el-738 english manual · displayed and the number of decimal places can be set to any value between...
TRANSCRIPT
BUSINESS/FINANCIAL CALCULATOR
OPERATION MANUAL
MODEL
EL-738
1
NO
TIC
E• S
HA
RP
makes n
o g
uaran
tee that th
is pro
du
ct or th
is m
anu
al is suitab
le or accu
rate for any p
urp
ose, co
m-
mercial o
r oth
erwise.
• Ru
les and
practices in
fi nan
cial calculatio
n vary ac-
cord
ing
to co
un
try, locality, o
r fi nan
cial institu
tion
. It is th
e con
sum
er’s respo
nsib
ility to d
etermin
e wh
ether
or n
ot th
e results p
rod
uced
by this p
rod
uct co
nfo
rm
to ap
plicab
le rules an
d reg
ulatio
ns.
• SH
AR
P w
ill not be liable nor responsible for any incidental or consequential econom
ic or property damage caused
by misuse and/or m
alfunctions of this product and its peripherals, unless such liability is acknow
ledged by law.
• The m
aterial in this manual is supplied w
ithout repre-sentation or w
arranty of any kind. SH
AR
P assum
es no responsibility and shall have no liability of any kind, con-sequential or otherw
ise, from the use of this m
aterial.
• SH
AR
P assum
es no responsibility, directly or indirectly, for fi nancial losses or claim
s from third persons resulting
from the use of this product and any of its functions, the
loss of or alteration of stored data, etc.
• SH
AR
P strongly recom
mends that separate perm
anent w
ritten records be kept of all important data. D
ata may be
lost or altered in virtually any electronic mem
ory product under certain circum
stances. Therefore, S
HA
RP
assumes
no responsibility for data lost or otherwise rendered unus-
able whether as a result of im
proper use, repairs, defects, battery replacem
ent, use after the specifi ed battery life has expired, or any other cause.
For A
ustralia/New
Zealand only:
For w
arranty information please see w
ww
.sharp.net.au
Introduction.indd 106.7.10 8:54:53 P
M
2
Co
nte
nts
Intro
du
ction
..................................................................3
Operational N
otes ...............................................................3
Key N
otations in This M
anual ..............................................4C
hap
ter 1: Gettin
g S
tarted ..........................................5
P
reparing to Use the C
alculator ..........................................5
Resetting the C
alculator In Case of D
iffi culty ......................5
Calculator and D
isplay Layout .............................................6
The S
ET
UP
Menu ..............................................................8
O
perating Modes ..............................................................10
Ch
apter 2: G
eneral In
form
ation
................................11
Basic C
alculations .............................................................11
Clearing the E
ntry and Mem
ories .....................................11
Editing and C
orrecting an Entry ........................................13
M
emory C
alculations ........................................................14C
hap
ter 3: Fin
ancial F
un
ction
s ................................17
General Inform
ation ..........................................................17
TV
M (T
ime V
alue of Money) S
olver ..................................22
Am
ortization Calculations .................................................33
D
iscounted Cash F
low A
nalysis ........................................37
Bond C
alculations .............................................................44
Depreciation C
alculations .................................................48
Conversion betw
een AP
R and E
FF
..................................51
Day and D
ate Calculations ................................................52
P
ercent Change/C
ompound Interest C
alculations ............54
Cost/S
ell/Margin/M
arkup Calculations ..............................56
B
reakeven Calculations .....................................................58
Ch
apter 4: S
cientifi c F
un
ction
s ................................60
Constant C
alculations .......................................................60
Chain C
alculations ............................................................60
Scientifi c C
alculations .......................................................61
Random
Functions ............................................................62
M
odify Function .................................................................63
Ch
apter 5: S
tatistical Fu
nctio
ns ...............................64
S
tatistical Calculations and V
ariables ................................67A
pp
end
ix ....................................................................72
Financial C
alculation Form
ulas .........................................72
Statistical C
alculation Form
ulas ........................................75
Errors and C
alculation Ranges .........................................76
B
attery Replacem
ent ........................................................80
Priority Levels in C
alculations ...........................................81
Specifi cations ....................................................................82
Ind
ex ...........................................................................83
Introduction.indd 206.7.10 8:54:55 P
M
3 Intro
du
ctio
nT
hank you for purchasing a SH
AR
P B
usiness/Financial C
alcula-tor.
After reading this m
anual, store it in a convenient location for future reference.
• Display of exam
ples shown in this m
anual may not look ex-
actly the same as w
hat is seen on the product. For instance,
screen examples w
ill show only the sym
bols necessary for explanation of each particular calculation.
• All com
pany and/or product names are tradem
arks and/or registered tradem
arks of their respective holders.
Op
eration
al No
tes• D
o not carry the calculator around in your back pocket, as it m
ay break when you sit dow
n. The display is m
ade of glass and is particularly fragile.
• Keep the calculator aw
ay from extrem
e heat such as on a car dashboard or near a heater, and avoid exposing it to exces-sively hum
id or dusty environments.
• Since this product is not w
aterproof, do not use it or store it w
here fl uids, for example w
ater, can splash onto it. Raindrops,
water spray, juice, coffee, steam
, perspiration, etc. will also
cause malfunction.
• Clean w
ith a soft, dry cloth. Do not use solvents or a w
et cloth.
• Do not drop the calculator or apply excessive force.
• Never dispose of batteries in a fi re.
• Keep batteries out of the reach of children.
• This product, including accessories, m
ay change due to up-grading w
ithout prior notice.
Introduction.indd 306.7.10 8:54:55 P
M
4
Key N
otatio
ns in
Th
is Man
ual
Key operations are described in this m
anual as follows:
To specify log
: . h
..................... �
To specify 1 : 1
or 1 ....................... �
To specify �xy
: i V
..................... �
To specify C
LR-D
: . ?
..................... �
To specify EN
T
: Q
To specify Z
: i Z
..................... �
To specify DATA
: J
.............................. �
� F
unctions that are printed in orange above the key require .
to be pressed fi rst before the key. �
Num
ber entry examples are show
n with ordinary num
bers (i.e., “100” w
ill be indicated instead of “1 0
0”).
� To specify a m
emory function (printed in green on/above the
key), press i fi rst.
� F
unctions that are printed in black adjacent to the keys are effective in specifi c m
odes.
U
sing
the
. an
d i
keys
Press s
. t
i
A x
, 10.
• . t
and i A
m
ean you have to press .
followed by )
key and i
followed by *
key.
No
tes:• T
he multiplication instruction “× ” and alphabetic letter “X
” are distinguished as follow
s:
K
ey D
isplay
Multiplication instruction �
x
×
A
lphabetic letter �
X
X
• Exam
ples in this manual are perform
ed using default settings (e.g., S
ET
UP
menu item
s) unless values are otherwise as-
signed.
πA˚_
-10
Introduction.indd 406.7.10 8:54:56 P
M
5 Ch
ap
ter 1
Ge
tting
Sta
rted
Prep
aring
to U
se the C
alculato
rB
efore using your calculator for the fi rst time, you m
ust reset (initialize) it.
Resettin
g th
e calculato
r
Press the R
ES
ET
switch located on
the back of the calculator with the tip
of a ball-point pen or similar object. D
o not use an object w
ith a breakable or sharp tip.
• After resetting the calculator,
the initial display of the NO
R-
MA
L mode appears.
Resetting the C
alculator In Case of D
iffi culty
Cau
tion
:
Th
e RE
SE
T o
peratio
n w
ill erase all data sto
red in
m
emo
ry and
restore th
e calculato
r’s defau
lt setting
.
In rare cases, all the keys may cease to function if the calculator
is subjected to strong electrical noise or heavy shock during use.If pressing any of the keys (including s
) has no effect, reset the calculator.
Resettin
g th
e calculato
r
See the above procedure.
No
te: Pressing .
k and 1
= w
ill also erase all data stored in m
emory and restore the calculator’s default
setting.
000
1 Getting S
tarted.indd 506.7.10 8:50:19 P
M
6
Calcu
lator an
d D
isplay L
ayou
t
Calcu
lator layo
ut
� C
ursor keys
� M
OD
E key
� K
ey operation keys
� S
ET
UP
key
� D
isplay screen
� P
ower
ON
/OF
F and
Clear key
� D
isplay screen
: The calculator display consists of a 12-char-
acter dot matrix character line and a 12-digit 7-segm
ent character line (10-digit m
antissa and 2-digit exponent).�
Po
wer O
N/O
FF
and
Clear key: Turns the calculator O
N.
This key also clears the display. To turn off the calculator,
press ., then c
.�
Key o
peratio
n keys:
.
: Activates the second function (printed in orange) as-
signed to the following key.
i
: Activates the m
emory (printed in green) assigned to
the following key.
� S
ET
UP
key: Displays the S
ET
UP
menu to select the
display notation, angular unit, depreciation method and date
format.
� C
urso
r keys: Move the cursor.
� M
OD
E key: S
witches betw
een NO
RM
AL and S
TAT m
odes.
1 Getting S
tarted.indd 606.7.10 8:50:21 P
M
7 Disp
lay layou
t
Exponent
Equation/
variable nam
e display
Sym
bol
Mantissa
• During actual use, not all sym
bols are displayed at the same
time.
• Only the sym
bols required for the operation being explained are show
n in the screen examples of this m
anual.
: A
ppears when the entire equation cannot be displayed.
Press g
/ y to see the rem
aining (hidden) part.
� / �
: Indicates that variables or data are present above/be-
low the screen. P
ress z / i
to scroll up/down.
2nd
F
: Appears w
hen . is pressed, indicating that the
functions shown in orange are enabled.
HY
P
: Indicates that . ]
has been pressed and the hyperbolic functions are enabled.
AL
PH
A : Indicates that i
, g or f
has been pressed, and storing or recalling m
emory values or T
VM
solv-ers/statistics variables can be perform
ed.
BG
N
: Indicates that calculations are annuity due (payment
at the beginning of each interval) calculations. When
BG
N is not displayed, calculations are ordinary annu-
ity (payment at the end of each interval) calculations.
360 : Indicates that date calculations are based on a
360-day year (12 months w
ith 30 days). When 360 is
not displayed, date calculations use the actual calen-dar.
EN
T
: Indicates that a value can be assigned to the displayed variable using Q
.
CO
MP
: Indicates that the displayed variable can be solved for by using @
.
FLOA
T A / FLO
AT B
/ TAB
/ SC
I: Indicates the notation used to display values. It can be changed in the S
ET
UP
menu.
1 Getting S
tarted.indd 706.7.10 8:50:22 P
M
8
DE
G / R
AD
/ GR
AD
: Indicates which angular units are in use.
It can be changed in the SE
T U
P m
enu.
: A
ppears when statistics m
ode is selected.
M
: Indicates that a numerical value is stored in the inde-
pendent mem
ory (M).
: Indicates that the value of the displayed variable has
not been calculated yet (for variables that can be cal-culated).
Th
e SE
T U
P M
enu
Press ~
to display the SE
T U
P m
enu.
DSPDRGDEPR
02
1DATE
3�i
• A m
enu item can be selected by:
• Using g
/ y to select a num
ber (the selected number
will blink), then pressing =
, or• pressing the num
ber key corresponding to the menu item
num
ber.• If �
or � is displayed on the screen, press z
or i to
view the previous/next part of the m
enu.• P
ress s to exit the S
ET
UP
menu.
Selectin
g th
e disp
lay no
tation
and
nu
mb
er of d
ecimal
places
The calculator has three display notation system
s (fi xed decimal
point, scientifi c notation and fl oating point) for displaying calcu-lation results.
