8-3: Environmental Budget
Item No.
Component Description Unit Quantity Unit cost (INR) Total cost (INR)
Detailed Cost
Cost (Lakh)
1 MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENT COST
1.1(a)
Environmental Awareness
(During Operation)
Environmental Awareness program towards minimizing the pollution problem for solid waste management, water pollution prevention and minimizing impact on Dolphin etc. through preparing of IEC materials, media advertisement, clippings in cinema hall etc.
No. Lump sum 13,00,000 1300000 13
1.1(b)
Environmental, Health and
Safety awareness
(During Construction)
Environmental Awareness during the construction stage for providing necessary information pertaining to minimizing municipal solid waste, debris, sewage into Ganga including various health effects like HIV and STD and other construction related health and Safety aspects
IEC Material Printing and Publishing No. of sets
20 5000 100000 1
Signages and Hoardings No. 15 10000 100000 1.5
Health Check-up (including HIV and AIDs) No. 150 3000 450000 4.5
1.2 Soil Soil Erosion restoration work like retaining wall, edge restoration work, turfing and vegetative cover,
Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ item for 2.1.3 for ghat section)
1.3 Health and
Hygiene Establishing of Construction Camp including facilities for drinking water, waste water treatment and solid waste disposal facilities
Covered in Engineering Cost as incidental cost
1.4 Solid Waste Management
Facilities towards solid waste management for the project (Civil Cost from Table 7.2) covered in Engineering Cost as incidental cost
1.5 Solid Waste Management
Procurement of Vehicles for solid waste management and 2 dumper bins (O&M Cost from Table 7.2)
32.64
1.6 Water Quality
Small mesh barrier to screen the pious refuse to be provided at each ghat. The mesh barrier will be constructed at the downstream of the ghat with extension into the river around 20m perpendicular to the direction of flow and then a bend against the direction of the flow for 2m. The height of the mesh should be approximately 2/3rd of the stair height (measured from the lowest levels of the stairs). The mesh shall be iron mesh with sizes of 1”x1”
mesh size (Mesh code A25)
M. 1800 450.00 8,10,000.00 8.1
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Item No.
Component Description Unit Quantity Unit cost (INR) Total cost (INR)
Detailed Cost
Cost (Lakh)
1.7 Water Quality Construction of interceptor drains of length 3000m to collect storm water from project area and sewage from the building lines along the ghats (where existing), connect to a suitable manhole for ultimate treatment in a STP.
Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ No.2.5)
1.8 Water Quality Construction of toilets along the promenade Covered in Engineering Cost (Covered under Under Promenade BOQ no.
2.2.3 (civil), 2.2.4 (electrical), 2.3 (plumbing))
1.9 Flora and Fauna Provision of boulder pitching with 4incher iron wire; No indigenous grass species to be introduced
Covered in Engineering Cost (BOQ Item no. 2.1.3)
TOTAL MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENT COST (A) 60,74,000.00 60.74 2 MONITORING COST
2.1 Construction Stage
2.1.1 Air
Sampling of Ambient Air Quality and gaseous pollutants as per CPCB Standard Procedures at 4 locations once in a season except monsoon for 1.5 years as per the Monitoring Plan
No. of Samples
16 1,500.00 24,000.00 0.24
2.1.2 Analysis charges of Ambient air from samples collected for NOx, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, and CO as per MoEF charges
No. of Samples
16 4,500.00 72,000.00 0.72
2.1.3
Surface Water Quality
Grab sampling, for all the season at active construction sites along the project areas for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon during construction as per monitoring Plan
No. of Samples
60 400.00 24000.00 0.24
2.1.4
Analysis of water quality at locations in the monitoring plan for pH, Turbidity, total solids, COD, BOD, DO, Chlorides, Hardness, Oil & Grease, TSS, TDS, Total Coliform, Iron, Fluorides, Nitrates, E. coli, Total coliform and faecal coliform etc. as specified in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater" published by WEF, AWWA and APHA as per direction of Environmental Specialist / Environmental Engineer of the Engineer and as per MoEF rate list.
No. of Samples
60 6,000.00 360,000.00 3.6
2.1.5 Noise Monitoring of noise level for 3 seasons (pre monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon) - once in a season except monsoon at 6 locations as per the Monitoring Plan
Nos. 18 3,000.00 54,000.00 0.54
2.1.6 Soil Sampling and analysis of soil quality - once in a season except monsoon at 4 locations as per Monitoring Plan at pre and post monsoon season
Nos. 16 4500.00 72000 0.72
Travel and Transportation cost of Monitoring Team No. of Trip
2 100000.00 200000 2.00
Monitoring Cost during Construction Stage 8,06,000.00 8.06
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Item No.
Component Description Unit Quantity Unit cost (INR) Total cost (INR)
Detailed Cost
Cost (Lakh)
2.2 Operation Stage
2.2.1 Air
Sampling of Ambient Air Quality and gaseous pollutants once in a year at 4 locations (Collectorate Ghat, Banerjee Ghat, Gulbi Ghat, Krishna Ghat) for 5 year for one season as per the Monitoring Plan
No. of Samples
20 1,500.00 30,000.00 0.3
2.2.2 Analysis charges of Ambient air from samples collected for NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, O3 and CO as per MoEF charges
No. of Samples
20 4,500.00 90,000.00 0.9
2.2.3
Water Quality
Grab sampling, twice a year at 10 locations for 5 years as per monitoring plan. No. of
Samples 100 400.00 40000.00 0.4
2.2.4
Analysis of water quality at locations in the monitoring plan for pH, Turbidity, total solids, COD, BOD, DO, Chlorides, Hardness, Oil & Grease, TSS, TDS, Total Coliform, Iron, Fluorides, Nitrates, E. coli, Total coliform and faecal coliform etc. as specified in “Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater” published
by WEF, AWWA and APHA as per direction of Environmental Specialist / Environmental Engineer of the Engineer and as per MoEF rate list.
No. of Samples
100 6,000.00 600000.00 6.0
2.2.5 Noise Monitoring of noise level - once in a season except monsoon at 5 locations (baseline monitoring locations) for 5 years as per the Monitoring Plan
Nos. 25 3000.00 75,000.00 0.75
2.2.6 Soil Sampling and analysis of soil quality - once in a season except monsoon at 3 locations for 5 years as per the Monitoring Plan
Nos. 15 5000.00 75,000.00 0.75
Monitoring Cost during Operation Stage for 5 years 9,10,000.00 9.10
2.2.7 Travel and Transportation Cost for the Monitoring Work Trip 5 100000 500000 5.00 TOTAL MONITORING COST (B) 22,16,000.00 22.16
TOTAL EMP COST (A+B) 82,86,000.00 82.86
Contingency Cost (2%) 165720.00 1.96 Total EMP with Contingency 8451720 84.52
2.2.8 Dolphin Dolphin study as per suggested ToR of Prof. Sinha (Refer Annexure 1.5) during the project implementation and Operation and Maintenance for a period of 3 years
50,00,000 50.00*
* This cost will be borned by State Government/BUIDCo considering the Proposal of Prof. Sinha to monitor the impact of River Front Development Project on Gangetic dolphin at Patna during the project implementation and Operation and Maintenace for a period of 3 years. BUIDCo need to appoint Prof Sinha in this regard and fund for the study may be allocated from present project or may form it as a separate project.The Terms of Reference (ToR) of the proposal is given in Annexure-1.5 of the EIA report.
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8.7 Reporting System
Reporting system for the suggested monitoring program operates at two levels as:
Reporting for environmental condition indicators and environmental management
indicators(except tree cutting indicator)
Reporting for operational performance indicators at the SPV and BUIDCo level
Contractor and Engineer (Supervision Consultant) operate the reporting system for environmental
condition and environmental management indicators (except tree cutting). The Environmental
Management Unit of SPV/BUIDCo will operate the reporting system for environmental management
indicator and operation performance indicators. The PIU will set the targets for each activity
envisaged in the EMP beforehand and all reports will be against these targets. Contractor will report
to the Engineer on the progress of the implementation of environmental conditions and management
measures as per the EMP. The Engineer will in turn report to the SPV/BUIDCo on a quarterly basis. A
copy of the report shall also be sent to NMCG for monitoring. Reporting formats have been prepared,
which will form the basis of monitoring, by the Engineer as required.
Table 8-4: Summary Details of Reporting
Format
No Item Stage
Contractor Engineer SPV/BUIDCo
Implementation &
Reporting to
Engineer
Supervision Reporting
to SPV
EM 1 Setting up of
Construction
Camp
Pre-
Construction
One Time One Time One Time One Time
EM 2 Construction
Safety
Construction Quarterly Continuous Quarterly Quarterly
EC 1 Pollution
Monitoring
Construction As Per Monitoring
Plan
Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly
EC 2 Pollution
Monitoring
Post
Construction
As Per Monitoring
Plan
Quarterly Quarterly Quarterly
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In addition to these formats, to ensure that the environmental provisions are included at every activity
of the implementation by the contractor, it is suggested that the approval of the environmental
personnel of the engineer is required in the request for application to proceed or other similar
reporting formats used by the contractor. These will not only ensure that the environmental provisions
are addressed but also link the satisfactory compliance to environmental procedures prior to approval
of the Interim Payment Certificate (IPC) by the Engineer. The activities by the contractor that can
impact the environment will be identified based on discussions between BUIDCo and its SPV, team
leader of the Engineer (Supervision Consultant) and the Environment Health and Safety (EHS)
personnel of the Engineer. The decisions will be communicated to the contractor prior to the start of
the construction activities.
Table 8-5: Clearance Requirements from Government of Bihar
Sr.No.
Clearances Acts Approving Agency
Applicability to the Project
Time Required
Responsibility Execution Supervision
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION STAGE
1
Permission for Withdrawal of Surface Water from Rivers, Nala, Water harvesting structure/Reservoirs/Ponds/Irrigation canals
Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad
Applicable (If the contractor is extracting surface water)
3 months Contractor
Engineer, Supervision Consultant
2 Permission for Sand Mining from river bed
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957
Commissioner of mines and director Bihar mines and geology development corporation
Applicable 2 months Contractor
Engineer, Supervision Consultant
3 Permission of Opening New Quarry
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957
Commissioner of mines and director Bihar mines and geology development corporation
Applicable 2 months Contractor
Engineer, Supervision Consultant
4 Storage of Hazardous
Chemicals
Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989 and Manufacturing Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989
Bihar Pollution Control Board
Applicable (if the contractor stores such hazardous chemicals)
3 months Contractor
Engineer, Supervision Consultant
5
Disposal of Construction Waste and Liquid effluent from Labour camps
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974
Bihar Pollution Control Board
Applicable 2 months Contractor
Engineer, Supervision Consultant
6 Pollution Under Control Certificate
Central Motor Vehicles Act 1988
Transport Department (GoB)
Applicable for all vehicles being used in construction
1 month Contractor
Engineer, Supervision Consultant
7 Employing Labour Executing Agency Labour & Applicable 1 Week Contract Engineer,
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of Building and other construction act, 1996
Employment Department, GoB
or Supervision Consultant
8 Registration of Workers
Labour Welfare Acts.
Labour & Employment Department, GoB
Applicable 1 month Contractor
Engineer, Supervision Consultant
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Format EM1: Construction Camp and Storage Area
Construction Stage: Report - Date____ Month______ Year______
(Site Layout of Construction camp and working drawings of dwelling units with allied facilities to be attached with format)
Format to be submitted before target date (decided by BUIDCo or its SPV) of establishing camps
Location of Camp (Mention the name of nearest Ghat)…………………..
Distance from Nearest Ghat……………………………….
Sl. No. Item Unit Details Remarks
1 Detail of item camp
A Size of Camp Mxm
B Area of Camp sq.m
C Distance from Nearest Settlement
D Distance from Ganga Ghat
E Date of camp being operational dd/mm/yy
F Present land use
G No other trees with girth > 0.3m.
H Details of Storage area (Availability of impervious surface) Mxm
I Availability of separate waste disposal from storage area Cum
2 Details of work force
A Total No of Labourers Nos
B Total no of Male Workers Nos
C No of Male Workers below 18 years of age Nos
D Total no of Female Workers Nos
E No of Female Workers below 18 years of age Nos
F No of Children Nos
3 Details of dwelling units
A No of dwellings/huts Nos
B Minimum Size of Dwelling Mxm
C No of openings per dwelling Nos
D Minimum size of opening Mxm
E Walls Specifications
F Roofing Specifications
G Flooring Specifications
H Drinking Water Tank Specifications
I Capacity of Drinking Water Tank Cum
J Size of Drinking Water Tank Mxmxm
K Total no of WC Nos
L No of WCs for female workers Nos
M Minimum Size of WC Mxm
N Total No of Bathrooms for female workers Nos
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O Size of septic tank for WC/Baths Mxmxm
P Capacity of Water Tank for WCs/Bathrooms and general purpose
Q Fencing around camp Y/N
4 Details of facilities
A Availability of security guard 24 hrs. a day Yes/No
B Details of First Aid Facility Yes/No
C Availability of Dar Care Centre Yes/No
D Availability of dust bins (capacity 60 ltr.) Nos
Certified that the furnished information is correct the quality of work is as per god practice and all relevant information as required is attached. Contractor Engineer – In –Charge
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EM 2 Checklist for construction safety
S. No. Safety Issues Yes No Non
compliance Corrective Action Penalty Remarks
Safety during Construction Stage 1 Appointment of qualified Environment Health
and Safety Officer
2 Approval for Construction safety Management plan by the Engineer
3 Provision of flags and warning lights 4 Provision of adequate staging, form work and
access (ladders with handrail) for works at a height of more than 3.0 m
5 Demarcations(fencing, guarding and watching ) at construction sites
6 Provision for sufficient lighting especially for night time work
7 Arrangements for controlled access and entry to construction Zones
8 Safety arrangements for Road users/Pedestrians
9 Arrangements for derouting devotees to temples
10 Construction Workers safety-Provision of personnel protective equipments
11 A. Helmets B. safety Shoe C. Dust masks D. Hand Gloves E. Safety Belts F. Reflective Jackets G. Earplugs for labour 12 Work employed on bituminous works,stone
crushers, concrete batching plants etc.providied with protective goggles ,gumboots etc.
13 Workers engaged in welding work shall be provided with welder protective shields
14 All vehicles are provided with reverse horns. 15 All scaffolds, ladders and other safety devices
shall be maintained in as safe and sound condition
16 Regular health checkup for labour/contractor‟s personnel
17 Ensuring the sanitary conditions and all waste disposal procedures & methods in the camps
18 The contractor shall provide adequate circuit for traffic flow around construction areas, control speed of construction vehicles through road safety and training of drivers, provide adequate signage, barriers and flag persons for traffic control
19 Provision for insurance coverage to the contractor‟s personnel
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Format EC1: Target Sheet for Pollution Monitoring
Construction Stage: Report - Date_______ Month______ Year______
(Location at which monitoring to be conducted as per EMP)
S.No. Location Details of Location
Duration of monitoring
Instruments Used
Method Used
Completion Target Reasons for Delay, if any Target
Date Date of Completion if task completed
Air Monitoring
1
2
3
4
5
Water Monitoring
1
2
3
4
5
Noise Monitoring
1
2
3
4
5
Soil Quality Monitoring
1
2
3
4
5
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Format EC2: Target Sheet for Pollution Monitoring
Operation Stage: Report - Date_______ Month______ Year______
(Locations at which monitoring to be conducted as per EMP)
S.No. Location Details of Location
Duration of monitoring
Instruments Used
Method Used
Completion Target Reasons for Delay, if any Target
Date Date of Completion if task completed
Air Monitoring 1
2
3
4
5
Water Monitoring
1
2
3
4
5
Noise Monitoring
1
2
3
4
5
Soil Quality Monitoring
1
2
3
4
5
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9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Overall as part of the Environmental and Social screening study the project is placed in Category-I
due to presence of schedule-I animal, i.e. Dolphin and resettlement requirement of 229 Project
Affected Families (PAFs). The project DPR has already taken many environmental measures which
were being suggested during the screening study like (i) Providing toilet with connection to city sewer;
(ii) escape route for the pilgrim during rush hour; (iii) solid waste management in an around ghats and
promenade (iv) parking for the boats at the anta ghat; (v) Riparian edge restoration. The project as
such does not involve any such hazardous activity and hence have moderate-low impact.
The major conclusions of review study are given below:
Conclusion:
The ghat development work does not require environmental clearance as the covered built up
area is approximately 65,000 sq.m which is less than 1,50,000 sq.m and thus does not fall in
schedule 8 (b) of EIA notification 2006. The total built up area is also less than 20,000 sq.m
and hence it does not fall under schedule 8(a) also.
Reserve Forest (RF) diversion, wild life clearance, protected forest clearance are not
applicable;
Project area does not cover National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, etc. within 10 km radius
boundary.
CRZ clearance zones are not triggered as the project area is not within a coastal zone
Ganga River Dolphin, the schedule-I animal is reported in the stretch. Though concentrated
within the left bank and the construction work will mostly be in the right bank of the river, still a
3 year Dolphin monitoring programme has been drafted with Prof R.K.Sinha to monitor the
impact of the project on Ganga river Dolphin for a study area of 30 km stretch of Ganga.
8 number of Focus group discussion and one public consultation with stakeholders was
conducted;;
Plan for riparian edge restoration has been proposed with saving of all the trees along the
Ghats;
Plan for toilets are proposed
Plan for City Parks are proposed
Plan for community cum cultural centres are proposed
Plan for Dolphin Information Centre proposed
Adequate Solid Waste Management to be taken in the project;
Further the sewage load coming at Anta ghat and Krishna Ghat required to be diverted
through trunk sewer line to Saidpur STP for time being till the Saidpur STP project is taken up
as a separate project.
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Separate Crowd modeling study is being undertaken and accordingly necessary safety
measures shall be taken;
Necessary refuge access routes are proposed to minimize risks;
Access roads to the ghats shall be upgraded by BUIDCo through a separate project.
A total 229 project affected families will be resettled.
Overall the project proposes very minor impact which can be taken proposed care with
proposed implementation of ESMP.
