ekologi vertebrata di hutan tropis

Ekologi vertebrat di hutan tropis

Department of Anthropology, School for Natural Resources and Environment

University of Michigan

Andrew J. Marshall

Hoffmann et al. 2010 Science

Vertebrate species richness

Tropis

Keanekaragaman hayati yg tinggi

Terancam

Tidak diketahui

35

Fig S4. Global patterns of vertebrate diversity, for land (terrestrial and freshwater, in brown) and marine (in blue) vertebrates. (A) Total number of species. (B) Residuals of the relationship between total number of species and total number of Threatened species per cell, where positive values (red) represent cells with higher threat than expected for their richness alone, and negative values (gray) represent cells with equal or lower threat than expected for richness alone. (C) Data Deficient species.

Terrestrial

Marine

152

306

498

765

1665

44

75

116

179

321

Terrestrial

–21

–4

16

34

96

Marine–20

–5

2

8

22

Terrestrial

Marine

4

10

17

27

52

9

19

32

52

86

Data Deficient vertebrate species (sensu IUCN)

Threatened vertebrate species (controlling for species richness)


• Pengenalan komunitas vertebrat

• Komunitas vertebrat di kanopi

• Komunitas vertebrat di tanah

• Ekologi makanan dasar

• Jaringan makanan (“food web”)


> Pengenalan komunitas vertebrat





Vertebrat

hewan yg punya tulang punggung

Vertebrat

Ikan di hutan tropis

Perairan hutan hujan tropis adalah rumah bagi mayoritas spesies ikan air tawar di dunia.

Amazon: 1,100 anak sungai; 17 lebih daru 1,000km.

Lembah sungai Amazon sendiri memiliki 3,000 spesies yang diketahui (jumlah total > 5,000?).

Ikan di hutan tropis

Arapaima, Amazon 5m panjang

Brachyplatystoma, Amazon migrasi 3,300km

Colossoma, Amazon penyebar biji

Toxotes, S & SE Asia penembak serangga

Amphibi di hutan tropis

TROPICAL RAINFORESTS: Rainforest Diversity

Countries with the most number of amphibian species

Total | Amphibians | Birds | Mammals | Reptiles | Vascular Plants

Total number of amphibian species, by country

Note, this data dates to 2004, but is the most recent available on a global scale. If you areaware of more up-to-date data, please contact us.

Brazil 695Colombia 623Ecuador 428Peru 361Mexico 358China 340Venezuela 288Indonesia 285United States 285Papua New Guinea 253India 233Australia 229Madagascar 226Congo, Dem Rep 218Malaysia 200Cameroon 192Costa Rica 183Panama 182Argentina 162Bolivia 161Guatemala 133Viet Nam 132Tanzania 132South Africa 119Philippines 110Guyana 104Thailand 103Honduras 101French Guiana 90Myanmar 89Suriname 86Angola 85Paraguay 76Kenya 76Ethiopia 76Nigeria 73Ghana 72Zambia 66Sri Lanka 66Japan 64Nicaragua 61Cuba 61Laos 59Mozambique 59Congo 58Malawi 56Côte d'Ivoire 54

Uganda 52Nepal 50Chile 50Guinea 48Uruguay 48Haiti 47Belize 46

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Jumlah amphibi

Reptil di hutan tropis

Reptil di hutan tropis

Jumlah reptil


Countries with the most number of reptile species


Total number of reptile species, by country

Uroplatus fimbriatus gecko on Nosy Mangabe

Note, this data dates to 2004, but is the most recent available on a global scale. If you areaware of more up-to-date data, please contact us.

Australia 880Mexico 837Indonesia 749Brazil 651India 521Colombia 518China 424Ecuador 419Malaysia 388Madagascar 383South Africa 364United States 360Peru 354Thailand 341Papua New Guinea 338Argentina 338Tanzania 335Venezuela 323Congo, Dem Rep 304Viet Nam 286Myanmar 285Philippines 274Kenya 261Costa Rica 258Bolivia 258

Panama 242Guatemala 236Angola 235Somalia 222Iran 220Namibia 215Honduras 213Cameroon 211

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Other languagesArabicBengaliChinese (CN) (expanded)Chinese (TW)CroatianDanishDutchFarsiFrench (expanded)German (expanded)GreekHindi

Japanese (expanded)JavaneseKoreanMalagasyMalayMarathiNorwegianPolishPortuguese (expanded)RussianSlovakSpanish (expanded)

Burung di hutan tropis

Jumlah burung


Countries with the most number of bird species


Total number of bird species, by country

Scale-crested Pygmy-tyrant (Lophotriccus pileatus)

Note, this data dates to 2004, but is the most recent available on a global scale. If you are aware ofmore up-to-date data, please contact us.

Colombia 1,821Peru 1,781Brazil 1,712Indonesia 1,604Ecuador 1,515Bolivia 1,414Venezuela 1,392China 1,221India 1,180Congo, Dem Rep 1,148Kenya 1,103Tanzania 1,056Myanmar 1,047Argentina 1,038Mexico 1,026Uganda 1,015Thailand 971Sudan 952Cameroon 936Angola 930Panama 904Nigeria 899United States 888Nepal 864

Australia 851Ethiopia 839Costa Rica 838Viet Nam 837South Africa 829Guyana 786Zambia 770Malaysia 746

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Other languagesArabicBengali

Chinese (CN) (expanded)Chinese (TW)CroatianDanishDutchFarsiFrench (expanded)German (expanded)GreekHindi

Japanese (expanded)Javanese

KoreanMalagasyMalayMarathiNorwegianPolishPortuguese (expanded)RussianSlovakSpanish (expanded)

Burung di hutan tropis

Mamalia di hutan tropis

Mamalia di hutan tropis

Jumlah mamalia


Countries with the most number of mammal species


Total number of mammal species, by country

Baby gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)

Note, this data dates to 2004, but is the most recent available on a global scale. If you are aware ofmore up-to-date data, please contact us.

Indonesia 667Brazil 578Mexico 544China 502United States 468Colombia 467Peru 441Congo, Dem Rep 430India 422Kenya 407Australia 376Argentina 375Tanzania 375Bolivia 361Uganda 360Venezuela 353Ecuador 341Malaysia 337Cameroon 322South Africa 320Sudan 302Thailand 300Angola 296Russian Fed 296

Nigeria 290Myanmar 288Ethiopia 288Viet Nam 279Papua New Guinea 260Zambia 255Ghana 249Panama 241

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Tour: the Amazon

Rainforest news






Other languagesArabicBengali

Chinese (CN) (expanded)Chinese (TW)CroatianDanishDutchFarsiFrench (expanded)German (expanded)GreekHindi

Japanese (expanded)Javanese

KoreanMalagasyMalayMarathiNorwegianPolishPortuguese (expanded)RussianSlovakSpanish (expanded)

Kebanyakan penelitian adalah mengenai sebagian kecil keanekaragaman hayati

assessed taxonomic content for a random sample of 20% of PAs (n=113) based on titles; 10,148 hits

0 31 54 71 83 88 100

Other taxa

Birds

Plants

Non-ape primates

Non-primate mammals

Apes

cumulative percent

Percent of total hits

30.7

23.6

16.8

11.3

5.9

11.7

Marshall et al. (in press) Front. Ecol. Environ.

assessed taxonomic content for a random sample of 20% of PAs (n=113) based on titles; 10,148 hits

0 31 54 71 83 88 100

Other taxa

Birds

Plants

All mammalscumulative percent

Percent of total hits

30.7

23.6

16.8

5.9

11.7

11.3

Kebanyakan penelitian adalah mengenai sebagian kecil keanekaragaman hayati

Marshall et al. (in press) Front. Ecol. Environ.

Walaupun hanya melingkupi kurang dari 2% dari permukaan bumi, hutan tropis menaungi lebih dari 50% tanaman dan

hewan di bumi.