• If ~ 0
0 (TA
B) is pressed, “D
IG(0-9)?” w
ill be displayed and the num
ber of decimal places can be set to any
value between 0 and 9.
• If ~ 0
1 (S
CI) is pressed, “S
IG(0-9)?” w
ill be displayed and the num
ber of signifi cant digit can be set to any value betw
een 0 and 9. Entering 0 w
ill set a 10-digit display.• If a fl oating point num
ber does not fi t in the specifi ed range, the calculator w
ill display the result in scientifi c notation (expo-nential notation). S
ee the next section for details.• T
he default setting is a fi xed decimal point w
ith two decim
al places.
1 Getting S
tarted.indd 806.7.10 8:50:23 P
M
9 Selectin
g th
e fl oatin
g p
oin
t nu
mb
er system in
scien-
tifi c no
tation
The calculator has tw
o settings for displaying a fl oating point num
ber:
FLO
_A (F
LOAT
A) and F
LO_B
(FLO
AT B
). In each display set-ting, a num
ber is automatically displayed in scientifi c notation
outside the following preset ranges:
• FLO
_A ~
0 2
: 0.000000001 � | X | � 9,999,999,999
• FLO
_B ~
0 3
: 0.01 � | X | � 9,999,999,999
S
witch
ing
the n
otatio
n settin
g
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
100000 ÷ 3 = F
ixed decimal point
with tw
o decimal
places
s 100000
8 3
=
1—————©3=
3333333�
Scientifi c notation
(SC
I) with tw
o signifi cant digits
~ 0
1 2
1—————©3=
0433
� F
loating point (F
LO_A
)~
0 2
1—————©3=
33333333333 ÷ 1000 = F
loating point (F
LO_A
)
s 3
8 1000
=
3©1———=0003
� F
loating point (F
LO_B
)~
0 3
3©1———=
-033
� F
ixed decimal point
with tw
o decimal
places
~ 0
0 2
3©1———=000
Selectin
g th
e ang
ular u
nit (see page 61)
• DE
G (°)
: ~ 1
0 (default setting)
• RA
D (rad) : ~
1 1
• GR
AD
(g) : ~ 1
2
Selectin
g th
e dep
reciation
meth
od
(see page 48)
• SL (S
traight-line method): ~
2 0
(default setting)• S
YD
(Sum
-of-the-years’ digits method): ~
2 1
• DB
(Declining balance m
ethod): ~ 2
2
1 Getting S
tarted.indd 906.7.10 8:50:24 P
M
10
Selectin
g th
e date fo
rmat (see page 44)
• US
(Month-D
ay-Year): ~ 3
0 (default setting)
• EU
(Day-M
onth-Year): ~ 3
1
Op
erating
Mo
des
This calculator has tw
o operating modes, w
hich can be selected using the M
OD
E key.
Selectin
g a m
od
e
1. P
ress m.
T
he menu display appears.
2. P
ress 0 or =
to se-lect N
OR
MA
L mode.
• Press 1
or y =
to select S
TAT m
ode.
Op
eration
s available in
each m
od
e
NO
RM
AL
mo
de:
Allow
s you to perform fi nancial, arithm
etic, or scientifi c calculations.
STA
T (statistics) m
od
e:A
llows you to perform
statistical, arithmetic, or scientifi c
calculations. The
symbol appears in the display.
NORMAL
STAT
01000
SD
LINEQUAD
02
1
1 Getting S
tarted.indd 1006.7.10 8:50:25 P
M
11 Ch
ap
ter 2
Ge
ne
ral In
form
atio
nB
asic Calcu
lation
s
En
tering
nu
mb
ers and
arithm
etic op
eration
s
• Use the num
ber keys 0 to 9
, decimal point key .
, and sign change key ,
to enter numbers into the calcula-
tor. To clear the display or entry, press s.
• Use the S
key to enter a value in scientifi c notation.• U
se the arithmetic keys +
- x
8 to perform
the standard arithm
etic calculations of addition, subtraction, multi-
plication, and division. Press =
to perform each calculation.
• Use the (
and ) keys to place parentheses around
inner parts of expressions. The closing parenthesis )
just before =
or h m
ay be omitted.
• When you enter a series of operations in one sequence, the
calculator performs the calculation according to the priority
levels in calculation on page 81.
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nR
esult
45 + 285 ÷
3 =s
45
+ 285
8 3
=14000
18 + 6 =
15 – 8(
18
+ 6
) 8
( 15
- 8
=343
42 × (–5) + 120 =
42
x ,
5 +
120
=
* 1 ( 5 ,
)-9000
(5 × 103) ÷ (4 × 10
–3) =5
S 3
8 4
S
, 3
=125000000
Clearin
g th
e En
try and
Mem
ories
The follow
ing methods of clearing the calculator (restoring de-
fault settings) are available:
* 1
2 General Inform
ation.indd 1106.7.10 8:51:00 P
M
12
* 1 N, I/Y, P
V, PM
T, and FV
(P/Y
and C/Y
are not included.)* 2 N
ote that listed fi nancial variables sharing comm
on mem
ory w
ith TV
M variables, such as “C
OU
PO
N (P
MT
)” used in bond calculations, are also cleared or restored to default settings.
* 3 Listed variables used in fi nancial calculations (such as “RAT
E
(I/Y),” etc.) including P
/Y and C
/Y* 4 W
hen you press * to enter a fi nancial calculation, A
MR
T
P1 and A
MR
T P
2 both revert to their default values. The
same holds true for Y
EA
R w
hen you press O.
* 5 With one of the variables of a listed group (such as those
used in bond calculations) displayed, when .
b is
pressed, all the variables in the listed group are cleared or restored to their default settings. N
ote that TV
M variables
sharing comm
on mem
ory with listed fi nancial variables are
also cleared or restored to default settings.* 6 P
ress . b
when a cash fl ow
value is displayed. * 7 S
tatistical data (entered data) and variables (n, x, etc.)* 8 A
re cleared when changing betw
een sub-modes in S
TAT m
ode.N
otes:
• To clear any of the “A-H
, M, X
-Z” or “A
NS
” mem
ories, press s
g and then specify the m
emory.
• To clear or restore to the default setting one variable or value of T
VM
variables, listed fi nancial variables, cash fl ow data, or
STAT, refer to the relevant section.
• If you turn off the calculator (by pressing . c
or by let-ting it turn itself off autom
atically), it will resum
e wherever you
left off when you turn it on again.
Delete key
To delete a number/function, m
ove the cursor to the number/
function you wish to delete, then press L
. If the cursor is located at the right end of an equation or if you are entering a value, the L
key will function as a back space key.
s. b
m (M
ode selection)
. k
0 (M
EM)
RE
SE
T switch
×××
. k
1 (R
ESET)
Operation
: Cleared or restored to the default setting
: Retained
×
A-H
,M
, X-Z
En
try(d
isplay)
AN
STV
Mvariables
Listedfinancialvariables
Cash
flowdata
×××
××
××
ST
AT
××
* 1* 3
* 7
* 6* 2
* 5
* 8
* 4
2 General Inform
ation.indd 1206.7.10 8:51:02 P
M
13 Mem
ory clear key
Press .
k to display the
menu.
• To clear all (A-H
, M, X
-Z, A
NS
, T
VM
variables, listed fi nancial variables, cash fl ow
data, and STAT
), press 0 0
or 0
=.
• To RE
SE
T the calculator, press 1
0 or 1
=.
The R
ES
ET
operation erases all data stored in mem
ory, and restore the calculator’s default settings.
Ed
iting
and
Co
rrecting
an E
ntry
Cu
rsor keys
• In a menu, such as the S
ET
UP
menu, use g
or y to
select a number (the selected num
ber will blink), then press =
.If you need to scroll up or dow
n the screen, use z or i
.
• In fi nancial calculations, such as bond calculations, press i
or z to m
ove through the variables (items).
Playb
ack fun
ction
After obtaining an answ
er, pressing g brings you to the end
of the equation and pressing y brings you to the beginning.
Press g
or y to m
ove the cursor. Press .
g or
. y
to jump the cursor to the beginning or end of the
equation.
Insert an
d overw
rite mo
des in
the eq
uatio
n d
isplay
• This calculator has tw
o editing modes: insert m
ode (default), and overw
rite mode. P
ressing . d
switches betw
een the tw
o modes. A
triangular cursor indicates an entry will be
inserted at the cursor, while the rectangular cursor indicates
existing data will be overw
ritten as you make entries.
• To insert a number in the insert m
ode, move the cursor to the
place imm
ediately after where you w
ish to insert, then make
the desired entry. In the overwrite m
ode, data under the cursor w
ill be overwritten by the num
ber you enter.
• This m
ode setting will be retained until you press .
d
or RE
SE
T the calculator.
MEM
RESET
01
2 General Inform
ation.indd 1306.7.14 4:47:40 P
M
14
C
han
gin
g “15 ÷ 3 =” in
to “25 ÷ 13 =”
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
15 ÷ 3 =
s 15
8 3
=15©3=
500E
nter the playback function.
y15©3
Sw
itch to overwrite
mode.
. d
15©3
Change “15” to “25”
and move the cur-
sor to “3”.
2 y
y25©3
Change to insert
mode.
. d
25©3
Change “3” to “13”
and calculate.1
=25©13=
192
Erro
rs
An error w
ill occur if an operation exceeds the calculation ranges, or if a m
athematically illegal operation is attem
pted. W
hen an error occurs, pressing g or y
automatically
moves the cursor to the place in the equation/num
ber where the
error occurred. Edit the equation/num
ber or press s to clear
the equation. For details, see page 76.
Mem
ory C
alculatio
ns
This calculator has 11 tem
porary mem
ories (A-H
and X-Z
), one independent m
emory (M
) and one last answer m
emory (A
NS
). It also has various variables for use in fi nancial calculations and statistical calculations.
Mem
ory u
se in each
mo
de fo
r mem
ory calcu
lation
s
NO
RM
AL
STAT
Mo
de
: Available
: Unavailable
×
MA
-H,
X-Z
AN
ST
VM
variables
Listed financialvariables
Statistical
variables
×××
×
* 1* 2
* 3
2 General Inform
ation.indd 1406.7.10 8:51:04 P
M
15 * 1 N, I/Y, P
V, PM
T, FV
* 2 All fi nancial variables, except for T
VM
variables* 3 x, sx, �
x, n, �x, �
x2, y, sy, �
y, �y, �
y2, �
xy, r, a, b, c
Temp
orary m
emo
ries (A-H
, X-Z
)P
ress g and the variable key to store a value in m
emory.
Press f
and the variable key to recall a value from the
mem
ory.
To place a variable in an equation, press i and the variable key.
Ind
epen
den
t mem
ory (M
)In addition to all the other features of tem
porary mem
ories, a value can be added to or subtracted from
an existing mem
ory value.
Press s
g M
to clear the independent mem
ory (M).
Last an
swer m
emo
ry (AN
S)
• The calculation result obtained by pressing =
or any other calculation ending instruction (including storing and recalling operations) is autom
atically stored in the last answer m
emory.
• Listed fi nancial variables are automatically stored in the last
answer m
emory by displaying the variable and the value.
TV
M variab
lesT
VM
variables can be recalled using f in the sam
e way as
temporary m
emories. It is not necessary to press g
to store a value.
Listed
fi nan
cial variables
Financial variables are specifi c to the type of calculation they
are used in. For exam
ple, the variable N is available to the T
VM
solver but not to discounted cash fl ow
analysis calculations. If you w
ant to carry a value from a variable over into a different
type of calculation, use one of the following m
ethods:
• Last answer m
emory (A
NS
): Within the original calculation, dis-
play the variable and value that you wish to carry over. T
he value is autom
atically entered into last answer m
emory. P
ress s to
exit the calculation (the listed fi nancial variables will disappear
from the screen), and press i
/ to bring up the value
from the previous calculation. M
-D-Y
(D-M
-Y) 1 and M
-D-Y
(D-
M-Y
) 2 are not stored in last answer m
emory.