Recommendation: The project as such not going have any severe impact on river Ganga as the project itself is taking
necessary environmental care. However, still raw sewage disposal has been noticed at various
section of the river Ganga along with disposal of solid waste near ghat area along with open
defecation. It is expected that as part of the proposed development of the project and measures as
proposed under EMP and DPR scheme if implemented properly then the objective of the project will
be successful. The recommendation as given in the preliminary report of Professor Sinha (Refer
Annexure 1.5) for Dolphin Conservation and CIA report of INTACH (Refer Annexure 1.7) for Cultural
heritage conservation may be referred during the construction for conservation and protection of
Dolphin and Cultural resources.
.
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ANNEXURES
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Annexure 1.1: Guidelines for Existing Quarry Management
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The Contractor will finalise the locations from the list given by Consultant's for procuring materials.
The Contractor shall establish a new quarry only with the prior consent of the Supervision Consultant
(SC) only in cases when: (i) Lead from existing quarries is uneconomical and (ii) Alternative material
sources are not available. The Contractor shall prepare a Redevelopment Plan for the quarry site and
get it approved by the SC.
The construction schedule and operations plans to be submitted to the SC prior to commencement of
work shall contain a detailed work plan for procuring materials that includes procurement,
transportation and storage of quarry materials.
CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Development of site: To minimise the adverse impact during excavation of material following
measures are need to be undertaken:
i) Adequate drainage system shall be provided to prevent the flooding of the excavated area
ii) At the stockpiling locations, the Contractor shall construct sediment barriers to prevent the
erosion of excavated material due to runoff
iii) Construction of offices, laboratory, workshop and rest places shall be done in the up-wind of
the plant to minimize the adverse impact due to dust and noise.
i) The access road to the plant shall be constructed taking into consideration location of units
and also slope of the ground to regulate the vehicle movement within the plant.
iv) In case of storage of blasting material, all precautions shall be taken as per The Explosive
Rules, 1983.
QUARRY OPERATIONS INCLUDING SAFETY
SI.
No. Item Unit Details
Remarks
by IE, if
any
1. Name / identity of the location
2. Nearest project road Chainage.
3. Name of the owner
4. Area involved
5.
Arrangement with the owner (agreement with the third party /
contractor should be attached as an Annexure and should
necessarily require the adaptation of good quarry management
practices - a description of the requirements should be
included)
Cum
6. Quantity of material to be withdrawn vis-à-vis the material
available
8. Machinery & equipment to be used Cum
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SI.
No. Item Unit Details
Remarks
by IE, if
any
9. Drainage plans
10. Top soil management
11. Description of the operating practices
12. Health facilities
13. Safety provisions made including fire protection systems and
the availability of different personal protective equipment
14. Conditions laid down in the clearances / licenses and plans to
ensure compliance
15. Monitoring plans for air quality
16. Information on whether or not the quarry will be closed under
this project. If yes, the proposed closure & restoration plan.
17. Photograph of the quarry prior to commencing operations.
19. Sketch of the layout of the quarry
i) During excavation, slopes shall be flatter than 20 degrees to prevent their sliding. In cases
where quarry strata are good and where chances of sliding are less this restriction can be
ignored.
ii) In case of blasting, procedure and safety measures shall be taken as per The Explosive
Rules, 1983
iii) The contractor shall ensure that all workers related safety measures shall be dune as per
guidelines for Workers and Safety.
Topsoil will be excavated and preserved during transportation of the material measures shall be taken
to minimize the generation of dust and prevent accidents.
The SC shall review the quarry site for the management measures during quarry operation, including
the compliance to pollution norms.
POST CONSTRUCTION STAGE
The Contractor shall restore all haul roads constructed for transporting the material from the
quarries to construction site to their original state.
The IE shall be entrusted the responsibility of reviewing the quarry site for the progress of
implementation of Redevelopment Plan.
The redevelopment of exhaust quarry shall be the responsibility of the agency providing the
permit to ensure the implementation of Redevelopment Plan.
For existing quarry managed directly by a third party / contractor from whom the contractor is sourcing
the materials, the plan should contain the following:
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Attach Photograph of Proposed Site, Location Map, consents, licenses and Agreement with land
owner.
REMARKS
Submitted Checked Approved
Signature Signature Signature
Name Name Name
Designation Designation Designation
Contractor Contractor Independent Engineer
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Annexure 1.2: Guidelines for Siting & Layout of Construction Camp
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(A) SITING
The contractor based on the following guidelines shall identify the location of the construction site.
The construction site shall be located:
The construction camps will be located at least 200 m away from Ganga Ghats at
identified sites. The living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour shall be
erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer.
On non-agricultural lands, as far as possible
Not within 1000m of either side of locations of Forest areas.
All sites used for camps must be adequately drained. They must not be subject to
periodic flooding, nor located within 300 feet of pools, sink holes or other surface
collections of water unless such water surface can be subjected to mosquito control
measures.
The camps must be located such that the drainage from and through the camps will
not endanger any domestic or public water supply.
All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions such that water
may get stagnant and become a nuisance.
(B) LAYOUT
The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary (temporary)
living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scales approved by the
engineer. All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that
uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. Safe drinking water should be
provided to the dwellers of the construction camps. Adequate washing and bathing places shall be
provided, and kept in clean and drained condition. Construction camps are to be sited away from
vulnerable people and adequate health care is to be provided for the work force.
Sanitation Facilities: Construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals. Sewerage
drains should be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches should be
treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. The sewage system for the camp must be properly
designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, ground or
adjacent watercourses takes place. Compliance with the relevant legislation must be strictly adhered
to. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and the garbage disposed off in
a hygienic manner
Shelter at Workplace: At every workplace, there shall be provided free of cost, four suitable shelters,
two for meals and two others for rest, separately for use of men and women labourers. The height of
shelter shall not be less than 3m from floor level to lowest part of the roof. Sheds shall be kept clean
and the space provided shall be on the basis of at least 0.5m2 per head.
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Canteen Facilities: A cooked food canteen on a moderate scale shall be provided for the benefit of
workers wherever it is considered necessary. The contractor shall conform generally to sanitary
requirements of local medical, health and municipal authorities and at all times adopt such
precautions as may be necessary to prevent soil pollution of the site.
First aid facilities: At every workplace, a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply
of sterilized dressing materials and appliances will be provided as per the Factory Rules. Workplaces
remote and far away from regular hospitals will have indoor health units with one bed for every 250
workers. Suitable transport will be provided to facilitate taking injured and ill persons to the nearest
hospital. At every workplace an ambulance room containing the prescribed equipment and nursing
staff will be provided.
Health Care Facilities: Health problems of the workers should be taken care of by providing basic
health care facilities through health centres temporarily set up for the construction camp. The health
centre should have at least a doctor, nurses, duty staff, medicines and minimum medical facilities to
tackle first-aid requirements or minor accidental cases, linkage with nearest higher order hospital to
refer patients of major illnesses or critical cases.
The health centre should have MCW (Mother and Child Welfare) units for treating mothers and
children in the camp. Apart from this, the health centre should provide with regular vaccinations
required for children.
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Annexure 1.3 (Specific R&R Measures)
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Provisions in Entitlement Framework
This entitlement matrix has been developed in accordance with the basic principles adopted in the
RPF and analysis of initial identification of project impacts.
In case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved by any
authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved procedure has
fixed a rate for compensation of land and is higher than the provisions under the project, the same
may be adopted by the Competent Authority in determining the compensation for land.
Similarly, in case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved
by any authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved
procedure has fixed a rate for resettlement and rehabilitation assistance and is higher than the
provisions under the project, the same may be adopted by the Executing Authority.
The following is the entitlement matrix, as per the NPR&R 2007:
Table1: Entitlement Matrix for PAFs along Ganga River Front at Patna
Type of Impact/ Loss Unit of
Entitlement
Entitlement Entitlements as per Policy
Loss of Structure by Non Titleholder
Loss of structure
(immovable assets
constructed by
squatters and
encroachers)
Household Compensation
at replacement
cost
Special
provisions for
vulnerable
Non vulnerable squatters and
encroachers will be notified and given
one month time to remove their assets.
Vulnerable squatters and encroachers
a) No compensation for land
b) Compensation for loss of affected
structural area will be paid at the
replacement cost to be calculated
as per latest prevailing basic
schedules of rates (BSR) without
depreciation.
Shifting assistance of Rs. 10000/- for
squatters.
Right to salvage material from the
demolished structure for both squatters
and encroachers.
Livelihood losses
Squatters
(NTH)/
Rehabilitation
assistance
Assistance to be paid as per the
prevailing MAWs for 180 days
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Agricultural
laborer/
sharecropper
losing primary
source of
income
Training would be provided for
upgradation of skills to the PAFs.
Employment opportunity for PAFs in
the sub project works, if available and if
so desired by them.
Or
National/State level job card under
National Rural Employment Guarantee
Program.
Licensed
mobile
vendors and
kiosk
operators
Rehabilitation
Assistance
Those mobile vendors in possession of
a permit from local authorities to
operate in the affected area will be
treated as kiosks operators.
Kiosk operators and vendors licensed
to operate from affected locations will
be entitled to a one time lump sum
assistance of Rs. 4000/-.
Other Impacts
8 Additional
Assistance to
vulnerable groups
Vulnerable
households
including BPL,
SC, ST, WHH,
disabled and
handicapped
Special
Assistance
One time lump sum assistance of Rs.
10000/ to vulnerable households. (This
will be paid above and over the other
assistance(s) as per this framework)
Adverse indirect
impacts on
neighborhood and
drop in land values
due to location of
landfill and/or STP
Community/
Titleholder
Special
assistance
Allocation of one percent of capital cost
of the sub project cost as
Neighborhood Development Fund
One time financial assistance to the
immediate private land owners
adjacent to the project site @ Rs
15000 per hectare to each person in
the records of rights
Green belt around the landfill site and /
or STP site.
Loss of community
infrastructure/
amenities
Community Special
assistance
The common property resources and
the community infrastructure shall be
relocated in consultation with the
community
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Loss of access to
private and / or
common resource
property
Community/
households
Special
assistance
Provide alternative access
Temporary impact
during construction like
disruption of normal
traffic,
damage to adjacent
parcel of land / assets
due to movement of
heavy machinery and
plant site
Community /
Individual
Compensation The contractor shall bear the cost of
any impact on structure or land due to
movement of machinery during
construction or establishment of
construction plant
All temporary use of land to be through
written approval of the landowner and
contractor.
Location of Construction camps by
contractors in consultation with PEA
The Project authority will ensure
security and access to households in
close proximity of the construction
camps and that camps must be located
at least 500 m from the habitation.
Any other impact
not yet identified,
whether loss of
asset or livelihood
Unforeseen impacts shall be
documented and mitigated based on
the principles agreed upon in this
policy framework.
Income Restoration Measures:
Income Restoration Measures as per the R&R Policy:
As per the R&R Policy of the project capacity-building efforts will be made for PAFs, which aim at skill
up gradation through various income generation training programmes and schemes. The R&R policy
has the provision of mitigating loss of income through cash compensation and capacity building for
self-employment.
Training Need Assessment:
One of the strategies for economic sustenance of the PAPs is to help them improve their production
level or to impart new skills/upgrade skills through training. The project will have to conduct training
need assessment (TNA) of PAFs. For PAPs who intend to diversify their economic activity, suitable
income restoration schemes will be identified on individual basis and training need would be
assessed. Besides training in scheme specific skills, general entrepreneurship development will also
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form part of the training programme, mainly to improve the management capabilities of EP. The
Training will be organized in the plan period itself. The NGO contracted for the implementation of RAP
will be assigned this task. Besides, training programs organized by other government agencies will
also be availed. The past experiences have shown that roughly three-fourth of the PAPs require
training. It will be the responsibility of the project to ensure that PAPs receives, training in desired
trade. The NGO contracted will act as a facilitator and training will be imparted either by the
government agencies or a professional and competent outside agency.
Inter-Agency Linkages for Income Restoration and other R&R Support
For Income restoration it is important that available skills with the PAPs is identified and further
upgraded. During verification survey, NGO should specifically ask about the skill possessed other
than the one related to their current occupation. NGO contracted for implementation should also
conduct a survey among the PAPs with options of various skills related to the resource base of the
area and available market (with proper forward and backward linkages) and accordingly selected
trades for training. Based on the training, NGO will identify income-generating activities for
sustainable economic opportunities. NGOs in consultation with the PAPs, project staff, district
administration and other stakeholders in institutional financing and marketing federations will prepare
micro-plans for IR activities.
In case of creation of alternative livelihood schemes, felt needs of the target group population will be
prioritized through people‟s participation. Further, these options will be tested for their viability against
availability of skills, resource base of the area and available appropriate technology. Suitable
alternative livelihood schemes will be chosen finally, where training on skill upgradation, capital
assistance, and assistance in the form of backward-forward linkages can be provided for making
these pursuits sustainable for the beneficiaries or the target groups.
A comprehensive support system to the PAPs will ensure income security. The project will work as a
facilitator to the people in the enterprise (but will not act as providers for each and every livelihood
opportunity). The PAPs are required to participate in developing feasible long- term income
generating schemes. The long- term options are expected to be developed during the implementation
of the RAP and also supported by the government assistance.
Short Term IR activities
Short term IR activities mean restoring PAPs‟ income during periods immediately before and after
relocation. Such activities will focus on the following:
• Ensuring that adequate compensation is paid before relocation
• Providing short term, welfare based grants and allowances such as:
• Free or subsidized items
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• Transitional allowances or grants until adequate income is generated, special allowances
for vulnerable groups
• With consideration of PAPs skills and needs, promoting PAP access to project related
employment opportunities such as:
• Work on relocation teams (e.g., driver, food provision, etc.)
Long term IR schemes
The long term IR schemes are listed below:
Petty Traders
Under this scheme, the availbility options are grocery shop, vegetable & fruit shop, stationary, cloth,
tea & snacks, ready-made garments, beetle shop etc. PAPs those who are already in the trade and
business are suitable for these activities. Implementing NGO will have to decide on type of shops to
be established as per demand.
Skill related Schemes
The options available under this scheme are tailoring, carpentry, masonry, mobile repair, computer
operator, beautician, motor winding, cycle/motor cycle/auto repair, driving (auto/Matador/etc.),
Television/Tape records/Watch repairing, Pottery, Leather works, etc. PAPs those who are in such
trades can undergo training for skill upgradation to supplement their annual income. Industrial
Training Institutes imparts training in such trades. Training can also be imparted through professional
and competent outside agency especially hired for the purpose. The implementation of above-
mentioned activities requires organization of credit camps. Extending financial credit support is an
important component of IR schemes. It requires organization of credit camps for EPs. Local
government officials, NGOs and PAP representatives apart from project officials, will attend these
camps. The purpose of the camps would be to allow local financial institutions to inform participants of
credit options and how to avoid procedural delays. All formalities related to processing of applications
for credit assistance will be completed at these camps. For these kinds of camps project staff along
with NGO, will have to coordinate closely with the Lead Bank managers and other commercial banks
operating in the district.
Monitoring of IR Schemes
The monitoring of IR schemes will be carried out along with the monitoring of other components of
RAP by an outside agency contracted for the purpose. The contract will specifically provide for regular
(every six months) monitoring of income restoration of PAPs. The monitoring will be carried out based
on economic indicators. Vulnerable PAPs who lose their livelihood due to the project will be assisted
in alternative economic rehabilitation schemes and vocational training for skill up gradation as per the
requirement of suggested economic scheme.
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Provisions for Vulnerable Groups
Distribution of project affected households is mentioned in below table. There are 164 vulnerable
households as per the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) out of 229 that may be impacted due to
this project. Vulnerability of project affected households has been identified based on social and
economic criteria. As per vulnerability criteria 164 HHs are socially vulnerable. Socially vulnerable
households are woman headed households, Schedule Castes.
Table: Vulnerability Status of PAFs
S. No. Vulnerability Number (Without Double Count)
1 WHH 24
2 SC 73
3 BPL 67
Total 164
Source: Primary survey, 2013
Impact Mitigation Strategy/Plan
Income restoration
Measures for income restoration are one of the most crucial and vital components of resettlement
planning and implementation. They are integrated with the development project involving involuntary
resettlements. The World Bank policy states that the loss of the livelihoods in the projects with
involuntary resettlement can severely affect people especially those from the vulnerable groups and
other disadvantaged section of the society leading to impoverishment.
Women Involvement in Development Process
Participation of women has been envisaged specifically in the following areas:
In the pre-planning and planning stages, participation from women in the consultation
process is a must. The NGOs will make sure that at least 33%* of project affected women
are adequately consulted in all stages of the project cycle.
Field team of the NGO shall include at least-one women investigator/facilitator.
Compensation for land and assets lost being same for all the affected or displaced
families, women headed households shall be provided adequate attention and counseling
by the NGO during RAP implementation.
*This proposal is as for recommendations of the women reservation bill.
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It is imperative that the NGRBA ensures that the women are consulted and invited to
participate in group-based activities, to gain access and control over the resource as a part
of the RAP
The NGOs should make sure that women are actually taking part in LA&R&R processes
such as issuance of identity cards, opening accounts in the bank, receiving compensation
amounts through cheque in their name or not, etc. This will further widen the perspective of
participation by the women in the project implementation.
Under the entitlement framework there are a number of provisions kept for compensation
and assistances towards the losses incurred upon the impacted women headed
households by the project.
The assistances to be provided to women as a vulnerable group should create alternative
livelihood for them to ensure their sustainable socio-economic upliftment.
The implementing agencies should provide trainings for upgrading the skill in the
alternative livelihoods and assist throughout till the beneficiaries start up with production
and business.
Women's participation should be initiated through Self-Help Group formation in each of the
wards affected by the project. These groups should then be linked to special development
schemes of the Government, like SGSY.
Women's participation should be ensured for monitoring and evaluation activities.
Monitoring of project inputs concerning benefit to women should invite their participation
that will make the process more transparent to them. Women should be encouraged to
evaluate the project outputs from their point of view and their useful suggestions should be
noted for taking necessary actions for further modifications in the project creating better
and congenial situation for increasing participation from women.
Involvement of Women in Construction Activities
The labour force required for the construction activities will be mostly of high-skill nature since a lot
of machine work will be involved in the construction of the project. But there will be
requirement of unskilled labour where women may likely to involve in such work. Women as
family members of the skilled and semi-skilled labourers will also stay in the construction
camps and will be indirectly involved during the construction phase. The families of labourer will
include their children also. The construction contractors are expected to bring along their labour force.
