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  H. TYRES

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  • H. TYRES

  • Release 8.1 / 2012

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    INDEX

    TYRES ............................................................................................................ 3 1. SAFETY NOTICE ....................................................................................... 4

    1.1. Recommendations ................................................................................ 4 1.2. Valves ................................................................................................ 4 1.3. Tyre assembly and disassembly .............................................................. 4 1.4. Tyre regrooving ................................................................................... 5 1.5. Storage and Carriage ............................................................................ 5 1.6. Tyre aging ........................................................................................... 5 1.7. Monitoring and maintenance .................................................................. 5 1.8. Terms of use ....................................................................................... 6

    2. RECOMMENDATIONS OF USE ................................................................... 6 2.1. Front Slick tyre .................................................................................... 6 2.2. Rear Slick tyre ..................................................................................... 6 2.3. Front Wet tyre ..................................................................................... 7 2.4. Rear Wet Tyre ...................................................................................... 7

    3. PROFILE MEASURMENT ........................................................................... 8 3.1. Front tyre ............................................................................................ 8 3.2. Rear tyre ............................................................................................. 9

    4. DEFLECTION AND DEFORMATION .......................................................... 10 4.1. Front tyre .......................................................................................... 10 4.2. Rear Tyre .......................................................................................... 15

    5. TYRE MATHEMATICAL MODEL ................................................................ 20 5.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 20 5.2. Front tyre graphics ............................................................................. 22 5.3. Rear tyre graphics .............................................................................. 30 5.3. Front tyre Pacejka coefficient ............................................................... 38 5.4. Rear tyre Pacejka model ...................................................................... 39

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    TYRES

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    1. SAFETY NOTICE We recommend to all users to read the safety guidelines below. After a run, the delta of temperature between the inside shoulder and the outside shoulder has to be less than 20C. Exceeding of some of these data levels (f.e. camber) may cause a tyre damage or a fall of performances :

    higher tyre wear, influence concerning balance problems (oversteer/understeer), lap times will finally also drop (less constant).

    One stint is equivalent to the mileage indicated (including a maximum of 2 pit stops and/or driving under pace car). At this mileage and this speed limit, the integrity of the construction is guaranteed for endurance but not for wear potential or grip potential. Therefore, depending on the conditions of use, a tyre :

    Could be worn before achieving the indicated mileage, Could be only partially worn even though the indicated mileage has been

    achieved. In this case, the integrity of the construction cannot be guaranteed, the tyre must be replaced.

    These recommendations are valid unless the tyres have been damaged: for example puncture or flat spots. The recommendations regarding rain tyres are only for wet conditions and not intended for a drying racetrack. For any use apart from the defined recommendations, please contact Circuit Michelin technical department. Phone : +33(0)4 73 30 44 73.

    1.1. Recommendations Before-use checklist

    Make sure that all Tyres on the same axle are of the same type (brand, commercial name or industrial reference, dimensions, structure).

    Prior to mounting make sure that:

    The rim is in good condition and does not present wear-and-tear (cracks, deformation, etc.) and the valves are in proper condition and if not, have them replaced.

    The Tyres have not been repaired and the valves are in proper condition and if not, have them replaced.

    1.2. Valves Routinely screw down the valve cap It protects the valve mechanism and ensures the complete sealing of the Tyre assembly. Make sure that the valve is in good condition (no ovalization, no impact trace, etc.). Regularly check torque settings of screwed-in valves.

    1.3. Tyre assembly and disassembly Tyre assembly, disassembly, topping and balancing must be done on suitable good-condition equipment entrusted with qualified and trained personnel that would ensure,

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    among other things: Compliance with the manufacturer and legal rules in the selection of Tyres. Preliminary examination of the outside and inside aspect of the Tyre by the

    installer. Compliance with Tyre assembly, disassembly, balancing and toping procedures. Proper positioning of the Tyre on the vehicle (left, right, front, rear). Proper working pressure.

    1.4. Tyre regrooving Regrooving tyres is strictly forbidden.

    1.5. Storage and Carriage In order to preserve the performance of Tyres, there are some important rules to be observed during the storage and the freight like :

    Minimum temperature of freight and storage: 0C Direct and prolonged exposure to sunlight, sources of high heat (extended

    storage in container) and humidity. Long-term storage in stacks. The presence of solvents, lubricants, fuel and other chemical products. Equipment causing ozone emission (transformers, welding units, electric

    motors, etc.). The storage space must be dry, well-ventilated, without direct light and

    reserved for Tyres. Racks suitable for storing Tyres vertically should be used to avoid exercising pressure on the carcasses.

    1.6. Tyre aging Tyres age even when not used or if they are only used occasionally; excessive aging of Tyres may lead to loss of grip. Remove from usage Tyres presenting clear signs of aging or fatigue (cracking of the rubber of the outer tread, of the shoulder, of the bead side, deformation, etc.). When in doubt, contact a Tyre professional.

    1.7. Monitoring and maintenance Check Tyre pressure prior to any run and adjust pressure if it does not correspond to the recommended working pressure. Tyre pressure must be checked they are cold (the Tyres have not been driven, they have not been warmed) Inflating Tyres with nitrogen does not exempt you from having to check Tyre pressure routinely. In case of unusual loss of pressure, check the outside and inside condition of the Tyre as well as the condition of the wheel and of the valve. Any visible perforation, cut or deformation must be checked in-depth by a Tyre professional. Never use damaged Tyres or Tyres that have run flat without the help of a professional.

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    1.8. Terms of use Never treat the rubber of the outer tread chemically. Never use Tyres with unknown past. Make sure that the pressure, camber angle, speed and axle load values are

    those recommended by Michelin for the intended use (check recommendations depending on use).

    Standard terms of use are available at www.michelinsport.com or contact Circuit Michelin technical department phone : +33(0)4 73 30 44 73.

    2. RECOMMENDATIONS OF USE

    2.1. Front Slick tyre

    2.2. Rear Slick tyre

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    2.3. Front Wet tyre

    2.4. Rear Wet Tyre

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    3. PROFILE MEASURMENT

    3.1. Front tyre Dimensions: 26/64-13 Rim: 12J13 Pressure: 1,5 bar Weight: 9,870 kg

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    3.2. Rear tyre Dimensions: 32/66-13 Rim: 13,7J13 Pressure: 1,5 bar Weight: 11,625 kg

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    4. DEFLECTION AND DEFORMATION

    4.1. Front tyre

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    4.2. Rear Tyre

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    5. TYRE MATHEMATICAL MODEL

    5.1. Introduction

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    5.2. Front tyre graphics

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    -8,0 -6,0 -4,0 -2,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0

    300 375

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    CORNERING FORCE

    daN

    SLIP ANGLE

    LOAD (daN)

    26/64-13 0 Camber: degrees

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    -1000

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    -8,0 -6,0 -4,0 -2,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0

    300 375

    450 525

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    CORNERING FORCE

    daN

    SLIP ANGLE

    LOAD (daN)

    26/64-13 -4 Camber: degrees 1,5 Pressure: bar

    2011

    Speed: 100 kph

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    -800,0

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    0,0

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    -8,0 -7,0 -6,0 -5,0 -4,0 -3,0 -2,0 -1,0 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0

    300 375

    450 525

    600

    SELF ALIGNING TORQUE

    m.N

    SLIP ANGLE

    LOAD (daN)

    26/64-13 0 Camber: degrees

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    CORNERING FORCE

    daN

    Load (daN)

    Slip Angle (degrees)

    26/64-13 0 Camber: degrees

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    CORNERING FORCE

    daN

    Load (daN)

    Slip Angle (degrees)

    26/64-13 -4 Camber: degrees

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    Load (daN)

    Slip Angle (degrees)

    26/64-13 0 Camber: degrees

    SELF ALIGNING TORQUE

    m.N

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    Cornering Stiffness daN/deg

    Load (daN)

    Slip Angle (degrees)

    26/64-13 0 Camber: degrees 1,5 Pressure: bar

    Speed: 100 kph

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    Cornering Stiffness daN/deg

    Load (daN) Slip Angle (degrees)

    26/64-13 -4 Camber: degrees 1,5 Pressure: bar

    Speed: 100 kph

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    5.3. Rear tyre graphics

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    -8,0 -6,0 -4,0 -2,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0

    300 375

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    CORNERING FORCE

    daN

    SLIP ANGLE

    LOAD (daN)

    32/66-13 0 Camber: degrees

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    -8,0 -6,0 -4,0 -2,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0

    300 375

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    CORNERING FORCE

    daN

    SLIP ANGLE

    LOAD (daN)

    32/66-13 -4 Camber: degrees

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    -8,0 -7,0 -6,0 -5,0 -4,0 -3,0 -2,0 -1,0 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0

    300 375

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    SELF ALIGNING TORQUE

    m.N

    SLIP ANGLE

    LOAD (daN)

    32/66-13 0 Camber: degrees

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    daN

    Load (daN)

    Slip Angle (degrees)

    32/66-13 0 Camber: degrees

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    daN

    Load (daN)

    Slip Angle (degrees)

    32/66-13 -4 Camber: degrees

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    0,0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

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    Load (daN)

    Slip Angle (degrees)

    32/66-13 0 Camber: degrees

    SELF ALIGNING TORQUE

    m.N

    1,5 Pressure: bar Speed: 100 kph

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    Cornering Stiffness daN/deg

    Load (daN)

    Slip Angle (degrees)

    32/66-13 0 Camber: degrees 1,5 Pressure: bar

    Speed: 100 kph

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    Cornering Stiffness daN/deg

    Load (daN) Slip Angle (degrees)

    32/66-13 -4 Camber: degrees 1,5 Pressure: bar

    Speed: 100 kph

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    5.3. Front tyre Pacejka coefficient Dimension 26/64-13 Formulation : MF5.2 Coefficients D(Z) & G(Z):

    D(Z) G(Z) Coefficient Value Coefficient Value

    Pky10 -23,5211 Qdz10 0,2860 Pky11 -16,4543 Qdz11 -0,1003 Pky20 -0,5475 Qdz20 0,0304 Pky21 1,4382 Qdz21 -0,0150

    Coefficients Fy0 & Mz0:

    Modelisation Fy0 Modelisation Mz0 Coefficient P=1.30 P=1.50 P=1.70 Coefficient P=1.30 P=1.50 P=1.70

    Pcy1 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 Qbz1 5,9591 4,1715 3,7834 Pdy1 1,8717 1,7712 1,7055 Qbz2 -8,3889 1,1969 0,2340 Pdy2 -0,5521 -0,4074 -0,3150 Qbz3 7,9424 -1,3337 -0,6447 Pdy3 0,1000 0,1000 0,1000 Qbz4 7,0193 0,0123 0,0114 Pey1 -0,4839 -0,6364 -0,5328 Qbz5 12,4708 5,6498 2,0084 Pey2 -1,7890 -1,9706 -1,8496 Qbz9 7,2924 6,2298 0,3505 Pey3 0,0414 -0,0019 -0,0013 Qbz10 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 Pey4 -4,0493 -1,4293 -1,2890 Qcz1 1,1156 3,0669 2,7248 Pky1 -44,9116 -48,2025 -51,4933 Qdz1 0,1557 0,1356 0,1155 Pky2 1,3221 1,6098 1,8974 Qdz2 0,0108 0,0078 0,0048 Pky3 0,2427 4,5480 4,8489 Qdz3 -1,8599 -5,5951 -8,7048 Phy1 -0,0013 -0,0022 -0,0029 Qdz4 -57,8305 -59,4210 -60,7722 Phy2 0,0014 0,0017 0,0022 Qdz6 -0,0173 -0,0173 -0,0157 Phy3 0,0459 0,1517 0,1757 Qdz7 0,0008 -0,0010 0,0017 Pvy1 -0,0249 -0,0523 -0,0764 Qdz8 -0,9872 -0,8725 -0,7614 Pvy2 0,0465 0,0673 0,0872 Qdz9 -0,4438 -0,8600 -0,8314 Pvy3 -1,2911 0,9834 1,6279 Qez1 -1,4992 0,0574 0,0315 Pvy4 -1,6690 -2,7501 -2,6949 Qez2 -4,5210 0,0896 -0,8568

    Qez3 -3,3295 -0,6546 -1,2126 Qez4 50,3707 23,1364 14,8343 Qez5 -227,6028 395,1045 179,2389 Qhz1 0,0097 0,0075 0,0222 Qhz2 -0,0008 -0,0266 -0,0376 Qhz3 0,2549 0,2028 -0,1339 Qhz4 -0,1527 -0,2498 -0,6327

    Coefficients Mx & Reff:

    Modelisation Mx Modlisation Reff Coefficient P=1.30 P=1.50 P=1.70 Coefficient P=1.30 P=1.50 P=1.70

    Qsx1 -0,4681 -0,4584 -0,4539 B 30,1108 24,3592 40,7193 Qsx2 1,2977 1,3556 1,4968 Cz 210372,2416 236541,6313 261299,0161 Qsx3 0,0148 0,0091 0,0054 D 0,2989 0,3425 0,3462

    F 0,1215 0,1118 0,1457 Cz = Vertical stiffness (N/m)

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    5.4. Rear tyre Pacejka model Dimension 32/66-13 Formulation : MF5.2 Coefficients D(Z) et G(Z):

    D(Z) G(Z) Coefficient Value Coefficient Value

    Pky10 -31,0161 Qdz10 0,2662 Pky11 -17,7096 Qdz11 -0,0938 Pky20 -0,4539 Qdz20 0,0530 Pky21 1,4822 Qdz21 -0,0246

    Coefficients Fy0 & Mz0:

    Modelisation Fy0 Modelisation Mz0 Coefficient P=1.30 P=1.50 P=1.70 Coefficient P=1.30 P=1.50 P=1.70

    Pcy1 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 Qbz1 8,1433 8,3410 9,6125 Pdy1 2,0281 1,8544 1,6565 Qbz2 -9,0124 1,4002 1,1367 Pdy2 -0,6321 -0,3063 -0,0438 Qbz3 6,7204 -10,1225 -10,5111 Pdy3 0,1000 0,1000 0,1000 Qbz4 -0,0065 -0,0009 -0,0003 Pey1 -0,1465 -0,3072 -0,2456 Qbz5 4,1527 6,0038 -3,1066 Pey2 -1,1931 -1,5188 -1,4755 Qbz9 -10,3179 -5,0957 8,6430 Pey3 -0,0016 -0,0021 -0,0023 Qbz10 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 Pey4 9,1923 1,5465 0,2014 Qcz1 1,1065 1,6250 1,5895 Pky1 -54,0385 -57,5805 -61,1224 Qdz1 0,1443 0,1255 0,1067 Pky2 1,4729 1,7694 2,0658 Qdz2 0,0211 0,0161 0,0112 Pky3 0,2132 5,2422 5,5850 Qdz3 -5,3373 -2,1979 0,3141 Phy1 -0,0016 -0,0023 -0,0029 Qdz4 -133,1042 29,2378 249,7538 Phy2 0,0010 0,0010 0,0025 Qdz6 -0,0100 -0,0119 -0,0123 Phy3 0,0317 0,1629 0,2135 Qdz7 -0,0053 0,0018 0,0021 Pvy1 -0,0382 -0,0619 -0,0793 Qdz8 -0,9340 -1,2637 -1,4015 Pvy2 0,0445 0,0422 0,0882 Qdz9 -0,5575 -1,0200 -1,4455 Pvy3 -1,7374 1,5101 2,6556 Qez1 0,2448 0,0068 -0,0122 Pvy4 -1,8594 -3,1906 -3,0803 Qez2 0,7453 -0,1264 0,0124

    Qez3 0,5313 0,6360 0,2731 Qez4 -98,0406 -127,7246 -128,1802 Qez5 12,5091 -930,2113 -604,8304 Qhz1 0,0121 0,0125 0,0066 Qhz2 0,0079 -0,0008 0,0012 Qhz3 0,0847 0,1660 -1,0093 Qhz4 0,1688 -0,1105 0,2223

    Coefficients Mx & Reff:

    Modelisation Mx Modelisation Reff Coefficient P=1.30 P=1.50 P=1.70 Coefficient P=1.30 P=1.50 P=1.70

    Qsx1 -0,4703 -0,4567 -0,4433 B 73,0921 70,8657 54,0922 Qsx2 1,7357 1,8487 1,9676 Cz 215051,9007 241781,8399 267355,6577 Qsx3 -0,0042 -0,0087 -0,0119 D 0,2938 0,3291 0,3557

    F 0,0995 0,1096 0,1146

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    Transitory Coefficients

    Coefficient P=1.30 P=1.50 P=1.70 Kz 500,0000 500,0000 500,0000

    Pty1 1,6232 1,7606 1,9225 Pty2 1,4739 1,7694 2,0649 Qtz1 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 Mbelt 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000