ekc for states results1142

7/24/2019 EKC for States Results1142

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Economic Growth in India and Environmental Kuznets Curve:

State-wise Analysis

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

the Degree of

Master of Philosohyin

Economics

!nder the suervision of

"# $MS% #A&I KI#A'

(y

)IMA'I#e*istration 'o+ ,./.0..0

1!'E2 3.0.

SC)445 46 MA'AGEME'7 A'" S4CIA5 SCIE'CES

7)APA# !'I&E#SI78

PA7IA5A 09..9


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A(S7#AC7

Sustainable Development is most common phrase used by the world economies. Sustainable

Development means economic development with ecological sustainability. In this study , 24

states have been taken. These states are divided in 3 parts developed, developing and less

developed states. The data taken or analysis is rom 2!!4 " 2!!#. $oreover, 4 pollutants are

taken Suspended %articulate $atter &S%$', (espirable Suspended %articulate $atter &(S%$',

Sulphur dio)ide &S*2', *)ides o +itrogen &+*)'. The study concludes that o)ides o nitrogen is

partially accepted. In case o sulphur dio)ide, the environmental u-nets curve is not applicable

or Sulphur dio)ide &S*2' emission. The research o or (espirable Suspended %articulate

$atter shows that hypothesis is reected. /ence, environmental u-nets curve is not applicable

or (espirable Suspended %articulate $atter &(S%$'. 0hereas, Suspended %articulate $atteris showing is partial acceptance o hypotheses. It means some o the states are showing inverted

1shaped curve and some o states are showing some other results.


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1

C)AP7E# I

A' 4&E#&IE; 46 EC4'4MIC G#4;7) A'" E'&I#4'ME'7 K!


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But have you ever think about4 5hat environment gives us and what we are giving back to

environment6 5hat is the carrying capacity of environment6 5hat will be the future, if natural

resources depletion and environment degradation is done in the same way6 an we move ahead

to economic growth with sustainability6 5hich sector of the economy is creating more of

environment degradation, is it poor countries, developing countries or developed countries6

7elated to this, different schools of economist have given different view. $ome says

microeconomic policies itself will promote environment sustainability 8like, 1&&'9 where as

some ecological economics such as %aly 81&&1,1&&:9 has suggested that growth should be

limited rather than e3ponential growth to attain sustainable economic scale as resources are

limited. Before proceeding farther, we will discuss but is environment and types of environment

pollutions.

1.; 'atural Environment and its resources

The environment, encompasses all living and non#living things occurring naturally on /arth.

$ome of natural resources are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying

our wants. atural resources may be further classified in different ways4

On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into4

iotic # Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere, such as forests and their

products, animals, birds, fish and other marine organisms. ineral fuels such as coal and

petroleum are also included in this category because they formed from decayed organic

matter.

biotic< Abiotic resources comprise of non#living things. /3amples include land, water,

air and ores such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.

5ith respect to renewability, natural resources can be categorized as follows4

7enewable resources4 like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are included in this category. These

resources are those resources which can be replenished or reproduced easily. any

renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus


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maintaining a flow. $ome of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal=

others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take

even longer.

on#renewable resources4 inerals and fossils are included in this category. $ince their

rate of formation is e3tremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted

like coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.

1.> Pollutants and its tyes

!n general, substance introduced into the environment has adversely affected the usefulness of a

resource. A pollutant may cause long or short#term damage to the growth rate of plant or animal

species, or by interfering with human amenities, comfort, health, or property values.

The following are some of the type of pollutants. They are4

# Air -ollutants

# 5ater -ollutants

# %eforestation

# $oil %egradation and etc.

1.? Environmental Kuznets Curve

!n 1&@@, obel "aureate $imon uznets gave a famous hypothesis an inverse income #

ineCuity relationship named as uznets urve. !n this hypothesis according to uznet, at initial

level income ineCuality increases as income rise and reach to peak where average income level

is attained and further declines with increase in income level. "ater economist +rossman and

rueger in 1&&@ found this hypothesis can be used in conte3t of environment representing the

income#pollution relationship and it was named as )/nvironmental uznets urve*.

/nvironmental uznets urve proposes that there is an inversed #shape relationship between

environmental degradation and income per capita. !n / hypothesis contends that pollution

increases initially as a country develops its industry and thereafter declines after reaching a

certain level of economic progress which is known as turning point 8figure 19. Turning point is


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that point where the environment degradation is at its peak and after that it shows a downfall

with further increase in real per capita +%-.

The environmental uznets curve is bell shape. The reason of bell shaped curve is that as the

countries initiate industrialization little attention is given to environmental resources, which

leads to increase in environmental degradation. After that when industry production system

attains some standard and environmental pollution is at its peak then attention changes from self

interest to social welfare.

7esearcher -anayotou 8;DD>9 has mention > reasons for inversion of environmental pollution.

i. The turning point occurs because of more affluent and progressive communities taking

place. That focuses more on clean environment.


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ii. 5hen industrialization begins, the scale effect will take place, focus is on ma3imizing

output and pollution increases. 0urther firms switch to composition effect and it levels

the rate of pollution. 0inally, technology effect will take place, which reduces pollution

iii. $tructural change is also a cause of up and down of /. 5hen a country has enough

mature companies or industrialization has taken place. Then service sector get

prominence, which will further reduce pollution.

1.@ India and trends of Environment

Air ollution

According to inistry of /nvironment and 0orest 8O/0, ;DD&9 in the world > million

premature deaths occurs each year due to indoor and outdoor air pollution, out of which highest

number asses to occur in !ndia.

The report shows that population growth, vehicular emission, urbanization, industrial sector

growth, power sector 8use of coal9, agriculture waste burning and domestic sector 8indoor air

pollution9 are causes of air Cuality.

There are nearly 1( cities which produce more of air pollution. They are %elhi, -atna,

Eyderabad, Ahmedabad, 0aridabad, -una, Agra, hennai, anpur, umbai, Bangalore, Fharia,Fodhpur, "ucknow, olkata, Garanasi and $holapur.

;ater ollution

According to O/0 8;DD&9 the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture sector

is cause of ground water pollution.

According to O57 8;DDD9 the industrial sector generates @@DDD million cubic meters

wastewater per day, of which :'.@ million cubic meters are dumped directly into local rivers.

According to O/0 8;DD&9 the domestic sector produce over (,;:( million liter of wastewater

per day.


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5and de*radation

According to O/0 8;DD&9 intensive farming activity has contributed to soil erosion, land

salivation, loss of nutrients. /ven the introduction of green revolution in the country has lead to

over e3ploitation of land, water resources.

The burning of wheat and rice straw instead of recycling causes rises in temperature of soil and

change the carbon and nitrogen eCuilibrium. This leads to a loss of .';? million tones of

nitrogen, phosphors, and potassium from the soil.

According to report between ;DD> and ;DD@, the total forest cover has been decreased slightly

by (;' sCuares m in !ndia. The deforestation leads to soil erosion, floods, and landslides.

0+> Chaterisation

The Thesis has been organised into the following five hapters.

Chater 0

hapter#! covers an Overview of /conomic +rowth and /nvironment uznet s urve in !ndia.

The chapter describes the atural /nvironment and its resources. !t also e3poses the -ollutants

and !ts Types. Then after e3plaining the /nvironmental uznets urve in !ndia, it covers the

trends of /nvironment. The last section describes the chapter scheme.

Chater II

hapter !!, discusses the review of literature on /nvironment uznet s urve and its

implications on !ndia. The review helps to know emphasis and direction of research being done,

the time periods of the studies, the scope and limitations of studies conducted, the methodology

adopted for measuring productivity indices, the conclusions drawn from these studies the

ob2ectives fulfilled and the benefits accrued. An attempt has also been made to summarize the

review of studies on /nvironment uznet s urve .

Chater III

!n the subseCuent chapter !!!, model and methodology has been discussed. This chapter outlines

the ob2ectives of the study. !t also e3plains the hypotheses proposed for the study. This chapter


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also discusses the data sources of the present study. 0inally the chapter e3plains the

methodology adopted to achieve the ob2ectives of the study.

Chater I&

hapter !G outlines the state wise environmental status, the level of pollution present in the

states. The analysis shifts to find out whether environmental uznet s curve is prevalent in

different states.

Chater &

0inally, chapter G covers the conclusion of the study and ma2or findings. The chapter also

e3plains the limitations of the study and identifies the future areas of research.


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C)AP7E# II

#E&IE; 46 5I7E#A7!#E

3+0 7eview of literature is must for having a deeper analysis of the topic. !t also e3poses one to the

research done in the field and helps in giving direction to the area of research to be covered.

$ection ;.1 provides an outline of the chapter. $ection ;.; provides the detailed review. 0inally

section ;.> summarizes the review of studies on /nvironment uznet s curve.