Thus, in most cases the labourers, both male and female, will be migratory labourers. But, the
involvement of local labour force, especially for unskilled activities cannot be fully ruled out. There will
be involvement of local women also in the local labour force. Foreseeing the involvement of women
both directly and indirectly in the construction activities, certain measures are required to be
token towards welfare and well-being of women and children in-particular during the
construction phase.
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Measures for Income Restoration and up-liftment of Vulnerable People
The entitlement matrix has evolved a number of measures towards resettlement and rehabilitation of
vulnerable families including women headed households, SC/ST below poverty line and the poor
getting affected by its projects. The considerations therein have been compiled as follows:
All the affected families falling under the vulnerable category including the poor will be assisted to
uplift their economic status irrespective of their ownership status. Whether they possess or do not
possess legal title to the lands/assets, whether they are tenants or encroachers or squatters, they will
be assisted in restoring their livelihoods as per the entitlement matrix.
The Environment and Social Management Unit proposed as part of the project are required to
maintain the social support network for women headed households as far as possible so that they
remain closer to their locations and /or provide special services at the new sites. Special assistance
would consist of the following:
Allowing the PAPs for site selection
Relocating them near the present site wherever possible
Providing assistance with dismantling salvageable materials from their original home
Providing them priority for access to all other mitigation and development assistance
Monitoring their nutritional and health status
The entitlement matrix for the vulnerable people is given below:
Additional Assistance to
vulnerable Families
(Disabled, destitute,
orphans, widows,
unmarried girls,
abandoned women,
persons above fifty
years of age; who are not
provided or can not
immediately be provided
with alternative livelihood,
and who are not
otherwise covered as part
of a family (Ref 6.4 V)
Affected
Families
(229)
@Rs. 500/-
per month
per
Vulnerable
(widows (22)
unmarried
girls (151)
persons >
50 years of
Age(23))
The project authorities shall, at
their cost, arrange for annuity
policies that will pay a pension for
life to the vulnerable affected
persons of such amount as may be
prescribed by the appropriate
Government subject to a minimum
of five hundred rupees per month.
(NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.17)
@Rs. 500/-
=Rs.98,300 per
months
(It can be
associated with
the Social
Assistance
Programmes
e.g.- Old Age and
Widow Pensions
Programmes as
well as Marriage
Assistance
Programmes of
Ministry of Social-
Women Welfare,
Govt. of India)
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Additional assistance for
Tribal families
Affected
Family
NA
Who have not been
provided agricultural land;
or
employment
Affected
family
Shall be entitled to a rehabilitation
grant equivalent to seven hundred
fifty days minimum agricultural
wages (750 MAW) or such other
higher amount as may be
prescribed by the appropriate
Government (NPR&R, 2007;Ref
7.14 )
NA
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R&R Budget:
S.No Entitlement Unit Quantity Amount (In Rs)
1 Compensation for
Structure
Dwelling Unit 229@Rs 150000 (as per
Rajiv Awas Yojna)
34350000
2 Assistance for Cattle
Shed
Cattle Shed 25@ Rs 15000 per cattle
shed
375000
3 Shifting Assistance PAFs 229@Rs 10000 2290000
4 ERG to Cattle shed
owner
PAFs 25@10000 250000
5 Special Assistance
to Vulnerable PAFs
PAFs 164@10000 1640000
Sub-Total (A) 38905000
6 RAP Implementation Cost for NGO 1800000
7 M&E Cost 800000
8 Contingency (5%) 1717500
Sub-Total (B) 4317500
Grand Total 43222500
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Annexure 1.4 (Drawings for Safety Measures)
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Evacuation route from each Ghat
sections
General Access route to Ghat sections
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Annexure 1.5: Professor Sinha’s Report on Gangetic Dolphin in Context
of Patna RFD
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Preliminary Report Regarding the Impact of the River Front Development Project on Dolphin
Habitat in River Ganga at Patna
Under the River Front Development project, approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India between Collectorate ghat and Naujar ghat (6.6 K.M.), twenty ghats and a
promenade (6 m wide) to connect to the different ghats, are proposed to be constructed. Besides,
some buildings will also get constructed for various purposes. There are some already constructed
ghats like Mahendru ghat, Kali ghat, Gandhi ghat, Law college ghat, etc. in same stretch. The space
in between consecutive ghats has been proposed as landscaped terraces. The terraces through
series of steps would gradually lead to the river edge and would be landscaped with indigenous
species which would protect the river edge during the rain from erosion. The landscaped edges could
be used during the suitable seasons according to the lies in open of the stepped terraces by the
continuous ascending and resending water of the river. It is required to conduct a study about impact
of project on Gangetic dolphins in Ganga River during implementation of the project. As during
months of July and September the river is flooded, no such study is possible. But due to
administrative exigencies, BUIDCo is requesting me to submit a preliminary report based on my
earlier study and vast experience of working on Gangetic dolphins. After discussion with the
concerned technical experts of BUIDCo and their consultant; and going through Detailed Project
Report following is my preliminary report which may be help to the BUIDCo.
I visited most of the proposed and existing Ghats which were accessible by road in the month of
August 2013. The river Ganga was heavily flooded. Almost all the existing Ghats and the sites of the
proposed Ghats were completely inundated.
The entire stretch of river along the city of Patna has been a good habitat for the gangetic dolphin.
The Gangetic dolphins prefers deep zone with eddy counter currents and complex hydro
geomorphological formation in the river. Such habitats were formed along the left bank of the river at
Patna. When the flow of Ganga was from Pahleza ghat to Digha ghat, i.e. North to South, the river
used to flow very close to the city of Patna from Digha to Deedarganj. The city of Patna used to have
a long (About 20 km) river front about two decades ago. Currently, half of the river front has been lost
as Ganga shifted away from the city as its flow changed from North South to East-West, i.e. from
Maner to Danapur. There are several reasons for this change, including the enhanced sand mining at
the confluence of river Son and Ganga near Maner and many brick kilns close to Ganga at Digha
ghat. The confluence of Gandak has been a very good habitat for round the year. In the last ten years,
the confluence of Gandak has also shifted about 4-5 KM from Gulbi ghat to Khajekalan ghat.
In the last two decades the course of Ganga has shifted away from the city of Patna from Digha to
Collectorate ghat. Thus currently the Dolphin habitat close to river front is from Collectorate ghat
downward only. The left bank of the river at Patna was protected by brick and boulder pitching since
long back as this bank used to be the erosion side of the river. The boulders and bricks along the river
bank have been found to be good habitat for many of the invertebrates and breeding sites for some of
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the important fish species. The dolphins feed on small size (usually about 10 cm long or less) fish as
its gullet is very small. Occasionally it also feeds on mud-dweller small fishes, snails, insect larvae etc.
while groveling in the bottom mud. Littoral zones of river i.e. close to river banks are proffered habitat
for small fishes and invertebrates. Thus the stretches close to the bank of rivers are good foraging
ground for the dolphins.
The Gangetic dolphins have been observed near cremation ghats, ferry ghats, bathing and washing
ghats. We understand that in the area of human activities like bathing and washing ghats, ferry ghats
and cremation ghats people tend to throw some edible items which could attract the fishes and
ultimately the dolphins.
As the Gangetic dolphin is „blind‟ and its entire life system depends on echo-location, noise pollution
in its habitat is dangerous for this species. Many cases of strike with motorized vessels have been
observed to be fatal for the dolphin in and around Patna.
I was informed that under the proposed RFD project below the steps of the Ghats near water line/
river edge would be boulders fixed with meshed iron wire. The size of the mess would be eight inches.
The space in between two consecutive ghats has been proposed as land scape terraces. The
terraces through series of steps would gradually lead to the river edge and should be landscaped with
indigenous species of grasses which would protect the river edge during the rains from erosion.
Buildings at different ghats are proposed for various purposes including one Dolphin Research Centre
at Gai ghat.
I understand that there will be not much impact of the RFD Project on dolphin habitat in the Ganga at
Patna. Nevertheless, I would like to make following recommendations to be taken into account during
the implementation of the project:
1. The mess size of the iron wire to be used to fix the boulders below the steps at ghats close to
the water line or river edge should be four inches instead of eight inches. The boulders should
be in river water even in the leanest month. The invertebrates and fishes should have access
to the boulder pitching.
2. No indigenous grasses should be planted in the landscape terraces between two ghats as in
the spaces natural amphibious/aquatic grasses of riparian zone of the river grow which are
breeding grounds for various terrestrial and aquatic insects and provide habitats for
amphibious/aquatic invertebrates. The planted grasses will get destroyed due to deposition of
fresh mud during flood every year; whereas the natural amphibious/aquatic grasses
germinate and grow as a natural process every year. It is advisable that landscape terraces
should not be allowed to dump solid waste and be used as open lavatory. It should not be
allowed for cattle wallowing.
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3. It may be noted that already fund for a National Dolphin Research Centre has been available
to the Government of Bihar by the Planning Commission of India. Various administrative
decisions have been taken by the Government of Bihar regarding location, administration,
future funding etc. for this centre. It is not advisable to construct another Dolphin Research
Centre at Gai ghat under the RFD project. Moreover, it is not clear who will manage this
center on long term. Under the situation, I would like to suggest that fund available for Dolphin
Research Center under the RFD project be merged and made available to the National
Dolphin Research Center.
4. There should be minimum or no noise under the water during implementation of the project. If
any mechanized boat is used during implementation of the project, the same may be propeller
guard.
I understand this preliminary report with some recommendations will allow BUIDCo to proceed with
the tendering process of the project. Detailed research on the impact of the RFD project on dolphin
habitat may be concluded in due course of time.
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Proposal to conduct research on the impact of River Front Development Project on Gangetic dolphin at Patna and to recommend mitigation plan and preparation of report to be submitted to Bihar Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (BUIDCo), Patna
Introduction
Under the River Front Development (RFD) Project at Patna, approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, between Collectorate Ghat and Naujar Ghat (6.6 km), twenty ghats and a promenade (6m wide) to connect the different ghats, are proposed to be constructed in the River Ganga by the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (BUIDCO). Besides, some buildings will also be constructed for various purposes. Already there are some existing ghats like Mahendru Ghat, Kali Ghat, Gandhi Ghat, Law College Ghat, etc in the same stretch of the river. The space between the consecutive ghats has been proposed as landscaped terraces. The terraces through series of steps would gradually lead to the river edge and would be landscaped with indigenous floral species which would protect the river edge from erosion during the rains. The landscaped edges could be used during the suitable seasons according to what lies in open of the stepped terraces by the continuous ascending and receding waters of the river.
An endangered but mega-charismatic fauna, the Ganges River dolphin, is found in the River Ganga at Patna in the same stretch and can be frequently sighted between Danapur and Fatuha (confluence of the River Punpun and Ganga). The dolphin is not only a Schedule 1 animal under the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, but our National Aquatic Animal. It is required to conduct a study on impact of the RFD Project on the dolphin and its habitat in the construction areas especially during the implementation of the project.
The Managing Director of the BUIDCO wrote a letter No. BUIDCo/40-24/10 (Part-2)/ - 1432 dated 3.7.13 requesting to submit a proposal for the study under consultancy mode. As the river remains swollen due to high flood during July to September, it was very difficult to conduct such study during July to September. However, due to administrative exigencies, BUIDCO wrote another letter No. 1748 dated 8.8.13 requesting for a preliminary report based on our earlier studies and vast experiences of working on Ganges River dolphins. After detailed discussion with the concerned technical experts of BUIDCO and their consultants in several meetings; and going through the detailed project report and visiting all the sites in August 2013 we submitted a Preliminary Report free of cost to help the BUIDCO. Now BUIDCO representative approached us for the project proposal including details of the consultancy fees and other terms & conditions along with tentative time frame for completion of the scope of work which is as follow:
Terms of Reference (ToR)
1.0 The River Ganga near Patna is known to support Gangetic dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) categorized as an Endangered species by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). It is included in the Schedule 1 of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. The species was declared as National Aquatic Animal of India by Hon‟ble Prime Minister, Dr. Man Mohan Singh on 5th October, 2009; a formal notification was issued on 10th May, 2010. The stretch of the Ganga where the proposed project is to be implemented has been a good habitat for the Ganges River dolphin. In order to understand the impact of the project on the dolphin and its habitat in and around Patna, a study is proposed to be undertaken.
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2.0 SCOPE OF WORK
2.1 The study area will cover about 30 km stretch of the River Ganga from Danapur to Punpun confluence at Fatuha during Post-Monsoon (November), winter (February), and summer (May).
2.2 To study temporal and spatial variation in status and distribution of the Ganges River dolphin in the river in the study area during the course of its implementation i.e. during execution and Operation & Maintenance.
2.3 To study the variables affecting the dolphin in the river system in the study area.
2.4 To study faunal assemblage with special reference to higher vertebrates.
2.5 To study human activities along the banks of the Ganga and understand its interaction with the river system.
2.6 To recommend a mitigation plan and preparation of relevant report in case there is any adverse effects of the project on Ganges River dolphin in the area under study.
2.7 Necessary site visit as and when required for the project or requested by the BUIDCO
3.0 METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED
Internationally and Nationally accepted methods will be followed for all the studies including, physico-chemical, biological including dolphin sightings etc.
4.0 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT SUBMISSION
Annual progress report after completion of the seasonal studies and a final technical report will be submitted after completion of the studies. The report will contain methods followed/adopted and findings of the study. The report will include recommendation of mitigation plan.
5.0 DELIVERABLES Two copies of the annual progress report will be submitted by 31st December every year. Five copies of the final report will be submitted in soft and hard copy after six months of completion of the study.
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Annexure 1.6: Participation list of the public consultation with
stakeholders
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Participation list of the public consultation with stakeholders in Krishna Memorial Hall, Patna on dated 30th August 2013 for RFD, Patna Project
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Annexure 1.7: Cultural Impact Assessment Report (Prepared by INTACH)
Architectural Heritage DivisionIndian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
INTACH
February 2014
Cultural Impact Assessment ReportRiverfront Development at Patna Project Phase I
Prepared by
Architectural Heritage Division Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
INTACH
February 2014
Head Office71, Lodi Estate, New Delhi – 110003
Tel: 24641304, 24692774. Fax: 24611290www.intach.org
DEDICATED TO CONSERVATION
Sponsored by
BUIDCo
Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited
(A Government of Bihar Undertaking)
Cultural Impact Assessment ReportRiverfront Development at Patna Project Phase I
February 2014
INTACH - Dedicated to Conservation
Cultural Impact Assessment – Riverfront Development at Patna
Project Credits
Commissioning Authority
Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd.
Project Consultant
Architectural Heritage Division
INTACH NEW DELHI
INTACH TEAM
1. Mr. Divay Gupta
Principal Director
Architectural Heritage Division, INTACH
2. Mrs. A. Vijaya
Dir. Programme
Architectural Heritage Division, INTACH
3. Mrs. Aline de Carvalho Luther
Conservation Architect
Architectural Heritage Division, INTACH
4. Mrs. Shweta Jaiswal
Conservation Architect
Architectural Heritage Division, INTACH
February 2014
INTACH - Dedicated to Conservation
Cultural Impact Assessment – Riverfront Development at Patna
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Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Maps
List of Tables
1. Introduction
1.1. Brief and Objectives
1.2. Structure of Report
1.3. Assumption and Limitations
1.4. Methodology
2. Description of Project
2.1. Project Background
2.2. Project Description
3. Significance of the Sites
3.1. Understanding the Context
3.1.1. Location and Reference
3.1.2. Historical Context
3.1.3. Identification of Cultural Heritage Resources
3.1.4. Assessment of Values of Cultural Heritage
3.2. Understanding the Site
3.2.1. Historic Site Description
3.2.2. Present Site Description
3.3. Statement of Cultural Significance
3.4. Identification of Heritage Variable
3.5. Assessment of Heritage Variable on Site
4. Cultural Impact Assessment4.1. Project Types
4.2. Project’s Representation Problems
4.3. Magnitude of Impact in Heritage Variables
4.4. Assessment of Impact Value
4.5. Mitigation Measures
4.5.1. Mitigation Measures during Project Planning Stage
4.5.2. Mitigation Measures during Construction Stage
4.5.3. Mitigation Measures per Ghat
4.6. Monitoring Mechanism
4.7. Findings and Recommendations
AnnexuresAnnexe I - Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of
Patna River Front - World Bank’s Final Report
Annexe II - INVENTORY
Annexe III - ICOMOS’ Value Table
Annexe IV - ICOMOS’ Example Guide for assessing magnitude of impact
Select Bibliography
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Cultural Impact Assessment – Riverfront Development at Patna February 2014
1
Abbreviations
ADP Area Development Plans
ASI Archaeological Survey of India
BNR Badshah Nawab Rizvi
BUIDCo Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited
CIA Cultural Impact Assessment
DPR Detailed Project Report
ICH Intangible Cultural Heritage
ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites
INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
NGBRA National Ganga River Basin Authority
NRCP National River Conservation Plan
PMCH Patna Medical College and Hospital
RDF Riverfront Development
Photographs by Architectural Heritage Division and sourced by the Detailed Project Report unless otherwise mentioned.
List of Figures
Figure 1 - Heritage buildings identified at the DPR for the RDF at Patna.
Figure 2 - Chhath festival on the banks of the Ganges at Patna.
Figure 3 - Encroachment at Anta Ghat.
Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 - Facilities at the Promenade.
Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 - Designs of Ghats.
Figures 16, 17 and 18 - Location of elements at the promenade and design of Art Terrace and Shelter.
Figures 19, 20 and 21 - Design of Hawking Zones, Kiosks and Toilets.
Figure 22 - Part of the City of Patna, on the River Ganges; by Thomas Daniell, 1795.
Figure 23 - View of the opium bungalow and encampment at Gulzarbagh, near Patna City, a road coming down to the river. 19 November 1824.
Figure 24 - View from the terrace of the Patna Custom House looking along the Ganges towards Gulzarbagh and Bankipur. 24 October 1824.
Figure 25 - View of road and houses near Patri Ghat in the Western suburbs of Patna City. 31 October 1824.
Figure 26 - View of Raja Shitab Rai’s Ghat in the W. suburbs of Patna City taken from the river.
Figure 27 - Collectorate Ghat.
INTACH - Dedicated to Conservation
Cultural Impact Assessment – Riverfront Development at Patna February 2014
2
Figure 28 - Collectorate Ghat, Temples and Collectorate buildings.
Figures 29 and 30 - Entrance to Collectorate Ghat and Collectorate Buildings.
