Eisenhower and Eisenhower and America in the America in the

1950’s1950’sStudents will examine the Students will examine the

domestic and international impact domestic and international impact the Cold War had upon U.S. the Cold War had upon U.S.

growth from the 1940’s–1950’sgrowth from the 1940’s–1950’s

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Policy of Containment- established under President

Truman in 1947 the U.S. would try to contain communism around the world. (give money, military aid to fight communism)

Marshall Plan-Marshall Plan- U.S. policy proposed by Secretary of U.S. policy proposed by Secretary of State Marshall gives economic aid to 16 nations.State Marshall gives economic aid to 16 nations.

1. Reason- provide aid to keep communist 1. Reason- provide aid to keep communist rebels from rebels from taking over, establish democracies taking over, establish democracies in Western Europe.in Western Europe.

2. The money given is used to buy American 2. The money given is used to buy American goods from goods from American companies, stimulated our American companies, stimulated our economy.economy.

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)-Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)- policy preached policy preached by both the U.S. and Soviet Union not to fight a direct by both the U.S. and Soviet Union not to fight a direct war because they both have enough nuclear weapons war because they both have enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other. to destroy each other.

The Iron Curtain FallsThe Iron Curtain Falls Eastern Europe- dominated by the Soviet Union after

WWII, Stalin installs communist governments.1. Iron Curtain-1. Iron Curtain- All the countries under All the countries under

communist communist control no longer have economic and control no longer have economic and social ties with social ties with “Western Capitalist” nations.“Western Capitalist” nations.

Berlin Airlift- In an effort to cut off West Berlin, Stalin orders the closing of all highways and railroads into the city.

1. Airlift-1. Airlift- From 1948-1949 U.S. and Great From 1948-1949 U.S. and Great Britain fly in Britain fly in tons of medical and food supplies tons of medical and food supplies to maintain the cityto maintain the city

22. Blockade lifted-. Blockade lifted- Stalin order the lift in 1949 Stalin order the lift in 1949 3. East/West- Two separate Germany’s formed

until 1990 full integration still ongoing

The Cold War: What side are you The Cold War: What side are you on?on?

Cold War: Cold War: state of conflict, tension and competition state of conflict, tension and competition that existed primarily between the United States and that existed primarily between the United States and Soviet Union and their allies, from the mid-1940s to Soviet Union and their allies, from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s. the early 1990s.

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed out of fear of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc.out of fear of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc.

1. Aim-1. Aim- contain communism contain communism2. Pledge-2. Pledge- full cooperation in war full cooperation in war

Warsaw Pact- formed by the Soviet Union to counter NATO.

Communism Spreads Communism Spreads China- a civil war between the nationalist forces under a civil war between the nationalist forces under

Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek and Communist forces under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

1. Nationalist government- corrupt and inefficient2. Communist Rebels- mainly farmers and poor

workers3. 1945- Communist control North China, U.S.

suspends funds to China due to corruption of government

Two Chinas-1. Taiwan- In 1949 the Nationalist flee to the island and claim they are the legitimate Chinese

government2. American reaction- Blame Truman for not

sending enough aid to stop the spread of communism.

Korean War 38th Parallel- marks the line of surrender of Korea by

Japan to U.S. and Soviet Forces. Above to the Soviets below to the U.S.

North Korea Attacks-North Korea Attacks- 1950 the communist north 1950 the communist north attacks under the disguise of unifying the attacks under the disguise of unifying the country.country.

1. U.N. Reacts-1. U.N. Reacts- the Security Council the Security Council approves of approves of military intervention to stop the military intervention to stop the war.war.

2. MacArthur- placed in charge (hero of WWII)

3. North Korea-3. North Korea- with the surprise they took with the surprise they took control of 90% of the country before the control of 90% of the country before the

U.N. forces could stop their advancement.U.N. forces could stop their advancement.

Korean War cont’d..Korean War cont’d.. Counterattack-Counterattack- MacArthur organizes a brilliant MacArthur organizes a brilliant

amphibious assault behind North Korean lines.amphibious assault behind North Korean lines.

1. North Korea-1. North Korea- army was destroyed be army was destroyed be the the two sided attacktwo sided attack

2. Chinese Warning-2. Chinese Warning- China warns the China warns the U.N. U.N. not to get to close to their border or risk not to get to close to their border or risk attack, MacArthur ignores it.attack, MacArthur ignores it.