• Variables com
mon to both calculations: If the value that you
wish to carry over is held in a variable that exists in both types
2 General Inform
ation.indd 1506.7.10 8:51:05 P
M
16
of calculation (for example, both bond calculations and the T
VM
solver use the variable I/Y
), you can retrieve the value simply by
switching calculation types and bringing up the variable.
Statistical variab
lesS
tatistical data is not entered into variables. Statistical variables
are the results of the calculation of statistical data. Therefore,
you cannot enter values directly into statistical variables. After
calculation, however, you can use the values held in statistical
variables in subsequent calculations.
No
te: Use of f
or i w
ill recall the value stored in m
emory using up to 14 digits.
M
emo
ry calculatio
ns
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nR
esult
24 ÷ (8 × 2) =
(8 × 2) × 5 =
s 8
x 2
g M
24
8 i
M =
i M
x 5
=
16001508000
$150× 3:M1
+)$250:M
2 =M
1 +250
–)M2 × 5%
M
s g
M150
x 3
h250
hf
M x
5 .
%.
j f
M
0004500025000350066500
$1 = ¥110
¥26,510 = $?
$2,750 = ¥?
110
g Y
26510
8 f
Y =
2750
x f
Y =
1100024100
30250000r =
3 cm (r�
Y)
� r 2 = ?
3 g
Y.
t i
Y*
. ;
=
300
2827 24 4 +
6 = 2.4...(A
)
3 × (A) +
60 ÷ (A
) =
24
8 (
4 +
6 )
=
3 x
i /
+ 60
8
i /
=
240
3220
* Entry of the m
ultiplication procedure is omitted betw
een “� ” and a variable.
2 General Inform
ation.indd 1606.7.10 8:51:06 P
M
17 Ch
ap
ter 3
Fin
an
cia
l Fu
nc
tion
sG
eneral In
form
ation
Fin
ancial calcu
lation
s
The follow
ing fi nancial functions are available. Use N
OR
MA
L m
ode to perform fi nancial calculations.
TV
M (T
ime V
alue o
f Mo
ney) so
lver: Analyze equal and regular
cash fl ows. T
hese include calculations for mortgages, loans,
leases, savings, annuities and contracts or investments w
ith regular paym
ents.
Am
ortizatio
n calcu
lation
s: Calculate and create am
ortization schedules using values stored in the T
VM
solver.
Disco
un
ted cash
fl ow
analysis: A
nalyze unequal cash fl ows
and calculate NP
V (net present value) and IR
R (internal rate of
return).
Bo
nd
calculatio
ns: S
olve bond prices or yields to maturity w
ith accrued interest.
Dep
reciation
calculatio
ns: O
btain depreciation base values using three types of calculation m
ethods.
Co
nversion
betw
een A
PR
and
EF
F: Interest rates can be
converted between A
PR
(annual, or nominal percentage rate)
and EF
F (effective interest rate).
Day an
d d
ate calculatio
ns: C
alculate dates and the number of
days between dates.
Percen
t chan
ge/C
om
po
un
d in
terest calculatio
ns: C
alculate percent change (increase or decrease) and com
pound interest rates.
Co
st/Sell/M
argin
/Marku
p calcu
lation
s: Calculate cost, selling
price and margin/m
arkup.
Breakeven
calculatio
ns: C
alculate breakeven points (quantity) using fi xed costs, variable costs per unit, unit prices, and profi t.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 17
06.7.10 8:38:07 PM
18
Variab
les used
in fi n
ancial calcu
lation
s
Financial calculations use m
ultiple variables. By entering know
n values into variables, you can obtain unknow
n values. Variables
used in fi nancial calculations are categorized into the following
two types, depending on the entry m
ethod.
TV
M variab
les:V
ariables that are used in the TV
M solver. T
hese include N,
I/Y, PV, P
MT
and FV. You can store, recall or calculate values
directly using the corresponding keys.
Listed
fi nan
cial variables:
Variables that are organized into lists in different categories. These
variables can be accessed using the z/i
cursor keys in each calculation. P
/Y and C
/Y in the T
VM
solver are of this type of variable.
Variab
les shared
amo
ng
calculatio
ns
Financial variables are specifi c to the type of calculation they
are used in. Values are stored in these variables and recalled
as required. Som
e variables are shared (in the mem
ory area) am
ong calculations. If you change the value of a variable in one calculation, the value w
ill change in all the other calculations as w
ell. The follow
ing list shows the variables shared betw
een calculations. W
hile calculating, be aware of the values stored in
these variables.
TV
Mso
lver
Disco
un
ted
cash fl o
w
analysis
Bo
nd
calculatio
ns
Dep
reciation
calcu
lation
s
Percen
t chan
ge/
Co
mp
ou
nd
inter-
est calculatio
ns
Day an
d d
ate calcu
lation
s
N—
CP
N/Y
(N)
LIFE
(N)
PE
RIO
DS
(N)
—
I/YR
ATE
(I/Y)
YIE
LD (I/Y
)D
B (I/Y
)%
(I/Y)
—
PV
—P
RIC
E (P
V)
CO
ST
(PV
)O
LD P
RC
(PV
)—
PM
T—
CO
UP
ON
(P
MT
)—
——
FV
—R
ED
EM
PT
(F
V)
SA
LVA
GE
(FV
)N
EW
PR
C (F
V)
—
——
M-D
-Y 1
D-M
-Y 1
——
M-D
-Y 1
D-M
-Y 1
——
M-D
-Y 2
D-M
-Y 2
——
M-D
-Y 2
D-M
-Y 2
*The variable nam
es vary according to the data format settings.
**
**
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 18
06.7.10 8:38:09 PM
19 Basic variab
le op
eration
s
TV
M variab
les (N, I/Y, P
V, PM
T, FV
)
A.
En
tering
a value
E
nter a value and then press the corresponding TV
M vari-
able key.
No
te: You can also enter values into variables using arithmetic
operations.E
x. 100 x 12 u
B.
Disp
laying
a value
P
ress f and the corresponding T
VM
variable key.
C.
Execu
ting
calculatio
n
Press @
and the corresponding TV
M variable key.
Listed
fi nan
cial variables
A. E
nterin
g a valu
e1.
Select the desired fi nancial calculation m
ethod by press-ing the corresponding fi nancial calculation key.
2. U
se z/i
to select the variable you wish to enter.
3. E
nter the value and press Q w
hen the “EN
T” sym
bol appears.
No
te: In step 3, you can also enter values into variables using arithm
etic operations.E
x. 100 x 12 Q
B. D
isplayin
g a valu
e 1.
Use z
/i to show
the variable and value.
C.
Execu
ting
calculatio
n1.
Use z
/i to select the variable you w
ish to calculate.
2. P
ress @ w
hen the “CO
MP
” symbol appears.
No
te: Pressing .
b resets all the variables in the dis-
played listed fi nancial group to the default values. For
details, see the relevant sections for each fi nancial calcu-lation.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 19
06.7.10 8:38:10 PM
20
Th
e EN
T an
d C
OM
P sym
bo
ls
Listed fi nancial variables are categorized by whether they are
known or unknow
n. When the variable is selected (displayed),
the “EN
T” and/or “C
OM
P” sym
bols will appear to indicate that
the current variable may be entered (know
n variable) and/or calculated (unknow
n variable), respectively. For details, refer to
the explanations or examples for each fi nancial function.
No
te: TV
M variables (N
, I/Y, PV, P
MT
and FV
) can be entered (know
n variables) and calculated (unknown variables),
however, neither “E
NT
” nor “CO
MP
” will appear on the
display.
Categ
ory
Disp
lay symb
ols
Descrip
tion
s
For entry only
EN
TV
ariable can be used as a know
n, but not as an unknow
n.
For calculation only
CO
MP
Variable can be used as
an unknown, but not as
a known.
For entry or calcula-
tionE
NT
CO
MP
Variable can be used
as either a known or an
unknown.
Calculated autom
ati-cally
—U
nknown variable, but
the calculator calculates the value autom
atically.
No
tes:• D
uring fi nancial calculation, the word “calculating!” w
ill be displayed on the screen. You can press s
at this time to
cancel the calculation.• C
alculation-only and automatically calculated variables have
no default values.• T
he sym
bol will be displayed if the value of the displayed
variable has not been calculated yet (for variables that can be calculated).
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 20
06.7.10 8:38:10 PM
21 Co
mp
ou
nd
interest
This calculator assum
es interest is compounded periodically in
fi nancial calculations (compound interest). C
ompound inter-
est accumulates at a predefi ned rate on a periodic basis. F
or exam
ple, money deposited in a passbook saving account at
a bank accumulates a certain am
ount of interest each month,
increasing the account balance. The am
ount of interest received each m
onth depends on the balance of the account during that m
onth, including interest added in previous months. Interest
earns interest, which is w
hy it is called compound interest.
It is important to know
the compounding period of a loan or
investment before starting, because the w
hole calculation is based on it. T
he compounding period is specifi ed or assum
ed (usually m
onthly).
Cash
fl ow
diag
rams
The direction of arrow
s indicates the direction of cash movem
ent (infl ow
and outfl ow) w
ith time. T
his manual uses the follow
ing cash fl ow
diagrams to describe cash infl ow
s and outfl ows.
Paym
ent (PM
T)
......
Inflow (+
)
Cash
flow
Present
value (PV
)
Future
value (FV
)
Tim
e
Outflow
(–)
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 21
06.7.10 8:38:12 PM
22
TV
M (T
ime V
alue o
f Mo
ney) S
olver
Analyze equal and regular cash fl ow
s. These include calcula-
tions for mortgages, loans, leases, savings, annuities, and
contracts or investments w
ith regular payments.
No
te: Discounted cash fl ow
analysis can be done using un-equal cash fl ow
s (see page 37).A
n amortization schedule can be calculated using the
information stored in the T
VM
solver (see page 33).
Variab
les used
in th
e TV
M so
lver
Variab
leC
orresp
on
din
gvariab
le keyD
escriptio
nD
efault
value
NN
Total number of paym
ents1
I/Yf
Interest rate per year0
PV
vP
resent value0
PM
Tu
Paym
ent0
FV
TF
uture value0
P/Y
.
wN
umber of paym
ents per year1
C/Y
.
w i
Num
ber of compounding
periods per year1
Settin
g th
e paym
ent p
eriod
(paym
ent d
ue)
You can toggle between ordinary annuity (paym
ent at the end of the period) and annuity due (paym
ent at the beginning of the period) using .
". T
he default setting is ordinary annuity (B
GN
is not displayed).
Refer to page 28 for details.
Basic o
peratio
ns
Refer to page 19 for basic variable operations.
1. P
ress s to clear the display.
• Make sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
• All the T
VM
solver variables retain their previously entered values. If you w
ish to clear all the data, press . b
.
2. S
elect ordinary annuity or annuity due using . "
.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 22
06.7.10 8:38:12 PM
23 3. E
nter values into TV
M solver variables.
• Enter a value and press the appropriate T
VM
variable key (N
, f, v
, u, T
).• P
ress . w
and then enter a value for P/Y. T
he sam
e value is automatically assigned to C
/Y as w
ell. Val-
ues entered into P/Y
or C/Y
must be positive. A
fter enter-ing values, press s
to quit the P/Y
and C/Y
settings.• A
fter setting P/Y
(number of paym
ents per year), you can use .
< to enter N
(total number of paym
ents). E
nter the number of years and press .
<. T
he calculator autom
atically calculates the total number of
payments.
• By pressing f
/ you can use the result of the pre-
vious normal calculation stored in A
NS
mem
ory as a TV
M
variable.• N
ote that some variables are shared by other calculations
and may have values assigned by those calculations.
4. P
ress @ and the T
VM
variable key that you wish to solve.
• The calculation is perform
ed and the obtained values are displayed.
Basic exam
ples fo
r the T
VM
solver
C
alculatin
g b
asic loan
interest
A $56,000 m
ortgage loan (compounded m
onthly) requires m
onthly payments of $440 during its 20-year am
ortization pe-riod. C
alculate the annual interest rate on the mortgage.
N =
12 × 20 years = 240
......
PV
= $56,000
I/Y =
?%
FV
= 0
PM
T =
–$440
Default values for the num
ber of payments per year (P
/Y) and
the number of com
pounding periods per year (C/Y
) are both set to 1. S
et these values before entering TV
M variable values.
1
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 23
06.7.10 8:38:13 PM
24
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values..
b
000M
ake sure ordinary annuity is set (BG
N is not displayed).
Set the num
ber of pay-m
ents per year to 12..
w 12
QP/Y=
1200T
he number of com
pounding periods per year is automatically set to the
same value as P
/Y.
Confi rm
the number of
compounding periods
per year.
iC/Y=
1200Q
uit the P/Y
and C/Y
settings.
s
000C
alculate the total num-
ber of payments and
store in N.
20
. <
NANS~N24000
Enter the present value.
56000
v56———~PV
5600000E
nter payment.
, 440
u(-44—)~PMT
-44000E
nter the future value.0
T—~FV
000C
alculate the annual interest rate.
@ f
I/Y=
717A
nsw
er: The annual interest rate is 7.17%
.
No
te: If you make a m
istake, press L to erase the num
ber and enter the correct num
ber to continue.A
fter pressing the TV
M variable key, you m
ust re-enter values from
the beginning.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 24
06.7.10 8:38:14 PM
25 C
alculatin
g b
asic loan
paym
ents
Calculate the quarterly paym
ent for a $56,000 mortgage loan
at 6.5% com
pounded quarterly during its 20-year amortization
period.
I/Y =
6.5%
N =
4 × 20 years = 80 ......
PV
= $56,000
FV
= 0
PM
T =
?
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values..
b
000M
ake sure ordinary annuity is set (BG
N is not displayed).
Set the num
ber of pay-m
ents per year to 4..
w 4
QP/Y=
400C
onfi rm the num
ber of com
pounding periods per year.
iC/Y=
400Q
uit the P/Y
and C/Y
set-tings.
s
000C
alculate the total num
ber of payments and
store in N.
20
. <
NANS~N
8000E
nter the present value.56000
v56———~PV
5600000E
nter the future value.0
T—~FV
000E
nter the annual interest rate.
6.5
f6.5~I/Y650
Calculate the quarterly
payment.
@ u
PMT=-125586
An
swer: T
he quarterly payments are $1,255.86.
2
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 25
06.7.10 8:38:15 PM
26
C
alculatin
g fu
ture valu
e
You will pay $200 at the end of each m
onth for the next three years into a savings plan that earns 6.5%
compounded quar-
terly. What am
ount will you have at the end of period if you
continue with the plan?
N =
12 × 3 years = 36
......
PV
= 0
PM
T =
–$200
I/Y =
6.5% (quarterly) F
V =
?
PM
T =
–$200
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values..
b
000M
ake sure ordinary annuity is set (BG
N is not displayed).
Set the num
ber of pay-m
ents per year to 12..
w 12
QP/Y=
1200S
et the number of com
-pounding periods per year to 4.
i 4
QC/Y=
400Q
uit the P/Y
and C/Y
settings.
s
000C
alculate the total num-
ber of payments and
store in N.
3 .
< N
ANS~N
3600E
nter the present value.0
v—~PV
000E
nter payment.
, 200
u(-2——)~PMT
-20000E
nter the annual inter-est rate.
6.5
f6.5~I/Y650
Calculate the future
value.@
TFV=
792219A
nsw
er: You will have $7,922.19 at the end of the three-year
period.
3
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 26
06.7.10 8:38:17 PM
27 Calcu
lating
presen
t value
You open an account that earns 5% com
pounded annually. If you w
ish to have $10,000 twenty years from
now, w
hat amount
of money should you deposit now
?
FV
= $10,000
N =
20 years
PV
= ?
I/Y =
5%
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values..
b
000M
ake sure ordinary annuity is set (BG
N is not displayed).
Set the num
ber of pay-m
ents per year to 1..
w 1
QP/Y=
100T
he number of com
pounding periods per year is automatically set to 1.
Press s
to exit the P/Y
and C/Y
settings.
Enter the total num
ber of paym
ents.s
20
N2—~N
2000E
nter the future value.10000
T1————~FV
1000000S
et payment to zero.
0 u
—~PMT
000E
nter the annual inter-est rate.
5 f
5~I/Y
500C
alculate the present value.
@ v
PV=-376889
An
swer: You should deposit $3,768.89 now
.
4
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 27
06.7.12 3:53:22 PM
28
Sp
ecifying
paym
ents d
ue ( .
")
This calculator can select ordinary annuity or annuity due de-
pending on the regular cash fl ow (paym
ent) conditions.
Ord
inary an
nu
ity (EN
D):
This is the default setting for fi nancial calculations. B
GN
is not displayed. A
regular cash fl ow (paym
ent) is received at end of each paym
ent period. Often applied to loan calculations, etc.
An
nu
ity du
e (BG
N):
BG
N appears on the display. A
regular cash fl ow (paym
ent) is received at the beginning of each paym
ent period. Often applied
to the fi nance lease of an asset.
To toggle between ordinary annuity and annuity due, press
. "
.
No
te: The above selection only affects the T
VM
solver.
O
rdin
ary ann
uity
Your company w
ishes to accumulate a fund of $300,000 over the
next 18 months in order to open a second location. A
t the end of each m
onth, a fi xed amount w
ill be invested in a money m
arket savings account w
ith an investment dealer. W
hat should the m
onthly investment be in order to reach the savings objective, as-
suming the account w
ill earn 3.6% interest com
pounded monthly?
N =
18
PV
= 0
FV
= $300,000
PM
T =
?
......
I/Y =
3.6%
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values..
b
000M
ake sure ordinary annuity is set (BG
N is not displayed).
Set the num
ber of pay-m
ents per year to 12..
w 12
QP/Y=
1200T
he number of com
pounding periods per year is automatically set to
12. Press s
to exit the P/Y
and C/Y
settings.
1
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 28
06.7.12 3:53:24 PM
29
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Enter the total num
ber of paym
ents.s
18
N18~N
1800E
nter the future value.300000
T3—————~FV
30000000S
et the present value to zero.
0 v
—~PV
000E
nter the annual inter-est rate.
3.6
f3.6~I/Y360
Calculate paym
ent.@
uPMT=-1624570
An
swer: T
he monthly investm
ent should be $16,245.70.
A
nn
uity d
ue
Your company w
ishes to obtain a computer system
with a value of
$2,995. The sam
e system m
ay be leased for 24 months at $145 per
month, paid at the beginning of each m
onth. At the end of the lease,
the system m
ay be purchased for 10% of the retail price. S
hould you lease or purchase the com
puter if you can obtain a two-year
loan at 7.2%, com
pounded monthly, to purchase the com
puter?
N =
24
......
PV
= $2,995
I/Y =
?%
FV
= $2,995 × 10%
= $299.5
PM
T =
–$145
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values..
b
000S
et to annuity due (B
GN
is displayed)..
"
000S
et the number of pay-
ments per year to 12.
. w
12
QP/Y=
1200
2
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 29
06.7.10 8:38:20 PM
30
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
The num
ber of compounding periods per year is autom
atically set to 12. P
ress s to exit the P
/Y and C
/Y settings.
Enter the total num
ber of paym
ents.s
24
N24~N
2400E
nter the future value.2995
x 10
.
% T
ANS~FV29950
Enter paym
ent.,
145
u(-145)~PMT
-14500E
nter the present value. 2995
v2995~PV
299500C
alculate the annual interest rate.
@ f
I/Y=
708A
nsw
er: If you lease the computer system
, the annual interest rate w
ould be 7.08%, w
hich is less than that of the interest rate on a tw
o-year loan, so it would be m
ore cost-effective to lease a com
puter system than to
purchase one.
C
alculatin
g th
e presen
t value o
f a lease with
trad
e-in valu
eYour client w
ishes to buy a machine currently leased from
your com
pany. On a fi ve-year lease w
ith payments of $200 at the
beginning of each month, the m
achine has a trade-in value of $1,500 w
ith 34 monthly paym
ents remaining. If your com
pany sells the m
achine at the present value of the lease, discounted at an annual interest rate of 18%
, compounded m
onthly, how
much should your com
pany charge for the machine?
N =
34
......
PV
= ?
FV
= –$1,500
I/Y =
18%
PM
T =
–$200
3
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 30
06.7.10 8:38:22 PM
31
4
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values..
b
000S
et to annuity due (B
GN
is displayed)..
"
000S
et the number of pay-
ments per year to 12.
. w
12
QP/Y=
1200T
he number of com
pounding periods per year is automatically set to
12. Press s
to exit the P/Y
and C/Y
settings.
Enter the total num
ber of paym
ents.s
34
N34~N
3400E
nter payment.
, 200
u(-2——)~PMT
-20000E
nter the annual inter-est rate.
18
f18~I/Y1800
Enter the future value.
, 1500
T(-15——)~FV
-150000C
alculate the present value.
@ v
PV=
627995A
nsw
er: $6,279.95 should be charged for the machine.
C
alculatin
g d
ow
n p
aymen
t and
amo
un
t to
bo
rrow
You wish to buy a house for $180,000. T
he fi nance company
charges a 5.5% A
PR
, compounded m
onthly, on a 25-year loan. If you can afford a m
onthly payment of $900, how
much can you
borrow? H
ow m
uch do you need for a down paym
ent?
N =
12 × 25 years = 300
......
I/Y =
5.5%
PV
= ?
FV
= 0
PM
T =
–$900
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 31
06.7.10 8:38:24 PM
32
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values..
b
000M
ake sure ordinary annuity is set (BG
N is not displayed).
Set the num
ber of pay-m
ents per year to 12..
w 12
QP/Y=
1200T
he number of com
pounding periods per year is automatically set to 12.
Press s
to exit the P/Y
and C/Y
settings.
Enter the total num
ber of paym
ents.s
25
. <
N
ANS~N30000
Enter paym
ent.,
900
u(-9——)~PMT
-90000E
nter the annual inter-est rate.
5.5
f5.5~I/Y550
Set the future value to
zero. 0
T—~FV
000C
alculate the present value.
@ v
PV=14655892
Calculate the dow
n paym
ent.s
180000
-
f v
=18————-PV=
3344108A
nsw
er: You can borrow $146,558.92 in total. T
he price of the house is $180,000, so:D
own paym
ent = $180,000 – present value
=
$180,000 – $146,558.92You need $33,441.08 for a dow
n payment.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 32
06.7.10 8:38:25 PM
33
AMRTP1=100
Am
ortizatio
n C
alculatio
ns
Calculate and create am
ortization schedules using values stored in the T
VM
solver.
No
te: Prior to using am
ortization, you need to enter values into T
VM
variables.