Figure 31 - View towards the River Ganges from Bankipore Club.
Figures 32 and 33 - Anta Ghat.
Figure 34 - Entrance to B.N. College Ghat through the College.
Figure 35 - Railway Reservation Center and Mahendru Ghat (after intervention).
Figure 36 - Adalat Ghat, Temple Complex and provisory bridge (probably for the Chhat Festival).
Figure 37 - Adalat Ghat and Temple Complex.
Figure 38 - Civil Court between Mahendru and Adalat Ghats.
Figures 39, 40 and 41 - Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat.
Figures 42 and 43 - Administrative block of PMCH Complex.
Figure 44 - Darbhanga House at Kali Ghat.
Figures 45 and 46 - Darbanga House and Kali Ghat seen from the pathway and from the River Ganges.
Figure 47 - Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat.
Figures 48, 49 and 50 - Krishna Ghat and Temple Complex.
Figure 51 - Ganga Aarti at Gandhi Ghat.
Figure 52- Gandhi Ghat.
Figure 53 - Law College Ghat.
Figure 54- Law College’s hostel block - facade towards the riverfront.
Figure 55 - Law College’s hostel block - main facade, perpendicular to the river.
Figures 56 and 57 - Entrance to Temple Complex and Temples at Rani Ghat.
Figure 58 - Rani Ghat and Temple Complex seen from the River Ganges.
Figure 59 - Temple Complex at Rani Ghat.
Figure 60 - Crematorium at Gulbi Ghat.
Figures 61 and 62 - Entrance to Ghagha Ghat, Temple and steps.
Figure 63 - Remnants of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat.
Figures 64 and 65 - Remnants of Tekari House and Raushan Ghat.
Figures 66, 67 and 68 - Tekari Ghat and Temple Complex.
Figures 69 and 70 - Chaudhary Tola Ghat and Temple Complex.
Figure 71 - Babu Hira Sinha building at Chaudhary Tola Ghat.
Figures 72, 73, 74 and 75 - Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf, small temples behind the walkway, bathrooms in front the walkway and BNR College Ghat at the other side.
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Figure 76- Mosque at Alamganj Ghat.
Figures 77 and 78 - Entrance of Raja Ghat, temples at both sides and ruined fortification. Maha Shiva Mandir inside the old walls
Figure 79- Shiva Temple at Raja Ghat.
Figures 80 and 81- Old walls at Raja Ghat.
Figures 82 and 83 - New ghat at the front and Gai Ghat at the back. Small temple at the riverfront.
Figures 84, 85, 86, 87 and 88 - Temple Complex, entrance to the Ghat, interior of a Temple and Aadi Chitragupta Mandir.
Figure 89 - View of the ruins of the Dutch Factory in the W. suburbs of Patna City showing the great revetments on the River Ganges on 17th November 1824.
Figure 90 - Grounds of Duncan Campbell’s house at Patna.
Figure 91 - Bird’s eye view from above the Opium Godown at Patna; a watercolor by Seeta Ram, 1814-15; from ‘Views by Seeta Ram from Patna to Benares Vol. II’ produced for Lord Moira, afterwards the Marquess of Hastings, by Sita Ram between 1814-15, to illustrate his journey from Calcutta to Delhi between 1814-15.
Figure 92 - Chait festival on the banks of the Ganges at Patna- a watercolor (1795-1800).
Figure 93 - View of the French Factory, Patna City, seen from the river on 19th November 1824.
List of Maps
Map 1 - POTENTIAL - Civic and Heritage buildings on Ghats. Identification of buildings from the DPR for the RDF at Patna.
Map 2 - Proposed Urban Framework. Map from the DPR for the RDF at Patna.
Map 3 - Precints and Land Use.
Map 4 - STRATEGY VII - Multi use public space onto the river. The division of the precints and promenades can be observed in this drawing.Map 3 - Location of the area for the intervention in the city of Patna.
Map 5 - STRATEGY VIII - Public Architecture - Civic Identity. Design and location of the proposed buildings for the riverfront.
Map 6 - Location of the area for the intervention in the city of Patna.
Map 7 - Location of the area for the intervention at Patna’s riverfront.
Map 8 - Existing Land Use.
List of Tables
Table 1 – Summary of Proposal per Ghat.Table 2 – Assessment of Values.Table 3 – Assessment of Scale of Impact or Severity of Changes.Table 4 – Assessment of Impact Value / Significance of Impact.Table 5 – Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment.Table 6 – Impact and Mitigation Measures per Ghat
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1. Introduction
1.1. Brief and Objectives
Patna is the capital of the State of Bihar and is located on the banks of the River Ganga. The present urban growth faces away the river and its riverfront lost the importance acquired when the river was the main mode for transportation.
With the objective of developing and integrating the riverfront to the city, BUIDCo (Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited) prepared a large project comprehending the area from Collectorate Ghat to Naujar Ghat, in a length of 6.6 km. The proposal on the form of a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the Riverfront Development (RFD) at Patna, presented in May 2013,
aims to create a pleasant riverfront area, attracting tourists and the local population. Cultural buildings, distributed along the riverfront, and promenades, connecting the ghats, with several facilities were proposed.
The total number of Ghats in this area is 27 and 20 of them are under this development plan. Three Ghats are proposed to be maintained the way they are (Gandhi Ghat, Law College Ghat and Gulbi Ghat) and other four (Collectorate Ghat, Mahendru Ghat, Kali Ghat and Patna College Ghat) had or are going to have interventions carried out by the Department of Tourism - Government of Bihar; some of the interventions are proved to be well succeeded by the intense use by the local population. Sen & Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd and Nila A Architecture & Urban Design are consultants for the project.
Map 1 - POTENTIAL - Civic and Heritage buildings on Ghats. Identification of buildings from the DPR for the RDF at Patna.
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Map 2 - Proposed Urban Framework. Map from the DPR for the RDF at Patna.
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The Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) in the form of this report includes a detailed assessment of the proposed development work, and assessing the impact of resulting constructional activities to ensure safety, security, preservation, access, visual integrity and archaeological integrity of Patna’s Riverfront and its Ghats and other cultural resources in their surroundings, ensuring that they are not adversely affected by the proposed development and that the proposed development helps in enhancing the cultural significance of this historical river front.
The Cultural Impact Assessment for the Riverfront Development at Patna was commissioned to INTACH by the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation in September 2013.
1.2. Structure of Report
The CIA report is structured in four main sections – the Introduction, Project Description, Cultural Significance and Cultural Impact Assessment.
The First Chapter presents the background of the CIA project, and the basic framework, outline and methodology for undertaking the Cultural Impact Assessment in the context of the proposed development project.
The Second Chapter of the report introduces and highlights the key features of the proposed project including an outline of the proposed change or development that it would entail including the rationale behind the requirement for change or development of the existing Riverfront and Ghats.
Figure 1 - Heritage buildings identified at the DPR for the RDF at Patna.
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The Third Chapter presents a comprehensive understanding of Patna’s Riverfront and Ghats, their significance, authenticity and integrity, condition, context and inter-relationships with its surrounding areas. This includes identification of cultural heritage assets situated at the ghats and nearby and their significance.
The Fourth Chapter of the report identifies the range of impacts arising from the proposed development of the Patna Riverfront and an objective evaluation of those impacts (beneficial and adverse) on the Ghats and surroundings and in particular on the site’s significance, integrity and authenticity, safety, security, preservation, access, visual impact and archaeological impact. The report would conclude with clear guidelines and recommendations to mitigate or avoid potential impact of the development project for Patna Riverfront and its surroundings during and after completion of the proposed project.
1.3. Assumption and Limitations
The CIA draws its assessment of the proposed RFD at Patna Project based on the reports and architectural drawings provided by Sen & Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd and Nila A Architecture & Urban Design, commissioned by the Urban Development Department, Bihar, and therefore assume that they are accurate in their description of the proposed project.
No public consultation process has been undertaken as part of the cultural impact assessment. No subsurface investigation (including excavations or sampling) were undertaken. The soil surfaces of the existing open areas were visually inspected. If heritage resources are
present below the surface or in areas of dense vegetation on the sites, the client is bound by the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR Act), which requires that the developer cease all work immediately and notify the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) should any heritage resources, as defined in the Act, be discovered during the course of the development works.
1.4. Methodology
i. Site Visit
A Team from INTACH inspected during the period of 3rd to 6th September 2013 several ghats along the Ganges River, especially the ones that received a final grade one and two in the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front at the World Bank’s Final Report – Consultancy Services for INDIA: National Ganga River Basin Project (P119085), prepared previously by LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd. and INTACH. A visual survey was conducted to identify any potential heritage resources on the sites. Site visits helped assess the condition, authenticity and integrity, sensitive viewpoints of the Ghats and so on with respect to the proposed development project to help predict impacts in cultural assets.
ii. Desktop Research
Preliminary information on the sites was obtained from existing databases in the form of INTACH’s listing of Patna, 1990, and World Bank’s Final Report – Consultancy Services for INDIA: National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011. The objective of ‘baseline data’ collection was to enable the heritage attributes to be quantified and characterized and thereby allow their vulnerability to proposed changes to be established.
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iii. Assessment Significance
The Cultural resources identified in the areas of the ghats have been assessed to determine their cultural significance. This is a crucial component for assessing the proposed development project’s impact on the cultural environment. The significance of the cultural heritage derived on the basis of aesthetic, historic, social, cultural, economic, educational values, etc.
iv. Impact Identification and Assessment
Impact on the ghats and/or any other potential cultural resources identified which may be perceived as the changes to the sites authenticity and integrity that may be incurred as a result of the proposed development project. These changes may be either beneficial or adverse. If the proposed development actively protects, preserves, enhances and promotes the heritage resource or the environment in a sustainable manner then it would be regarded as beneficial impacts.
Adverse impact however would be considered as direct or indirect. Direct effects would be the result of abrupt negative results of a project which can be attributed to the particular environmental modifying action. They are directly caused by a project or its ancillary facilities and occur at the same time and place. Indirect
impacts result from activities not directly associated with actual project actions but is attributed to modification the environment.
After project impacts are identified, it is necessary to determine their individual level-of-effect on the ghats and the heritage resources in their areas and surroundings. This assessment is aimed at establishing the degree to which the resources will be adversely affected by the proposed project. This methodology for assessing the values of heritage assets and the system for assessing/evaluating magnitude of impact has been based on ICOMOS ‘Guidance on heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Properties’.
v. Impact Management / Mitigation Recommendations
Where unavoidable negative impacts are identified between heritage resources and the proposed development work, the management of unavoidable and unanticipated adverse impacts on the heritage resources will be taken into consideration through the implementation of mitigation and monitoring measures. Mitigation strategies proposed comprise of measures that would need to be taken to reduce negative effects of project construction, operation and maintenance on the ghats areas. Mitigation measures are proposed under Design Interventions, Prevention Measures and Investigation/Studies.
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2. Description of Project
2.1. Project Background
The city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges, the major river of the Indian subcontinent, which besides its physical resource value enjoys a cultural and spiritual significance that transcends the boundaries of the basin. For several years Patna’s urban growth has been developing towards the interior of the city. In this process, Patna’s Riverfront towards the Ganga River went through a process of abandonment and underutilisation.
The small roads that lead to the Ghats make the connection between the city and the river and just few of them have been properly utilized by the population. Their use is mainly religious and some of them get are very crowded during religious festivals, as the famous Chhat Puja. Patna attracts around 2.5 million tourists every year, mainly for religious purposes. Apart from that, they are not very attractive for regular tourists. The existing facilities at the Ghats are also quite poor and the Ghats are not easily connected at the riverfront area.
Another problem faced by Patna’s Riverfront and Ghats is related to safety. In 2011 Patna District Administration declared 23 ghats as unsafe for Chhath Puja. Several accidents already took place at Patna’s Ghats during religious festivals due to the unsafeness of the areas. As the city isn’t facing the Ganga River and the Ghats majority of the area is uninhabited most of the times and crimes also take place.
The Department of Tourism - Government of Bihar focuses on the Ganges Ghats in Patna as a major touristic attraction. There are a number of old forts and ruins and pilgrimages situated on the bank of the Ganges in Patna. Some Ghats, like Collectorate Ghat,
Mahendru Ghat and Kali Ghat, already had interventions carried by the Tourism Department.
According to the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front at the World Bank’s Final Report there are around 200 built heritage in Patna and many of these are along the riverfront and needs to be conserved. The report also pointed the threads that these heritage buildings are suffering due to lack of maintenance, leading to further deterioration and complete loss of the heritage properties, and by real estate pressures to replace all old heritage properties with newer and commercially profitable developments.
Figure 2 - Chhath festival on the banks of the Ganges at Patna. Source: World Web.
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There are several issues with regard to the situation of the riverfront at Patna. The shifting river course is one critical factor to be considered in the riverfront interventions, as the water course has been shifting over the years. The connection between the city and the river is required, as the present urban growth practically faces away from the river and the ghats are the only places where the city meets the river. This lack of connection with the city and consequently lack of river edge’s usage made this area vulnerable to encroachment, present in several of the Ghat’s access roads.
At present there is virtually very less landscaping along the river edges. Also there are no city level parks in the area. These are some of the reasons that the Bihar Government has decided to take up Ganga riverfront development project.
Figure 3 - Encroachment at Anta Ghat.
2.2. Project Description
The project has interesting proposals for the riverfront of the Ganga River in Patna. The RFD at Patna listed 27 ghats for the project, having proposals of new designs for 20 of them in the development plan. All the Ghats were studied individually for the project, and in the Chapter 3 of the DPR access, connections, activity nodes, landmarks, activity mapping and edge condition were analysed.
The project comprehends the area from Collectorate Ghat to Naujar Ghat, in a length of 6.6 km and aims to connect areas of the riverfront by promenades, also including the ghats that have already received an intervention by the Tourism Department. The connection of several ghats by promenades, called precincts at the project, is a proposal that really facilitates the use and view of the riverfront,
Map 3 - Precints and Land Use.
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creating a leisure area. The precincts were created based on nature of land use of immediate, possibilities for infrastructure, availability of land, extent of public use and geographic possibilities.
The riverfront area was divided in three zones and four precincts for the project. The Zone A that mainly comprises government offices, institutional and public buildings is divided in Precinct 1, from Collectorate Ghat to Mahendru Ghat, Precinct 2, from Adalat Ghat to Gandhi Ghat and Precinct 3, from Gandhi Ghat to Rani Ghat.
The Zone B starts where the institutional area ends and the dense residential area starts, being also an area with important religious
Map 4 - STRATEGY VII - Multi use public space onto the river. The division of the precints and promenades can be observed in this drawing.
and community buildings on the riverfront. It has one precinct, Precinct 3A, from Gulvi Ghat to Gai Ghat.
The Zone C starts at the point between new and old Patna, also characterized mainly by dense residential areas. This Zone contains Precinct 4, between Bhadra Ghat and Naujar Ghat.
The promenades have been placed over the high tide level, allowing its use throughout the year, being 6 meters wide. At the promenade level there are proposals for several facilities as parking, multi-purpose kiosks, art terraces, seating, hawker zones, toilets, changing rooms, lifeguards stations and other services. The construction of
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new buildings for the Collectorate and for leisure and culture along the Riverfront are proposed, creating new points of interest at the Riverfront area.
The proposed Ghats have been designed based on analysis of Ghats in traditional cities and the architecture of the Ghats has been prototyped, having seven options of design.
There is a concern about the river ecology in the project. The development of the river edges is proposed to avoid harm to the natural environment, aiming the edge restoration, biodiversity for wild life, methods for carbon reduction, etc.
Some of the principles followed for the proposed riverfront development are:
• A holistic development of the river edge with its interface to the city rather than an edge beautification measure.
• Promote a more walkable, pedestrian friendly edge thus promoting healthy city.
• Creation of open space in space crunched city. The only possible open spaces in the dense residential areas are the areas from the riverfront. An effort is made to give most of the riverfront as public spaces to the city.
Map 5 - STRATEGY VIII - Public Architecture - Civic Identity. Design and location of the proposed buildings for the riverfront.
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• Development should be sensitive to local context and upgradation of local facilities.
• Proposed development should be sensitive towards the existing heritage which is a symbol of Patna’s rich history.
• Sensitiveness towards the river’s ecology and landscape.
Elements of the project:
1. Promenades – at high level:
• 4 m wide walking paths;• 1.5 m swide pace for vendors, seating and circulation;• Green areas;• Kiosks – small services like information, newspaper, food,
snacks, etc. (mobile in some cases) – at interval of 200 m;• Shelter;• Art terraces;• Seating / Pause spaces;• Hawking zones – designated zones close to entrances and
in between Ghats;• Toilets – walkable distance from each other – general
and accessible toilets that can be used by families, senior citizens, handicap, men and women alike, following the Shulabh Shauchalays;
• Signage and way finding – orientation;• Railing;• Dustbins / Waste Disposal – with separation of waste;• Lighting.
Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 - Facilities at the Promenade.
2. Access – from access streets towards promenades
3. Ghats – with 7 options of design:
• Steps and Walkaways;
• Entry multifunctional kiosks – police facility, first aid, information signage;
• Changing Rooms;
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• Toilets (every 150 – 200 m);
• Life Guard Station (every 100 m);
• Amphitheatre and View Platform;
• Terraces – various levels;
• Ritual Terraces – first two levels;
• Shade systems;
• Safe bathing areas;
4. Buildings:
• Eco Center at Collectorate Ghat;
• Café & Reading Room at Patna College Ghat;
• Audio Visual Theatre at Baharwa Ghat;
• Crematorium at Gulbi Ghat;
• Dolphin Research Centre at Gai Ghat;
• Community Centre at Bhadra Ghat.
5. Landscape Design:
• Riparian edge restoration;
• Larger open spaces;
• Solid waste management;
• Flood control through landscape engineering permanent and temporary;
• Environmental education;
• City level parks – Patna College and Gai Ghat. Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 - Designs of Ghats.
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Figures 16, 17 and 18 - Location of elements at the promenade and design of Art Terrace and Shelter.
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Figures 19, 20 and 21 - Design of Hawking Zones, Kiosks and Toilets.
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Table 1 – Summary of Proposal per Ghat
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3. Significance of the Sites
3.1. Understanding the Context
3.1.1. Location and Reference
The area selected for the project is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges and on the northern part of the city of Patna. It’s a 6.6 km long stretch of Patna’s Riverfront that starts at Collectorate Ghat (Latitude: 25°37’20.39”N; Longitude: 85°08’55.33”E) and ends at Naujar Ghat (Latitude: 25°36’33.20”N; Longitude: 85°12’42.96”E). The city of Patna is located at a Seismic Zone IV, a high damage risk zone affected by destructive earthquakes.