3. China attacks-3. China attacks- Hundreds of thousands Hundreds of thousands of of Chinese troops swarm the border and Chinese troops swarm the border and push push back the U.N. armies to the back the U.N. armies to the 3838th th

parallel.parallel.

End of the Korean WarEnd of the Korean War MacArthur vs. Truman- MacArthur calls for the

bombing and invasion of China by the U.N.1. Truman reacts-1. Truman reacts- tells MacArthur to stop tells MacArthur to stop

making making public statements, MacArthur ignores public statements, MacArthur ignores them.them.

2. Fired-2. Fired- Truman recalls MacArthur for Truman recalls MacArthur for insubordination but receives a insubordination but receives a hero’s welcome

from the American people.3. Consequence-3. Consequence- Truman wanted a larger Truman wanted a larger

war war but the Soviet Union warned that attacking but the Soviet Union warned that attacking China would result in them entering the China would result in them entering the

war.war.4. Armistice- 1953 both sides agree to a

cease of hostilities 5. Republicans-5. Republicans- happy over the outcome happy over the outcome

they they label Democrat Truman “soft on label Democrat Truman “soft on communism”communism”

The Communist ScareThe Communist Scare House Un-American Activities Committee- was

established to find communists.

1. Investigations-1. Investigations- looked into government looked into government officials, actors, athletes, writers, officials, actors, athletes, writers,

directors, Boy directors, Boy Scouts and Hollywood for Scouts and Hollywood for Communists activities.Communists activities.

2. Refusal-2. Refusal- anyone refusing to testify or anyone refusing to testify or show show up was blacklisted in Hollywood and up was blacklisted in Hollywood and labeled a labeled a communists.communists.

Espionage Cases Espionage Cases- Espionage Cases-

1. Alger Hiss- a member of the State Department is found guilty of perjury and accused of being a communist spy, sent to prison.

McCarran Internal Security Act 1950-McCarran Internal Security Act 1950- passed by passed by Congress out of fearCongress out of fear

1. Made it illegal to support a totalitarian 1. Made it illegal to support a totalitarian governmentgovernment2. restricted the employment and travel of 2. restricted the employment and travel of people supporting Communist organizationspeople supporting Communist organizations3. authorized the creation of detention 3. authorized the creation of detention

camps for camps for communist communist subversivessubversives

Rosenberg Case Cause-Cause- Soviet Union tested it’s first Atomic Soviet Union tested it’s first Atomic

Bomb in 1949, many Americans are Bomb in 1949, many Americans are convinced that spies have given our secrets convinced that spies have given our secrets to the Soviets.to the Soviets.

11. . Physicist Klaus Fuchs- admits giving information about U.S. bomb to the Soviets.

2. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- An FBI investigation leads to this couple as the head of a communist spy ring.

3. Rosenberg’s- members of the American communist party are convicted and sentenced to death for treason.

4. Anti-Communist Hysteria- Civil rights groups wonder if these feeling were the real reason behind the conviction and execution of the couple.

McCarthyismMcCarthyism Senator McCarthy- used the fear of Communism in his

re-election campaign, said there were hundreds of spies.

McCarthyism- accusing Americans of being Communist without evidence (ruined their lives).

McCarthy Tactics-1. Fear- he used unsupported accusations about Communist in the government to gain media

support and attack the Truman administration

2. Americans- at first loved his antics, especially since they were pointed toward the wealthy in the country.

3. Politicians- most were disgusted by his accusations, Republicans did not stop it since it was aimed at Truman

End of McCarthyism McCarthy vs. Army- In 1954 McCarthy

went after members of the Army in a live televised hearing

1. Exposed- McCarthy is exposed as a cruel man who bullied people

2. Destroyed- “Mr. McCarthy have you no shame?” with that one sentence the communist hysteria is broken in America and McCarthy’s career is destroyed

President Dwight EisenhowerPresident Dwight Eisenhower1952-19601952-1960

Eisenhower-Eisenhower- seen by the American public as seen by the American public as honest and full of integrity. “I Like Ike”honest and full of integrity. “I Like Ike”

1. Domestic Policy-1. Domestic Policy- maintained many of maintained many of the the New Deal programs but focused on New Deal programs but focused on balancing balancing the budget.the budget.

2. Civil Rights-2. Civil Rights- tried to avoid it as it tried to avoid it as it gains gains strength during the 1950’sstrength during the 1950’s

3. American Middle Class-3. American Middle Class- this is the this is the golden golden age of White suburbiaage of White suburbia

Eisenhower and the Cold Eisenhower and the Cold WarWar

Dulles Diplomacy- Dulles Diplomacy- Dulles was Secretary of Dulles was Secretary of State under Eisenhower he develops State under Eisenhower he develops brinkmanshipbrinkmanship

1. Brinkmanship- 1. Brinkmanship- be willing to threaten be willing to threaten nuclear nuclear war with the Soviets in order to stop war with the Soviets in order to stop the the spread of communism. spread of communism.

2. “Bang for the Buck”- 2. “Bang for the Buck”- Dulles advocated Dulles advocated a huge a huge Air Force and huge arsenal of Air Force and huge arsenal of nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons

3. 3. Hydrogen Bomb- better than the old better than the old A-bomb, A-bomb, U.S. tests one in U.S. tests one in 1953, Soviets 1953, Soviets in 1954.in 1954.

Cold War and Asia

Asia-Asia- The U.S. and Soviet Union look to The U.S. and Soviet Union look to expand their influence. expand their influence.

1. Vietnam- In 1954 this country is In 1954 this country is divided into divided into North Vietnam (communist) North Vietnam (communist) and South Vietnam and South Vietnam (democracy)(democracy)

2. Domino Theory- 2. Domino Theory- U.S. justifies spending U.S. justifies spending billions billions to support anti-communist to support anti-communist governments by governments by saying if they fall then saying if they fall then one nation after another one nation after another will fall until there will fall until there are no more non-communist are no more non-communist countriescountries

The Cold War: Goes into deep The Cold War: Goes into deep freezefreeze

Hungarian Revolt-Hungarian Revolt- In 1956 anti-communist In 1956 anti-communist successfully overthrow the communist government.successfully overthrow the communist government.

1. Liberals-1. Liberals- take over the government and want take over the government and want to pull to pull the country out of the Warsaw Pact.the country out of the Warsaw Pact.

2. Khrushchev-2. Khrushchev- New Soviet leaders sends in New Soviet leaders sends in tanks to tanks to crush the revolt and reestablish a crush the revolt and reestablish a communist communist government.government.

3. Eisenhower-3. Eisenhower- does not send in any troops to does not send in any troops to help the help the revolutionaries, recognizes their control revolutionaries, recognizes their control over Eastern over Eastern Europe.Europe.

4. Fear-4. Fear- Eisenhower believes that sending in Eisenhower believes that sending in U.S. troops U.S. troops would lead to another war, not worth it in would lead to another war, not worth it in the grand the grand scheme.scheme.

Communism in Cuba Fidel Castro- leads a successful revolution in Cuba in

1959 to overthrow the corrupt dictator Batista, with his second in command Che Guevara.

Politics- Batista was America’s guy he turned Cuba into a playground for the rich and criminals, legalized prostitution and gambling.

1. Castro- establishes a communist government in Cuba, catches the U.S. off guard.

2. Nationalization- Castro nationalizes all foreign companies in Cuba enraging the U.S. and Western countries.

3. Eisenhower retaliates- Cuts off trade with Cuba.Authorizes the training of anticommunist exiles to overthrow Castro.

4. Castro reacts- Draws close to the Soviet Union, signs a treaty of friendship with KhrushchevKhrushchev

Space Race BeginsSpace Race Begins Sputnik- Sputnik- 1957 the Soviet Union shocks the United 1957 the Soviet Union shocks the United

States by sending into orbit the first satellites in States by sending into orbit the first satellites in history.history.

1. Education-1. Education- schools blamed for not schools blamed for not producing producing better engineers and scientist, shift better engineers and scientist, shift in education in education to math and science to “catch up”to math and science to “catch up”

2. Fear-2. Fear- the same missiles that launched the same missiles that launched Sputnik Sputnik could be used to launch nuclear weapons could be used to launch nuclear weapons against against the U.S.the U.S.

3. Money-3. Money- billions spent on the U.S. space billions spent on the U.S. space program to “catch up” and pass, the Space program to “catch up” and pass, the Space Race Race begins between the U.S. and Soviet Union.begins between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

Baby Boomers Baby Boomers 1945–1965: baby boom;

soaring birth rate after soldiers return they will be the generation that changes the world.

Women- they begin to feel restless during this time because American culture reaffirmed their status as second class citizens.

1. Education- women going to college are very restless about their status , enter the workforce but are severely underpaid and underused.

Suburbia becomes “The American Dream”

Suburbs- people come home and live in these cookie cutter homes and enjoy their lives.

Interstate Highway Act- Eisenhower gets Congress to pay for a Federal Highway system, Defense.