Variab
les used
in am
ortizatio
n
Variab
leD
escriptio
nD
efault valu
e
AM
RT
P1
Start of paym
ent (nth time)
1
AM
RT
P2
End of paym
ent (nth time)
1
BA
LAN
CE
Rem
aining balance after payment
—
�P
RIN
CIPA
LP
rincipal paid—
�IN
TE
RE
ST
Interest paid over the specifi ed periods—
• BA
LAN
CE
, �P
RIN
CIPA
L and �IN
TE
RE
ST
are calculated autom
atically, so no default values are set.• A
MR
T P
1 and AM
RT
P2 m
ust be between 1 and 9,999.
Basic o
peratio
ns
Refer to page 19 for basic variable operations.
1. P
ress s to clear the display.
• Make sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
• All the T
VM
solver variables retain their previously entered values. If you w
ish to clear all the data, press . b
.
2. S
elect ordinary annuity or annuity due using . "
.
3. E
nter the appropriate numeric values for the variables used
in the TV
M solver.
• Confi rm
the values of N, I/Y, P
V, PM
T, FV, P
/Y and C
/Y.
4. P
ress * to use am
ortiza-tion calculation.
5. E
nter a value for “AM
RT
P1”
and press Q.
6. P
ress i, enter a value for “A
MR
T P
2” and press Q.
7. D
isplay values for BA
LAN
CE
, �P
RIN
CIPA
L and �IN
TE
RE
ST
by pressing i
once for each. Each value is calculated
automatically.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 33
06.7.10 8:38:27 PM
34
8. P
ress i to calculate the next period of the am
ortization schedule.
9. R
epeat steps 5 to 7 above.
• If you press @ during “A
MR
T P
1” and “AM
RT
P2” entry,
the values for the next period of payment w
ill be automatically
calculated and displayed.
• To end amortization calculations, press s
. Pressing s
during entry w
ill clear the value entered.
C
alculatin
g m
ortg
age p
aymen
ts and
gen
erat-in
g an
amo
rtization
sched
ule
1. Calculate the m
onthly payment of a 20-year loan w
ith a loan am
ount of $90,000 and a 5.45% A
PR
.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values..
b
000M
ake sure ordinary annuity is set (BG
N is not displayed).
Set T
VM
solver vari-ables and calculate paym
ent.
. w
12
Q
s 20
. <
N
90000
v 0
T
5.45
f @
u
PMT=-61656
An
swer: T
he monthly paym
ent is $616.56.
Now
generate an amortization schedule for the fi rst 5 years of the
loan. If the fi rst payment is in A
ugust, the fi rst year has 5 payment
periods and the following years have 12 paym
ent periods each.
2. Calculate the am
ortization schedule for the fi rst year.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Change to am
ortization calculation and enter 1 (A
ugust) for the starting paym
ent.
* 1
Q
AMRTP1=100
Enter 5 (D
ecember) for
the ending payment.
i 5
QAMRTP2=500
Display the rem
aining balance.
iBALANCE=
8895148
1
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 34
06.7.10 8:38:27 PM
35
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Display the principal
paid.i
ÍPRINCIPAL=
-104852D
isplay the interest paid.
iÍINTEREST=
-203428
3. Calculate the am
ortization schedule for the second year.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Change am
ortization schedule to the second year and enter 6 (Janu-ary) for the starting paym
ent.
i 6
Q
AMRTP1=600
Enter 17 (D
ecember)
for the ending payment.
i 17
QAMRTP2=1700
Display the rem
aining balance.
iBALANCE=
8633592D
isplay the principal paid.
iÍPRINCIPAL=
-261556D
isplay the interest paid.
iÍINTEREST=
-478316
4. Calculate the am
ortization schedule for the third year.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Change am
ortization schedule to the third year and enter the next 12 m
onths automati-
cally.
i @
i
AMRTP2=2900
Display the rem
aining balance.
iBALANCE=
8357421D
isplay the principal paid.
iÍPRINCIPAL=
-276171D
isplay the interest paid.
iÍINTEREST=
-463701
5. R
epeat the above operation for the fourth and fi fth years.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 35
06.7.10 8:38:29 PM
36
C
alculatin
g p
aymen
ts, interest, an
d lo
an b
al-an
ce after a specifi ed
paym
ent
You have taken out a 30-year loan for $500,000, with an annual
interest rate of 8.5%. If, after the 48th period, you w
ant a balloon paym
ent due, what am
ount of monthly paym
ent must you m
ake w
ith monthly com
pounding and how m
uch will the balloon pay-
ment be?
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Set all the variables to
default values.s
. b
000M
ake sure ordinary annuity is set (BG
N is not displayed).
Set T
VM
solver vari-ables and calculate paym
ent.
. w
12
Q
s 30
. <
N
500000
v 0
T
8.5
f @
u
PMT=-384457
An
swer: T
he monthly paym
ent is $3,844.57.
Now
generate an amortization schedule from
the fi rst to the 48th paym
ents.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Change to am
ortization calculation and enter 1 for the starting paym
ent.
* 1
QAMRTP1=100
Enter 48 (D
ecember)
for the ending payment.
i 48
QAMRTP2=4800
Display the balance af-
ter 48 months. (balloon
payment)
iBALANCE=
48275524D
isplay the principal paid over 48 m
onths.i
ÍPRINCIPAL=
-1724476D
isplay the interest paid over 48 m
onths.i
ÍINTEREST=
-16729460A
nsw
er: The balloon paym
ent after the 48th period would be
$482,755.24.
2
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 36
06.7.10 8:38:31 PM
37 Disco
un
ted C
ash F
low
An
alysisA
nalyze unequal cash fl ows and calculate the net present value
(NP
V) and the internal rate of return (IR
R).
No
te: Use the T
VM
solver for equal and regular cash fl ow
analysis (see page 22).
En
tering
cash fl o
w d
ata
To fi nd NP
V and IR
R using discounted cash fl ow
analysis, enter cash fl ow
data, one data item at a tim
e, in the following form
at:
Sin
gle cash
fl ow
sC
ash fl ow value J
Rep
eated cash
fl ow
sC
ash fl ow value >
frequency value J
No
tes:• B
efore entering data, press > .
b to clear any
previously entered cash fl ow data.
• Press ,
to enter a negative cash fl ow (outfl ow
).• M
ake sure the calculator is in NO
RM
AL m
ode. It is not pos-sible to enter cash fl ow
data when listed fi nancial variables are
shown on the display. P
ress s to exit.
• You can enter a total of up to 100 cash fl ow and/or statistical
data items. A
single cash fl ow value is counted as one data
item, w
hile a cash fl ow value w
ith an associated frequency value is counted as tw
o.• Frequency values m
ust be integers between 1 and 999.
• If you wish to correct a value before pressing J
, press s
to delete the entry and enter the correct value.
E
nterin
g cash
fl ow
data
Enter cash fl ow
data according to the following cash fl ow
dia-gram
.
–$25,000 $7,000$9,000
$5,000$5,000
$8,000
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 37
06.7.10 8:38:33 PM
38
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000E
nter cash fl ow data.
, 25000
JDATASET:CF
0007000
JDATASET:CF
1009000
JDATASET:CF
2005000
> 2
JDATASET:CF
3008000
JDATASET:CF
400
If there is cash fl ow data stored, press >
. b
to clear it.
T
he format of the data set (cash fl ow
and frequency values) num
ber, which is initially set to “0.00,” is dependent on calcu-
lator display notation settings.
Co
nfi rm
ing
and
editin
g d
ata
Co
nfi rm
ing
data
Press >
to display any previously entered cash fl ow data.
The data is displayed in order by data item
(identifi er, number,
and value).U
se z/i
to display a data item from
a previously entered data set.
CF
D—=
-2500000
Cash flowidentifier
Data set
number
Cash flow
value
CF
N—=
100
Frequency identifier
Data set
number
Frequency value
* 1
* 1* 2
* 2
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 38
06.7.10 8:38:33 PM
39 • Press .
z or .
i to jum
p to the fi rst or the last data item
, respectively.• E
ach data item is displayed in the form
CF
Dn=
(cash fl ow
value) or CF
Nn=
(frequency), where n indicates the data set
number.
Ed
iting
data
• Display the data item
you wish to m
odify by using z/i
, enter a new
value and press J.
• If a frequency value is set to zero, then the associated data set is deleted.
Deletin
g d
ata• D
isplay the data item to be deleted by using z
/i, and
press . ?
. • If a cash fl ow
value/frequency is deleted, the corresponding frequency/cash fl ow
value is also deleted.• If you w
ish to delete all data, press . b
.
Insertin
g d
ataU
sing the z and i
keys, specify the correct place to insert your new
data by displaying the value that is to come
directly after, and then press . e
. A new
data set with
a cash fl ow value of zero and a frequency value of one w
ill be inserted. M
odify the new data set to include your data.
C
orrectin
g cash
fl ow
data
Currently the cash fl ow
data is that shown in chart A
. Change it
according to chart B.
–$25,000
$7,000$9,000
$5,000$5,000
$8,000
Chart A
–$30,000
$7,000$9,000
$6,000$5,000
$8,000
Chart B
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Display previously
entered cash fl ow data.
(Exam
ple on page 37)
s >
CFD—=
-2500000
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 39
06.7.10 8:38:34 PM
40
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Change the fi rst cash
fl ow value from
–25,000 to –30,000.
, 30000
JCFD—=
-3000000C
hange the frequency of 5000 from
2 to 1.i
i i
i
i i
i 1
JCFN3=
100A
dd a new data set
(6000) imm
ediately before 5000.
. e
6000
JCFD3=600000
To confi rm the corrections, press .
z to jum
p to the fi rst data item
and press i to brow
se through each data item.
Variab
les used
in d
iscou
nted
cash fl o
w an
alysis
Variab
leD
escriptio
nD
efault valu
e
RAT
E (I/Y
)Internal rate of return (IR
R)
0
NE
T_P
VN
et present value (NP
V)
—
• The variable R
ATE
(I/Y) is shared by the variable I/Y. N
ET
_PV
is for calculation only and has no default value.
• The B
GN
/EN
D setting is not available for discounted cash fl ow
analysis.
NP
V an
d IR
R
The calculator solves the follow
ing cash fl ow values:
Net p
resent valu
e (NP
V):
The total present value of all cash fl ow
s, including cash paid out (outfl ow
s) and cash received (infl ows). A
profi table investment is
indicated by a positive NP
V value.
Intern
al rate of retu
rn (IR
R):
The interest rate that gives a net present value of zero.
Basic o
peratio
ns
Refer to page 19 for basic variable operations.
1. P
ress s to clear the display.
• Make sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 40
06.7.10 8:38:35 PM
41 2. E
nter cash fl ow data.
• Refer to page 37 for instructions on entering cash fl ow
data.
3. P
ress . <
to begin discounted cash fl ow analysis.
• If a previously entered cash fl ow value is displayed, press
s to exit and then press .
<.
4. To fi nd N
PV
or IRR
, do the following:
To o
btain
NP
V:
Enter the interest rate (discounted rate) into R
ATE
(I/Y) and
press Q. M
ove to NE
T_P
V and calculate by pressing i
and @
.
To o
btain
IRR
: P
ress @ to calculate IR
R (R
ATE
(I/Y)).
No
te: If “Error 5” is displayed in step 4, or if you w
ant to fi nd another IR
R, enter an estim
ated value into RAT
E(I/Y
) and calculate again in step 4.
S
olvin
g fo
r un
equ
al cash fl o
ws
Your company pays $12,000 for a new
network system
, and expects the follow
ing annual cash fl ows: $3,000 for the fi rst year,
$5,000 for the second to fourth years, and $4,000 for the fi fth year. A
t what IR
R does the net present value of the cash fl ow
s equal zero?–$12,000
$3,000$5,000
$5,000$5,000
$4,000
1. E
nter cash fl ow data.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000
1
* 1
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 41
06.7.10 8:38:36 PM
42
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Enter cash fl ow
data. ,
12000
JDATASET:CF
0003000
JDATASET:CF
1005000
> 3
JDATASET:CF
2004000
JDATASET:CF
300R
eturn to the initial dis-play in N
OR
MA
L mode.
s
000
If there is cash fl ow data stored, press >
. b
to clear it.