27 Ghats were identified in this area and most of them are located individually at the riverfront, without any connection to other Ghats.
Map 6 - Location of the area for the intervention in the city of Patna. Source: Google Maps (23/10/2013).
Map 7 - Location of the area for the intervention at Patna’s riverfront. Source: Google Earth (23/10/2013).
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3.1.2. Historical Context
Patna is one of the oldest inhabited places in the world, with around 3,000 years of history. “Even in India there are but few places so rich in historical memories as Patna” affirmed Walter K. Firminger in 1909 (p. 01). Its rich culture and heritage are evident from the ancient monuments distributed all over the region. Firminger (1909, p. 01) continues in his book saying “Beneath the soil, watered by the blood of Mir Kasim’s victims, lie the ruins of the ancient Buddhist capital, Pataliputra, the greatness of which had been foretold by the Buddha a few months before his death. From the Greek Megasthenes in the 4th century B.C. and the Chinese pilgrim Fa Hein in the 5th, we hear the wonders of Patna’s palaces.” Pataliputra was a the capital of the Maurya Empire, one of the world’s largest empires in its time, and the largest ever in the Indian subcontinent.
According to information at ASI’s website (http://asi.nic.in/) Pataliputra was located on the south bank of the Ganga, where the Gandak and Punpun join the mainstream respectively from the north and south. O’Malley (1924, p. 172) said about Pataliputra based on the scriptures of Hiuen Tsiang in 640 A.D.: “All that was left of the ancient city was a small town, containing about 1,000 houses, to the north of the old palace and bordering the Ganges. For nearly a thousand years Patna remained an inconsiderable town […]”.
During the XVII Century Patna became a trading centre, especially for saltpetre, urging Europeans, like British, French, Danes, Dutch and Portuguese, to compete in the lucrative business. After 1764, year of the Battle of Buxar, which was fought hardly 115 km from Patna, the rule of the British East India Company in East India was established. During the British rule in Bihar, Patna emerged as one
Figure 22 - Part of the City of Patna, on the River Ganges. Drawing made by Thom-as Daniell in 1795. Source: http://www.columbia.edu
Figure 23 - View of the opium bungalow and encampment at Gulzarbagh, near Patna City, a road coming down to the river. 19th November 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu
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of the most important commercial and trading centers of the East India, preceded only by Kolkata (WIKIPEDIA, 2013). The British built several buildings in Patna, many of them for educational institutions or government offices, as can be seen until the present days. Credit for designing the massive and majestic buildings of colonial Patna goes to the architect, I. F. Munnings (FIRMINGER, 1909).
“In the early nineteenth century Patna was of great commercial importance as the centre of trade between upper India and Bengal; but since the coming of the East Indian Railway the city has been injuriously affected by the decline of the river-borne traffic. […] Other causes for the decline of the commercial importance of the city, apart
from the change in means of communication, were the abandonment of the Company’s trade in the early years of the nineteenth century, and in the late years the abandonment of the opium trade which had for centuries flourished in Patna.” (O’MALLEY, 1924, p. 165 – 166). Nevertheless its importance as an educational and administrative centre was not diminishing and in 1912 Patna was restored to its old station of a Provincial Capital of the new Province of Bihar and Orissa.
The importance of the River Ganges, otherwise, was extremely affected by the presence of the railway in Patna. The city started to grow towards the south (opposite to the riverfront) and the buildings at the riverfront started facing the same direction, creating the current situation found in Patna.
Figure 24 - View from the terrace of the Patna Custom House looking along the Ganges towards Gulzarbagh and Bankipur. 24th October 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu
Figure 25 - View of road and houses near Patri Ghat in the Western suburbs of Patna City. 31st October 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu
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3.1.3. Identification of Cultural Heritage Resources
Either along the Riverfront and areas of the Ghats there are no buildings protected by ASI or by the State Archaeological Department of Bihar. However, most of the ghats have high cultural significance, especially temples that are also important landmarks of the riverfront. A table with the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front, from the World Bank’s Final Report (Annexe I), shows the importance of the Ghats, according to different criteria,
related to Architectural, Archaeological, Technological and Cultural Values.
Patna being a city with a long history of human settlement, several remains can still be seen in the city of this history and many of them are possibly hidden between layers of construction. Archaeological sites have earlier been discovered at Patna’s Riverfront.
The significance of the heritage found at Patna’s Riverfront permeates the architectonic, cultural and religious aspects. Several Temples are found at the riverfront, not all with elaborate architectural qualities, but definitely with cultural, religious, social or even archaeological significance. The intangible cultural heritage, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts, is abundant in this area.
Following the Ghats listed for the project, the heritage buildings were listed as follows:
i) Collectorate Ghat:
At the Collectorate Ghat two temples are found, one on each side of the Ghat, and one ashram, Shri Swami Vasudeva Ashram (1946). The Temple towards west is the Ancient Shri Lakshmi Narayan Temple and the temple towards east is the Surya Temple. The Temples and Ashram don’t have elaborated architectural qualities but the intense use indicates their association value with the local population. Interventions at the ghat were carried out by the Tourism Department.
The surrounding areas are also being intensely used by the local people. There are interesting colonial buildings in its surroundings, Figure 26 - View of Raja Shitab Rai’s Ghat in the W. suburbs of Patna City taken
from the river. 19th November 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu
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where the Collector’s office and other government offices are located, before reaching the ghat itself. The Collectorate occupied the actual Collectorate buildings in 1857. Before the buildings were occupied by the old Court of Appeal. “The portion which faces the river preserves the outward appearance of the old Court Appeal, built by William Augustus Brooke in 1787, where Bishop Heber preached in 1824; but its interior arrangements have been considerably altered.” (O’Malley, 1924, p. 176). Probably the whole complex was built around 1787. The record room of the Collectorate is a Dutch building of European architectural design and was previously used by the Judges Court. It was earlier used as the saltpetre godown by the English for a long time.
Figure 27 - Collectorate Ghat. Source: World Web.
Figure 28 - Collectorate Ghat, Temples and Collectorate buildings.Source: World Web.
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ii) Anta Ghat
On this Ghat there are no heritage buildings. There is a partly built temple complex at the Ghat. Some windows of the Bankipore Club open towards the riverfront. The Bankipore Club was established in 1865 on the bank of the River Ganges. “The club premises commands an exquisite view of the river.” (SINGH, 2008, p. 64). There is a small slummed area, surrounded by garbage and a sewage pumping station at the Ghat.
Figure 31 - View towards the River Ganges from Bankipore Club.Source: http://bankiporeclub.com
Figures 32 and 33 - Anta Ghat.Figures 29 and 30 - Entrance to Collectorate Ghat and Collectorate Buildings.
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iv) Mahendru Ghat
The Mahendru Ghat is located behind the Railway Reservation Center. This Ghat also had interventions carried out by the Tourism Department and has been used by the locals as a leisure area. The Civil Court building can be seen at the riverfront between Mahendru and Adalat Ghats.
It is popularly believed that from this Ghat Emperor Ashoka Maurya sent his son Mahendru (also called Mahinda or Mahendra) to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism.
Figure 35 - Railway Reservation Center and Mahendru Ghat (after intervention).
iii) B. N. College Ghat
This Ghat is located behind the Department of Physics and Chemistry of the Bihar National College (B.N. College) and is inaccessible from the main roads, as the college building is locked. The college was established in 1889 and taken by the Patna University when it was formed, in 1917 (SINGH, 2008). The College building has a high boundary wall towards the river but still can be seen along the riverfront. There are private residences adjacent to the college building and they also have a private access to the Ghat.
Figure 34 - Entrance to B.N. College Ghat through the College.
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v) Adalat Ghat
This Ghat is located close to the Civil Court. There is a Temple Complex with a residential area at this Ghat and some old buildings behind (with some parts almost in ruins) and at the side of the temple, including an old curved wall. The residential area is located at the other side of the temple and there is an old wall with arches at its entrance. The unfortunate incident that happened in Patna in 2012 took place at Adalat Ghat, where 18 people died during the Chhat Festival.
Figure 36 - Adalat Ghat, Temple Complex and provisory bridge (probably for the Chhat Festival). Source: World Web.
Figure 37 - Adalat Ghat and Temple Complex.
Figure 38 - Civil Court between Mahendru and Adalat Ghats. Source: World Web
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vi) Mishri Ghat
This is the first Ghat inside the Patna Medical College and Hospital (PMCH) Complex. The PMCH started in 1874 as the Bankipore Dispensary, and became the Medical College in 1927 (SINGH, 2008). As there are dense vegetation and boundary walls towards the riverfront the PMCH Complex can’t be easily seen. There is a Temple Complex towards the east and on the temple’s side wall, it is written Shri Shaileshwar Mandir & Shri Shaileshwar Ghat.
vii) T.N. Banerjee Ghat
The Ghat is located on the river side of the Administrative Block of the PMCH Complex and surrounded by main Hospital Blocks. A small Temple is also at the entrance of the Ghat. The PMCH buildings can be seen from the riverfront, as the boundary walls are shorter than the buildings.
Figures 39, 40 and 41 - Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat. Figures 42 and 43 - Administrative block of PMCH Complex. Source: World Web.
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viii) Kali Ghat
This Ghat is located at the back of the Darbhanga House, an impressive historical building built by the Maharaja Lakshmishwar Singh on the banks of river Ganges in the 1880’s. In 1898 his younger brother, Maharaja Rameshwar Singh, built the Kali Temple (SINGH, 2008). It is one of the few monuments classified as of national interest on the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front and evaluated as Final Grade 1. The Ghat is connected to the Patna College Ghat at a lower level. The intervention at this Ghat was already carried out by the Tourism Department and it is being widely used by the local people.
Figure 44- Darbhanga House at Kali Ghat. Figures 45 and 46 - Darbanga House and Kali Ghat seen from the pathway and from the River Ganges. Source: World Web.
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ix) Patna College Ghat
It is located on the rear side of the of Patna College Administration Block, being separated by a green area. Patna College was founded in 1863 and the central portion of its Administrative Block was a Dutch Saltpetre factory of the 17th Century with a central hall upstairs. The western wing was added in 1871 and the eastern wing in 1880. “It was the first institution for imparting higher education in Bihar.” (SINGH, 2008, p. 83). There is an entrance gate to the Ghat, called Batheja Mandap, built in 1941. This ghat is connected to Kali Ghat through a promenade at the first landing level. The project and interventions for this ghat will be carried out by the Tourism Department.
x) Krishna Ghat
Krishna Ghat is surrounded mainly by hostels and staff quarters of the Patna College and the Science College, located between the Ghat and Ashok Rajpath. Patna Science College exists since 1927, when the science departments separate from the Patna College. The hostels of the Patna University were separated for Muslims and Hindu boys in the beginning of the 20th Century. The hostel for girls was established at the Krishna Ghat, called Ganesh Dutt Singh (SINGH, 2008). These buildings can’t be seen from the riverfront, as there are big walls towards the River Ganges. Facing the Ghat there is a Temple Complex, with an unfinished structure on the side, which is a part of the complex. The buildings present simple architecture and are used by the locals.
Figure 47- Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat. Figures 48, 49 and 50 - Krishna Ghat and Temple Complex.
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xi) Gandhi Ghat
This Ghat is located on the rear side of the National Institute of Technology’s (NIT) main block. The NIT started functioning as the Bihar School of Engineering in 1898-99. In 2004 the college was upgraded to the status of National Institute (SINGH, 2008). There is a small Shrine near the Ghat’s entrance, a restaurant and a pier, with a ferry boat service. The complex for the Bihar Naval Unit is located on the side of the Ghat towards the riverfront. Every weekend “Ganga Aarti” happens at this Ghat and gathers a lot of local crowd. This Ghat already had interventions carried out by the Tourism Department, being fully developed and is one of the widest Ghats available. The Ghat is very popular in Patna.
xii) Baharwa Ghat
Baharwa Ghat is located at the back of NIT’s hostel block. Some buildings can be seen from the riverfront.
Figure 52- Gandhi Ghat. Source: World Web.
Figure 51 - Ganga Aarti at Gandhi Ghat. Source: World Web.
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xiii) Law College Ghat
The Law College Ghat is located at the end of Law College’s hostel block, also a historical building. The Law College was established in 1909 being initially affiliated to the Calcutta University. When Patna University came into existence in 1917, it became affiliated to it. In 1952 it became a constituent college of Patna University. There are small structures, most of them dilapidated and broken, facing the Ghat. This Ghat also had interventions carried out by the Tourism Department and is being used by the locals.
Figure 55- Law College’s hostel block - main facade, perpendicular to the river.Figure 53 - Law College Ghat.
Figure 54 - Law College’s hostel block - facade towards the riverfront.
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xiv) Rani Ghat
“Ranighat is one of the oldest ghats in Mahendru locality. There are five temples on the Ghat. These temples include three Shivalayas, a Chitragupta Temple and a Mahavir Temple.” (SINGH, 2008, p. 90). The temples might be around 200 years old. The Temple Complex is already recognized by its importance, being very popular between local people and tourists. It is also one of the few monuments classified as of national interest at the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front, and evaluated as Final Grade 1. Sculptures were found during excavations at Rani Ghat’s area. There is a serie of steps that go under the temples leading to the river.
Figure 59 - Temple Complex at Rani Ghat.Figures 56 and 57 - Entrance to Temple Complex and Temples at Rani Ghat.
Figure 58 - Rani Ghat and Temple Complex seen from the River Ganges. Source: World Web.
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xv) Gulbi Ghat
This is mainly a cremation Ghat and a new electric crematorium is also operational. The ashes are dumped inside the river at this Ghat. There is also a small temple behind the Ghat, hardly seen from the riverfront.
Figure 60 - Crematorium at Gulbi Ghat. Source: World Web.
xvi) Ghagha Ghat
The Ghat is a very traditional Ghat with stone steps and platforms on both sides for performing rituals. There are small temples at both sides of the Ghat. The sides of the Ghat are decorated with carved stones in some details.
Figures 61 and 62 - Entrance to Ghagha Ghat, Temple and steps.
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xvii) Raushan Ghat
Part of the remnants of Tekari House is located on both sides of the Raushan Ghat. Most of the remnants are located towards the eastern side of the Ghat. The Tekari House was built in 1805 and belonged to Raja Mitrajit Singh of Tekari. Behind the remains there is a temple that can be seen from the riverfront. This Ghat is widely used by the residents for recreation. The Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front indicates the existence of two Ghats between Raushan Ghat and Chaudhary Tola Ghat, called Tikri and Devraha Ghats, and evaluates them as Final Grade 1.
Figure 63 - Remnants of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat. Figures 64 and 65 - Remnants of Tekari House and Raushan Ghat.
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xviii) Chaudhary Tola Ghat
There is a Temple Complex (Shri Radha Gopal Mandir and Shri Devraha Hans Baba Sidhashram) at this Ghat that comprises part of the remnants of Tekari House. There is still the Tekari Ghat at the Temple Complex. On the other side of the Ghat there is another Temple Complex, with smaller temples and steps. Behind this Temple Complex there is a building built in 1900 with a garden. At the entrance there is written “Babu Hira Sinha 1900 – 1905”. At the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front the Ghat located between Chaudhary Tola Ghat and Pathri Ghat (called School Complex Ghat) was evaluated as Final Grade 1.
Figure 66, 67 and 68 - Tekari Ghat and Temple Complex. Figure 71 - Babu Hira Sinha building at Chaudhary Tola Ghat.
Figures 69 and 70 - Chaudhary Tola Ghat and Temple Complex.
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xix) Pathri Ghat
This Ghat is located at the back of Badshah Nawab Rizvi (BNR) Girls’ Training School. The school was established in 1909 and was the first institution for girls born out of native initiative (SINGH, 2008). There are the ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf1 on the eastern side of the Ghat, small temples behind the walkway, bathrooms in front the walkway and the BNR College Ghat at the other side, separated by a wall. The wall from the BNR College Ghat seems to have incorporated part of an old wall, as it has an interesting curved element, like a small bastion. This is an elongated Ghat. At the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front the Ghat located between Pathri Ghat and Alamganj Ghat (called Factory Ghat) was evaluated as Final Grade 1.
1 Mir Ashraf was a gomasta (caretaker) of the East India Com-pany.
Figures 72, 73, 74 and 75 - Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf, small temples behind the walkway, and bathrooms in front the walkway and BNR College Ghat at the other side.
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xx) Alamganj Ghat
There is a mosque and an open space for the mosque at this Ghat. The base of the mosque appears to be an older structure. There’s no Ghat structure or steps at this Ghat.
xxi) Laurwa Ghat
There is a temple complex close to the Ghat that can’t be seen at the riverfront.
Figure 76- Mosque at Alamganj Ghat.
xxii) Hanuman Ghat
There is a small temple at the Ghat.
xxiii) Raja Ghat
The Ghat itself is a stone lined Ghat and has one temple at each side (Shiva Temple and Maha Shiva Mandir). The temple towards the Gai Ghat side, Maha Shiva Mandir, is situated inside one old wall, probably part of the fortification partly ruined located at the riverfront. At the Evaluation of Heritage Buildings of Patna River Front this ghat was classified as Final Grade 1.
Figures 77 and 78 - Entrance of Raja Ghat, temples at both sides and ruined forti-fication. Maha Shiva Mandir inside the old walls
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Figure 79- Shiva Temple at Raja Ghat.
Figures 80 and 81- Old walls at Raja Ghat.
xxiv) Gai Ghat
There is a small temple (unfinished construction) at the riverfront. In front of the small temple there is a new ghat named Kalimganj Ghat.
Figures 82 and 83 - New ghat at the front and Gai Ghat at the back. Small temple at the riverfront.
xxv) Bhadra Ghat
At Bhadra Ghat there are a Temple Complex, changing rooms and a small Ghat, built earlier by the Tourism Department.
xxvi) Mahavir Ghat
It is located at the back of the Government Press. The Government Press was previously “the site of the original English opium factory, a massive-fortified warehouse with round tower. This old building of the East India Company was built in the early seventeenth century, and refurbished in 1657.” (SINGH, 2008, p. 95). There is a small Temple Complex at the Ghat. There are also steps in good conditions.