;.; #eview of 5iterature

The study by Barua and Eubacek 8Fanuary ;DD'9 e3amined relationship between economic

growth and water pollution for 1: states of !ndia. The study has been done to investigate whether

an environmental uznets curve e3ist for water pollution, with the increase in the state per

capita income. !n this study, Biological O3ygen %emand 8BO%9 and hemical O3ygen %emand

8O%9 have been taken as water Cuality indicators. The result showed that out of 1: states, ?

states did not show any relationship between water pollution and economic growth whereas ?

states follows inverted )* shape curve, : states follow #shape curve and ; states follows

shape curve. The first turning point appears at 7s.@DDD 8$ H1DD9 per capita income level and

second turning point appears at 7s. 1@DDD 8$ H>;D9.

0eridun et al. 8;DD:9 analyse the implication of trade liberalization on environment in

developing countries. The study concludes that the composition impact of free trade is positive

on environment= the scale effect is very strong but negative on the environment and the

techniCue effect of trade liberalization is small but negative on the environment. The result

indicates negative impact of trade liberalization on the environment. !n this study, ordinary least

sCuare 8O"$9 and general least sCuare 8+"$9 methods are being utilized.

ahn and $chwartz 8Fuly ;DD?9 analyse over ;?,DDD alifornia vehicles to estimate

environmental uznets curve. According to the study, scale effect or Cuantity effect shows that

rich people drive more miles than poor people and techniCue effect or Cuality effect shows that


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rich people own new and high Cuality vehicles. But the techniCue effect offsets the scale effect

of driving and results in inverted )* shape curve. Thus, this study indicates that as poorer

people grow richer, the annual vehicle emission rises initially, but beyond an income turning

point richer people pollute less than poorer people.

onnor et al. 8Fuly ;DD19 analysed 1' industrialized countries embodied pollution in trade from

1&(: to 1&&?. The study shows that in last year of analysis, total import of Fapan, $A and

5estern /urope has been increased and results in large air pollutant emissions than local

e3ports. Their study shows that Fapan and 5estern /urope shows an inverted# shape curve

whereas $A sows #shape curve. !n the time of analysis, Fapanese and /uropeans

environmental terms of trade with developing country have been improved whereas American

environmental terms of trade with the developing country tends to be deteriorated. Their study

concludes that relationship between environment Cuality and terms of trade shows positive

relationship. $o this study result suggests that inter#country physical flows may be useful for

sustainable development.

According to $uri and hapman 8Fuly 1&&'9 industrializing countries have higher growth rate

as compared to industrialized countries. This study also show that industrialized countries have

been able to reduce their energy reCuirements as compared to industrializing countries byimporting manufactured goods. The study concludes that e3ports of manufactured goods by

industrializing countries is the main factor for the upward sloping portion and import by

industrialized countries contributed to the downward slope of environmental uznets curve.

According to haudhuri and -faff 8;DD?9 richer households consume more of cooking and

heating services as compared to poorer households. But rich people use higher Cuality fuels

which emits less of air pollutions whereas poorer households use high polluting vintage and

maintain them less which emits more of pollution. The study concludes that poorer people

pollute more as compared to richer peoples. This study has taken the case of -akistan using

household#level data measuring indoor air pollution emissions.


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ole and eumayer 8;DD?9 e3amine link between population size, demographic factors 8like

urbanization and household size9 and pollutants. These researchers have taken cross#nation data

and have e3amined two air pollutants < sulfur dio3ide and carbon dio3ide. According to this

study, carbon dio3ide emission increases proportionately with increase in population. Eigher

urbanization and lower average household size will increase carbon emissions. 0or sulfur

dio3ide case, population#emission elasticity rises at higher population level. But urbanization

and average household size does not seem to be significant determinant of sulfur dio3ide

emissions. This study concludes that the share of increasing global emission will be accounted

by developing countries.

azzanti and assimiliano et al. 8;DD'9 contribute new empirical evidence on delinking and

/nvironmental uznets urves 8/9 for greenhouse gases and other air pollutant emissions in

!taly. A panel dataset based on the !talian A/A 8ational Accounts atri3 including

/nvironmental Accounts9 for 1&&D< ;DD1 is analysed. The highly disaggregated dataset 8;&

production branches, 1; years and nine air emissions9 provides a large. Both value added and

capital stock per employee are used as alternative drivers for analysing sectoral A/A

emissions. Trade openness at the same sectoral level is also introduced among the covariates.

The researchers find mi3ed evidence supporting the / hypothesis. The analysis of A/A#

based data shows that some of the pollutants such as two greenhouse gases 8O; and E?9 and

O, produce inverted #shaped curves with coherent within range turning points. Other

pollutants 8$OI, OI, -1D9 show a monotonic or even #shaped relationship. acro

sectoral disaggregated analysis highlights that the aggregated outcome should hide some

heterogeneity across different groups of production branches 8industry, manufacturing only and

services9. $ervices tend to present an inverted #shape in most cases. anufacturing industry

shows a mi3 of inverted and #shapes, depending on the emission considered. The same is

true for industry 8all industries, not only manufacturing94 although a turning point has been

e3perienced, #shapes may lead to increased emissions with respect to very high levels of the

economic driver. !n general, / evidence is more pronounced for greenhouse gases. The

study concludes that analysis at macro sector 8whole industry, manufacturing only and services9

can be the most promising approach to future research on /.


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The study by "lorca and atthieu et al. 8;DD'9 aims at estimating the /nvironmental uznets

urve 8/9 for the sulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 emissions in a panel of ;' hinese provinces. 0irst,

using a fi3ed effects model, econometric findings reveal an shape / with a turning point

of ?@DD yuans 8inde3 1&&D9. A how test reveals a break in 1&&@, so that the estimation of the

model indicates an increasing linear relationship between +%- per capita and $O; emissions.

The study analyses the previous results which imply that the decrease of the hinese sulphur

dio3ide emissions during 1&&:


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Although trade of material resources and goods increases the carrying capacity of both regions,

and in turn their levels of welfare, it can not prevent the re#linking phenomenon.

The study by Archibald and $andra et al. 8;DD&9 e3amines the effects of political, structural and

economic changes on environmental Cuality in ;@ entral and /ast /uropean countries

8//s9 and the countries of the ommonwealth of !ndependent $tates 8!$9 using selected

water pollution indicators and by testing the environmental uznets curve 8/9. %espite

substantial research on the transition effects from centrally planned economies and totalitarian

political systems to democracy and free market economies, the literature is limited with respect

to the short# and long#term environmental impacts. onsidering the institutional and structural

changes in these economies, rising per capita income and increased trade and investment

openness, these countries can be characterized as early, late and non#liberalizers with respect to

the start and continuation of liberalization processes < a critical element of the systemic

transformation in the //s. 5hile trends in selected economic and social indicators show that

early liberalizers en2oyed positive gains relative to late liberalizers, the selected environmental

indicators do not indicate consistent trends with regard to surface water Cuality. Among early

and late liberalizers, nitrate, orthophosphate and ammonium concentrations decline and

converge over time. -hosphorus concentrations initially dropped but then increased again for

both groups of countries. sing the indicator of biological o3ygen demand 8BO%9 as the

dependent variable and a set of structural and economic measures as the independent variables,

our econometric regression model provides some evidence for the / hypothesis and

estimates the per capita income turning point for industrial BO% effluents to be appro3imately

>'DD


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and #curve are useful tools of analysis and can be used as indicators of economic

development.

;.> ?: Summary results of 5iterature #eview

Author A@out the study Maor contri@utions

$uri and hapman8Fuly1&&'9

#omparison betweenindustrializedcountries andindustrializingcountries

#e3ports of manufactured goods byindustrializing countries is the main factor forthe upward sloping portion and import byindustrialized countries contributed to thedownward slope of environmental uznetscurve

$obhee and $an2eev

. 8;DD?9

#the / conforms to the probabilistic

econometric models usually applied inenvironmental studies.

"lorca and atthieu8;DD'9

#1&&:


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Author A@out the study Maor contri@utions

haudhuri and -faff8;DD?9

#case of -akistan# household# leveldata#measuring indoor air

pollution emissions.

#7ich households consume more of cookingand use higher Cuality fuels which emits lessof air pollutions# poorer people pollute more as compared toricher peoples.

ahn and $chwartz8Fuly ;DD?9

#analyse over ;?,DDDalifornia vehicles

# rich people drive more miles and ownhigh Cuality vehicles.

# as poorer people grow richer, the annualvehicle emission rises initially, but beyond anincome turning point richer people polluteless than poorer people

0eridun et al.8;DD:9

#ordinary least sCuare8O"$9 and generalleast sCuare 8+"$9methods are beingutilized.# the implication oftrade liberalization onenvironment

#the composition impact of free trade ispositive on environment=#the scale effect is very strong but negative onthe environment#the techniCue effect of trade liberalization issmall but negative on the environment

Fanssen and arco8;DD?9

#the relationship between production andvirgin material use can follow an/nvironmental uznets curves or an #shaped curve.