2. C
alculate IRR
.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Select discounted cash
fl ow analysis, and set all
the variables to default values.
. <
. b
RATE(I/Y)=000
Calculate IR
R (R
ATE
(I/Y
)). @
RATE(I/Y)=
2314A
nsw
er: The net present value of the cash fl ow
s equals zero at an IR
R of 23.14%
.
C
alculatin
g th
e presen
t value o
f variable cash
fl o
ws
Your company has prepared forecasts for the developm
ent costs and operating profi ts of the next generation of your product. D
evelopment costs for each of the next three years (Years 1 to
3) will be $50,000. M
anufacturing equipment costing $100,000
will be purchased at the end of Year 3. A
nnual profi ts for the fi ve-year product life (from
Year 4 to Year 8) are projected to be $80,000. T
he salvage value of the manufacturing equipm
ent at the end of Year 8 is $20,000. G
iven a 12% discount rate, should
your company proceed w
ith the product development?
* 1
2
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 42
06.7.10 8:38:37 PM
43
$80,000$80,000
$80,000$80,000
$80,000
–$20,000–$50,000
–$50,000–$100,000
–$50,000
1. E
nter the cash fl ow data.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000E
nter cash fl ow data.
, 50000
> 2
J
DATASET:CF
000,
150000
JDATASET:CF
10080000
> 4
JDATASET:CF
20060000
JDATASET:CF
300R
eturn to the initial dis-play in N
OR
MA
L mode.
s
000
If there is cash fl ow data stored, press >
. b
to clear it.
2. C
alculate NP
V.P
roced
ure
Key o
peratio
nD
isplay
Select discounted cash
fl ow analysis, and set all
the variables to default values.
. <
. b
RATE(I/Y)=000
Enter the discount rate.
12
QRATE(I/Y)=
1200C
alculate NP
V
(NE
T_P
V).
i @
NET_PV=
662752A
nsw
er: As N
PV
= 6,627.52 >
0, the product can be developed.
* 1
* 1
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 43
06.7.10 8:38:38 PM
44
Bo
nd
Calcu
lation
s U
sing bond calculations, you can obtain bond prices, yields to m
aturity, and accrued interest.
Variab
les used
in b
on
d calcu
lation
s
Variab
leD
escriptio
nD
efault valu
e
CO
UP
ON
(PM
T)
Annual coupon rate (%
)0
RE
DE
MP
T (F
V)
Redem
ption value0
M-D
-Y 1
Settlem
ent date (date of bond pur-chase)
1-1-2001
M-D
-Y 2
Redem
ption date1-1-2001
CP
N/Y
(N)
Num
ber of coupons per year1
YIE
LD (I/Y
)Y
ield to maturity (%
)0
PR
ICE
(PV
)B
ond price0
AC
CU
INT
Accrued interest
—
R
edemption value of the security per $100 par value.
You can change the date form
at to D-M
-Y (see page 10).
You can only enter “1” or “2” —
“1” for annual coupons and “2” for sem
i-annual coupons.
Per $100 par value.
No
te: Bonds are associated w
ith payment m
ethods known as
coupons. A coupon is like an “interest-only paym
ent,” and it is based on the future value of the bond. C
OU
PO
N is
a percentage of the bond par value, usually annually, by the ow
ner of the bond. F
or bonds that have annual coupons, the owner receives
one payment of the coupon am
ount each year. Som
e bonds have sem
i-annual coupons. For these, each year’s
coupon amount is paid in tw
o equal payments six m
onths apart. T
he date on which a coupon paym
ent is made is
called the “coupon date.” The bond m
aturity date is usu-ally the last coupon date.
Settin
g th
e day-co
un
t meth
od
You can toggle between the actual calendar (365 days plus leap
years) and a 360-day calendar (12 months of 30 days each)
using . &
. The actual calendar is set by default (360 is
not displayed). The calendar range is from
January 1, 1901 to D
ecember 31, 2099.
* 2* 2
* 1* 2
* 1
* 3
* 4
* 3* 4
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 44
06.7.10 8:38:40 PM
45 Basic o
peratio
ns
Refer to page 19 for basic variable operations.
1. P
ress s to clear the display.
• Make sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
2. S
elect bond calculations by pressing #
.• To end bond calculations,
press s.
• If you press s during entry, any entered values w
ill be cleared.
3. C
hange the day-count setting, if necessary, by pressing .
&.
4. E
nter the coupon rate (%) into C
OU
PO
N (P
MT
) by entering the value and pressing Q
.
5. E
nter the redemption value into R
ED
EM
PT
(FV
) by pressing i
, entering the value, and pressing Q.
6. E
nter the date of bond purchase into M-D
-Y 1 (or D
-M-Y
1) by pressing i
, entering the date, and pressing Q.
• For date entry, refer to page 47, ”E
ntering dates”.
7. E
nter the redemption date into M
-D-Y
2 (or D-M
-Y 2) by
pressing i, entering the date, and pressing Q
.• F
or date entry, refer to page 47, ”Entering dates”.
8. E
nter the number of coupon paym
ents per year into CP
N/Y
(N
) by pressing i, entering the value, and pressing Q
.
9. To fi nd bond price or yield to m
aturity, do the following:
To o
btain
bo
nd
price (P
RIC
E (P
V)):
Enter annual yield (%
) into YIE
LD(I/Y
) by pressing i, enter-
ing the value, and pressing Q. M
ove to PR
ICE
(PV
) and calculate by pressing i
and @. D
isplay the accrued interest (A
CC
U IN
T) by pressing i
. The accrued interest is
calculated automatically.
To o
btain
yield to
matu
rity (YIE
LD
(I/Y)):
Move to P
RIC
E (P
V) and enter the bond price by pressing i
i
, entering the value, and pressing Q. M
ove to annual yield, Y
IELD
(I/Y) and calculate by pressing z
@. D
isplay the accrued interest (A
CC
U IN
T) by pressing i
i. T
he accrued interest is calculated autom
atically.
COUPON(PMT)=
000
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 45
06.7.10 8:38:41 PM
46
C
alculatin
g b
on
d p
rice and
accrued
interest
A $100, 20-year, 6.5%
coupon bond is issued to mature on
August 15, 2023. It w
as sold on Novem
ber 3, 2006 to yield the purchaser 7.2%
compounded sem
iannually until maturity. A
t w
hat price did the bond sell? Also calculate the accrued coupon
interest.Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000S
elect bond calcula-tions.
#COUPON(PMT)=
000M
ake sure the actual calendar is set (360 is not displayed).
Enter the coupon rate
(%).
6.5
QCOUPON(PMT)=
650E
nter the redemption
value.i
100
QREDEMPT(FV)=
10000E
nter the settlement
date.i
11032006
QM-D-Y1=[FR]
11-3-2006
Enter the redem
ption date.
i 08152023
QM-D-Y2=[TU]
8-15-2023E
nter the number of
coupon payments per
year.
i 2
QCPN/Y(N)=200
Enter the annual yield
(%).
i 7.2
QYIELD(I/Y)=
720C
alculate bond price.i
@PRICE(PV)=
9323C
alculate the accrued interest.
iACCUINT=141
Calculate bond price
including accrued interest.
s i
v +
i
/ =
PV+ANS=9464
An
swer: T
he bond sold at $93.23 and the accrued coupon interest w
as $1.41 (the bond price including accrued interest w
ould be $94.64).
The asking price on the above bond is $92.50. W
hat will your
yield be?
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 46
06.7.10 8:38:42 PM
47
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Change the bond price
to $92.50.#
i i
i
i i
i 92.5
Q
PRICE(PV)=
9250C
alculate the yield.z
@YIELD(I/Y)=
728A
nsw
er: The yield w
ill be 7.28%.
En
tering
dates
Refer to the follow
ing notes for date entry.
• Enter using U
S date form
at (MM
-DD
-YY
YY
) or EU
date for-m
at (DD
-MM
-YY
YY
). Refer to the previous exam
ple and the follow
ing explanation.
Mo
nth
entry
Enter tw
o digits. From 2 to 9, the preceding zero m
ay be omitted.
Day en
tryE
nter two digits. From
4 to 9, the preceding zero may be om
itted.
Year entry
Enter four digits. From
2010 to 2099, the zero following the
fi rst “2” may be om
itted. From 1901 to 1989, the “9” follow
ing the fi rst “1” m
ay be omitted.
• After entry, the date w
ill be stored and the abbreviated day of the w
eek will be displayed.
• [SU
]: Sunday, [M
O]: M
onday, [TU
]: Tuesday, [WE
]: Wednes-
day, [TH
]: Thursday, [F
R]: Friday, [S
A]: S
aturday.
• The default value for dates is: January 1, 2001 (1-1-2001).
• The effective range of dates is: January 1, 1901 to D
ecember
31, 2099.• If an inappropriate date is entered (e.g., F
ebruary 31), an error m
essage (Error 7) w
ill appear imm
ediately after pressing Q.
In this case, follow either of the follow
ing procedures: • P
ress s to return to the display before the entry, enter
the appropriate date, and press Q.
• Press g
/y to go back to the display that w
as shown
before you pressed Q. P
ress s or L
, enter the appropriate date, and press Q
again.• If you w
ish to correct numbers during entry, use L
as a backspace key.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 47
06.7.10 8:38:44 PM
48
Dep
reciation
Calcu
lation
s U
sing depreciation calculations, you can obtain depreciation base values using three types of calculation m
ethods: the straight-line m
ethod, the sum-of-the-years’ digits m
ethod, and the declining balance m
ethod.
Variab
les used
in d
epreciatio
n calcu
lation
s
Variab
leD
escriptio
nD
efault valu
e
DB
(I/Y)
Interest per year0
LIFE
(N)
Years of depreciation1
STA
RT
MO
NT
HS
tarting month
1
CO
ST
(PV
)C
ost of asset0
SA
LVA
GE
(FV
)S
alvage value0
YE
AR
Year for calculating depreciation value1
DE
PR
EC
IATE
Depreciation value of above year
—
RB
VR
emaining book value
—
RD
VR
emaining depreciation value
—
D
B (I/Y
) appears only when you select D
B (declining balance
m
ethod) for the depreciation method.
Settin
g th
e dep
reciation
meth
od
• Select the depreciation m
ethod in the SE
T U
P m
enu. It is initially set to S
L.
Key o
peratio
nD
escriptio
n
~ 2
0S
L (Straight-line m
ethod)
~ 2
1S
YD
(Sum
-of-the-years’ digits method)
~ 2
2D
B (D
eclining balance method)
Basic o
peratio
ns
Refer to page 19 for basic variable operations.
1. P
ress s to clear the display.
• Make sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
* 1
* 1
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 48
06.7.10 8:38:45 PM
49 2. S
elect the depreciation method (see page 48).
3. S
elect depreciation calculations by pressing O
.• W
hen using the declining balance m
ethod, DB
(I/Y) ap-
pears. Enter the num
ber and press Q.
• To end depreciation calculations, press s. If you press
s during entry, any entered values w
ill be cleared.
4. E
nter the number of years of depreciation into LIF
E (N
) by pressing i
, entering the value, and pressing Q.
• When using the straight-line m
ethod, the value should be a positive real num
ber, while for the S
YD
or DB
methods, it
should be a positive integer.
5. E
nter the starting month into S
TAR
T M
ON
TH
by pressing i
, entering the value, and pressing Q.
• You can enter values between 1 and 13.
• Generally, it is not necessary to enter a decim
al value. H
owever, if you w
ish to enter, for example, the m
iddle of July, enter 7.5; w
here the decimal is equal to the num
ber value of the given date divided by the total num
ber of days in the m
onth.
6. E
nter the cost of asset into CO
ST
(PV
) by pressing i,
entering the value, and pressing Q.
7. E
nter the salvage value into SA
LVAG
E (F
V) by pressing i
, entering the value, and pressing Q
.
8. E
nter the year for calculating depreciation value into YE
AR
by pressing i
, entering the value, and pressing Q.
• The year for calculating depreciation value is initially 1.
Pressing @
increments this num
ber by 1.• T
his value must be a positive integer.
9. C
alculate depreciation for the year by pressing i.
10. Calculate the rem
aining book value by pressing i.
11. Calculate the rem
aining depreciation by pressing i.
12. To calculate depreciation value for another year, press z
three times to go back to Y
EA
R, enter a value for the new
year, and recalculate.
SL----------
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 49
06.7.10 8:38:46 PM
50
C
alculatin
g straig
ht-lin
e dep
reciation
In April, your com
pany begins depreciation of a comm
ercial building w
ith a 30-year life and no salvage value. The building
costs $1,500,000. Calculate the depreciation am
ount, remaining
book value and remaining depreciable value for the third year
using the straight-line depreciation method.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial
display in NO
RM
AL
mode, and select the
straight-line deprecia-tion m
ethod.
s ~
2 0
000S
elect depreciation calculations.
OSL----------
Enter the num
ber of years of depreciation.
i 30
QLIFE(N)=3000
Enter the starting
month.
i 4
QSTARTMONTH=
400E
nter the cost of asset. i
1500000
QCOST(PV)=
150000000E
nter the salvage value.i
0 Q
SALVAGE(FV)=
000E
nter the year for calcu-lating depreciation value.
i 3
QYEAR=
300C
alculate depreciation for the year.
iDEPRECIATE=
5000000C
alculate the remaining
book value.i
RBV=
136250000C
alculate the remaining
depreciation value.i
RDV=
136250000A
nsw
er: At the third year, the depreciation am
ount is $50,000, the rem
aining book value is $1,362,500, and the re-m
aining depreciable value is $1,362,500.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 50
06.7.10 8:38:47 PM
51 Co
nversion
betw
een A
PR
and
EF
FInterest rates can be converted betw
een AP
R (annual, or nom
i-nal percentage rate) and E
FF
(effective interest rate).
• The A
PR
is an investment’s annual rate of interest w
hen com-
pounding happens only once a year. The interest rate printed
on a bond is an example of an A
PR
.
• The E
FF
is an investment’s annual rate of interest w
hen com-
pounding happens more often than once a year. It refl ects the
actual amount of return for a given nom
inal rate. For exam
ple, if your investm
ent compounds m
onthly, then the stated nomi-
nal percentage rate becomes a m
onthly rate, and the EF
F
refl ects your actual annual rate of return.
Basic o
peratio
ns
1. P
ress s to clear the display. M
ake sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
2. E
nter the calculation data in the following form
at:
• To ch
ang
e AP
R to
EF
F:
N
umber of com
pounding periods per year > N
ominal
percentage rate . P
• To ch
ang
e EF
F to
AP
R:
N
umber of com
pounding periods per year > E
ffective interest rate .
!
C
onvertin
g b
etween
AP
R an
d E
FF
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Calculate the
effective interest rate for tw
elve com
pounding periods w
ith an 18%
AP
R.
s 12
> 18
. P
12,18¬EFF
1956C
onvert this rate back to the origi-nal A
PR
.
12
> 19.56
. !
12,19.56¬APR
1800
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 51
06.7.10 8:38:49 PM
52
Day an
d D
ate Calcu
lation
sU
sing day and date calculations, you can fi nd dates and the num
bers of days between dates.
Variab
les used
in d
ay and
date calcu
lation
s
Variab
leD
escriptio
nD
efault valu
e
M-D
-Y 1
The fi rst date
1-1-2001
M-D
-Y 2
The last date
1-1-2001
DAY
SN
umber of days
0
You can change the date form
at to D-M
-Y (see page 10).
Settin
g th
e day-co
un
t meth
od
You can toggle between the actual calendar (365 days plus leap
years) and a 360-day calendar (12 months of 30 days each)
using . &
. The actual calendar is set by default (360 is
not displayed). The calendar range is from
January 1, 1901 to D
ecember 31, 2099.
Basic o
peratio
ns
Refer to page 19 for basic variable operations.
1. P
ress s to clear the display.
• Make sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
2. S
elect day and date calcula-tions by pressing K
.• To end day and date calcula-
tions, press s. If you press
s during entry, any entered values w
ill be cleared.
3. C
hange the day-count method, using .
&, if neces-
sary.
4. E
nter the values of any two know
n variables: the fi rst date, the last date, or the num
ber of days.• F
or date entry, refer to page 47, ”Entering dates”.
5. M
ove to the variable you wish to calculate, using the z
and i
keys, and press @ to calculate.
• If the calculator is set to 360-day calendar mode (360 is
displayed), it is not possible to obtain either the fi rst or last dates, only the num
ber of days.
* 1* 1
* 1
M-D-Y1=[MO]
1-1-2001
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 52
06.7.10 8:38:50 PM
53
C
alculatin
g n
um
ber o
f days
Calculate the num
ber of days between D
ecember 25, 2008 and
August 10, 2009 (using U
S date form
at and the actual calen-dar).
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000S
elect day and date calculations, and set all the variables to default values.
K .
b
M-D-Y1=[MO]
1-1-2001
Make sure the actual calendar is set (360 is not displayed).
Enter the fi rst date.
12252008
QM-D-Y1=[TH]
12-25-2008E
nter the last date.i
8102009
QM-D-Y2=[MO]
8-10-2009M
ove to DAY
S and
calculate.i
@DAYS=22800
An
swer: 228 days
• If the 360-day calendar is selected, the answer w
ill be 225 days.
F
ind
ing
a date
Find the date 100 days after N
ovember 13, 2010 (using U
S date
format and the actual calendar).
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000S
elect day and date calculations, and set all the variables to default values.
K .
b
M-D-Y1=[MO]
1-1-2001
Make sure the actual calendar is set (360 is not displayed).
Enter the fi rst date.
1113210
QM-D-Y1=[SA]
11-13-2010M
ove to DAY
S and en-
ter the number of days.
i i
100
QDAYS=10000
12
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 53
06.7.10 8:38:51 PM
54
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Move to the last date
and calculate.z
@M-D-Y2=[MO]
2-21-2011A
nsw
er: The last date is F
ebruary 21, 2011.
Percen
t Ch
ang
e/Co
mp
ou
nd
Interest C
al-cu
lation
s U
sing percent change/compound interest calculations, you can
determine the values of percentage rates of change (increase or
decrease) or interest rates compounding periodically.
Variab
les used
in p
ercent ch
ang
e/com
po
un
d in
terest calcu
lation
s
Variab
leD
escriptio
nD
efault valu
e
OLD
PR
C (P
V)
Old price (old value)
0
NE
W P
RC
(FV
)N
ew price (new
value)0
% (I/Y
)P
ercent change0
PE
RIO
DS
(N)
Num
ber of compounding periods
1
Basic o
peratio
ns
Refer to page 19 for basic variable operations.
1. P
ress s to clear the display.
• Make sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
2. S
elect percent change/ com-
pound interest calculations by pressing .
B.
• To end percent change/com-
pound interest calculations, press s.
• If you press s during entry, any entered values w
ill be cleared.
3. E
nter the values of any three known variables: old price, new
price, percent change, or num
ber of compounding periods.
4. M
ove to the variable you wish to calculate, using the z
and i
keys, and press @ to calculate.
OLDPRC(PV)=
000
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 54
06.7.10 8:38:52 PM
55
C
alculatin
g p
ercent ch
ang
e
Sales in a com
pany were $75,000 during the fi rst year of opera-
tion. The second year’s sales w
ere $116,000. What percentage
greater were the second year’s sales than fi rst year’s sales?
In this calculation, the number of com
pound periods is set to 1 (default).
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000S
elect percent change/com
pound interest calculations, and set all the variables to default values.
. B
. b
OLDPRC(PV)=
000E
nter the old value.75000
QOLDPRC(PV)=
7500000E
nter the new value.
i 116000
QNEWPRC(FV)=
11600000C
alculate the percent change.
i @
%(I/Y)=5467
An
swer: T
he second year’s sales increased by 54.67% over
the fi rst year’s sales.
C
alculatin
g co
mp
ou
nd
interest rate
You opened an account compounding annually and deposited
$8,000 eighteen years ago. You currently have $9,800. What is
the compound interest rate?
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000S
elect percent change/com
pound interest calculations, and set all the variables to default values.
. B
. b
OLDPRC(PV)=
000E
nter the old value.8000
QOLDPRC(PV)=
800000
12
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 55
06.7.10 8:38:53 PM
56
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Enter the new
value.i
9800
QNEWPRC(FV)=
980000S
et the number of com
-pound periods to 18.
i i
18
QPERIODS(N)=
1800C
alculate the com-
pound interest rate.z
@%(I/Y)=113
An
swer: T
he compound interest rate is 1.13%
.
Co
st/Sell/M
argin
/Marku
p C
alculatio
ns
Using cost/sell/m
argin/markup calculations, you can determ
ine costs, selling prices, m
argins and markup.
Variab
les used
in co
st/sell/marg
in/m
arkup
calcula-
tion
sVariab
leD
escriptio
nD
efault valu
e
CO
ST
Cost
0
SE
LLS
elling price0
MA
RG
INP
rofi t margin (%
)0
MA
RK
UP
Markup (%
)0
P
rofi t margin (%
) is calculated based on selling price.
Markup (%
) is calculated based on cost.
Basic o
peratio
ns
Refer to page 19 for basic variable operations.
1. P
ress s to clear the display.
• Make sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
2. S
elect cost/sell/margin/ m
arkup calculations by pressing I
.• To end cost/sell/m
argin/mark-
up calculations, press s.
• If you press s during entry, any entered values w
ill be cleared.
* 1
* 1* 2
* 2
COST=
000
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 56
06.7.10 8:38:55 PM
57 3. E
nter the values of any two know
n variables as follows:
Un
kno
wn
variable
Kn
ow
n variab
les
CO
ST
SE
LL, and MA
RG
IN or M
AR
K U
P
SE
LLC
OS
T, and MA
RG
IN or M
AR
K U
P
MA
RG
INC
OS
T and S
ELL
MA
RK
UP
CO
ST
and SE
LL
B
ecause only either MA
RG
IN or M
AR
K U
P is used in any
cost/sell/margin/m
arkup calculation, the unused variable is given a value of “----------”. Initially, M
AR
K U
P is set to
“----------”. If you enter a value for MA
RK
UP, M
AR
GIN
is set to “----------”, and vice versa.
4. M
ove to the variable you wish to calculate, using the z
and i
keys, and press @ to calculate.
D
etermin
ing
selling
price
In a furniture business, it is desirable to realize a 95% m
arkup from
cost to retail price for each item. A
certain sofa costs $455.60. W
hat should its selling price be?P
roced
ure
Key o
peratio
ns
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000S
elect cost/sell/margin
markup calculations,
and set all the variables to default values.
I .
b
COST=
000E
nter cost.455.6
QCOST=45560
Enter m
arkup rate.i
i i
95
Q
MARKUP=9500
Calculate selling price.
z z
@SELL=88842
An
swer: T
he selling price should be $888.42.