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xxvii) Naujar Ghat
There are two Temple Complexes on this Ghat. The most famous one is Aadi Chitragupta Mandir, located on a higher level, and was surrounded by a new and bigger structure. A touchstone idol of Chitragupta was installed at the site in 1766 and later a temple was constructed there (SINGH, 2008). A staircase leads to the Mandir and no ghat was found.
Most of the Ghats have elements of interest, of both tangible and intangible values. The buildings of interest located at the above mentioned Ghats were listed for further analysis of their values, as follows:• Collectorate Buildings and Temples at Collectorate Ghat;• Bankipore Club – building at the riverfront close to Anta Ghat;• B.N. College building towards the riverfront at B.N. College Ghat;• Railway Reservation Center at Mahendru Ghat;• Temple Complex at Adalat Ghat (excluding the Residential Area);• Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat;• PMCH Buildings at T.N. Banerjee Ghat;• Darbanga House at Kali Ghat;• Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat;• Temple Complex at Krishna Ghat;• “Ganga Aarti” at Gandhi Ghat and Bihar Naval Unit towards
the riverfront close to Gandhi Ghat;• Law College’s hostel block and small structures at Law College
Ghat;• Temples and Ghat at Rani Ghat;• Temples and Ghat at Ghagha Ghat;• Remains of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat;• Existing Tekari Ghat, Temple Complexes at Chaudhary Tola
Ghat;• Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf and BNR College Ghat’s wall at
Pathri Ghat;• Mosque at Alamganj Ghat;• Temple Complexes and fortification at Raja Ghat;• Temple Complexes at Naujar Ghat.Figures 84, 85, 86, 87 and 88 - Temple Complex, entrance to the Ghat, interior of a
Temple and Aadi Chitragupta Mandir,
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3.1.4. Assessment of Values of Cultural Heritage
For the assessment of values of Cultural Heritage the grade scale proposed is based on ICOMOS’ Guidance on heritage impact assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties. According it the value of the asset may be defined using the following grading scale:
• Grade I – equivalent to High
• Grade II – equivalent to Medium
• Grade III – equivalent to Low
As the cultural heritages referred in this report are not Cultural World Heritage Properties, the Very High was eliminated from this list. Also Negligible and Unknown potential were not considered, as the selection was already made for the heritage. For a better understanding of the meaning of each grade, ICOMOS’ Value Table can be found at the Annexe II.
The values are the reasons why an object or place is meaningful. Values in this case is used in reference to the qualities and characteristics seen in things, in particular the positive characteristics (actual and potential). The study of values is a useful way of understanding the contexts and sociocultural aspects of heritage conservation. The values attributed to the sites are given according the following criteria:
• Archaeological Value - the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity. Some idols, sculptures, ruins and inscriptions surviving across the historic area of the riverfront from different time periods are of rare archaeological significance.
• Historic Value – this is the root of the very notion of heritage. The capacity of a site to convey, embody, or stimulate a relation or reaction to the past is part of the fundamental nature and meaning of heritage objects. The associations of the area with numerous notable people related to art, literature, aristocracy and royalty and politics that have enriched the history and development of Patna city have immense historic value. Such associations need to be identified and preserved.
• Architectural Value - mainly refers to the visual aspects and design qualities of the architectural heritage. The many interpretations of beauty, sublime, ruins, and quality of formal relationships considered more broadly have long been among the most important criteria for labelling things and places as heritage. The design and evolution of a building can be another source of architectural value. It is also valid for the cases where the architectural sample presents a different regional style typology of architecture or design or unusual structural properties. It as well represents the specimens that are characterized as a landmark or possessing qualities that require preservation as a group. In Patna the historic areas have high quality spaces that provide a unique experience. The riverfront area is largely vernacular in character with Late Mughal and Colonial architectural features, materials and building technology adapted into it.
• Social Value - associated with places that people perceive as a source of identity, distinctiveness, social interaction and coherence. Some may be comparatively modest, acquiring communal significance through the passage of time as a result of a collective memory of stories linked to them. Social value also includes the “place attachment” aspects of heritage value.
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Place attachment refers to the social cohesion, community identity, or other feelings of affiliation that social groups (whether very small and local, or national in scale) derive from the specific heritage and environment characteristics of their “home” territory. In this value are also included the ideas of cultural, associational, educational and economic (use value – market value given by the society). Patna’s riverfront is a great learning resource for the future generations. Its heritage is related to several groups, identities, memories and present values related to the current uses and possibilities.
• Spiritual Value - heritage sites are sometimes associated or imbued with religious or other sacred meaning. These spiritual
values can emanate from the beliefs and teachings of organized religion, but they can also encompass secular experiences of wonder, awe, and so on, which can be provoked by visiting heritage places.
In the Receptor Archaeology the expression “None identified” doesn’t mean that there are no archaeological assets. It means that they are unknown, being classified as unknown potential. Extensive research about previous excavations in Patna and new excavations can determine the presence of archaeological assets at the sites. It is known that the city of Pataliputra and other periods of the city of Patna were located along Riverfront.
S.No Description
Receptors
Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology
Built Heritage or Historic Landscape
Historic Urban Landscape
Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations
1Collectorate Buildings
None identified.*
Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities and historical associations.
Averagely well preserved historic landscapes with reasonable coherence and time-depth.
Associated with the presence of the British in Patna.
Medium Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
High Social Value
Low Religious Value
I
Table 2 – Assessment of Values.
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S.No Description
Receptors
Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology
Built Heritage or Historic Landscape
Historic Urban Landscape
Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations
2Temples at Collectorate Ghat
None identified.
Buildings of modest architectural qualities.
Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices.
Worshiping and intensive use related to religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage –ICH – activities of regional significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
Low Historic Value
Medium Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
High Religious Value
II
3
Bankipore Club – building towards the riverfront close to Anta Ghat
None identified.
Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities and historical associations.
Averagely well preserved historic landscapes with reasonable coherence and time-depth.
Associated with the presence of the British in Patna.
Medium Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
High Social Value
Low Religious Value
I
4
B.N. College building towards the riverfront at B.N. College Ghat
None identified.
Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities and historical associations.
Averagely well preserved historic landscapes with reasonable coherence and time-depth.
Associated with Patna University’s history.
Medium Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
High Social Value
Low Religious Value
I
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S.No Description
Receptors
Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology
Built Heritage or Historic Landscape
Historic Urban Landscape
Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations
5
Railway Reservation Center at Mahendru Ghat
None identified.
Historic building of modest qualities.
Historic landscape with importance to local groups (Railway History).
Associated with the Railway history in Patna.
Medium Archaeological Value
Medium Historic Value
Medium Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
Low Religious Value
III
6
Temple Complex at Adalat Ghat (including Ghat structure and excluding the Residential Area)
None identified.
Building of modest architectural qualities.
Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices and location of the temple at the Ghat.
Worshiping and intensive use related to religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of regional significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
Low Historic Value
Medium Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
High Religious Value
II
7Temple Complex at Mishri Ghat
None identified.
Building of modest architectural qualities.
Landscape with little significance
Intangible Cultural heritage activities of local significance. The Shri Shaileshwar Mandir is used by the local population.
Medium Archaeological Value
Low Historic Value
Medium Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
Medium Religious Value
III
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S.No Description
Receptors
Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology
Built Heritage or Historic Landscape
Historic Urban Landscape
Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations
8
PMCH Buildings at T.N. Banerjee Ghat
None identified.
Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities and historical associations.
Landscape of regional value.
Related to the history of Patna and of the Medical studies in Bihar (Associations with particular developments of regional significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
Low Religious Value
II
9Darbanga House at Kali Ghat
Assets of limited value, but with potential to contribute to local research objectives.
Undesignated structures of clear national importance.
Undesignated landscape of outstanding interest.
Worshiping and intensive use related to religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of regional significance).
High Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
High Social Value
High Religious Value
I
10
Batheja Mandap at Patna College Ghat
None identified.
Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities.
Landscape of regional value, due to the importance of Patna College.
Association with Patna College and high usage by its members and population.
Medium Archaeological Value
Medium Historic Value
Medium Architectural Value
High Social Value
Low Religious Value
II
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S.No Description
Receptors
Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology
Built Heritage or Historic Landscape
Historic Urban Landscape
Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations
11Temple Complex at Krishna Ghat
None identified.
Buildings of modest architectural qualities.
Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices.
Worshiping and religious practices by the local population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of local significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
Low Historic Value
Medium Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
Medium Religious Value
III
12“Ganga Aarti” at Gandhi Ghat
None identified.
n.a. n.a.
Worshiping and religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of regional significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
Low Historic Value
Architectural Value – n.a.
Medium Social Value
High Religious Value
II
13
Bihar Naval Unit towards the riverfront close to Gandhi Ghat
None identified.
Historic building of modest qualities.
Historic landscape with importance to local groups (Bihar Naval Unit).
Associated with the Navy’s history in Patna.
Medium Archaeological Value
Medium Historic Value
Medium Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
Low Religious Value
III
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S.No Description
Receptors
Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology
Built Heritage or Historic Landscape
Historic Urban Landscape
Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations
14
Law College’s hostel block and small structures at Law College Ghat
None identified.
Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities.
Landscape of regional value, due to the importance of Law College.
Association with Law College and usage by its members.
Medium Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
Low Religious Value
II
15Temples and Ghat at Rani Ghat
Sculptures were found during excavations at the site. The assets can contribute to researches related to Pataliputra, of national significance.
Undesignated structures of clear national importance.
Undesignated landscape of outstanding interest.
Worshiping and intensive use related to religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of regional significance).
High Archaeological Value
Medium Historic Value
High Architectural Value
High Social Value
High Religious Value
I
16Temples and Ghat at Ghagha Ghat
None identified.
Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities.
Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices and location of the temples at the Ghat.
Worshiping and religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of regional significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
Low Historic Value
High Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
High Religious Value
II
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S.No Description
Receptors
Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology
Built Heritage or Historic Landscape
Historic Urban Landscape
Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations
17
Remains of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat
Historical ruins located at the site. The assets can contribute to regional research objectives.
Remains with exceptional qualities and historical associations.
Undesignated landscape of outstanding interest
Associated with the history of Patna and the elite’s life style (house of the Raja) during the 19th Century.
High Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
High Social Value
Low Religious Value
I
18
Existing Tekari Ghat at Chaudhary Tola Ghat
Historical ruins located at the site. The assets can contribute to regional research objectives.
Remains with exceptional qualities and historical associations.
Undesignated landscape of outstanding interest.
Associated with the history of Patna and the elite’s life style (house of the Raja) during the 19th Century.
High Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
High Social Value
Medium Religious Value
I
19
Temple Complexes at Chaudhary Tola Ghat
None identified.
Buildings with recognized architectural qualities.
Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices and location of the temples at the Ghat.
Worshiping and religious practices by the regional population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of regional significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
Low Historic Value
High Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
High Religious Value
II
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S.No Description
Receptors
Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology
Built Heritage or Historic Landscape
Historic Urban Landscape
Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations
20
Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf at Pathri Ghat
Historical ruins located at the site. The assets can contribute to regional research objectives.
Remains with exceptional qualities and historical associations.
Undesignated landscape of outstanding interest.
Associated with the history of Patna and the elite’s life style during the 19th Century. Influence of the British presence in India.
High Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
High Social Value
Medium Religious Value
I
21BNR College Ghat’s wall at Pathri Ghat
None identified.
Historic remain of modest qualities.
Landscape with little significance
Little is known about ICH
Medium Archaeological Value
Medium Historic Value
Medium Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
Low Religious Value
III
22Mosque at Alamganj Ghat
None identified.
Building of modest architectural qualities.
Landscape with little significance
Worshiping and religious practices by the local population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of local significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
Low Historic Value
Medium Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
Medium Religious Value
III
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S.No Description
Receptors
Assessment of Value GradingArchaeology
Built Heritage or Historic Landscape
Historic Urban Landscape
Intangible Cultural Heritage or Associations
23Temple Complexes at Raja Ghat
None identified.
Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities.
Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices and location of the temples at the Ghat.
Worshiping and religious practices by the local population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of local significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
Medium Historic Value
High Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
Medium Religious Value
II
24Fortification at Raja Ghat
Historical ruins located at the site. The assets can contribute to national research objectives.
Remains with exceptional qualities and historical associations.
Undesignated landscape of outstanding interest.
Related to the history of Patna (unknown period).
High Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
High Social Value
Low Religious Value
I
25Temple Complexes at Naujar Ghat
None identified.
Historic (unlisted) buildings with recognized architectural qualities (especially the Aadi Chitragupta Mandir).
Landscape with local interest due to the characteristics developed for the religious practices and location of the temples at the Ghat.
Worshiping and religious practices by the local population. (Intangible Cultural Heritage activities of local significance).
Medium Archaeological Value
High Historic Value
High Architectural Value
Medium Social Value
High Religious Value
I
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* In the criteria Archaeology, the expression “None identified” doesn’t mean that there are no archaeological assets. It means that they are unknown, being classified as unknown potential. Extensive research about previous excavations in Patna and new excavations can determine the presence of archaeological assets at the sites. It is known that the city of Pataliputra and other periods of the city of Patna were located at Patna’s Riverfront, evidence that brings a question related to the assets at this area. For this reason, all the riverfront was considered of Medium Archaeological Value, except the places where the presence of archaeological assets was already identified or there is a high probability of its presence at the site. In these cases, a High Archaeological Value was given.
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Figure 91 - Bird’s eye view from above the Opium Godown at Patna; a watercolor by Seeta Ram, 1814-15; from ‘Views by Seeta Ram from Patna to Benares Vol.
II’ produced for Lord Moira, afterwards the Marquess of Hastings, by Sita Ram between 1814-15, to illustrate his journey from Calcutta to Delhi between 1814-15.
Source: http://www.columbia.edu
3.2. Understanding the Site
3.2.1. Historic Site Description
The river front of the Patna had, for many centuries or millenniums a position of prominence in the city. The river was responsible for the transportation, commercial trades, and the place for religious practices and agriculture. The riverfront fascinated most of the foreigners that reached Patna until the beginning of the 20th Century. O’ Malley (1924, p. 173 – 174) wrote about Patna’s riverfront: “The most pleasing aspect of Patna is that which is to be obtained from
Figure 89 - View of the ruins of the Dutch Factory in the W. suburbs of Patna City showing the great revetments on the River Ganges on 17th November 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu
Figure 90 - Grounds of Duncan Campbell’s house at Patna.Source: http://www.columbia.edu
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the Ganges. The distant prospect of the eastern part of the city is magnificent, though now, as a hundred years ago, the traveller may be disappointed on a nearer approach by the common appearance of neglect and dilapidation2. On the Bankipore side, the striking beauty of the scenery, as the morning sun tinges the eastern face of the temples and bungalows lying half-hidden among the great trees which line the southern bank, owes nothing to distance or myopia. The finest views of the Ganges from the land are to be obtained from the lower portion of the city; and the river scenery from the Fort is in its way unequalled.”
In the year O’Malley wrote, 1924, Patna has already started the process of negligence and dilapidation. The riverfront has lost its importance since then.
2 O’Malley (1924, p. 174) inserted a very interesting footnote at this passage, as follows: “Compare Bishop Heber’s account. (August 20th, 1824.) ‘We arrived at the south-east extremity of Patna about nine o’clock; it is a very great, and from the water at some little distance, a very striking city, being full of large buildings, with remains of old walls and towers, and bastions projecting into the river, with the advantage of a high rocky shore, and considerable elevation of the ground behind it. On a nearer approach we find indeed, many of the houses whose verandahs and terraces are striking objects at a distance, to be ruinous; but still in this respect, and in apparent prosperity, it as much exceeds Dacca as it falls short of it in the beauty and grandeur of its ruins.’ Journey in India, I, p. 312. The Bishop was mistaken in supposing that the fort was built on a rock; but the bank certainly gives this impression: and as a description of the appearance of the city, Bishop Heber’s account is accurate.”
Figure 92 - Chait festival on the banks of the Ganges at Patna- a watercolor (1795-1800) Source: http://www.columbia.edu
Figure 93 - View of the French Factory, Patna City, seen from the river on 19th November 1824. Source: http://www.columbia.edu
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3.2.2. Present Site Description
Most of the Ghats on the riverfront have a difficult access from the main roads. Several areas have encroachments including the access roads. There are no connections between the Ghats, being almost impossible to walk at the riverfront to go from one Ghat to another. The area is covered with vegetation, dense at few places (close to T.N. Banerjee Ghat, Kali Ghat, Raja Ghat, etc.). Most of the trees are located behind boundary walls. The posterior façade of most of the buildings faces the riverfront. Garbage, drain outlets and other kinds of disturbances can be seen at the riverfront.
Temples and heritage buildings are spread along the riverfront, mainly at the Ghats. As highlighted in the previous section, there are several temples and buildings of heritage value along the riverfront. However, there is complete lack of protection and management mechanism for the heritage buildings.
3.3. Statement of Cultural Significance
Religious activities, as pujas and festivals are performed at the Ghats. A festival like Chhath, the most important festival associated with the River Ganges in Patna, brings devotees from several parts of the city and also from other localities to descend to the river front during the 3 days of this annual event. In some Ghats, like Kali Ghat, Krishna Ghat and Gai Ghat daily religious activities are observed. These activities are related to the culture of Patna, being part of its Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Bathing is another activity observed in some of the Ghats along the Patna Riverfront. It is performed both due to religious activities as well as by the adjoining community.
There are buildings and remains at the riverfront from several periods of history. Archaeological remnants are found on the area.
In 1990, INTACH identified and delineated The River Front Area from Mahavir Ghat to Pir Damaria till Sudarshan path, proposing a Heritage zone.
3.4. Identification of Heritage Variable
Heritage variables point to measurable change to the heritage or a heritage site from a development project. The heritage variables that need to be addressed for the proposed development project are as follows:
Effect on Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Resources
- Presence of archaeological resources- Changes to buildings in the proposed area- Changes to historical built environment / heritage- Effects on intangible heritage
Structural Safety on Monument
- Status of existing structures on site- Type of constructions- Use of heavy machinery
Security
- Changes on site boundaries- Misuse of site- Effecting site inspection
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Access to Site
- Obstruction on approach roads to the sites- Effects on facilities and convenience of access to the sites
Environmental Characteristics
- State of preservation of green cover- Felling of tree- Pollution
Spatial Characteristics
- Land use pattern- Zonal and Building Regulations- Visual integrity
Community Characteristic
- Changes in communities lives- Changes in community infrastructure- Perception of risk, health and safety- Attitude towards the project
3.5. Assessment of Heritage Variable on Site
Based on the identification of various heritage variables, their existing status / situation on the ground is highlighted as follows:
i) Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Resources
There are few known archaeological remains in the area. However, given the historical background of Patna’s riverfront, as it’s been
occupied for millenniums, the presence of archaeological resources should be investigated.