Archibald and $andra8;DD&9

# The effects ofpolitical, structural

and economic changeson environmentalCuality 8BO%9.

# Among early and late liberalizers, nitrate,orthophosphate and ammonium

concentrations decline.# -hosphorus concentrations initially droppedbut then increased again for both groups ofcountries

Barua and Eubacek8Fanuary ;DD'9

#1: states of !ndia#Biological O3ygen%emand 8BO%9 andhemical O3ygen%emand 8O%9

#? states did not show any relationshipbetween water pollution and economic growth#? states follows inverted )* shape curve, #:states follow #shape curve#; states follows shape curve

Fain and handhuri

8;DD&9

# time series data from

1&&D to ;DD@# across countries

# least developed to developing countries are

on the rising part of the inverted #curve.# developing to developed countries are on thefalling part of the inverted #curve.

# developed countries are on the rising part ofthe #curve


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C)APE# III

#ESEA#C) "ESIG' A'" ME7)4"454G8

!n this chapter the model and methodology has been discussed. The chapter is divided into five

sections. $ection >.1 describes the ob2ectives of the study. $ection >.; e3plains the hypotheses

proposed for the study. $ection >.> deals with the data sources and section >.? discusses the

methodology used in the present study.

>.1 4@ectives of the Study

The study has been undertaken with the following broad ob2ectives4

1. To find out whether relationship between et $tate %omestic -roduction and

environment degradation is )inverted * shaped or not.

;. To find out the relation between O3ides of itrogen 8O39 emission and $%-.

>. To find out the relationship between have $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 and $%-.

?. To find out the relationship between 7espirable $uspended -articulate atter

87$-9 and $%-.

@. To find out the relationship between $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9 and

$%-.

>.; )yotheses

The hypotheses proposed for the study are:

)0: $tates having higher economic growth may report higher O3ides of itrogen 8O39

emission.

)3: $tates having higher economic growth may have $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 emission.

)?: $tates having higher economic growth may have $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 emission.

)9: $tates having higher economic growth may possess higher 7espirable $uspended

-articulate atter 87$-9.


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): $tates having higher economic growth may possess higher $uspended -articulate

atter 8$-9.

)>: All pollutants like $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9, 7espirable $uspended

-articulate atter 87$-9, $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9, O3ides of itrogen 8O39 follow

environmental kuznets curve or forms inverted #shape curve.

>.> "ata Sources

The study is based on secondary data. %ata will be collected through !ndiastat database. The

other sources of data are4 7eserve Bank of !ndia Bulletin, Eand Book of $tatistics= $tate

-ollution Boards, /conomic $urveys, entral -ollution ontrol Board 8-B9, inistry Of

/nvironment and 0orest 8+overnment of !ndia9= ation Ambient Air Juality onitoring

8AAJ9. This study analysis ? pollutants $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9, 7espirable

$uspended -articulate atter 87$-9, $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9, O3ides of itrogen 8O39, and

data taken from ;DD? to ;DD'.

>.? #esearch Methodolo*y

Annual Average oncentration of $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9, 7espirable

$uspended -articulate atter 87$-9, $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9, O3ides of itrogen

8O39, shall be calculated. !nter period comparison of $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9, 7espirable $uspended

-articulate atter 87$-9, $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9, O3ides of itrogen 8O39 related to

et $tate %omestic -roduction of the !ndian /conomy.

omparing the result with the definition of /nvironmental uznets urve and, thus,

arriving at a conclusion.

!n this economic growth is taken as et $tate %omestic -roduction of state wise. The

industrial and residential annual average concentration of ? pollutants are taken together.


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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

hapter !G outlines the state wise environmental status, the level of pollution present in the

states. The analysis shifts to find out whether environmental uznet s curve is prevalent in

different states. $ection ?.1 gives $tate %omestic -roduct at 0actor ost $tate#5ise 8At

onstant -rices9. $ection ?.; gives the detailed account of $ulphur %io3ide levels. This section

presents the /nvironmental uznets urve for %eveloped states for $O; /missions. $ection ?.>

gives the levels of O3ides of itrogen especially itrogen dio3ide 8O;9. Then this section

presents the /nvironmental uznets urve for %eveloped states4 O; /mission. $ection ?.?

presents the details of the -articulate atter. -articulate matter is a mi3ture of many subclasses

of pollutants that contain many different chemical species. $ection ?.@ covers the $-

/missions.


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9+0 State-;ise 'et State "omestic Product

7a@le 9+0: 'et State "omestic Product at 6actor Cost State-;ise $At Constant Prices%

Kear Andhra-radesh

Assam Bihar +oa +u2arat

;DD? 1?&D:( >&;D( :DD?@ :;;@ 11'@;@

;DD@ 1@(&(@ ?11D> :D@(& :'&1 1;@@&&

;DD: 1(1?:; ?>('; (?'>1 (:&? 1>&;:@

;DD( 1'@?:; ?:?>> 'D&&' '?&' 1?&&>>

;DD' ;D@?': ?&;;: &D@:: &??? 1@@::(

Kear handigarh hhattisgarh %elhi Earyana Eimachal-radesh

;DD? @'D? >1>(( :;:&? :&&'' 1@@&:

;DD@ :>&( >>>@: :&?(& (:>D? 1(D&&

;DD: (1?; >:1(: ((>'& '(&?? 1'1(:

;DD( (&': >&>?D '&>D& &@?&& 1&>D'

;DD' &D>@ ?;D'( 1DD'(( 1D>;>: ;D&&D

Kear Fharkhand arnataka erala aharashtra eghalaya

;DD? >:'': 1D&'D' (@?:( ;@D&'& >&&>

;DD@ >((D: 1;;:&( ';@(@ ;(;':D ?;(D

;DD: ?;1>& 1>DD1' &D;?? ;&'(@& ?@?'

;DD( ?@&;; 1??@;( 1DD?;( >;(@&& ?'DD

;DD' ?&@&@ 1@1&>( 111D@& >@(?D; @D:D

Kear anipur adhya-radesh

Orissa -un2ab 7a2asthan Tamiladu

;DD? >;?D (@?DD @1D': (;@'( &D??@ 1?(&&?

;DD@ >@?D (('(? @?D@1 (@?(1 &:D:& 1:@&@>

;DD: >::' ';'>D :D(?: '1D:D 1D>:1: 1'@>1D

;DD( >':: ':?;@ :>'&& ':?DD 111D(D 1&?D&&

;DD' ?DDD &D(': :(';1 &;(&@ 11(?;> ;D>?'@

Kear ttar

-radesh

5est

Bengal

izoram agaland -ondicherry

;DD? 1'@&;D 1@;>'? 1'>& >:(( ?1;@

;DD@ 1&@::1 1:;?&1 1'@' ?D@> >:>>

;DD: ;1DD?? 1(1?'; 1&:( ?>D? >':?

;DD( ;;@?1> 1':@:& ;D(> ?@:: ?1:?

;DD' ;?DD>& ;D1;&: ;;D@ # ?@1;


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9+3% Sulhur dioBide

$O;, is formed when fuel containing sulphur is burned. $ulphur is prevalent in raw materials

such as crude oil, coal, and ore that contains common metals like aluminium, copper, zinc, lead

etc. $O; reacts with other gases in the atmosphere to form sulphates that can cause harm to

human health. /ffects of $O; include respiratory illness, visibility impairment, acid rain and

aesthetic damage. $ulfur o3ides are emitted in significant Cuantities from thermal power plants,

and also from petroleum refining processes. The diesel driven vehicles are specific source of

sulfur dio3ide generated during combustion process.


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7a@le 9+3: S43 levels $Annual Avera*e Concentration in *Dm?% in various states since

3..9-3..>+

Kear Andhra-radesh


;DD? (.&; ? 1; B%" 1'.&>

;DD@ (.:? @.;@ 1;.@ ? 1@

;DD: (.;@ : 1D B%" 1'.@(

;DD( :.(1 :.(1 1D B%" 1@.(

;DD' :.?@ :.?@ ( B%" 1?.(?


;DD? : 1?.( &.:> 1@.:( @

;DD@ B%" 1@ &.11 11.: :.>>

;DD: B%" 1>.:( '.> 11.; ?.:

;DD( B%" 1?.(' :.?? 1D ?;DD' B%" 1:.@@ :.@: 11.: B%"


;DD? ;>@ &.: 11.': 1:.1> @

;DD@ ;?.'> '.@> 1D.;; 1(.D> B%"

;DD: ;:.' 1:.& 1D 1:.:: ?