1. Connections- suburbs, cities, schools, shops are now all connected. People begin to move out further from cities.

2. Cars- gas is cheap and plentiful, no publictransportation in the suburbs people need cars.

3. Problems and Businesses- Traffic Jams, Commutes, Accidents, Pollution, Drive-Ins, Fast Food restaurants all cater to the car culture of Suburbia

America’s Cities Suffer White Flight- Urban whites flee to the suburbs

and take their jobs and taxes with them, leave poorer whites and minorities in cities

Urban Collapse- Most major cities can not maintain their schools, roads, etc. Poverty grows rapidly as income in cities declines

Projects- Cities begin an urban renewal by building new urban “suburban” cities for their low income residents, homes destroyed.

America Changes Popular Culture- Television, advertising and the

middle class all contribute to the growth of American culture

Television- suddenly becomes the center of the family replacing the Radio in American homes.

1. Programs- comedies (“I Love Lucy”), quiz shows, news, dramas, soap operas, variety

shows, Westerns (“Gunsmoke”)

2. Stereotypes- Women and minorities shown in stereotypical fashions, very few on T.V.

New Corporations and Advertising Conglomerates- new American corporations that own

diverse, unrelated companies.

1. Fortune 500- Americans want to work for one of these top corporations

2. White collar vs. Blue collar- more Americans are working in corporations than factories for the first time in history.

3. Uniformity- Americans want to work for this so they can afford the new home, car, good schools and vacations (American Dream)

Advertising- name brands become phenomenon’s Coca-Cola, Marlboro Man, McDonald’s, Hershey’s.

1. Gets people to buy things they don’t need

Consumer Culture

Consumerism- (buying material goods) equated with success, numerous new products appear on market in response to demand

1.Planned obsolescence- Corporations begin making products that get outdated and wear out, makes consumers buy or want to buy new ones

2. Credit- installment plans, credit cards, credit all begin to reappear

Civil Rights Movement Begins Jackie Robinson- breaking the color barrier in

baseball in 1947 with the Brooklyn Dodgers was the first chink in the armor of segregation.

Truman- 1948 integrates the Armed Forces, no more segregation, second chink in the armor.

Movement- African-Americans from urban centers demand better educational opportunities, voting rights and racial equality.

Cold War- America was competing with the Soviet Union claiming freedom and democracy, so racial segregation and discrimination stood out on the world stage.

Civil Rights in the 1950’s Brown vs. Board of Education 1954- argued by

Thurgood Marshall that segregation violated the 14th Amendment “equal protection under the laws”, Supreme Court unanimously agrees with Marshall.

1. Chief Justice Earl Warren- states that “separate facilities are inherently unequal” and

segregation should end with “all due haste”

2. Southern Reaction- Fought the ruling with a variety of methods, public school closings, military force.

3. Eisenhower- did not agree with the ruling but upheld his position in office and used federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans in the south

Civil Rights cont’d... Little Rock Nine- were a group of students who were

the first to integrate a white only school in the south.1. Federal troops- Eisenhower sends in troops

to escort the nine to school everyday. Montgomery Bus Boycott- In 1955 Rosa Parks refuses

to leave her seat and move to the back. Parks is arrested for violating the segregation laws of the state.

1. Martin Luther King Jr.- leads the boycott of the Montgomery bus system for a year, ends when the system is financially bankrupt

2. Supreme Court- Rules in favor of Parks and strikes down all rules against segregation in 1956

Civil Rights Nonviolent Protests- peaceful demonstrations against

segregation and oppression in the south.1. Southern Christian Leadership Conference

(SCLC)- led by Martin Luther King it organized ministers and churches in the south behind the Civil Rights movement.

2. Student Non-Violent Coordinated Committee- college and high school students would be the

foot soldiers of the movement.3. Sit-In Tactics- students would sit in

segregated businesses (movies, diners, pools, libraries, hotels, etc..) and get arrested to bring attention to continued segregated practices in the South.

4. Legacy- these groups would be the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s…

Rock n’ Roll Black musicians add electric instruments to

blues—rhythm and blues

Rock ‘n’ roll- mix of rhythm and blues, country, pop

1. Has heavy rhythm, simple melodies, lyrics about teenage concerns

2. Music appeals to newly affluent white teens who can buy records

3.Many adults concerned music will lead to delinquency, immorality

4. Artists- Little Richard, Chubby Checker, Elvis Pressley, Fats Domino, Buddy Holly, Richie Valens