The existing heritage buildings at the riverfront are in different states of conservation. Most of the structures are in a reasonable state and few are very well maintained. Most of the sites are in use.
Most of the landscapes are not historical. Some historical buildings are located at the area of the project but there are no historical environments, apart from the Collectorate area (without including the Ghat).
ii) Intangible Heritage
The River Ganges is a great symbol of the Intangible Heritage in India. Several activities related to the religious practices are performed at the river / riverfront. The Ghats are the main places where these activities take place. There are also religious buildings at the riverfront and all of them are used (in different scales), having a special significance to the goers.
iii) Structural Safety
Most of the buildings located at the Ghats are structurally stable. Few ruins, like the Remains of Tekari House at Raushan Ghat, the Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf at Pathri Ghat and the Fortification at Raja Ghat need stabilization work or conservation intervention, as they are important heritage buildings and should be maintained. There are several signs of deterioration of the physical fitness of these ruins. It’s important to observe the structural problem at Mahatma Gandhi Setu Bridge at Gai Ghat, as there are interventions projected for the area.
During the festivals the Ghats don’t have structure to accommodate thousands of devotees and there are high chances of accidents.
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iv) Access to the Sites
Most of the Ghats are not easily accessed by the main road closer to the riverfront (Ashok Rajpath). The roads that lead to the Ghats are usually small and there aren’t indications that they lead to the ghats. Some roads have encroachments and the access is even more difficult.
v) Security
The riverfront is open and disconnected from the main areas of the city. Boundary walls from buildings are facing the riverfront and there is no security in the area. There is no need for boundary walls closing the riverfront area, but guards should be located at strategic places at the riverfront. There are hardly any light at the Ghats making the area not appropriate for goers after sunset due to security reasons, especially women. Women are not seen at the ghats after 4 p.m.
vi) Environment
Patna’s riverfront is identified for the presence of the River Ganges and the river bank, which varies its size according to the period of the year and the river’s flow. The river bank has a sloping edge which is stone pitched in certain portions and green cover in others. The river edge conditions change drastically during and after monsoon and most of the steps get submerged in various Ghats.
Sanitation at the Ghats is quite poor. Disposal of raw sewage from buildings, slums are very common along the edge and inside the river. The illegal colonies, slums and encroachment are observed along the ghats and are causing several environmental problems to the site.
The proposed project (Ghat Development) partly comprises Riparian Habitat (transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem)
and partly terrestrial Habitat. Plants and communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by hydrophilic plants. The existing habitat along the banks of Ganga is mainly manmade type. There is scattered growth of grasses (mainly weeds), rooted hydrophytes, emerging hydrophytes, shrubs in undisturbed area where human movement is absent and trees leaning over river water.
The trees found at the area of the project are: Peepal, Bargad, Sissoo, Jamun, Neem, Sal, Salai, Bahera, Mango, Golden shower, Bakain, Jackfruit, Kadamb, Bail, Siris, Devil Tree, Royal Palm, Amla, Coconut, Umar, Gular, Palash, Gulmohar, Kala siris, Semal and Bair.
The fauna reported at the area is mainly avifauna, followed by mammals and reptiles. The commonly found avifauna in the study area, with higher diversity, are Common crow, Myna, Eagle, Sparrow, Babbler, Pigeon, Cattle Egrets, Red Vented bulbul, Drongo, Sparrow, Indian Roller etc. Few wild mammals are found, but not very easily, at the area like Indian mongoose and five stripped squirrel. Domesticated mammals like goat, sheep, dog, cow, ox, donkey etc. are easily found. There are poor reptilian distributions; reptiles like Rat Snakes, Common Kraits, Indian cobra, House Geiko and Garden Lizard can be found. Aquatic mammals (Dolphins), reptiles and numerous species of fishes are found at the area.
vii) Spatial Characteristics
Planning, Regulatory and Management Contexts
At the riverfront area delimited for the project the areas are mainly public and semi-public.
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Map 8 - Existing Land Use Source: City Development Plan (2010-30) PATNA - Ur-ban Development and Housing Department - Government of Bihar
Zonal and Building Regulation
Regulations weren’t found for the riverfront area in Patna. Guidelines were found in some documents available at the websites of the Urban Development and Housing Dept., Govt. of Bihar (http://www.urban.bih.nic.in/) and the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), Ministry of Environment and Forest Government of India (http://moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ngrba/index.html).
At the Final Report – City Development Plan for Patna under Jnnurm the guidelines for the development of the river front area is described as follows:
• The river’s edge will be maintained in as natural a state as possible.
• Natural ecosystems should be restored where necessary.
• Slope areas should be stabilized to prevent any erosion and maintain a green edge to the river.
• Any infrastructure improvements, including roads, rail lines or highways, will be constructed to minimize impacts on slopes and vegetation.
• Utility lines will be placed underground or away from the rivers.
• Riverfront promenades will be designed to use soft materials which minimize impacts, and to discourage pedestrian intrusion into natural areas off the promenade.
• Substantial construction, including building development, retaining walls, and infrastructure development, will be discouraged.
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The Guidelines for preparation of reports Under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) also give instructions for the Riverfront Developments along the Ganges. They are divided in two types, one for larger stretches and other for small ghats. The instructions for each kind of proposal are:
Type A – Area Development Plans (ADP) would apply to sub-projects where larger river front stretches say 1-2 km long and 30-40 m wide are involved.
Facades of RFD works must be match with the cultural, religious and heritage value of the place.
Given the meandering characteristic of most rivers, one of the essential requirements should be the availability of water along the bank round the year.
The local bodies concerned are also to ensure that materials like municipal solid waste (MSW) and other wastes of any other kind are not allowed to be dumped on or near the river bank. Separate guidelines are available for management of MSW.
Consultations with stake holders are essential to assess the needs of the people based on which, components of ADP would be finalized. The underlying need is that an ADP should facilitate an interface between the community and the river. The following components must be considered for developing an ADP:
(i) Provision of platforms and steps leading to the river to facilitate a safe approach;
(ii) Changing rooms for males and females;
(iii) Toilet washroom and drinking water facilities at the ghats. It is also necessary to provide toilet facilities for the floating population assembling at such congregations. Provision of mobile toilets may be one of the ways to address this problem;
(iv) Adequate number of benches for sitting of people;
(v) Lighting and landscaping of area with fountains, flowerbeds etc.;
(vi) Development of approach roads, parking lots to facilitate easy access of beneficiaries;
(vii) Provision of commercial activities like kiosks for sale of eatables, boating etc. These facilities should operate on pay-and use/eat basis and, therefore, are expected to be self-sustaining;
(viii) Given the size of congregations and diversity of the people assembling there suitable platforms for holding cultural and recreational programmes must be considered.
Type B – Improvement of Small Ghats
(i) Like ADP, development of small ghats should comprise components like platforms and steps, changing rooms, toilets, washrooms and drinking water facilities, lighting, sitting space and matching landscape;
(ii) All these facilities should be finalized in consultation with stakeholders.
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Visual Integrity
The riverfront of Patna is dominated by boundary walls, vegetation and Ghats. Some buildings and temples can be seen at the riverfront. Most of the buildings have one (G) or two floors (G+1) and are quite distant from the river edge, except during monsoons. The architecture of this part of the riverfront of Patna is from various periods of time, especially colonial era and 20th century.
viii) Community Characteristic
The community living at the vicinity and at the riverfront is varied. There are encroachments/slums at the access roads and riverfront formed by 142 households and 718 persons. The composition of this population is of 52.5% males and 47.5% females, being 100% of them Hindus. They live in bad conditions and the main constraints are cramped accommodation, choked sewage system, open defecation and open dumping of garbage.
At the vicinity of the riverfront there are also residential areas related to the universities, as the quarters for the PMCH staff, hostels (New Hostel – Patna College, National Institute of Technology Hostel, Law College Hostels and Hathwa Hostel) and Law College Staff quarter.
There are also regular residential areas, most of them very dense, composed by houses of varied sizes. Several houses are in exposed brick and aren’t well maintained.
Due to the presence of a good number of institutional buildings, the area is frequented by different kinds of people.
The magnitude of the impact of the project is discussed in the following section.
4. Cultural Impact Assessment
4.1. Project Types
The proposed project is an Urban Development project type and covers a length of 6.6 km and an area around 0.05 km2 of Patna’s riverfront. For this kind of project it is important to assess the special extent of potential impacts on safety, security, preservation, access, visual integrity and archaeological integrity in the area of the riverfront and its surroundings.
4.2. Project’s Representation Problems
There are some problems related to the representation of some ideas. Some aspects in the DPR require proper information and detailing as follows:
1. A detailed survey of the existing buildings is required, as the project mentions some of the buildings but they are not located on the proposal drawings;
2. If there is any kind of demolition that is going to take place for the implementation of the project, it has to be mentioned and preferably represented in drawings;
3. At the detailed drawings for intervention in each ghat it is importsnt to show the existing elements, that will be provided by the detailed survey. In sections and elevetions the existing buildings and representative vegetation should be represented, giving and idea of the impact of the intervention over the existing elements.
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4.3. Magnitude of Impact in Heritage Variables
Given that for the cultural heritage located at the riverfront their significances comprise the sum of their component heritage receptors as identified in the Table 2. The assessment of the individual impact on each heritage receptor is valid for the purposes of this assessment; however, consideration has been given to impacts of the proposed project upon the overall significance of the site as a whole. Therefore the scale or severity of changes to the cultural heritage has been judged taking into account their direct and indirect effects whether they are temporary or permanent, reversible or irreversible. It is important to observe that the effects that are being considered are not necessarily the negative ones. There may be changes that are positive and the significance of the change will be described in the item 4.4.
The scale or severity of the impact on the identified heritage variable was based on ICOMOS’ Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessment for Cultural World Heritage Properties, 2011, and can be seen at the Annexe III. It has been ranked as follows without regard to value of the asset as:
- No change- Negligible change- Minor change- Moderate change- Major change
No. Heritage VariableScale and Severity of Change affecting Patna’s Riverfront
Description of Change
1.Effect on Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Resources
Presence of archaeological resources
Minor change
There are some archaeological assets at the riverfront that can be affected by the implementation of project. Areas as Kali Ghat, Rani Ghat, Raushan Ghat, Chaudhary Tola Ghat, Pathri Ghat and Raja Ghat require a conscious intervention, as there are already ruins and archaeological assets were found. For all the areas it is important, during excavation works, to check the presence of remains below ground.
Table 3 – Assessment of Scale of Impact or Severity of Changes
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No. Heritage VariableScale and Severity of Change affecting Patna’s Riverfront
Description of Change
Changes to buildings in the proposed area
No change No buildings are going to be demolished or altered for this intervention.
Changes to historical built environment / heritage
Moderate change
Some buildings will be affected by the presence of the structures for the new Ghats in front of them, covering their facades towards the riverfront. The construction of the promenades will affect some buildings and environments, especially in cases where a brigde is created due to the differences of levels.
Effects on intangible heritage Moderate change
Most of the heritage buildings detected has some relation with the religious practices. The blockage of the view of these buildings, that might occur in few cases, will affect the intangible character as the connection with the sacred River Ganges will be broken by the structures at the new Ghats.
2. Structural Safety on Monument
Type of constructions No changeThe structure for the promenades, buildings and Ghats would not have direct impact at the heritage buildings.
Use of heavy machinery Minor change
If heavy machinery is required for the constructions, especially the foundations, the structure of existent buildings and ruins might be affected due to the vibration, as the distance between the new promenades, buildings and Ghats and the existent heritage is not much.
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No. Heritage VariableScale and Severity of Change affecting Patna’s Riverfront
Description of Change
3. Security
Changes on site boundaries No change No changes to sites boundaries due to the proposed development.
Misuse of site No change No misuse of the riverfront sites as result of the new development work.
Effecting site inspection No change The new development will not cause any hindrance for regular site inspection.
4. Access to Site
Obstruction on approach roads to the sites
Moderate changeThe main road will not be affected due to the new proposal. New access roads will be created, facilitating the approach to the riverfront.
Effects on facilities and convenience of access to the sites
Moderate changeThe proposed development will not hamper existing facilities and convenience of access to the area.
5. Environmental Characteristics
State of preservation of green cover
Negligible changeSome green covers will be removed for the implementation of the promenades and in compensation green covers are proposed for the contention areas at the river edge, creating a bigger green covered area.
Felling of tree Minor changeFor the implementation of the project some of the trees probably will have to be cut, as they are located at areas where promenades and buildings will be built.
Pollution Minor change During the execution the level of pollution will be increased.
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No. Heritage VariableScale and Severity of Change affecting Patna’s Riverfront
Description of Change
6. Spatial Characteristics
Land use pattern No change The areas will remain being mainly public and semi-public.
Zonal and Building Regulations No change The proposed DPR doesn’t refer to regulations related to the riverfront.
Visual integrity Moderate changeThe project will definitely affect the visual integrity. Concerning the built heritage the change will be adverse for the few cases where the existing buildings, according to the proposal, will have their view obstructed by the new Ghats.
7. Community Characteristic
Changes in communities lives Major change142 families will be majorly affected by the project, as they will be removed from the area. Mitigation measures are proposed.
Changes in community infrastructure
Moderate changeThe infrastructure will change as new access roads and facilities will be introduced at the Ghat.
Perception of risk, health and safety
Moderate changeThe safety questions might be solved with the implementation of the project, as it might give an intensive use of the riverfront and also provide appropriate lighting, safety guards, structure for bathing and rituals at the Ghats, etc.
Attitude towards the project Moderate changeMost of the population of Patna and tourists that visit the city will be beneficiated by the implementation of the project by the new facilities.
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4.4. Assessment of Impact Value
The significance of the effect of change – i.e. the overall impact – is a function of the importance of the attribute (heritage receptor in the area) and the scale of change. This can be summarized for each attribute described using the following heritage variables. The significance of the impact on the identified heritage variable was also based on ICOMOS’ Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessment
No. Heritage Variable Significance of Impact
1. Effect on Cultural, Historical and Archaeological Resources
Presence of archaeological resources Minor Adverse
Changes to buildings in the proposed area Neutral
Changes to historical built environment / heritage Moderate Adverse
Effects on intangible heritage Moderate Adverse
2. Structural Safety on Monument
Type of constructions Neutral
Use of heavy machinery Minor Adverse
3. Security
Changes on site boundaries Neutral
Misuse of site Neutral
Effecting site inspection Neutral
4. Access to Site
Obstruction on approach roads to the sites Moderate BeneficialEffects on facilities and convenience of access to the sites Moderate Beneficial
5. Environmental Characteristics
State of preservation of green cover Negligible Beneficial
Felling of tree Minor Adverse
Pollution Minor Adverse
6. Spatial Characteristics
Land use pattern Neutral
Zonal and Building Regulations Neutral
Visual integrity Moderate Adverse
7. Community Characteristic
Changes in communities lives Major Adverse
Changes in community infrastructure Moderate Beneficial
Perception of risk, health and safety Moderate Beneficial
Attitude towards the project Moderate Beneficial
for Cultural World Heritage Properties, 2011. As the changes or impacts may be adverse or beneficial, there is a nine-point scale with “neutral” as its center point:
- Major beneficial- Moderate beneficial- Minor beneficial- Negligible beneficial
- Neutral- Negligible adverse- Minor adverse- Moderate adverse- Major adverse
Table 4 – Assessment of Impact Value / Significance of Impact
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4.5. Mitigation Measures
The proposed development plan for Patna’s riverfront is very close to all the heritage buildings listed in this report. The main concern of this CIA with the project is related to the design of the Ghats and promenades and the existing cultural heritage. Some of the negative impacts can be mitigated by a refinement through architectural design. The impacts related to social factors are going to be mitigated by actions to compensate the losses of the affected families.
With the aim to incorporate mitigation measures to reduce the impact, the process of CIA has identified two ways to mitigate heritage impacts in the area designated for the project at Patna’s riverfront:
- Actions to be taken during PROJECT PLANNING STAGE and
- Actions during PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION / CONSTRUCTION STAGE
The basic principles of mitigation for the area include Design Interventions, Prevention Measures and Investigation/Studies.
4.5.1. Mitigation Measures during Project Planning Stage
A micro detail of the project is essential for the analyses and implementation of the project. INTACH recommends that the companies responsible for the proposal could refine the detailing of the project by focusing on the following elements:
• Mapping existing buildings, heritage and cultural components, trees, steps and levels;
• Mapping the demolitions that are required for the project - it is important to locate the buildings that are supposed to be demolished in the proposals, in case there is any, even if the buildings are not protected or generally considered of importance;
• Detail of each Ghat individually, with plans, views and sections, indicating the obstructions of buildings by the elements located at the Ghats in each case.
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Historical Built Environment
The reuse of heritage structures should be aimed in this intervention. For example, the Ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf at Pathri Ghat should be integrated as part of the project, giving a new use to the old heritage building. Maintaining the historical fabric doesn’t necessarily indicates preventing development. The development process should adopt sustainable approach where the new and the old cohexist.
The support of Conservation Architects, Historians and Archaeologists in this project is fundamental for having an intervention that will consider history, buildings and archaeological remnants from a perspective that goes beyond the limits of architecture.
It is relevant to highlight that is important to consider the existing heritage buildings, both protected and unprotected. Patna has few officially protected monuments buildings and a detailed survey of the heritage buildings on the riverfront is required, as many of these buildings have importance, being already recognized by scholars.
Visual Impact
The main problem found in the proposal is related to the connection between the new Ghats and promenades and the existing buildings and heritage. In some cases the elements proposed at the Ghats and the promenades obstruct the view of the existing cultural and religious buildings. Each case of Ghat is a unique case and the proposals aren’t suitable for the sites in some situations.
The design for the Ghats and promenades should be appropriate, considering the existing elements. In situations where the existing Ghat and buildings are relevant, like the case of Rani Ghat, the proposal should not interfere in the view and understanding of the existing elements, being submissive and integrative to the existing Ghat and buildings and respecting their importance. The existing buildings at the riverfront have a low architectural profile and the proposed Ghats should not overcome the existing heritage, covering their view from the riverfront.