Mengapa hutan tropis memiliki banyak sekali macam tumbuhan dan vertebrat?

Iklim: sumber daya alam banyak

-> hutan tropis menerima banyak sinar matahari -> energi oleh tumbuhan melalui proses fotosintesis -> energi di vegetasi kemudian dikonsumsi oleh hewan

Kanopi: struktur kanopi tersedia lebih banyak tempat

-> tempat untuk tumbuh dan hewan hidup -> kanopi memberikan sumber-sumber makanan baru,

perlindungan, dan tempat bersembunyi

dan bagaimana mereka bisa hidup bersama-sama?

Mengapa hutan tropis memiliki banyak sekali macam tumbuhan dan vertebrat?



> Komunitas vertebrat di kanopi




70-90% dari kehidupan di hutan tropis ditemukan di kanopi

lingkungan di kanopi sangat berbeda dari lingkungan di permukaan tanah

tumbuhan dan hewan beradaptasi untuk kehidupan di kanopi

vertebrat di kanopi menyediakan servis penyerbuki dan penyebar biji

Kelelawar

> 50% species mamalia di hutan tropis

Primata di kanopi

Burung di kanopi

Amphibi di kanopi

Reptil di kanopi




> Komunitas vertebrat di tanah



tanah hutan tropis terlindungi sinar matahari, angin, dan hujan

situs beberapa interaksi penting (misalnya, pembusukan)

makhluk-makhluk pembusuk (jamur dan mikro organism) mengurai tumbuhan dan hewan yang mati dan mendaur ulang

material-material serta nutrisi-nutrisi yang berguna

Herbivore di lantai hutan

Carnivore di lantai hutan

Burung di lantai hutan

Reptil di lantai hutan

Amphibi





> Ekologi makanan dasar


Bagaimana sumber makanan pengaruhi adaptasi primata?

40

Daun: sumber energi tumbuhan

CO2

O2

Biji: anaknya

Buah: strategi untuk penyebar biji

Colobus, colobus monkey

Pan, chimpanzee

vs.

Bandingkanlah:

pemakan daun

pemakan buah

Pemakan buahRequire relatively little specialization, but usually have:

Papio, baboon

large, broad, incisors (piercing fruit husk)

low, rounded molars

Cercocebus, mangabey

Ateles, spider monkey

(grinding)

Require relatively little specialization, but usually have:

strong lips

Seed specialists have very thick molar enamel

thin thick

Pemakan buah

Relatively simple guts

Large stomach volumes (esp if large body size)

Long small intestine (allows some hind-gut fermentation of fiber)

Cercocebus, mangabey

Pemakan buah

Pemakan daun

Presbytis, leaf monkey

Propithecus, sifaka

High cusps (slicing, shearing crests)

Thin molar enamel

thin thick

(thin enamel creates very sharp edges)

Pemakan daun

need long, large gut (low quality foods)

specialized digestion & flora (to digest cellulose, other plant protective compounds)

Macaca, macaque

1. enlarged large intestine containing microorganisms

Pemakan daun

2. large cecum, with microorganisms

Lepilemur, sportive lemur

3. Large, complex stomach

Colobus, colobus monkey

Pemakan daun






> Jaringan makanan (“food web”)

Food web

Tingkat pertama

Primary producers: plants

Tingkat kedua

Primary consumers: herbivores

Tingkat ketiga

Secondary consumers: small carnivores

Tingkat keempat

Tertiary consumers

Tingkat kelima

Quarternary consumers

Pembusukan

Putaran mulai lagi

Food web

Ucapan terima kasih

• Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi (RISTEK)

• Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

• Direktorat Jenderal PHKA, Departemen Kehutanan

• Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Palung (BTNGP)

• Universitas Tanjungpura (UNTAN), U Michigan

• Yayasan Palung

• Lande, Mi’an, Surya, Zakaria

• Mongabay.com

ekologi vertebrata di hutan tropis

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