;DD( ;: 1>.' '.;; 1(.? ?

;DD' ;?.:( 1>.> :.D' 1(.:@ B%"

Kear anipur adhya

-radesh

Orissa -un2ab 7a2asthan Tamil

adu;DD? B%" 1>.( ?.(@ 1?.(@ (.>& 1>

;DD@ B%" 11.?@ @.; 1?.; (.?; 1;.1&

;DD: B%" 1;.(; :.:( 1;.> 1D.>1 11.@:

;DD( B%" 11.:( :.:( 11.1& :.&@ 1>.D:

;DD' B%" 11.'& (.?> 1D.@> ( 1;.:>

Kear ttar-radesh

5estBengal

izoram agaland -ondicherry

;DD? 1@.: &.@ B%" B%" ;;.>>

;DD@ 1@.?? 1D.> B%" B%" 1@.:(

;DD: 1@.; (.'@ B%" B%" &.:(

;DD( 1?.@> (.>' B%" B%" ?.>>

;DD' 1;.:& '.@' B%" B%" ?.:(


25/58

9+3+0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloed states: S43 Emissions

Andhra Gujarat2

0

1

0

0

DelhiPradesh 1510

10 5

0

0

Haryana Karnataka2

0

1510

5

0

Maharashtr20 18

1

5105

0

17

16

15

Rajasthan UttarPradesh

2

0

1

5

1

0

5

West15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

Tamil Nadu13.5

1312.5

1211.5

1110.5


26/58

Pondiherry30

20

10

0

4125 3633 3864 4164 4512

9+3+0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloin* states: S43 Emissions

Assam Bihar !hhattis

1

0

1

5

1

20

10

0 0

0

"harkha Kerala Madhya28

26

2422

20

1

5

1

0

5

0

14

12

10

Pradesh

#rissa Punja$8 20

6 15

4 10

2 5

0 0


27/58

9+3+3 7o ten locations with resect to Sulhur "ioBide durin* 3.., in residential areas+

1 aharashtra handrapur +ram -anchayat ?D

;. ttar -radesh hur2a Ahirpara >(

>. aharashtra ashik Building >>

?. Tamil adu Thoothukud 0isheries ollege >;

@. Tamil adu Thoothukudi AG Fewellery Bldg. ;&

: aharashtra handrapur agar -arishad ;(

(. ttaranchal %ehradun lock Tower ;(

'. aharashtra ashik 7TO olony Tank ;:

&. aharashtra "ote halke 5adi ;@

1D. aharashtra -une $wargate ;;

9+3+? : 7o ten locations with resect to Sulhur "ioBide durin* 3.., in industrial areas+

1 ttar -radesh hur2a +7! ?;

;. aharashtra umbai !% ?1

>. Fharkhand Famshedpur Bistupur Gehicle T >'

?. aharashtra handrapur .!.%.. >(

@. Fharkhand Famshedpur +olmuri Gehical T >:

: aharashtra umbai unicipal ouncil >@

(. aharashtra Tarapur -olice howki >1

'. aharashtra Tarapur $ports $tadium >1

&. aharashtra ashik G!- !ndustrial Area >D

1D. adhya -radesh agda hem. %. "abour lub >D


28/58

9+? % 4Bides of 'itro*en

O3ides of nitrogen is a generic term for a group of highly reactive gases that contain nitrogen

and o3ygen in varying amounts. itrogen dio3ide 8O;9 along with particulates is seen as a

reddish brown layer over urban areas. itrogen o3ides are formed when fuel is burned at high

temperature. $ources of nitrogen o3ides includes vehicles, industrial processes that burn fuel.

They also contribute to nutrient overload that deteriorates water Cuality. itrogen dio3ide

irritates the nose and throat, and it appears to increase susceptibility to respiratory infections.


29/58

7a@le 9+?: '43 levels $Annual Avera*e Concentration in *Dm?% in various states since

3..9-3..>+Kear Andhra -radesh Assam Bihar +oa +u2arat

;DD? >D.&; 1?.@ ;: 1D.>> ;'.@>

;DD@ ;&.(> 1@.@ >(.@ 1D ;:.'&

;DD: ;:.& 1?.11 ?1 1D ;@.(

;DD( ;@.(1 1;.:? ?&.@ 1; ;?.(@

;DD' ;@.>' 1>.1' >&.@ 1' ;;.(?

Kear

handigarh hhattisgarh %elhi Earyana Eimachal-radesh

;DD? ;&.:( ;:.;@ ?:.11 ;; 1>.;&

;DD@ 1@.? ;(.?? ?(.>> ;?.:( 1'.;&

;DD: 1;.: ;:.?? ?:.@: ;@.>> 1:.1

;DD( 1?.' ;:.'& ?&.:( ;:.>> 1>.'&

;DD' 1@ ;&.(' @:.:( ;(.>> 1;.?@

Kear

Fharkhand arnataka erala aharashtra eghalaya

;&&? @?.'> ?D.>> 1&.(1 ;:.': 1&

;DD@ ?:.1: >?.(@ 1&.;@ ;(.1> 1;

;DD: @;.? ;&.?@ ;D.1? ;(.?@ 1?.@

;DD( ?&.'> ;&.D& 1'.' ;&.> 1?

;DD' ??.1: ;'.1: 1'.:( >;.?? ;@

Kear

adhya-radesh

Orissa -un2ab 7a2asthan Tamil adu

;DD? ;;.; 1;.1: >( ;@.?? >D.:&

;DD@ 1&.D& 1@.:& >1 ;@.; ;>.@&

;DD: 1'.&: 1@.&> >1.>@ ;?.:? ;>.@

;DD( 1(.@@ 1@.:& >;.1 ;?.(: ;D.@

;DD' 1&.:> 1(.(> >D.(? ;'.'@ ;1.??

Kear

ttar -radesh 5est Bengal izoram agaland -ondicherry

;DD? ;(.'? @:.:( B%" 1(.::

;DD@ ;@.11 @&.D( B%" 1@.>> 1?.:(

;DD: ;:.>? @: 1D.@ 1?.@ 1;

;DD( ;&.11 :D B%" 1? B%"

;DD' ;&.11 :( B%" 1? 11.>>


30/58

Kerala21

20

19

18

17

Uttar Pradesh30

28

26

24

22

Delhi

6040

20

0

9+?+3 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloed states: '43 Emission

Andh

raPradesh

4

0

Haryana3

0

2

0

1

0

0

Maharashtra

4

0

3

0

2

0

1

WestBengal

70

65

60

55

50

Gujarat30

20

10

0

Karnata60

40

200

Tamil40

30

20

10

0


31/58

9+?+3 Environmental Kuznets Curve for develoin* states: '43 Emission

Assam2

0

1

0

0

Bihar60

40

20

0

Himahal

Pradesh2

0

0

!hhattisgarh

3230

2826

24

"harkhand60

40

20

0

MadhyaPrade

sh5

0

#rissa2

0

1

0

0

Punja$40

20

0

Rajasthan30

25

20

Go !handigarh

4

0

3

0

2

0

Nagaland20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

6225 6891 7694 8498

9444

36774053430445664

877

Pondiherry

2

0

1

0


32/58

9+?+? 7o ten locations with resect to 'itro*en "ioBide durin* 3.., in residential areas+

1. %elhi

;. 5est Bengal

%elhi

olkata

Town Eall

oulali

((L

(:L

>. 5est Bengal Eowrah askarpara (>L

?. %elhi %elhi .K. $chool :&L

@. 5est Bengal olkata "al Bazar :&L

:. 5est Bengal olkata into -ark :'L

(. 5est Bengal olkata $alt "ake :?L

'. 5est Bengal Eowrah Bator :1L

&. aharashtra handrapur $7O, Bapat agar :DL

1D. 5est Bengal %urgapur 85B9 -B" lub @&

9+?+9 7o ten locations wrt 'itro*en "ioBide durin* 3.., in industrial areas

1. 5est Bengal Eowrah Bandhaghat &1L

;. 5est Bengal %urgapur 85B9 %ew !ndia "td ';L

>. 5est Bengal olkata Behala howrasta (@

?. %elhi %elhi ayapuri !ndl. Area (@

@. 5est Bengal %urgapur 85B9 wality Eotel (?

:. 5est Bengal Asansol Asansol .. (?

(. 5est Bengal Eowrah Eowrah (?

'. 5est Bengal olkata ossipore -olice $tn :@

&. 5est Bengal olkata %unlop Bridge :>

1D %elhi %elhi $hahdara @'


33/58

9+ 9% Particulate Matter

-articulate matter is a mi3ture of many subclasses of pollutants that contain many different

chemical species. -1D are the particles with upper size limited by a @DM cut at 1D Nm

aerodynamic diameter 8$/-A, 1&&:9. -1D can be formed by physical processes of crushing,

grinding and abrasion of surfaces. ining and agricultural activities are some of the sources of

large size particles.-;.@ are the particles with upper size limited by a @DM cut at ;.@ Nm

aerodynamic diameter 8$/-A,1&&:9.

-articulate matter is called primary if it is in the same form chemical form in which it is

emitted into the atmosphere. The primary particulate matter includes windblown dust such as

road dust, fly ash, soot etc. -articulate matter is called secondary it is formed by chemical

reactions in the atmosphere. $econdary particulate matter include sulphates, nitrates etc.

The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems.

$mall particles less than ;.@ micrometers in diameter pose the greatest problems, because they

can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream. umerous

scientific studies have linked particle pollution e3posure to a variety of problems, includingincreased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty

breathing, decreased lung function= aggravated asthma= development of chronic bronchitis=

irregular heartbeat= nonfatal heart attacks= and premature death in people with heart or lung

disease. 8$/-A,;DD'9.


34/58

7a@le 9+9 #SPM levels $Annual Avera*e Concentration in *Dm?% since 3..9-3..>+

Kear Andhra-radesh


;DD? (@.?; 1>?.@ '; @: 1?;.:

;DD@ (&.: 11; 1D'.@ 1D @;.'&;DD: ';.(@ (:.& 11> ?&.>> 11>.>

;DD( 'D (?.:> 1;> ?'.:( &@.>

;DD' ';.1& ''.@? 1;D @>.:( '(.'?

Kear

handigarh hhattisgarh %elhi Earyana Eimachal-radesh

;DD? 1D(.:( 1'>.1; 1?'.:( 1;&.:: >;.>>

;DD@ &@ 1>'.11 11?.?? 1;@.: >D.:(

;DD: 1D?.; 1>>.;' 1@;.'' 1?'.' &:.>(

;DD( 1DD.: 11'.?? 1?:.@@ 1;'.' 1D'.D&

;DD' 1>@.'& 1>@.'& ;1?.11 1(&.: &@.?;

Kear


;DD? 1@(.'> (;.1 (@.(@ '?.'; @(

;DD@ 1>>.>> :?.'@ ::.@? ''.(; @&.@

;DD: 1>@.: :1.(' ::.&; ';.( :(.@

;DD( 1?(.1: (?.>( @D.?; ':.'@ ::.@

;DD' 1:>.'> 'D ?:.; &(.;? (>

Kear


;DD? 1@(.'> (;.1 (@.(@ '?.'; @(

;DD@ 1>>.>> :?.'@ ::.@? ''.(; @&.@

;DD: 1>@.: :1.(' ::.&; ';.( :(.@

;DD( 1?(.1: (?.>( @D.?; ':.'@ ::.@

;DD' 1:>.'> 'D ?:.; &(.;? (>

Kearttar-radesh

5est Bengal izoram agaland -ondicherry

;DD? 1:D.1& 11:.1@ :& @D

;DD@ 1(:.&1 111.@> ;(.:: &@.>> @1

;DD: 1(:.:> 11?.> >'.:: (> :@

;DD( 1:'.&1 1D?.&? >&.>> :(.@ @;.@

;DD' 1'>.D@ 1D?.@( >( (1.@ ?&.@


35/58

9+9+0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloed states: #SPM Emission

Andhra Karnataka10

0

50

0

Haryana

Pradesh 20015090

80

70

100

50

0

8

0

60

4

0

2

0

0

Kerala Karnataka10

0

50

0

Maharashtra

100

90

80

70

Tamil Uttar West8

0

6

0

4

0

2

0

0

190180170160150

140

12

0115

110105100

95

Rajasth150

100

50

0


36/58

Bihar150

100

50

0

Himahal Pradesh200

100

0

!hhattisgarh200

150

100

50

0

Delhi250

200

150

10050

0

9+9+0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloin* states: #SPM Emission

Assam150

100

50

0

"harkha200

150

100

50

0

MadhyaPradesh

15

0

10

0

#rissa90

8580

75706560

Goa !handigarh

15

010

0

50

60

40

20

0

6225 6891 7694 8498

9444

Punja$250

200

150

10050

0

Meghal100

50

0


37/58

Mi%oram60

40

20

0

1839 1858 1967 2073 2205

Nagaland150

100

50

0


38/58

?.?.; 7o ten locations with resect to #SPM durin* 3.., in residential areas

1. %elhi %elhi Town Eall ;('

;. -un2ab "udhiana --B Office Bldg. ;:>

>. -un2ab hanna A $ $chool ;>&

?. -un2ab "udhiana Bharat agar howk ;>'

@. %elhi %elhi Fanakpuri ;1&

:. adhya -radesh !ndore othari arket ;1(

(. ttar -radesh hur2a Ahirpara ;1(

'. -un2ab +obindgarh nited 7olling ills ;1:

&. ttar -radesh 0irozabad 7aza a Tal ;1@

1D ttar -radesh anpur %eputy a -arao ;1@

.

9+9+3 7o ten locations with resect to #SPM durin* 3.., in industrial areas

1. -un2ab "udhiana 7ita $ewing achines >@1

;. adhya -radesh $atna $ub#%ivisional Off. ;:@

>. %elhi %elhi ayapuri !ndl. Area ;:>

?. ttar -radesh +haziabad Bulandshahar 7.!.A. ;@(

@. -un2ab hanna arkfed Ganaspati ;@@

:. ttar -radesh hur2a +7! ;?@

(. adhya -radesh !ndore .-. "aghu dyog ;?D

'. ttar -radesh 0irozabad %+! ;>&

&. 7a2asthan Faipur G!A ;>'

1D E.- alaAmb !ndustrial Area ;>?


39/58

$9+9+?% Comosition of Particulate Matter

The ma2or constituents of 7$- are organic and elemental carbon, metalselements like silicon,

magnesium, iron, ions like sulphates, nitrates, ammonium etc. nderstanding composition of

particulate matter is most important to gain insight into the health effects caused and sources to

be controlled.

8i9 Elemental Car@on

/lemental carbon 8/9, also called black carbon or graphitic carbon , has a chemical

structure similar to impure graphite. Atmospheric elemental carbon is from primary

anthropogenic sources. / plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry

because of its adsorptive and catalytic properties, which can capture other pollutants to react on

its surface.

8ii9 4r*anic Car@on

Organic carbon 8O9, a mi3ture of hydrocarbons and o3ygenates. Organic carbon may be

emitted as primary particles directly from sources, but secondary organics can also be formed in

the atmosphere from the low vapor pressure products of atmospheric chemical reactions. O is

a comple3 mi3ture of thousands ofdifferent organic compounds, containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other

components.

8iii9 ElementsDMetals

alcium, aluminum, silicon, magnesium, and iron are some of the crustal material

ost of the elements are emitted from coal, oil combustion, vehicles, industrial processes.

Other sources include from road dust, tyre wear, construction activities etc.


40/58

8iv9 Ions

The common ions found in particulate matter are sodium, sulphates, nitrates, calcium, chloride,

potassium. -otassium and nitrate may be found in both the small size and coarse particles.

-otassium comes from soil in coarse particles and in small size particles it comes from wood

burning. itrate in formed by reaction of nitric acid with gas#phase ammonia forming

particulate ammonium nitrate.

d9 Car@on MonoBide $C4%

arbon mono3ide is a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas. !t is formed by incomplete

combustion of carbon containing fuels. a2or source of O are vehicles. !ncomplete

combustion is most likely to occur at low air#to#fuel ratios in the engine.O enters the

bloodstream through lungs and forms carbo3yhemoglobin which inhibits blood s o3y gen

carrying capacity to organs and tissues. -ersons with heart disease are especially sensitive to

carbon mono3ide poisoning and may e3perience chest pain if they breathe the gas while

e3ercising.

e9 4zone

Ozone is a secondary pollutants formed in the atmosphere by reaction between o3ides of

nitrogen and volatile organic compounds 8GOs9 in the presence of sunlight. Gehicles,industrial emissions, gasoline vapours, chemical solvents emit o3ides of nitrogen and GOs that

form ozone. -eak O> levels occur typically during the warmer times of the year.

f9 Ammonia

Ammonia occurs naturally and is produced by human activity. Ammonia and ammonium salts

are also found in small Cuantities in rainwater. !t is an important source of nitrogen which is

needed by plants and animals. Ammonia gas can be dissolved in water and is called liCuid

ammonia. o health effects have been found in humans e3posed to typical environmental

concentrations of ammonia. /3posure to high levels of ammonia in air may be irritating to skin,

eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing and burns. "ung damage and death may occur after

e3posure to very high concentrations of ammonia.


41/58

g9 )azardous Air Pollutants

Eazardous air pollutants are also known as to3ic air pollutants which may cause cancer or other

serious health effects such as reproductive effects etc. To3ic air pollutants include benzene,

perchlorethlyene, methylene chloride, dio3in, asbestos, toluene, and metals such as cadmium,

mercury, chromium, and lead compounds. $ome to3ic air pollutants such as mercury can

deposit onto soils or surface waters, where they are taken up by plants and ingested by animals

and are eventually magnified up through the food chain.

7a@le 9+ SPM levels $Annual Avera*e Concentration in *Dm?% in various states since

3..9-3..>+

Kear Andhra -radesh Assam Bihar +oa +u2arat

;DD? 1'D.;1 1&'.@ ;D'.@ 1@?.>> ;11.@>

;DD@ 1&@.?( 1@(.@ ;(' 1@D.>> ;;&.?(

;DD: 1&@.? 1>D.: ;&' 11? ;D:.?

;DD( ;D;.D@ 1;> >11.@ 11>.:: ;D1.:@

;DD' ;D@.& 1>(.'; >D(.@ 1D> 1'&.'?


;DD? ;@;.:( ;@'.>' >(>.'& >D@.>> 1&D

;DD@ ;;'.? ;>&.(' >@(.'& ;(1.; 1((.:(

;DD: ;1& ;1(.@@ ?DD.;; ;'D.' ;>(.;(

;DD( ;1(.; ;1& >'1.11 ;?:.' 1&;.(;

;DD' 1'(.' ;:?.'& ?>;.:( ;&:.: 1&>.(1


;DD? >(:.1( 1:1.? 11>.' ;>'.(@ (D

;DD@ ;:1.1( 1@;.1? &&.@' ;1>.&@ (:

;DD: ;;1.; 1:@.?; &?.&1 1&:.?( ''

;DD( ;?&.1: 1'D.&> (&.1> 1&@.D@ 1>;

;DD' ;@&.>> 1&'.'@ 'D.?> ;1>.'; &1


42/58

Kear adhya -radesh Orissa -un2ab 7a2asthan Tamil adu

;DD? ;1'.'> 1?:.>' ;'@.?? 1>?.@

;DD@ ;D:.@ 1?(.>' 1&;.@ ;((.@( 1;D.D:

;DD: 1'&.?' 1:;.; ;(?.1? >D;.?( 1;;.@

;DD( ;1&.?@ 1::.:& ;'(.@ ;&?.>' 1>;.(@

;DD' ;?(.>> 1'1.(> ;'@.1: >1?.> 1;?.@;

Kear

ttar -radesh 5est Bengal izoram agaland -ondicherry

;DD? >&(.'' ;;@.@? 1;@ (:;DD@ >&?.@; ;>@.&; &>.>> 1'>.>> 'D.>>

;DD: >';.; ;>:.;: &: 1>@ 11?.::

;DD( >&?.:; ;;>.?; ': 1;?.@ (&.:(

;DD' ?;;.(@ ;1(.@ 'D.>> 1;:.@ &;


43/58

Delhi600

400

200

0

9+ SPM Emissions

9++0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloed states: SPM Emission

Kerala Tamil Nadu

150 140100 130

50 120

0 110

Karnataka Gujarat Andhra200 300

250

Pradesh100

200

100

0 200

150

West Maharashtra

300

200

100

0

Haryana240 400

230 300

220 200210 100200 0

Rajasthan Uttar H P320300280

260

440420400

380

300

200

100

240 360 0


44/58

!hhattisgarh300

200

100

0

Assam300

200

100

0

"harkhand400

300

200

100

0

Punja$400

200

0

Bihar400

200

0

Madhya Pradesh500

0

9++0 Environmental Kuznets Curve for "eveloin* states: SPM Emission

!handigar Goa Meghalaya300 200 150

20

0 100

10

0

0

0

0

Mi%oram Nagaland Pondiherry

15

0

10

0

50

10 200

90

80

15

0

10

70

0


45/58

9++3 7o ten locations with resect to SPM durin* 3.., in residential areas

1. ttar -radesh eerut Begum Bridge (D&

;. ttar -radesh eerut Thana 7ailway 7oad @1@

>. %elhi %elhi Town Eall @D'

?. ttar -radesh anpur %eputy a -arao ?'>

@. ttar -radesh hur2a Ahirpara ?(;

:. ttar -radesh anpur %abauli ?(D

(. ttar -radesh 0irozabad 7aza a Tal ?:?

'. ttar -radesh anpur idwai nagar ?:?

&. ttar -radesh oida 7.O, --B ??&

1D. 7a2asthan Fodhpur $o2ati +ate ?>(

9++3 7o ten locations with resect to SPM durin* 3.., in industrial areas

1. %elhi %elhi ayapuri !ndl. Area 3/

;. ttar -radesh 0irozabad %+! @1@

>. ttar -radesh anpur 0azal +an2 ?&:

?. ttar -radesh hur2a +7! ?&>

@. ttar -radesh anpur Fa2mau ?(1

:. %elhi %elhi $hahzada Bagh ?:D

(. %elhi %elhi $hahdara ?@&

'. ttar -radesh +haziabad Bulandshahar ?@:

& Earyana Kamunanagar Ballarpur !ndustries ?>D

1D ttar -radesh "ucknow Talkatora ?;&


46/58

Air $Prevention and Control of Pollution% Act 0/,0

+overnment of !ndia enacted the Air 8-revention and ontrol of -ollution9 Act 1&'1 to arrest

the deterioration in the air Cuality. The act prescribes various functions for the entral -ollution

ontrol Board 8-B9 at the control level and $tate -ollution ontrol Boards at the state level.

The main functions of the entral -ollution ontrol Board are as follows4

To advise the entral +overnment on any matter concerning the improvement of the

Cuality of the air and the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.

To plan and cause to be e3ecuted a nation#wide programme for the prevention, control

and abatement of air pollution.

To provide technical assistance and guidance to the $tate -ollution ontrol Board.

To carry out and sponsor investigations and research related to prevention, control and

abatement of air pollution.

To collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data related to air pollution= and

To lay down standards for the Cuality of air.

7he main functions of the State Pollution Control (oards are as follows:

To plan a comprehensive programme for prevention, control and abatement of air

pollution and to secure the e3ecution thereof.

To advise the $tate +overnment on any matter concerning prevention, control and

abatement of air pollution.

To collect and disseminate information related to air pollution.

To collaborate with entral -ollution ontrol Board in programme related to prevention,

control and abatement of air pollution= and

To inspect air pollution control areas, assess Cuality of air and to take steps for

prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in such areas.

'ational Am@ient Air uality Standards $'AAS%

The ambient air Cuality ob2ectivesstandards are pre#reCuisite for developing program for

effective management of ambient air Cuality and to reduce the damaging effects of air pollution.

The ob2ectives of air Cuality standards are4


47/58

To indicate the levels of air Cuality necessary with an adeCuate margin of safety to

protect the public health, vegetation and property=

To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control of pollutant level=

To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air Cuality at national level= and

To indicate the need and e3tent of monitoring programme.

The entral -ollution ontrol Board had adopted first ambient air Cuality standards on

ovember 11, 1&'; as per section 1: 8;9 8h9 of the Air 8-revention and ontrol of -ollution9

Act, 1&'1. The air Cuality standards have been revised by the entral -ollution ontrol Board

on April 11, 1&&? and were notified in +azette of !ndia, /3traordinary -art#!! $ection >, sub

section 8ii9, dated ay ;D, 1&&?. The revised ational Ambient Air Juality $tandards are

depicted in Anne3ure#! 8Table A#1.19. The guidelines for declaring sensitive areas as

recommended by peercore group of -B are as follows4

Sensitive areas # sensitive area may include the following4

i. 1D kms all around the periphery of health resorts that are notified by $tate -ollution

ontrol Boards in consultation with department of public health of the concerned state.

ii. 1D kms all around the periphery of biosphere reserves, sanctuaries and national parks

that are notified by inistry of /nvironment and 0orest or concerned states.

iii. @ kms all around the periphery of an archeological monument declared to be of national

importance or otherwise that are notified by Archeological $urvey of !ndia 8A.$.!.9 in

consultation with $tate -ollution ontrol Boards.

iv. Areas which are delicate or sensitive to air pollution in terms of important

agriculturalhorticultural crops grown in that area and accordingly notified by $tate

-ollution ontrol Boards in consultation with department of agriculturehorticulture

of concerned state.

v. @ kms around the periphery of centers of tourism andor pilgrim due to their religious,

historical, scenic or other attractions, that are notified by department of

tourism of the concerned state in consultation with $tate -ollution ontrol Boards.


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'ational Air uality Monitorin* Pro*ramme $'+A+M+P+%

Present status of 'AMP:

entral -ollution ontrol Board initiated ational Ambient Air Juality onitoring 8AAJ9

programme in the year 1&'? with ( stations at Agra and Anpara. $ubseCuently the programme

was renamed as ational Air Juality onitoring -rogramme 8.A..-.9. AAJ$ have been

notified for seven parameters viz. $-, 7$-, O;, $O;, O, E> and -b. nder ational

Air Juality onitoring -rogramme 8A-9 presently ambient air Cuality is being monitored at

>?; monitoring stations covering 1;' citiestowns as on >1st arch ;DD& which was at >;'

stations as on >1st arch ;DD'. %uring ;DD'#D&, ?; stations have been sanctioned additionally.

0urther,

i9 -arameters $-, 7$-, $O; and O; are being monitored at all the locations=

ii9 Three more parameters i.e. O, -b, and E> are being monitored at selected

locations in a few cities=

iii9 Other parameters i.e. O>, Benzene, Trace heavy metals and -AEs are being

monitored occasionally at selected locations for creating data base. %uring the year

;DD'#D&, forty one new air Cuality stations were sanctioned in cities like algonda,.

akinada, 5arangal, ellore, hamam hitoor, +untur, Gishakhapatnam, Tinsukhia,

"akhimpur, agaon, albari, Bhirwari, $angli, 7oha, 7ai Bareli, +orakhpur, anpur,

Bareily, uradabad, $aharanpur, nnao and athura covering three states.

The o@ectives of the '+A+M+P+ are as follows4

To determine status and trends of ambient air Cuality=

To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air Cuality standards are violated,

To !dentify on#attainment ities.

To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive

and corrective measures=

To understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment

through pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition,

precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated


49/58

&ehicular Pollution Control Measures

!. Vehicular Emission Norms!n order to control vehicular pollution, a road map has been adopted as per the schedule

proposed in the Auto 0uel -olicy 8;DD;9, which includes use of cleaner fuels, automobile

technologies and enforcement measures for in#use vehicles through improved -ollution nderontrol 8-9 certification system. The vehicle emission norms in !ndia are detailed below.

a9 %uring 1&&D#&1, for the first time in !ndia, notified mass emission norms for vehicles at the

manufacturing stage as well as for in#use vehicles were implemented. These norms

were notified under the /-A, the otor Gehicle 7ules and the Air Act.

b9 The emission norms introduced in 1&&: have been crucial in controlling vehicular pollution. 0or

the first time, crankcase and evaporative emission norms were introduced.

c9 0rom April 1&&@, in the four metros # %elhi, umbai, olkata and hennai, passenger cars

were allowed to register themselves only if they were fitted with a catalytic converter.

/mission norms for such vehicles were stricter by @D per cent compared to the1&&: norms.

d9 The testing method for passenger car norms was changed from hot start to cold start. This was a

more stringent reCuirement compared to the earlier one.

e9 Kear ;DDD e3perienced stricter norms which were already notified in 1&&( under the otor

Gehicle 7ules. Automobile manufacturers had to undergo ma2or modifications to meet

these standards.

f9 As per the EonPble $upreme ourtPs directions, only private vehicles conforming to at least

/7O#! norms are to be registered. onseCuently, in umbai, /7O# !! norms for

private vehicles 8? wheelers9 was made applicable from ;DD1. !n olkata, !ndia#;DDD norms

8/7O#!9 were implemented from ovember 1&&&.

g9 0rom October 1, 1&&& emission norms for agricultural tractors were introduced throughout the

country. Bharat $tage#!! and Bharat $tage#!!! emission norms for tractors were scheduled to be

implemented from ;DD> and ;DD@ respectively.

h9 The Bharat $tage#!! norms for new ?#wheeler, private non#commercial vehicles were introducedin umbai from Fanuary ;DD1 and in olkata and hennai from Fuly ;DD1 to October ;?, ;DD1.

i9Only those ta3ies were registered in %elhi, which conformed to Bharat $tage#!! norms.

29Bharat $tate#!! norms for %iesel ?#wheeler transport vehicles were introduced in T from ;?th

October, ;DD1, and in +reater umbai, olkata and hennai from October >1,


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;DD1.

k9 An e3pert committee on the Auto Oil -olicy was constituted during $eptember ;DD1. The

interim report of the committee was submitted to the government on Fanuary 1, ;DDD,

recommending Bharat $tage#!!! emission norms for all categories of ?#wheelers in seven mega

cities from ;DD@ and for the rest of the country by ;D1D. The final report of the

committee was submitted in $eptember ;DD; and includes the road map for control of vehicular

pollution till ;D1D.

!!. Fuel Quality Specifications

0or the first time, diesel and gasoline fuel Cuality with respect to environment related

parameters was notified under the /-A in April 1&&:.

!!!. Traffic Management

a9 7estrictions have been imposed on goods vehicles during day time from August 1&&& in %elhi.

b9 "eft lane of the roads have been made e3clusive for buses and other EG8Eeavy otor

Gehicles9 in %elhi.

c9 Time clocks have been installed at important traffic signals to enable the drivers to switch off

their vehicles depending on the time left in the clocks.

d9 ore fly#overs and subways have been constructed and T#Functions have been closed for bettertraffic flow.

!G. !ublic Transport Systems

a9umber of buses have been increased in ma2or cities to encourage the use of public

transportation and reduce private vehicle use.

b9%elhi and olkata have introduced the etro 7ail system. The +overnment of aharashtra has

also developed a master plan for the umbai etro with implementation in

three phases over nine corridors. Other states like arnataka is in the initial phase of

implementing ass 7apid Transit $ystem 87T$9.

c9To provide better public transport and to ease congestion, proposals for Bus 7apid Transit

$ystem 8B7T$9 have been approved for Ahmedabad, Bhopal, !ndore, Faipur, -une,


51/58

7a2kot, Gi2ayawada and Gisakhapatnam under F7, covering a total length of more than

>1D kms.

G."eduction of Emissions by #sing $ubricants

a9 $pecifications of ;T oil for two stroke engine with respect to smoke emissions were notified

under the /-A in $eptember 1&&', for implementation from April 1, 1&&&

throughout the country.

b9 -re#mi3 ;T oil dispenser has been installed at all petrol filling stations in %elhi so that e3cessive

oil is not being used by the vehicle owners. $ale of loose ;T oil was banned

from %ecember 1&&' in %elhi and olkata.

G!. Technology

a9 0itting catalytic converter for new petrol passenger cars was made compulsory from April 1,

1&&@ in four metros and ?@ cities from $eptember 1, 1&&'.

b9 Two wheeler scooters with four stroke engine were introduced in the market from October

1&&'.

c9 7egistration of only rear engine auto rickshaws was allowed from ay 1&&: onwards.

G!!.%lternate Fuels

a9 + vehicles were introduced in umbai and %elhi. At present more than 'D,DDD +vehicles 81&DDD cars, ?&'1D autos, ?&>@ 7TGs Q ''(? buses9 are plying in %elhi and about

;>,DDD in umbai. All city buses were converted to the + mode in %elhi.

b9 There are more than 111 + filling stations installed in %elhi with an average consumption of

:(? tonnes per day of +.

c9 /mission norms for + Q "-+ driven vehicles have been notified.

d9 -etrol vehicles are running on ethanol blended 8@ per cent9 petrol in states of aharashtra,

Andhra -radesh, +oa,+u2arat, Earyana, arnataka, Tamil adu, ttar -radesh, %aman Q %iu

and nion Territories of %adar Q agar Eaveli, handigarh and -ondicherry.

e9 -lanning ommission, +overnment of !ndia, has announced a ational ission on bio# diesel.

$pecifications for this have been drafted by the Bureau of !ndian $tandards

8B!$9.


52/58

G!!!. &ontrol of !ollution from 'n(use Vehicles

!dling emission norms have been notified for in#use vehicles. -ollution nder ontrol 8-9

certificates are issued for adherence to idling emission norms every >#: months. The number of

computerized - centres in %elhi alone is around >@>.

!I.Mass %wareness !rogrammes

a9 essagesarticles related to vehicular emissions are disseminated through newsletters,

pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, television, radio, internet, workshops and summer

e3hibitions.

b9%isplay of ambient air Cuality data through display systems in ma2or cities through newspapers,

daily news and internet.

c9 +Os working on vehicular pollution control are being encouraged for mass awareness

campaigns.

Industrial Pollution Control

The measures taken for controlling air pollution from industries are as follows4

a9/mission standards have been notified under the /nvironment 8-rotection9 Act, 1&': to check

pollution.

b9 !ndustries have been directed to install the necessary pollution control eCuipments in a time

bound manner and legal action has been initiated against the defaulting units.

c9;? critically polluted areas have been identified. !n all, Action -lan has been formulated forrestoration of environmental Cuality in these areas.

d9 /nvironmental guidelines have evolved for siting of industries.

e9/nvironmental clearance is made compulsory for ;& categories of development pro2ects

involving public hearing+O participation as an important component of the /!Aprocess.

f9 /nvironmental audit in the form of environmental statement has been made mandatory for all

polluting industries.

g9 -reparation of Roning Atlas for setting up industries based on environmental considerations, in

various districts of the country, has been taken up.

h9 -ower plants 8coal based9 located beyond 1DDD kms from the pit#head are reCuired to use low

ash content coal 8not e3ceeding >? per cent9 with effect from Fune 1, ;DD;. -ower plants located

in the sensitive areas are also reCuired to use low ash coal, irrespective of their distance from the

pithead.


53/58

C)AP7E# &

C4'C5!SI4'

0inally, chapter G covers the conclusion of the study and ma2or findings. This chapter e3plains

the limitations of the study. The chapter also e3plains the significance of the study and identifies

the future areas of research.

The present study has been undertaken with the ob2ective to find out whether relationship

between et $tate %omestic -roduction and environment degradation is )inverted * shaped or

not , to find out the relation between O3ides of itrogen 8O39 emission and $%-, to find out

the relationship between have $ulphur dio3ide 8$O;9 and $%-, to find out the relationship

between 7espirable $uspended -articulate atter 87$-9 and $%- and to find out the

relationship between $uspended -articulate atter 8$-9 and $%-.

0or achieving the above ob2ectives the following hypotheses have been proposed.

)0: The en)ironmental *u+nets cur)e is applicable for ,-ides of Nitrogen .N,-/ emissions.

0rom the above graphs and data of O; ,it can be concluded that > states $ttar -radesh,

handigarh, 5est Bengal9 are not fulfilling the environmental uznets curve condition,

handigarh And ttar -radesh are showing #shape curves whereas, 5est Bengal is showing

#shaped curve. All other states viz. Andhra -radesh +u2arat Earyana arnataka aharashtra

7a2asthan ttar -radesh erala 5est Bengal Tamil adu Bihar hhattisgarh Tamil adu Bihar

hhattisgarh Fharkhand Assam adhya -radesh Orissa -un2ab %elhi Eimachal -radesh,

agaland, +oa are on the marks of /nvironmental uznets curve. The ; states eghalaya and

izoram areelow Detection 5imit &6oncentration less than 4 Ng7m3 9 8B%"9. any of the

developing states are on the stage ; whereas, the less developed states are showing very low

concentration of O; emission.


54/58

)3: The en)ironmental *u+nets cur)e is applicable for Sulphur dio-ide .S,0/ emission

The above figures show that > states 8 Tamil adu, adhya -radesh and +u2rat9 are showing

inverted #shape cuve and > states 8aharashtra, 5est Bengal, Earyana9 are showing #shape

curve. One state 8%elhi9 showing #shape curve and ; states 8-ondicherry, hhattisgarh9 are

showing no conclusion. The diagrams are concluding that some of the developed states are

showing that sulphur dio3ide starts increasing after reaching the >rd

stage. Eence, it can be

concluded that environmental uznets curve is # shape in case of sulphur dio3ide. The states

like +oa, handigarh, agaland, izoram, eghalaya areelow Detection 5imit

&6oncentration less than 4 Ng7m3 9 8B%"9. Eence the above hypothesis is partially accepted.

)?:. The en)ironmental *u+nets cur)e is applicable for "espirable Suspended !articulate

Matter ."S!M/

0rom the above graphs and data of 7$-, it can be concluded that 1; states $Andhra -radesh

+u2arat Earyana arnataka aharashtra 7a2asthan ttar -radesh, Tamil adu Fharkhand

Assam -un2ab %elhi agaland +oa9 are not fulfilling the environmental uznets curve

condition. Andhra -radesh, Earyana, arnataka, aharashtra, 7a2asthan, -un2ab, %elhi,

agaland and ttar -radesh are showing #shape curves and +u2arat is showing inverted #

shaped curve whereas, Tamil adu, Fharkhand, Assam and +oa are showing #shaped curve.

Eence the above hypothesis is re2ected. As the states become developed they generally follow

the uznets curve, but with further increase in income they switch to #shaped curve.

)9: The en)ironmental *u+nets cur)e is applicable for Suspended !articulate Matter .S!M/

0rom the above graphs and data of $-, it can be concluded that : states $Andhra -radesh

Earyana arnataka 7a2asthan ttar -radesh, Tamil adu9 are not fulfilling the environmental

uznets curve condition. Andhra -radesh, arnataka are showing #shaped curves and Tamil

adu is showing inverted #shaped curve whereas, Earyana, ttar -radesh are showing #

shaped curve. Eence the above hypothesis is partially accepted. As the states become developed

they they generally follow the uznets curve, but with further increase in income they switch to

#shaped curve


55/58

Summary of conclusion:

States S43 '43 #SPM SPM

develoed states

Andhra -radesh sta e > sta e > sta e ? sta e ?

+u2arat!nverted #shape stage >

inverted #shape stage >

Earyana stage ? stage; stage ? u#shape

arnataka stage > stage > stage ? stage ?

aharashtra stage ? stage ; stage ? stage >

7a2asthan stage > stage ; stage ? stage ?

5est Bengal stage ? stage ? stage > stage >

ttar -radesh stage > #shape stage ? u#shape

erala stage > stage > stage> stage >

Tamil adu

!nverted #

shape stage > #shape

inverted #

shapedeveloin* states

Bihar sta e > sta e ; sta e ; sta e ;

hhattisgarh stage ; stage > stage >

Fharkhand stage > stage ; #shape stage >

Assam stage ; stage > #shape stage>

adhya -radesh!nverted #shape stage > stage ; stage >

Orissa stage 1 stage ; stage ; stage ;

-un2ab stage > stage ; stage ? stage ;

%elhi u#shape stage ; stage ? stage ;Eimachal -radesh stage > stage ; stage ; stage >

less develoed

states

+oa B%" sta e 1 #sha e sta e ;

handigarh B%" B%" stage;

eghalaya B%" B%" stage 1 stage ;

izoram B%" B%" stage ;

agaland B%" stage 1 #shape stage ;

-ondicherry 0alling falling stage ; bdl


56/58

Si*nificance of the Study:

The present study analyses the implication of /conomic growth on environment in !ndian states.

The analysis will help in analyzing the states which are having high economic growth but low

level of environmental pollution. The policies followed by these states can help the other states

in adopting these for having lower levels of pollution. The analysis will help in analyzing the

states reporting higher level of pollution so that steps can be taken to control the situation.

oreover, the work on this field is found less in !ndia as compare to other countries.


57/58

(i@lio*rahy

Barua and Eubacek 8 9 )5ater pollution and /conomic +rowth4 An /nvironmental uznets

urve Analysis at the 5atershed and $tate "evel.*

ole and eumayer 8;DD?94 )%emographic factors on air pollution*, ;: 819, pp. @#;1.

onnor, 8;DD19, )/mbodied -ollution in trade4 /stimating the )/nvironmental "oad

%isplacement* of industrialized countries, Fuly.

/ugenio /igueroa Androberto -asten4 Gol. >: # S !. Funio ;DD&. -gs. @#>; )ountry#$pecific

/nvironmental uznets urves4A 7andom oefficient Approach Applied Tohigh#

!ncome ountries*

0eridun, Balouga 8;DD:9, )!mpact of Trade "iberalization on the /nvironment in developing

countries*.Earris, F 8Fuly ;DD19, )acroeconomic -olicy and $ustainability +#%A/* working paper no.D1#

D&,

Fain and haudhuri4 The !cfai niversity Fournal of ' /nvironmental /conomics, Gol. G!!, o.

;, ;DD& )The /nvironmental uznets urve4 A 7eaffirmation*

ahn, ./. 81&&'9 )A household level environmental uznets curve* %ecember

. azzanti et al. 4 Gol. ;D, o. >, ;((D1, $eptember ;DD' )/nvironmental uznets

urves for Air -ollutant /missions in !taly4 /vidence from /nvironmental Accounts

8A/A9 -anel %ata*

.A. Fanssen, F..F.. van den Bergh 8;DD?9 4 )!nto the black bo3 of environmental

uznets curves4 Optimal growth and material resource use in two trading countries*

atthieu "lorca and Andre eunie 80ebruary ;DD&9U4 )$O; emissions and the environmental

uznets curve4 the case of hinese provinces* Gol. (, o. 1, , 1


58/58

$chwartz and han 8Fuly ;DD?9, )%o richer people pollute more or less6 ew evidence on

household level vehicle emissions uznets curve*.

$uri and hapman 82uly1&&'9, )/conomic growth, trade and energy4 implications for the

environmental uznets curve* .

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