ekonomi manajerian
TRANSCRIPT
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Managerial Economics & Business
Strategy
Chapter 2
Market Forces: Demand and Supply
McGraw-Hill/IrwinMichael R. Baye, Managerial Economics and
Business Strategy Copyright 2008 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overview
I. Market Demand Curve
The Demand Function
Determinants of Demand
Consumer Surplus
II. Market Supply Curve
The Supply Function Supply Shifters
Producer Surplus
III. Market Equilibrium
IV. Price Restrictions
V. Comparative Statics
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Market Demand Curve
Shows the amount of a good that will be
purchased at alternative prices, holding
other factors constant.
Law of Demand
The demand curve is downward sloping.
Quantity
D
Price
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Determinants of Demand
Income Normal good
Inferior good
Prices of Related Goods Prices of substitutes
Prices of complements
Advertising and
consumer tastes Population
Consumer expectations
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The Demand Function
A general equation representing the demand curve
Qxd = f(Px ,PY , M, H,)
Qxd = quantity demand of good X. Px = price of good X.
PY = price of a related good Y.
Substitute good.
Complement good.
M = income.
Normal good.
Inferior good.
H = any other variable affecting demand.
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Inverse Demand Function
Price as a function of quantity
demanded.
Example: Demand Function
Qxd = 102Px
Inverse Demand Function: 2Px = 10Qx
d
Px = 50.5Qxd
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Change in Quantity Demanded
Price
Quantity
D0
4 7
6
Ato B: Increase in quantity demanded
B
10A
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Price
Quantity
D0
D1
6
7
D0to D1: Increase inDemand
Change in Demand
13
2-8
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Consumer Surplus:
The value consumersget from a good but donot have to pay for.
Consumer surplus willprove particularlyuseful in marketing andother disciplines
emphasizing strategieslike value pricing andprice discrimination.
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I got a great deal!
That company offers a lot
of bang for the buck!
Dell provides good value.
Total value greatly exceeds
total amount paid.
Consumer surplus is large.
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I got a lousy deal!
That car dealer drives ahard bargain!
I almost decided not to
buy it! They tried to squeeze the
very last cent from me!
Total amount paid is
close to total value. Consumer surplus is low.
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Price
Quantity
D
10
8
6
4
2
1 2 3 4 5
Consumer Surplus:
The value received but not
paid for. Consumer surplus =
(8-2) + (6-2) + (4-2) = $12.
Consumer Surplus:
The Discrete Case
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Consumer Surplus:
The Continuous Case
Price $
Quantity
D
10
8
6
4
2
1 2 3 4 5
Value
of 4 units = $24ConsumerSurplus =
$24 - $8 =
$16
Expenditure on 4 units = $2
x 4 = $8
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Market Supply Curve
The supply curve shows the amount of a
good that will be produced at alternative
prices.
Law of Supply
The supply curve is upward sloping.Price
Quantity
S0
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Supply Shifters
Input prices
Technology or
government regulations
Number of firms Entry
Exit
Substitutes in production
Taxes Excise tax
Ad valorem tax
Producer expectations
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The Supply Function
An equation representing the supply curve:
QxS = f(Px ,PR ,W, H,)
QxS = quantity supplied of good X.
Px = price of good X.
PR = price of a production substitute.
W = price of inputs (e.g., wages).
H = other variable affecting supply.
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Inverse Supply Function
Price as a function of quantity supplied.
Example:
Supply Function Qx
s = 10 + 2Px
Inverse Supply Function:
2Px = 10 + Qxs
Px = 5 + 0.5Qxs
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Change in Quantity Supplied
Price
Quantity
S0
20
10
B
A
5 10
Ato B: Increase in quantity supplied
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Price
Quantity
S0
S1
8
75
S0to S1: Increase in supply
Change in Supply
6
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Producer Surplus
The amount producers receive in excess of the amountnecessary to induce them to produce the good.
Price
Quantity
S0
Q*
P*
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Market Equilibrium
The Price (P) that Balances
supply and demand
Qx
S = Qx
d
No shortage or surplus
Steady-state
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Price
Quantity
S
D
5
6 12
Shortage
12 - 6 = 6
6
If price is too low
7
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Price
Quantity
S
D
9
14
Surplus
14 - 6 = 8
6
8
8
If price is too high
7
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Penetapan Harga
Price Ceilings Penetapan harga Maksimum.
Contoh di Indonesia:
Penetapan harga BBM .
Price Floors
Penetapan Harga Dasar
Contoh di Indonesia:
Penetapan harga bahan-bahan pertanian seperti
kedelai, beras, gula dll.
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Price
Quantity
S
D
P*
Q*
P Ceiling
Q s
PF
DAMPAK PENETAPAN HARGA
MAKSIMUM
Shortage
Q d
2-25
2000
3000
10 20 40 Qd>Qs
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DAMPAK PENETAPAN HARGA DASAR
Price
Quantity
S
D
P*
Q*
Surplus
PF
Qd QS
2-26
3000
2000
10 20 30 Qs>Qd
C ti St ti A li b h
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Comparative Statics: Analisa yang merubah
keseimbangan
Keseimbangan harga ditentukan oleh kekuatan
supply dan demand.
Supply dan demand ditentukan oleh nilai yangmempengaruhi supply dan demand
Perubahan satu atau kombinasi dari variabel
yang memempngaruhi demand dan supply akanmenyebabkan perubahan keseimabangan harga
dan kuantitas
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Price
Quantity
P1
Q1
S
D
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Peningkatan dalam Demand:
Demand bergeser ke kanan
Price
Quantity
P1
Q1
P2
Q2
Membandingkandan adalah
Comparative Statics
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S
Q2
Harga bahan bakuturun
Sshifts to S
Surplus @ P1of Q1,Q2
Equilibrium @ P3,
Q3
P
Q
SD
P3
Q3Q1
P1
Perubahan dalam keseimbangan pasar
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D S Income meningkat dan
harga bahan baku turun
The increase in Disgreater than the
increase in S
Equilibrium price andquantity increase to
P2, Q2
P
Q
S
P2
Q2
D
P1
Q1
Perubahan dalam keseimbangan pasar