Environmental Impact
Mapping, identification and location of the trees are recommended for the project phase, including the remaining trees in the detailed project. It has to be ensured that the design for the new Ghats, promenades and buildings will help retain mature trees on the site by incorporating them into landscape design and thereby minimizing the need for feeling of trees and help preserve the green cover of this area. The areas where there will be plantation of new trees should also be identified.
Community Impact
The impact over the affected families can’t be mitigated at the project phase. Mitigation measures will be taken during execution.
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4.5.2. Mitigation Measures during Construction Stage
Safeguards are of great importance during the intervention, as some of the proposals have the potential to damage the existing buildings and other elements present in the Ghats’ areas. Measures should be followed to protect these elements during the execution phase.
Historical Built Environment
Construction vibration should be assessed in cases where there is a significant potential for impact from construction activities. Such activities include blasting, pile driving, demolition and drilling or excavation in close proximity to sensitive structures. The use of equipments that cause vibration, as pile drivers, used for the construction of foundations, and also movements of earth, as bulldozers, used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material, should be avoided close to the heritage buildings to avert structural problems. The impact can be mitigated by the selection of demolition methods that do not involve impact and vibration, as manual and non-electric equipments, where possible.
The presence of an Archaeologist at site during the execution is desired. In case of discovery of heritage resources below the surface during excavations or present in areas of dense vegetation on the sites (such as pieces of pottery, sculptures, pieces of ancient walls, etc.), the client is bound by the AMASR Act, which requires that the developer cease all work immediately and notify ASI, as defined in the Act. This is a mitigation measure for all the sites, not only for those were archaeological assets were already found.
Table 5 – Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment
Equipment PPV at 25 ft (in/sec)
Approximate Lv † at 25 ft
Pile Driver (impact) upper range 1.518 112
typical 0.644 104
Pile Driver (sonic) upper range 0.734 105
typical 0.170 93
Clam shovel drop (slurry wall) 0.202 94
Hydromill (slurry wall) in soil 0.008 66
in rock 0.017 75
Large bulldozer 0.089 87
Caisson drilling 0.089 87
Loaded trucks 0.076 86
Jackhammer 0.035 79
Small bulldozer 0.003 58
† RMS velocity in decibels (VdB) re 1 µinch/second.
PPV is the peak particle velocity and is defined as the maximum instantaneous positive or negative peak of the vibration signal. PPV is often used in monitoring of blasting vibration since it is related to the stresses that are experienced by buildings. “Lv” is the velocity level in decibels.
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In the several sites where historical elements and archaeological remnants were already found at the riverfront, as it was already observed at Rani Ghat, the team should be extremely attentive to any element found at and under the ground, as the execution of the project requires excavation and earth movement at the riverfront.
Environmental Impact
Even mapping the trees during the project phase, it is advised to consider them also during the execution, adjusting the project to the real situation, planning the space for their growth and avoiding the obstruction of the existing roots.
Study and inspect the impact on the natural drainage pattern in the surrounding area due to demolition and construction work is required.
The access roads to the sites should be maintained in good conditions, keeping the access to the buildings located at the riverfront and minimizing dust propagation. A shelter should be used to stock the resources, avoiding dust particles to be carried away by the wind.
Community Impact
In this phase the mitigation for the impact over the affected families should happen. The relocation of the families is already proposed.
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4.5.3. Mitigation Measures per Ghat
Table 6 – Impact and Mitigation Measures per Ghat
Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Collectorate
(Grade I)
• Construction of a promenade and Eco Center
• Connection of Ghats.
None None Medium
• Alteration in the historic landscape and riverfront.
None • Demolition of cultural and religious buildings should be avoided, in case it is proposed in this intervention, especially those that attract a good number of visitors / devotees.
Anta
(Grade I)
• Construction of Ghat (Arched Gateway design), promenade and wall.
• Requalification to the area.
None None None Low
• The construction of the New Ghat will affect the population that lives at the encroached areas at the Ghat.
• Impacts over the population living at the encroachments will be mitigated.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
B. N. College
(Grade I)
• Construction of Ghat (Chathhri design), promenade and wall.
• Requalification to the area and access to the Ghat.
NoneNone None
None
Mahendru
(Grade III)
• Promenade connecting this Ghat to other Ghats.
Medium• Possible
presence of archaeological remains due to event of Mahendru, Ashoka’s son, being sent to Sri Lanka from this Ghat.
• Construction of the promenade (excavation) likely to impact the archaeological assets.
None None None
• During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Adalat
(Grade II)
• Construction of Ghat (Chathhri design) and promenade (walls weren’t shown for this and all the next Ghats).
None Medium
• The proposed “Chattris” will interfere at the existing Temple Complex.
None Low
• The new Ghat may affect the religious practices.
• The construction of “Chattris” in front of the temple complex should be avoided. The “Chattris” located in front of the Temple Complex should be moved towards the sides or removed.
• In the proposals where there are temples the construction of elements that might obstruct the facades should be avoided.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
Mishri
(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (Heritage design) and promenade.
None Medium
• Interference by one of the heritage pavilions on the temple.
Low
• Slight change of character of the Ghat.
Low
• The new Ghat may affect the religious practices.
• The Heritage pavilions should be built in a way that the temple can be seen and highlighted. For this one of the heritage pavilions, located partly in front of the temple, should be moved towards the side. With a sligth movement of the Ghat towards the west would centralize the Temple at the Ghat, and the pavillions can be adjusted after the temple’s facade, according to the intended design.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
T. N. Banerjee
(Grade II)
• Construction of Ghat (Buland Gateway design) and promenade.
None None None None
Kali
(Grade I)
• Construction of promenade and connection between existent Ghat and other Ghats.
High
• Remains of older structures at the site (Darbhanga House and Kali Temple).
• Construction of the promenade (excavation) likely to impact the archaeological assets.
None None None
• During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Patna College
(Grade II)
• Construction of promenade, Café and Reading Room, and connection between existent Ghat and other Ghats.
None None None None
Krishna
(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (Temple Pavilion design), promenade and wall.
None Low
• “Torri Gates”, are inserted at the promenade’s level and some of them are located in front of the Temple Complex, slightly obstructing its view.
Low
• Slight change at the character of the Ghat.
Low
• As the Ghat is proposed in front of the temples it might affect the religious practices.
• At Krishna Ghat the elements from the “Torri Gates” design should be positioned according to the location of the existing Temple Complex, avoiding insertion of any element that would block or obstruct anyhow its façade towards the riverfront.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Gandhi
(Grade II)
• Promenade connecting this Ghat to other Ghats.
None None None None
Baharwa
(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design), promenade and Audio Visual Theatre.
None None None None
Law College
(Grade II)
• Promenade connecting this Ghat to other Ghats.
None None None None
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Rani
(Grade I)
• Construction of Ghat (Heritage design) and promenade.
High
• Remains of older structures at the site (Rani Ghat and Temple Complex).
• Archaeological assets were found at the site in the past.
• Construction of the promenade (excavation) likely to impact the archaeological assets.
Medium
• The promenade goes in front of the temple complex’s walls, covering a large portion of them, as the level of the promenade is high.
Medium
• The proposed promenade creates a bridge close to Rani Ghat and its walls, also creating spaces that disqualify the surrounding area by the promenade’s intervention.
Low
• As the proposed promenade interfere at the exit of the steps of the existing Ghat it may interfere in the religious practices.
• During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.
• The promenade shouldn’t be designed as a bridge close to the Rani Ghat and its walls. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should go around Rani Ghat’s walls, replicating them and creating an opening for the entrance to the existing Rani Ghat.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Gulbi(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (mainly steps), promenade and Crematorium.
None None None Low• As the Ghat
is proposed very close to the existing temple it may affect the religious practices.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
Ghagha(Grade II)
• Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design), separated from the existing Ghat, and promenade.
None None None None
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Raushan
(Grade I)
• Construction of Ghat (Dome design) and promenade.
High
• Remains of older structures at the site (Tekari House).
• Construction of the promenade (excavation) likely to impact the archaeological assets.
• Construction of the Ghat in an area where there are remaining part of walls.
Medium
• The proposed promenade goes around the ruin’s walls, covering a large portion of the walls, as the level of the promenade is high. The proposed promenade creates a bridge in front of the existing walls, blocking the view of the Tekari House’s walls.
Medium
• The proposed promenade will affect some remains located at the site.
None
• During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.
• The promenade shouldn’t go around the remnants of Tekari House. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should enter the remnants of Tekari House, integrating it to the project, proposing a landscaped area surrounding the ruins.
• 2 possibilities for the area located between Raushan and Chaudhary Tola Ghats:* the promenade should follow the
alignment of the other promenades, crossing private areas. There is an issue related to the ownership and allowance from the owners of the lands;
* the promenade should contour the areas, going towards the riverfront, in a curved shape, turning towards the land side to connect with the promenades at the Raushan and Chaudhary Tola Ghats.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative Impacts
Mitigation MeasuresArchaeology Architecture Cultural
Landscape Intangible
Chaudhary Tola
(Grade I)
• Construction of Ghat (Temple Pavilion design)and promenade.
High
• Remains of older structures at the site (Tekari House and Ghat).
• Construction of the promenade (excavation) likely to impact the archaeological assets.
Medium
• The proposed promenade goes in front of the walls, covering a large portion of the walls, as the level of the promenade is high.
Medium
• The proposed promenade creates a bridge in front of the existing walls, blocking the view of the walls and obstructing the access to the Tekari Ghat.
Low
• As the new Ghat is proposed very close to the temples it may affect the religious practices.
• During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.
• The promenade as it is proposed shouldn’t go around the remnants of Tekari Ghat and adjacent walls. For this case the promenade should enter the Temple Complex’s area behind the Tekari House’s walls, integrating it to the project. There may be an issue related to the ownership of the area and allowance from the Temple’s owners.
• The construction of the promenade shouldn’t affect the temples and the Tekari Ghat.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices. The access from the temples to the river should be maintained.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Pathri
(Grade I)
• Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design) and promenade.
High
• Remains of a heritage building at the site (Haveli Mir Ashraf).
• Construction of the promenade (excavation) likely to impact the archaeological assets.
Medium
• The proposed promenade goes around the ruin’s walls, covering a large portion of the walls, as the level of the promenade is high.
Medium
• The proposed promenade creates a bridge in front of the existing walls, blocking its view.
Medium
• As the new Ghat is proposed in front of existing temples it will affect the religious practices, as the Ghat is proposed in front of temples.
• During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.
• The promenade shouldn’t go around the existing ruins of Haveli Mir Ashraf. For this case the recommendation is that the promenade should enter the haveli’s ruins, integrating them to the project, proposing a landscaped area inside the haveli.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
Alamganj
(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (Dome design) and promenade.
• New Ghat proposed with some distance from the Mosque.
None Low
• Promenade proposed in front of the Mosque.
None None• The construction of the promenade
shouldn’t affect the Mosque’s building and use.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Laurwa
(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (Buland Gateway design) and promenade.
None None None None
Hanuman
(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (Temple Pavilion design) and promenade.
None None None None
Raja
(Grade I)
• Construction of Ghat (Buland Gateway design) and promenade.
High
• Remains of older structures at the site (Fortification and historic buildings).
• Construction of the promenade (excavation) likely to impact the archaeological assets.
High
• The proposed Ghat locates its steps on top of the existing stone lined Ghat and its structure blocks the view of one temple complex.
High
• The proposed promenade creates a bridge in front of the existing walls, blocking its view.
Medium
• As the new Ghat is proposed in front of the temples it may affect the religious practices.
• During excavations the team should be extremely attentive. Archaeological assets can be found at the area. The presence of an Archaeologist is desired during excavations. In case of discovery of archaeological resources the developer has to cease all work immediately and notify ASI.
• The promenade shouldn’t go around the existing fortification and historic buildings. There are two possibilities proposed: * the promenade should enter the
complex inside the fortification, crossing the areas that belong to the temple and to the government, facing a difference of level between the two lands;
* the promenade should be interrupted at the fortification’s walls, continuing
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Raja
(Grade I)
Continuation
• The proposed promenade goes around the fortification walls, leaving a small portion of the walls visible, as the level of the promenade is high.
at the other side, going around the temple at the rear.
• The new Ghat should preserve the existing historic Ghat along with its steps by moving the proposed Ghat towards the west. The new Ghat should be designed in continuity to old Ghat.
• The structures of the new ghat shouldn’t block the view towards the temple complex. It should also be moved towards the west, ahead from the beginning of the steps.
• The construction of the promenade shouldn’t affect the Fortification.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
Gai
(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (Chathhri design), promenade and Dolphin Research Centre.
None None None None
Bhadra
(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (Torri Gates design), promenade and Community Centre.
None None None Low • As Ghat is
proposed very close to the temples it may affect the religious practices.
• No impact was considered as, according to a detail drawing for the Community Centre, no temple will be demolished. Otherwise impacts will occur.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
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Name of the Ghat
and GradeProposal
Negative ImpactsMitigation Measures
Archaeology Architecture Cultural Landscape Intangible
Mahavir
(Grade III)
• Construction of Ghat (Heritage design) and promenade.
None None None Low
• As the new Ghat is proposed very close to the temples it may affect the religious practices.
• No impact was considered as, apparently, no temple will be demolished. Otherwise impacts will occur.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
Naujar
(Grade I)
• Construction of Ghat (Heritage design) and promenade.
None None None Low
• As the new Ghat is proposed very close to the temples it may affect the religious practices.
• The intervention shouldn’t interfere in the religious practices.
The Grades for each Ghat were given according to the cultural heritage at the Ghat (see Table 2 – Assessment of Values).
The design for the new Ghats should aim to harmonize with the architecture of Patna and of the existent Ghats and buildings. Also should be planned for each Ghat individually. The designs may be appreciated for this individual quality, but these don’t agree with the situation. Some cases require a subtle intervention, as the existent buildings have importance and should be highlighted, as Rani Ghat and Raja Ghat, instead of the new buildings. Large and bulky sized structures should be avoided in most of the cases.
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4.6. Monitoring Mechanism
Crucial to the CIA process is to monitor significant heritage impact variables and measures which have been proposed in the CIA report to mitigate them. Monitoring and mitigation will be the developer’s responsibility. Monitoring means to observe take samples or measure specific heritage variables in order to track changes, measure performance or compliance and/or detect problems and would require remedial or specific management measures. It would ensure conformity with the design brief and specifications. It can also be used to evaluate the progress of mitigation activities proposed in the Cultural Impact Assessment report.
Monitoring to be carried out prior to the construction phase or during the construction phases of a project, depending on the particular risks of significant impacts identified in the CIA for these phases and/or the need to monitor compliance with proposed mitigation requirements in the CIA. As standard practice, monitoring results must be thoroughly documented in the form of a monitoring report by the developer and supplemented with maps and photographs, as applicable.
Pre-Construction Baseline Monitoring
- The developer would require for monitoring of base line condition on site relevant drawings of the existing site plan at an appropriate scale together with the location and inventory
of trees on site. Photographs should be included.
- Develop a monitoring plan and delegate responsibility to site personnel to implement the monitoring plan. Identify specialists, statutory and local authorities (ASI, Tree Officer, Patna Municipal Corporation, etc.) to undertake inspection of the site during the construction phase.
Construction Phase Monitoring
Construction phase monitoring nay encompass the following activities:
- Archaeological monitoring by the specialist archaeologist or ASI during excavations at the sites for the new constructions. This could relate mainly to below surface remains.
- Architectural interventions on the Ghats may need to be monitored by an appropriate conservation architect.
- The competent authority would undertake site inspection for ensuring adherence to conditions of approval.
Operational Monitoring
- Any substantial deviation from the set of plans which form part of the cultural impact assessment should automatically have to be subject to resubmission of an application for approval by the Competent Authority prior to the project implementation / construction stage.
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4.7. Findings and Recommendations
Patna’s riverfront has several heritage buildings, as observed in the course of this report, built in different periods of time, with different styles, use and character. The city faces its back to the riverfront, disclaiming its importance. In the surrounding areas there are mainly institutional buildings and residential areas, and encroachments are present in various parts of the riverfront. The riverfront areas are not safe for bathing and for the activities of some festivals, and security is lacking, especially after sunset.
Facing all these issues and the need for leisure areas in Patna, the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd. proposed the development project. Hence this study called the Cultural Impact Assessment on the Riverfront Development at Patna is carried out by INTACH for BUIDCo to know the present condition of the area and to know the nature and magnitude of impact of the proposed development on the riverfront area and its heritage buildings.
It was found during the Cultural Impact Assessment that there will be several impacts on the area and buildings, some desirable and some unwanted. Most of the adverse impacts presented were related to the built heritage and can be mitigated mainly at the project planning stage, as most of the problems identified.
As it was already pointed, a micro detail of the project with the insertion of the pre-existing elements is essential for the analyses and implementation of the project. Appropriate information of the existing heritage buildings, existing trees and Ghats is required for a detailed project. Environmental impact can have an adverse effect on the preservation of the trees in the area due to the design and site construction requirements for the proposed project. Adequate measures to mitigate this affect are being recommended.
During the implementation of the project there will be impacts on the community due to the necessity of moving the encroachments from the riverfront area and access roads. Mitigation is required and a detailed study about this issue is found at the Social Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar.
Therefore based on the above findings the recommendations to mitigate the Archaeological, Built Heritage and Historic Landscape, Visual, Environmental and Community Impact are summarized as follows:
Archaeological, Built Heritage and Historic Landscape Impact
- Mitigate the adverse effect on Built Heritage and Historical Landscape through design interventions that respect the historic character of the buildings and some historic areas.
- Reuse of heritage structures.
- Avoid vibration close to buildings during construction.
- Undertake ground investigations on site after excavations and removal of vegetation, before starting the construction work.
- During construction work ensure effective monitoring of the site to safeguard any unknown archaeological resource discovered during construction work on site.
Spatial/Visual Impact
- Avoid / Minimize visual obstruction of the heritage buildings through designs that will highlight the buildings.
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Environmental Impact
- To implement the policy for preservation of trees in the project to ensure their integration with the proposal.
- Minimize dust propagation and damage in the surrounding areas during the construction work.
Community Impact- Mitigation for the impact over the affected families
through relocation (World Bank recommendations and the Social Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar).