ekohidrologi sebagai alat pengelolaan das...
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Ekohidrologi sebagai Alat
Pengelolaan DAS TerpaduHidayat Pawitan, Ph.D. In Engineering
FMIPA IPB, Bogor 16680
Outline presentasi:Pertama-tama menyajikan:
Pendahuluan dan latar belakang
The water resources problems
Sumber daya DAS & Lingkungan hidupIndonesia
The major threats to water resources and the environment
EH sebagai alat pengelolaan DAS terpadu
Kata Penutup
Pendahuluan dan latar belakang
Ironi bagi Indonesia yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati dan sumber daya air
berlimpah namun tidak terbebas dari kendala dan krisis air dan lingkungan
hidup;
Akar permasalahan berupa lonjakkan penduduk Indonesia telah disadari
sejak sensus penduduk pertama yang dilakukan tahun 1930 dan akibat
langsungnya juga diketahui, yaitu berupa perubahan penggunaan lahan,
pencemaran dan degradasi sumber daya alam dan lingkungan, serta
ancaman ketahanan pangan dan kelaparan;
Tantangan permasalahan sumber daya air dan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia ini
dirasakan semakin meningkat, tidak hanya sebagai akibat degradasi sumber
daya, namun juga akibat penurunan kapasitas jasa lingkungan dari sumber
daya alam, yang memerlukan solusi cerdas seperti yang ditawarkan
dengan konsep ekohidrologi sebagai alat pengelolaan DAS
terpadu
Some Backgrounds
Before the turn of the 20th century there had been little research
on the Eco-hydrological problems in Indonesia, however with
increasing deforestation, land use changes and environmental
degradation, and their negative impacts, investigations were
carried out on some water bodies and river basins;
Recent conditions of Java hydrology and water resources were
characterized by occurrences of extreme floods and droughts with
high pollutant contents in water bodies.
Water crisis is anticipated as real threat to satisfy the
increasing water demands, especially for urban areas,
that require good management strategy to overcome it.
A thirsty world
Results from integrated assessments indicate rapid and significant increases
in water demand from all economic sectors. Competing demands will pose
increasingly difficult allocation problems and limit the expansion of key
sectors, in particular food and agriculture;
Two thirds of world population living under water stress;
Global deterioration of urban air pollution, but fewer deaths from indoor
air pollution and Accelerated increase in GHG emissions and global
warming;
Fewer forests, more land for agriculture until 2030,
then reversed the trends;
Unabated loss of biodiversity and collapse of ocean fisheries;
Human interference with phosphorus and nitrogen cycles well beyond safe
thresholds.
The water resources problems
Change of land use and land covers: degradation of forest land
Water pollutions and environmental qualities
Decrease in water resources availability
The lake basin management challenges
Vicious circle of eutrophication as threat to lake water resources degradation
Recent condition of Indonesia Forest Resources (interpretation from landsat images):
Degraded forest land is 59,62 million ha.
Deforestation rate is 1,09 million ha /annum (2000-2006).
Degradation was severe and un-controllable especially during reformation/autonomous era, as permit was not acknowledged, illegal logging, forest encroachment and conversion to other uses
(Source: Ministry of Forestry, 2008)
LAND USE AND COVER CHANGES• Anthropogenic influences: in the past century
land use changes from forest cover to agricultural uses, but in the last few decades land use conversion in Java is from agricultural to non-agricultural uses
• Population pressure with intensive agriculture and rapid recent industrial development implied extensive land use changes (land conversion) and increased water demand, water quality deterioration, and suspected to cause long term changes, in addition to global climatic change.
Landslides and mud flows
Table . Watershed management Units with Critical Lands in Indonesia
Island Group No. of
Watershed
Management
Units (WMU)
No. of Sub
WMUs
Total Area
(Ha)
Sumatra 10 25 17,130,157
Java and Bali 14 49 8,949,262
Nusa Tenggara 3 6 3,104,700
Kalimantan 4 6 10,482,455
Sulawesi 6 13 4,597,725
Maluku and Irian
Jaya
2 5 6,994,730
Total Indonesia 39 104 51,259,029
Sedimentation and weeds/water hyacynths problems at Toba lake
Water overturn/upwelling causes fishes death at fish ponds (KJA)
Fish deaths
1997 : 950 ton
2009 : 13.413 ton
(Rp. 150 M)
Conflict of interests
- spatial planning
- water quality issues
Natural hazards
Earthquakes and landslides
Lake Basin Management challenges
VICIOUS CIRCLE OF EUTROPHICATION (Lehmusluoto, 2009)
Modified from Water-Eco Ltd. (2000)
The uncontrolled external nutrient
load exceeds the tolerance limit of
a lake becomes eutrophic (left)
As a consequence of the high
external nutrient load, oxygen
reserves are used up in the deep
water and phophorus release from
the bottom sediment starts
The vicious circle of eutrophication
has developed.
There are various mechanisms to
manage and control eutrophication
but the improvements are costly
and temporary. Knowledge-based
precautionary practices is the best
management modality.
Vicious circle of poverty (Lingkaran setan
kemiskinan)
Environmental
Degradation
Low System Productivity
Desperation Drives Use
of Unsustainable
Agricultural Practices
Limited Cash
Cropping
Food Insecurity
Low Income
Sumber daya DAS & Lingkungan hidup
Indonesia:
Land resources: 1,91 Mkm2 with 17 000 islands (1,3% of world’s land surface) that contains 10% of world’s plant species, 12 % of mammal species, 16 % of reptiles and amphibians, and 17% of bird species; land use and cover changes
Water resources: components of runoff cycles
Forest resources: 144 Mha (~74%) with 109 Mha forest cover; 18,8 Mha conservation forest; 30,3 Mha protection forest; 64,4 Mha prod forest; 30,5 Mha conversion forest; Deforestation rate: 0,3 Mha/yr in 1970’s to 3,8 Mha/yr in 2000, but about 1.0 Mha/yr at present
Environmental resources: air, water, wetlands, wildlife, esthetics, as well as toxic & hazardous wastes. Some consequences: increase GHG, global warming, sea level rise
Knowledge resources: Science and Technology, including
local/traditional wisdoms
Sumber daya daerah aliran sungai Indonesia: 133 satuan wilayah sungai
ACEH
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Gambar 1. Pola iklim hujan di Indonesia
Water availability in Indonesia by major islands
Island
Area
[103
km2]
Rainfall
[mm/yr]
Surface Runoff Groundwater flow Total Water Available
[mm/yr] [m3/s] [mm/yr] [m3/s] [mm/yr] [m3/s]
Sumatra 477.4 2801 1848 27 962 280 4 236 2 128 32 198
Java 121.3 2555 1658 6 378 255 982 1 915 7 360
Bali & NT 87.9 1695 997 2 779 170 472 1 167 3 251
Kalimantan 534.8 2956 1968 33 359 296 5 010 2 264 28 369
Sulawesi 190.4 2156 1352 8 157 216 1 301 1 564 9 458
Maluku 85.4 2218 1400 3 785 222 600 1 621 4 385
W.Papua 413.9 3224 2175 28 524 322 4 229 2 497 32 754
Indonesia 1911.1 2779 1832 110 944 278 16 831 2 110 127 775
Total air tersedia Indonesia:
127.775 m3/s= 4.032.266 106 m3/tahun
~ 10% total global discharge
~ 15.000 m3/tahun/capita
Levels of water utilization for some major rivers in Indonesia
River
Potential of surface
waterWater being utilized Left
over
water
(%)(Billion
m3/year)(m3/s)
(Million
m3/year)(%)
Cimanuk 3.19 101 942 29 71
Cisadane 4.30 630
(Irrigation &
Domestic)
15
5
80
Jratunseluna 12.40 394 2528
(Irrigation)
20 80
Bengawan
Solo
9.87 313 1511
(Irrigation and
Domestic)
16 84
Musi-South
Sumatra
100.58 3190 2071
(Irrigation and
Domestic)
2 98
Source: Min.PW (2005)
Pollution and overexploitation of natural resources
Degradation of evolutionary developed biogeochemical cycles, energy flow and water circulation
The major threats to water resources and the environment
Ekohidrologi sebagai alat pengelolaan DAS terpadu
Population pressure, especially in Java island and other developing areas
degraded natural resources, sea level rise and increased extreme weather events
increased pollution and exposure to water- and vector-borne diseases
decreased water availability and qualityNatural resources management issues. Local
government regulations tend to exploit natural resources, without considering carrying capacity and good management practices.
Ecohydrology From Theory to
PracticeLIFE08 ENV/PL/000517www.arturowek.pl
low cost and high effectiveness
solution:
(non-invasive, not disturbing the
landscape, sub-surface)
Source: Zalewski
ecosystem response to restoration(Schafer, 1993)
2-dimensions of ecohydrological restoration
reduction of impact
enhancement ofabsorbing capacity
FOUR TYPES OF RESPONSESOF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS’ DYNAMICSto catchment scale processes regulation
The concept of EH sustainability threshold
bio
div
ers
ity
wa
ter
qu
ali
tye
co
syste
m s
erv
ice
s
Impact (nutrients)
River basin response
socioeconomy
threshold response of ecosystem to impact
European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology UNESCO / Lodz, Poland
Zalewski 2011
Climate-Water-Landcover
(Rodrigues-Iturbe, 2000
Vorosmarty & Meybeck, 1999)
Water-plant-soil interactions
(Baird & Wilby, 1999)
Role of land/water ecotones
(Naiman & Decamps, 1990;Schiemer,
Zalewski & Thorpe, 1995)
Hydrodynamics as a forcing function
into phytoplankton dynamics in reservoirs
(Straskraba & Tundisi, 1999)
Coastal zone ( Wolanski, 2003;
Chicharo et al., 2001)
The use of biota to control hydrology and hydrology
to control biota in basin scale (Zalewski et al., 1997)
Regulation and integration of ecological /hydrological interplay in
river basin to enhance its carrying capacity (Zalewski, 2000)
Ecohydraulics – biota dependence on
water current (Leclerc et al. 1996, Janauer 1998 )
Control of symptoms of eutrophication
by regulation of trophic cascade
using hydrology (Zalewski et al., 1990)
Constructed wetlands & mathematical modelling
Ecological engineering
(Mitsch, 1993; Jorgensen, 1996
Four dimensional nature of
ecosystem
(Ward, 1989)
Eutrophication process
(Harper, 1989)
The key publications which provides background for formulation Ecohydrology Theory
(Zalewski 2011)
Delivering Ecohydrology
Under IHP-VIII Unesco
EVOLUTION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN AND ENVIRONMENT
Ecohydrology -from multi to transdisciplinary stage
Ad
van
ced
scie
nce
Years; Events
Interdisciplinary
Ecol Hydr
1997
Hydr
Transdisciplinary
2002 - 2004
Multidisciplinary
Geo Econ
HydrEcol
1995
Stakeholder
needs
Ecol
1990
Dual
regulation
EconEng
Ecol
2008
(Zalewski 2011)
Connections from upstream
to downstream habitats
control flow of energy and
carbon in fluvial ecosystems,
as well as the species of
aquatic organisms
River Continuum Concept: Vannote et al. 1980
Theme: the importance of light
availability in controlling in situ
production (e.g. P/R)
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is a step-by-step
process of managing water resources in a harmonious and
environmentally sustainable manner by gradually uniting stakeholders
while accounting for changing social demands due to such changes as
population growth, rising demand for environmental conservation, changes
in sense of water value, and climate change.
It is an open-ended process that evolves in a spiral manner over
time as once moves towards more coordinated water resources
management.
IWRM is a “process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land
and related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an
equitable manner, without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.” (GWP, 2000)
Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM)
Priority
Cost (Cost Sharing)
Financial Support
Benefit
Environment
Consensus
IrrigationIndustrial
Hydropower
Domestic
+10
Environmental Conservation
Flood Management
Water Manager Social Impact
Coordinating each
sector
Engaging Stakeholders
UNESCO has developed the IWRM
Guidelines at River Basin Level to
help translate the complex IWRM
principles into their practical
application.
A vital feature of these guidelines is
the IWRM spiral model which shows
the IWRM process as a positive
upward spiral that evolves and
continues to adapt to changing
conditions. The guidelines are used
as reference material in IWRM training
courses, and are applied by several
countries.
Practical Application of IWRM
Some Examples of projects
Study on the implementation of Ecohydrology
approach and avoided deforestation in Peatland
Rewetting and Conservation in Ex-Mega Rice
Project location: Cases on food crops areas and on oil
palm plantations areas
Advanced Development of Ecohydrology
Demonstration Site in the Saguling Reservoir, the
Upper Citarum River basin: Improvements of Water
Quality and Quantity using Ecohydrological Approach
and Local Community-based Participation
Sustainable water management in Yogyakarta City
and Borobudur surrounding Areas
Water Security In Medan City
Ilustrasi implementasi pendekatan
ekohidrologi di semiarid region
Spain, Donana
November 2000 December 2001
October 2002 November 2003
Effect of ground water level decline and restoration on ecosystem structure and productivity
(Spain, Donana )
Prof. I. Llamas
0
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1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36
Numer porzadkowy dekady
N [
mg
na
lit
r] F
P
average= 52.4 mg/l
Cv = 36%
average= 2.7 mg/l
Cv = 27%
N-NO3- concentration (N) in groundwater at the field (F) and at the pine forest (P).
Decade
(A. Kędziora)
Kata Penutup
1. Pendekatan ekohidrologi sebagai alat pengelolaan DAS terpadu menyediakan solusi permasalahan sumber daya air di Indonesia yang mengintegrasikan aspek biota dan regime aliran yang mengendalikan dan meningkatkan jasa lingkungan hidup.
Formulation of the vision
of sustainable water ecosystem and societies using
foresight methodology
Technological Foresight is the system approach forevaluation of new trends on the basis of knowledge ofenvironmental, sociological processes andtechnologies from the point of view economy, qualityof life and sustainable development.
Technological Foresight has 3 main goals:
1. FORECAST OF FUTURE – enable of undertaking theadaptive attempts, preparation for unpredictableevents, reduction of negative consequences of eventsthat can not be changed
2. MANAGEMENT OF FUTURE – means the proactive(management of probable crisis) and positive(management by goals)
3. CREATION OF FUTURE – means mainly the proactivecreation of needed vision of future
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