ejg lgd{f0fdf sf7 dxTjk"0f{ ;fdfu|Lsf ?kdf k|flrg sfn b]lv g} k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

k/Dk/fut ejgx?df sf7sf] ljleGg k|of]uM yfd blng lgbfn 5t e¥ofª ‰ofn, 9f]sf cflb

lrq M e"sDk k|lt/f]wL agf]6x? /flvPsf] 3/sf] ;du| b[Zo

sf7nfO{ ljufg]{ sf/0fx? M

wld/f nfUg] ÷ ls/f nfUg]

rfF8} s'lxg] ÷ kfgLn] ljufg]{

ls/f nfu]sf] sf7

kfgLn] vfPsf] sf7

sf7sf] k|zf]wg sf7nfO{ l6sfp tyf ls/f wld/faf6 hf]ufpg sf7df k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg k|s[ofx?nfO{ sf7 k|zf]wg elgG5 .

sf7 k|zf]wgsf] cfjZostf

klxn] 3/ agfpg ;fn jf cu|fvsf] sf7 k|of]u ul/GYof] . h'g alnof] / e/kbf]{ dflgGYof] . t/ dx+uf] d'No tyf ;lhn} pknJw gx'gfn] o;sf] cfhsfn k|of]u 36]sf] 5 .

;Nnf / plQ; h:t} g/d sf7 g]kfndf ;lhn} kfOG5 h'g g/d x'g'sf sf/0fn] ls/f÷wld/faf6 k|efljt x'G5g . oL sf7x? pko'Qm tl/sfn] k|zf]wg u/L k|of]u u/]df sf7 ls/f wld/faf6 hf]lug'sf ;fy} w]/} l6sfp x'G5 .

ejg cfrf/;+lxtfn] u|fdL0f ejgx?sf] lgdf{0fdf sf7sf] k|of]unfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

3/ agfpbf alnof],e/kbf]{ / pko'Qm sf7sf] k|of]u ug{' k5{ gq 3/ emg\ sdhf]/ x'G5 .

:yfgLo:t/df sf7 ;lhn} kfpg ;lsG5 h;sf] k|of]u u/L agfPsf] 3/ l;d]G6 tyf 9nfgsf] 3/ eGbf w]/} ;/n / ;:tf] x'G5 .

sf7nfO{ wld/f÷ ls/f af6 arfpg] tl/sf

l8=cf]=l6= k|ljlw (DOTs method) DOT=Disodium octaborate-tetrahydrate

/ª, Ogfd]n, df]ljn / k|fOd/

k|];/ ljlw (Pressure treating) k/Dk/fut ljlwx? h:t}M

w'jfFdf sf7 /fv]/ ug]{ ljlw, gLdsf] kft kf]t/ ul/g] ljlw / au]sf] kfgLdf sf7 8'jfpg] ljlw .

Terminator sf] k|of]u

l8=cf]=l6=k|ljlw sf7 k|zf]wgsf ljleGg k|s[ofx?dWo] l8=cf]=l6= k|ljlw Ps ;/n, ljZj;lgo tyf jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlw xf] . o; k|ljlwnfO{ Go"g nufgL, ;fdfGo k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf tflnd kl5 :yfgLo :t/df ;lhn} k|of]u ug{

;lsG5 .

l8=cf]=l6= Ps af]/f]g cfwfl/t pkrf/ ljlw xf] .

o;df jf]of{S; / af]l/s Pl;8 k|of]u x'G5 .

x/]s r/0fx? ;fjwfgL k'j{s u/] dfq of] k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

ls/f ÷wld/f dg'{sf] sf/0f /;fog ljiffn' geP/ ls/f ÷ wld/fn] /;fognfO{ krfpg g;s]/ xf] .

l8=cf]=l6= sf] ljz]iftf

;/n tyf ;:tf] k|ljlw

jftfj/0fd}qL

sd ljiffn'

cfuf]sf] k|lt/f]wstf a9fpg]

;+rfng vr{ sd

l8=cf]=l6 k|ljlwaf6 sf7 k|zf]wg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/, /;fog tyf pks/0fx? M

s_ k|zf]wg ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tyf pks/0fx? M

;kmf kfgL

kf]v/L÷6\ofÍL -sf7 8'jfpg_

sf7 sf6\g] pks/0f / 6x/f - sf7 e08f/0f ug{_

Knfli6s - sf7 5f]Kg tyf /f;fogLs r'xfj6 /f]Sg_

;'/Iff ;fdfu|L (Glasses, gloves, mask, apron, boot)

cfb|tf dfkg oGq (Moisture meter )

/;fog M !_ af]l/s Pl;8 (H3BO3) M– of] lk7f] h:tf] x'G5 . @_ af]of{S; (Na2B4O7.10H2O) M– of] g'g h:tf] x'G5 .

aflN6g, kfgL ttfpg] ef8f

Pulley -k'NnL_ tyf cGo pks/0fx? -cfjZostf cg';f/_

v_ u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug{ cfjZos /;fog tyf pks/0fx?M

/;fog M !_ ;]ln;]lns Pl;8 (C7H6O3) @_ Pr=l;=Pn= (HCL)

a];f/

-:k|]o/_ Sprayer, -d]hl/ª l;lnG8/_ Measuring cylinder, -a|z_ Brush, -j]l6Ë d]l;g_ weighting machine, -l;l/Gh_ Syringe, -d]hl/Ë 6]k_ measuring tape and -ljs/_ beaker

l8=cf]=l6=k|ljlwsf] k|ls|ofx? M

sf7sf] alu{s/0f ug]{ .

sf7df ePsf] cf]l;nf]kgf hfFr ug]{ .

cf]l;nf]kgf gk'u]df sf7nfO{ kfgLdf 8'jfpg] .

sf7df ePsf] cf]l;nf]kgfsf] k'gMhfFr ug]{ .

/;folgs ld>0f tof/ ug]{ . -ld>0f tof/ ubf{ kfgLsf] tfkqmd @) b]vL #) l8lu| ;]N;Lo; eGbf dfly x'g'k5{_

ld>0fnfO{ kf]v/Ldf xfNg] .

sf7nfO{ lj:tf/} ld>0fdf 8'jfpg] .

-sf7sf] k|sf/ x]/]/ nueu #) ldg]6 ;Dd 8'afpg] -!% ldg]6df kmsf{pg]_ / ts{fP/ lgsfNg] .

o;/L ld>0fdf 8'afP/ lgsfn]sf] sf7nfO{ Knfli6sdf j]/]/ xfjf gl5{g] u/L # b]lv & lbg ;Dd /fVg] .

sf7sf] leq /;fog k;]÷gk;]sf] hfFr ug]{ -cfjZostf cg';f/_

s_ l8=cf]=l6=k|ljlwsf] k|ls|ofx? -la:t[tdf_ M

!= sf7sf] alu{s/0f ug]{Mhft, :yfg / sf7 sf6]sf] ;dosf] cfwf/df sf7nfO{ jlu{s/0f ug'{k5{ .

hftM– sf7nfO{ k|zf]wg ug'{eGbf klxnf g/d sf7 / s8f sf7nfO{ 5'§ofpg' kb{5 , h:t} :yfgLo:t/df pknJw ;Nnf / plQ;nfO{ g/d sf7sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 eg] ;fn, lrnfpg] / d;nf h:tf sf7x?nfO{ s8f sf7sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . sf7df /;fog slt leq ;Dd hfG5

eGg] s'/f sf7sf] k|sf/df e/ kb{5, h:t} g/d sf7df /;fog l56f] / ;lhn} leq ;Dd hfG5 .

:yfg M– sf7nfO{ alu{s/0f ug]{ csf]{ cfwf/ xf] :yfg, sf7nfO{ k|zf]wg ug'{eGbf klxnf s:tf] ef}uf]lns If]qdf kfO{g] sf7 xf] ;f] cfwf/df alu{s/0f ug'{ kb{5, kxf8df kfO{g] ;fnsf] t'ngfdf t/fO{df kfOg] ;fndf wld/fsf] c;/ sd x'G5 .

sf7 sf6]sf] cjlw M– sf7df kfO{g] u'lnof] kbfy{ -Un'sf]h_ wld/fsf] dgkg]{ vfg] s'/f xf], kfn'jf knfpg' eGbf cufl8sf] ;dodf sf6]sf] sf7dfdf o:tf] kbfy{ kof{Kt x'g] ePsf]n], o:tf] sf7df ls/f nfUg] ;Defjgf lgs} x'G5, To;}n] sf7nfO{ k|zf]wg ug'{eGbf klxn] s'g ;dodf sf6]sf] xf] ;f] cfwf/df alu{s/0f ug'{ kb{5 .

@= sf7df ePsf] cf]l;nf]kgf hfFr ug]{ Msf7df ePsf] cf]l;nf]kgf eGgfn] sf7df slt dfqfdf kfgL 5 eGg] s'/f yfxfkfpg' xf] . of] cfb|tf dfks oGq (Moisture Meter) n] hfFr ug{ ;lsG5 . sf7df cf]l;nf]kgf @% k|ltzt eGbf al9 x'g'kb{5 . olb cf]l;nf]kgf @% k|ltzt eGbf sd 5 eg] sf7nfO{ s]lx j]/ kflgdf 8'jfpg] .

-cfb|tf dfks oGq (Moisture Meter) dx+uf] tyf ;lhn} kfpg g;lsg] ePsf]n], sf7sf] cf]l;nf]kgf hfFr ug'{ k/]df P=P;=Pkm= g]kfnsf] Nofjdf ;Dk{s ug{

;lsG5 _

>f]t -360 wood working

#= sf7 8'jfpg] kf]v/L tof/ ug]{ M sf7nfO{ /;folgs ld>0fdf 8'jfpgsf] nflu kf]v/L tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 . of] kf]v/L @ lsl;dsf] x'G5, !_ :yfoL / @_c:yfoL !_ :yfoL kf]v/LM :yfoL kf]v/L cf/=l;=l;=(RCC) sf] k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Joj;flos ?kdf sf7sf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| ;+rfng ug{sf nflu RCC 6\ofÍL agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;/L of] k|zf]wg 6\ofÍL lgdf{0f ubf{ /;fog r'lxgaf6 /f]Sgsf nflu jf6/ k'|lkmª (Water Proofing) /fVg' kb{5 .

@_ c:yfoL kf]v/LM c:yfoL vf8n lgdf{0f ug{ tyf k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5, ;fy} cfjZostf cg';f/ sf7 k|zf]wg ug{sf nflu c:yfoL vf8n pko'Qm dflgG5 . c:yfoL vf8nx?df /;fog r'xfj6 /f]Sgsf nflu Knfli6ssf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . sf7 8'jfpg / kN6fpg ;/n / ;xh

agfpgsf nflu kf]v/Lsf] ulx/fO{ sd /fVg' kb{5 / Pulley h:tf] pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

c:yfoL kf]v/L b'O{ k|sf/n] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .!_ hldgd'gL vfN6f] vg]/M

@_ sf7sf] afs; sf7nfO{ /f;folgs ld>0fdf 8'jfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu sf7sf] c:yfO{ afs; lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . afs;sf] cfsf/ k|sf/ cfjZostf cg';f/

lgwf{/0f u/L of] afs; agfpg ;lsG5 , o;nfO{ 3'DtLafs;sf] ?kdf Ps 7fp af6 csf]{ 7fpF;Dd ;lhn} nlu sf7 k|zf]wg sfo{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

>f]t: Craterre

#_ /f;folgs ld>0f tof/ ug]{ M /f;folgs ld>0f tof/ ug{ af]l/s Pl;8, af]of{S; / kfgL rflxG5 . ld>0f tof/ ubf{ af]l/s Pl;8 / af]of{S; @M# sf] cg'kftdf ld;fpg] h:t} @ s]=lh= af]l/s Pl;8 / # s]=lh=af]of{S;df @* ln6/ kfgL yKb} 3f]Ng] . ld>0f tof/ ubf{ kfgLsf] tfkqmd @) l8lu| ;]lN;o; eGbf al9

x'g' kb{5 . af]l/s Pl;8 / af]of{S; 5'§f 5'§} g3'Ng] ePsf]n] b'j}sf] dfqf ldnfP/ kfgLdf xfNg' kb{5, hj ;Dd b'j} /;fog 3'n]/ ;]tf] kfgL h:tf] x'b}g ta ;Dd rnfpb} hfg] .

