eiffel tower- the marvel of european architecture
TRANSCRIPT
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The Marvel of European Architecture
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•An iron latti ce tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. •Named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. •A global cultural icon of France.•The tallest structure in Paris•The most-visited paid monument in the world; 7.1 million people ascended it in 2011. The tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010.
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History Behind Construction
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Timeline: Events before Construction
1884 1885
May- Maurice Koechlin, a senior engineer of Eiffel et Compagnie , working at home, made an outline drawing of the scheme.
30 March- Alexandre- Gustave Eiffel, the acclaimed bridge builder, architect and metals expert, owner of Eiffel et Compagnie, a consulting and construction firm, presented a paper on the project to Societe des Ingienieurs Civils.
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Timeline: Events before Construction
1886
1 May – Eduardo Lockroy, the Minister for trade announced new alterations for an open competition for the construction of a tower- an entrance arch for the upcoming World Fair at the Champ-de-Mars, C. Paris.12 May- A commission was set up to examine all the proposed schemes.12 June- Building commission was granted to Eiffel et Compagnie.
1887
8 January- A contact was signed for the construction of the tower.- Signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the rep. of his own company.
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1889
End of March: The construction was completed and the tower was inaugurated in time for the Exposition Universelle (World’s Fair) held to mark the 100-year anniversary of the French Revolution.
Timeline: Events After Construction
While Eiffel himself often receives full credit for the monument that bears his name, it was two of his employees—structural engineers Maurice Koechlin and Stephen
Sauvestre—who came up with and fine-tuned the concept.
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The Inauguration
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Timeline: Events After Construction
1909
Originally intended as a temporary exhibit, the Eiffel Tower was almost torn down and scrapped in 1909.
1930
Held the distinction of being the tallest manmade structure until the completion of New York City’s Chrysler Building .
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Timeline: Events After Construction
1940-44
Upon German occupation of Paris, the lift cables were cut by the French so that Hitler would have to climb up the steps to the summit.
1957
The radio antenna was added to increase its height as well as to use the tower for radio transmission.
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Architecture
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Architectural Style• Victorian Structural Expressionist: Prominence given to expression of latticed structure, in an old way, using iron.
• Of a definite framed structure.• A medieval form of symmetrical architecture.
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Architectural Style• A great pylon• Consists of 4 lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top
• Joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals.
One of the Metal Trusses
Lattice Girder
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Architectural Style
• The tower looks very artistic.• Ornate flourishes were added to the tower• Illumination included to add a glitter to the tall tower.
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Structure• Building Material: Puddle iron. • Weight of Iron used:7300 tonnes. • Weight of tower(metallic and non metallic parts):10000 tonnes.
• Height: 1,063 feet (324 m)
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Comments on the Architectural Beauty• “The tower was the greatest affront not only to the architecture of Paris, but also to the eye of the Parisian, for whom its structural logic and revolutionary aesthetic language were incomprehensible.”
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Aesthetic Consideration
• Three separate colors of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest on the bottom and the lightest at the top.
• The tower is currently painted a shade of bronze.
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Aesthetic Consideration
• 4 decorative grillwork arches reassure he safety of the structure and frame views of other nearby architecture.
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Technical Points of Construction
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2 Technical Considerations- Material and
Wind Considerations
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Elements of Material
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Basic Consideration- The Material of The Tower.
• Iron is the basic building material so a lot of technical focus was given to the maintenance of the building material.
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Basic Consideration- The Material of The Tower.• Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7.1 in) because of thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.
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Basic Consideration- The Material of The Tower.• To protect the tower from rust, maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes of paint every seven years been done.
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Wind Considerations
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Wind Consideration
• The curves of the tower were based on the mathematical calculation of geometric and radial angles and this provides the great support and strength to the building.
• Graphical and empirical methods were used to tackle the effects of wind.
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Wind Consideration
• A possible mathematical explanation: a nonlinear integral equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point
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Wind Consideration
• Careful examination of the tower shows two different exponential shapes, the lower section overdesigned to ensure resistance to wind forces
• The tower is resistant of all the wind that blows towards it. (Sways to a distance of 6 to 7 cm or 2 to 3 inches when the wind blows.)
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For Your Attention