$= sf7nfO{ ld>0fdf lj:tf/} 8'jfpg] M tof/ kfl/Psf] /f;folgs ld>0fnfO{ lj:tf/} kf]v/Ldf /fVg], To; kl5 sf7sf] k|sf/ x]/]/ slDtdf #) ldg]6;Dd sf7nfO{ pQm /f;folgs ld>0fdf 8'jfpg] . sf7sf] ;j} efult/ /;fog k;f]; eg]/ sf7nfO{

!% ldg]6 kl5 kN6fpg' kb{5 . kN6fpgsf] nflu Pulley sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps r/0fdf Ps hftsf] sf7 dfq 8'jfpbfF pko'Qm x'G5 .

%= s]lxj]/ kfgL tsf{P/ /fVg] M /;fog v]/ hfg glbgsf] nflu s]lxj]/ kf]v/L dfly sf7nfO{ tsf{P/ /fVg' kb{5 , hj ;Dd sf7af6 /;fog r'lxG5 tj ;Dd tsf{o/ /fVg' kb{5, of] k|s[of ug{sf nflu kf]v/L dfly sf7 /fvL / ;f] sf7 dfly k|zf]lwt sf7 /fvL tsf{pg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ .

^= xfjf gl5g]{ ul/ Knfli6sn] slDtdf tLg lbg ;Dd 5f]k]/ /fVg]Msf7df ePsf] /;fog tsf{O ;s] kl5 pQm sf7nfO{ rfª ldnfP/ Knfli6s leq xfjf gl5g]{ u/L /fVg' kb{5 . o;/L sf7nfO{ rfª ldnfP/ /fVbf Ps sf7 b]vL csf]{ sf7sf] b'/L ! O{Gr x'g' kb{5 . o;/L sf7nfO{ Knfli6s leq xfjf gl5g]{ u/L /fVbf cf]:df]l;; k|s[ofaf6 pQm /;fog sf7sf] lelq efu ;Dd k'Ub5 .

v_ u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f != sf7sf] leq /;fog k;]sf] gk;]sf] hfFr ug]{M o; k|s[ofsf] nflu 8fO{ / l/ljn/ tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . sf7nfO{ aqm v08df (Cross Section)sf6]/ 8fO{ nufpg] / ;'ls;s] kl5 l/ljn/ n] 5s{g] /;fog k;]sf] efu /ftf] b]lvG5 eg] gk;]sf] efu kx]nf] b]lvG5 . sf7df /;fogsf] k|j]z:t/ sf7sf] s]Gb|lt/ /+usf] lj:yfkgsf] dfk 4f/f hfFr ul/G5 . 8fO{ / l/ljn/ tof/ ug]{ tl/sf M

8fO{ M !)) ld=ln= Oyfgf]ndf !) u|fd j];f/ xfn]/ 3f]Ng] l/ljn/ M !)) ld=ln= Oyfgf]n, ^ u|fd ;]ln;]lns Pl;8df @) ld=ln= Pr=l;=Pn= xfn]/ 3f]Ng] .

8fO{ nufpb} u/]sf]

8fO{ nufP/ 3fddf ;'sfPsf]

g'jfsf]6 : Knfl:6sdf tLg lbg 5f]k]/ /;fog k;]sf] g k;]sf] hfFr u/]sf]

/;'jf : Knfl:6sdf tLg lbg 5f]k]/ /;fog k;]sf] g k;]sf] hfr u/]sf]

sf7x? afofFaf6: 6'gL ,;fn ,plt; ,;Nnf] ,lrnf}gL

Knfl:6sdf ;ft lbg 5f]k]/ /;fog k;]sf] g k;]sf] hfr u/]sf]

/;fog dWod ?kdf k;]sf]

/;fog k"0f{ ?kdf k;]sf]

s8f sf7 (lrnf}gL) Knfl:6sdf b; lbg 5f]k]/ /;fog k;]sf] g k;]sf] hfr u/]sf]

/;fog k;]sf] g k;]sf] hfr u/]sf] : dfly g/d sf7 tn s8f sf7