* 1* 1
* 1
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 57
06.7.10 8:38:56 PM
58
Breakeven
Calcu
lation
sU
sing breakeven calculations, you can calculate fi xed cost, vari-able cost per unit, unit price, profi t and quantity.
Variab
les used
in b
reakeven calcu
lation
s
Variab
leD
escriptio
nD
efault valu
e
FIX
ED
Fixed cost
0
VA
RIA
BLE
Variable cost per unit
0
PR
ICE
Unit price
0
PR
OF
ITP
rofi t0
QU
AN
TIT
YQ
uantity0
Basic o
peratio
ns
Refer to page 19 for basic variable operations.
1. P
ress s to clear the display.
• Make sure the calculator is in N
OR
MA
L mode.
2. S
elect breakeven calculations by pressing $
.• To end breakeven calcula-
tions, press s.
• If you press s during entry, any entered values w
ill be cleared.
3. E
nter the values of any four known variables.
4. M
ove to the variable you wish to calculate, using the z
and i
keys, and press @ to calculate.
C
alculatin
g th
e breakeven
po
int
Your company has developed a new
product and plans to sell it at a price of $120 per unit. T
he variable cost per unit is $75.80 and the fi xed costs total $15,000. W
hat is the breakeven point for this product?
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Bring up the initial dis-
play in NO
RM
AL m
ode.s
000
FIXED=
000
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 58
06.7.10 8:38:57 PM
59
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Select breakeven
calculations, and set all the variables to default values.
$ .
b
FIXED=
000E
nter fi xed cost.15000
QFIXED=
1500000E
nter variable cost per unit.
i 75.80
QVARIABLE=
7580E
nter unit price.i
120
QPRICE=12000
Leave profi t as is.i
PROFIT=000
Calculate quantity.
i @
QUANTITY=
33937A
nsw
er: The breakeven point of this product is 339.37 units.
3 Financial F
unctionsCurrent.indd 59
06.7.10 8:38:58 PM
60
Ch
ap
ter 4
Sc
ien
ti� c F
un
ctio
ns
This calculator has a variety of functions. P
ress m 0
to select N
OR
MA
L mode and perform
scientifi c calculations.
• For basic calculations, see page 11.
• When a listed fi nancial variable is displayed, you can enter
the result of a scientifi c calculation into it by pressing Q
imm
ediately after completing the calculation.
• Scientifi c calculations can also be perform
ed in STAT
mode.
• The exam
ples in this chapter are all performed under the S
ET
U
P m
enu’s default settings. Before starting calculation, press
s to clear the display.
Co
nstan
t Calcu
lation
sE
xamp
leK
ey op
eration
Resu
lt
34 + 57 =
s 34
+ 57
=9100
45 + 57 =
45
=10200
68 × 25 =
68
x 25
=170000
68 × 40 =
40
=272000
• In constant calculations, the addend becomes a constant.
Subtraction and division behave the sam
e way. F
or multiplica-
tion, the multiplicand becom
es a constant.• In constant calculations, constants w
ill be displayed as .
Ch
ain C
alculatio
ns
A calculation result (A
NS
mem
ory) can be used in a subse-quent calculation. H
owever, it cannot be recalled after entering
multiple instructions.
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nR
esult
6 + 4 =
AN
SA
NS
+ 5 =
s6
+4
=
+5
=10001500
8 × 2 =
AN
SA
NS
2 =8
x 2
=.
; =
160025600
44 + 37 =
AN
S A
NS
=44
+ 37
=.
} =
8100900
4 Scientific C
alculations.indd 6006.7.10 8:02:12 P
M
61 Scien
tifi c Calcu
lation
sE
xamp
leK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
sin 60 [°] =s
. {
60
=
sin60=
087cos —
[rad] =~
1 1
.
c (
. t
8
4 )
=cos(π©4)=071
tan–1 1 [g] =
~ 1
2 .
7
1 =
tan
- |1=5000
tan–1 1 [°] =
~ 1
0 .
7
1 =
tan
- |1=4500
• The range of the results of inverse trigonom
etric functions
� = sin
–1x, � = tan
–1x� =
cos–1x
DE
G–90 � � � 90
0 � � � 180
RA
D– —
� � � —0 � � � �
GR
AD
–100 � � � 1000 � � � 200
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nR
esult
(cosh 1.5 +
sinh 1.5) 2 =s
( .
] c
1.5
+
. ]
{1.5
)
. ;
=2009
tanh–1 —
=.
] 7
(5
8 7
)
=090
log 50 =.
h 50
=170
In 20 =.
d 20
=300
101.7 =
. :
1.7
=5012
e3 =
. R
3 =
2009
— +
— =
6 .
; +
7 .
;
=031
8–2 – 3
4 × 52 =
8 .
@ ,
2 -
3
. @
4 x
5 .
;
=-202498
(123) – =
12
. @
3 .
@ 4
.
; =
645 49 – 4 81 =
. }
49
- 4
. :
81
=400
�4
�2�2
14
1617
57
4 Scientific C
alculations.indd 6106.7.10 8:02:15 P
M
62
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nR
esult
4! =4
. o
=2400
10 P3 =
10
. q
3 =
72000
5 C2 =
5 .
p 2
=1000
What is 25%
of 500?
500
x 25
. %
12500
What
percentage of 400 is 120?
120
8 400
. %
3000
500 + (500 ×
25%
) =500
+ 25
. %
62500
400 – (400 ×
30%) =
400
- 30
. %
28000
Ran
do
m F
un
ction
sT
his calculator has four kinds of random functions (the 2nd func-
tion of the - key).
Ran
do
m n
um
bers
A pseudo-random
number, consisting of three signifi cant digits
from zero up to 0.999, can be generated by pressing .
|
0 =
. To generate further random num
bers in succession, press =
for each number. P
ress s to exit.
• To display numbers w
ith three signifi cant digits, set the display notation settings to “fl oating point”.
Ran
do
m d
ice
To simulate a die roll, a random
integer between 1 and 6 can
be generated by pressing . |
1 =
. To generate further random
numbers in succession, press =
for each num
ber. Press s
to exit.
Ran
do
m co
in
To simulate a coin fl ip, 0 (heads) or 1 (tails) can be random
ly generated by pressing .
| 2
=. To generate
further random num
bers in succession, press = for each
number. P
ress s to exit.
4 Scientific C
alculations.indd 6206.7.10 8:02:19 P
M
63 Ran
do
m in
teger
An integer betw
een 0 and 99 can be generated randomly by
pressing . |
3 =
. To generate further random
numbers in succession, press =
for each number. P
ress s
to exit.
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nD
isplay
Pick a random
number
between zero and 9.99.
s .
| 0
x
10
=RANDOMx1—=532
• The result w
ill not be the same each tim
e this operation is perform
ed.
Mo
dify F
un
ction
Calculation results are internally obtained in scientifi c notation
with a m
antissa of up to 14 digits. How
ever, because calculation results are displayed in the form
designated by the display nota-tion and the num
ber of decimal places indicated, a displayed
calculation result may differ from
that held internally. By using
the modify function (the 2nd function of the +
key), the internal value is converted to m
atch that of the display, so that the displayed value can be used w
ithout change in subsequent operations.
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nR
esult
5 ÷ 9 =
AN
SA
NS
× 9 =
[FIX
, TAB
= 2]
s 5
8 9
=
x 9
=056500
5 8
9 =
.
l x
9 =
056504
5.5555555555555 ×
10–1 ×
9
0.56 × 9
* 1
* 2
* 1* 2
4 Scientific C
alculations.indd 6306.7.10 8:02:20 P
M
64
Ch
ap
ter 5
Sta
tistica
l Fu
nc
tion
sS
tatistical calculations can be performed in S
TAT m
ode. The
symbol w
ill be visible if you are in STAT
mode.
There are seven sub-m
odes within S
TAT m
ode, corresponding to each of the functions below
:
Key o
peratio
nS
ub
-mo
de
Disp
lay
m 1
0
m 1
1
m 1
2
m 1
3
m 1
4
m 1
5
m 1
6
SD
: Single-variable statistics
LINE
: Linear regression
QU
AD
: Quadratic regression
EX
P: E
xponential regression
LOG
: Logarithmic regression
PW
R: P
ower regression
INV
: Inverse regression
Stat—
Stat1
Stat2
Stat3
Stat4
Stat5
Stat6
En
tering
statistical data
Before you can perform
statistical calculations, you will need to
enter your data. In STAT
mode, use >
and J (the Q
key) to enter the follow
ing:
Fo
r a sing
le-variable d
ata set:V
alue JV
alue > frequency J
(To enter multiples of the sam
e value)
Fo
r a two
-variable d
ata set:x value >
y value Jx value >
y value > frequency J
(To enter multiples
of the same x and y values)
No
te:B
efore entering data, clear any previously entered data from
mem
ory by doing either of the following:
• P
ress . b
in STAT
mode.
• S
witch sub-m
odes within S
TAT m
ode.
5 Statistical C
alculations.indd 6406.7.10 8:03:34 P
M
65 • You can enter a total of up to 100 statistical and/or cash fl ow
data items. F
or single-variable data, a data set without a
frequency is counted as one data item, and a data set w
ith an assigned frequency is counted as tw
o data items. F
or two-
variable data, a data set without a frequency is counted as
two data item
s, while a data set w
ith an assigned frequency is counted as three data item
s.• If you w
ish to correct a value before pressing J, press
L or s
to delete the entry, then enter the correct value.
E
nterin
g statistical d
ata
Enter the data in the table to the right using
the “Stat 0” sub-m
ode.
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Enter the “S
tat 0” sub-m
ode.s
m 1
0Stat—
000E
nter statistical data.30
JDATASET=100
40
> 2
JDATASET=200
50
JDATASET=300
Return to the “S
tat 0” display.
sStat—
000
If there is data stored in mem
ory, press . b
(within
STAT
mode) to clear it.
T
he format of the data set (the sam
ple and frequency values) num
ber, which is initially set to “1.00”, is dependent on calcu-
lator notation settings.
DA
TA
30404050
* 1* 2
* 1* 2
5 Statistical C
alculations.indd 6506.7.10 8:03:37 P
M
66
Co
nfi rm
ing
and
editin
g d
ata
• Use z
/ i to display a data item
from a previously
entered data set.
• Press .
z or .
i to jum
p to the fi rst or last data item
, respectively.
• Each data item
is displayed in the form: “X
n = ( x value)”, “Y
n =
( y value)”, or “FR
Qn =
(frequency)”, where “n” is the data set
number.
Ed
iting
data
• Display the data item
you wish to m
odify by using z / i
, enter a new
value and press J.
Deletin
g d
ata• D
isplay the data item to be deleted by using z
/i, and
press . ?
. • If a value/frequency is deleted, the corresponding frequency/
value is also deleted.• If you w
ish to delete all data, press . b
.
Insertin
g d
ataU
sing the z and i
keys, specify the correct place to insert your new
data by displaying the value that is to come
directly after, and then press . e
. A new
data set with a
value of zero and a frequency of one will be inserted. M
odify the new
data set to include your data.
X1=
1000
Data set num
ber
x value
Y1=
2000
Data set num
ber
y value
FRQ1=
1100
Data set num
ber
Frequency
5 Statistical C
alculations.indd 6606.7.10 8:03:38 P
M
67 E
ditin
g statistical d
ata
Change the previously entered data from
page 65 as follows:
Pro
cedu
reK
ey op
eration
Disp
lay
Display the statistical
data.i
X1=
3000C
hange the “40, 2” data set to “45, 3”.
i i
45
J
i 3
JFRQ2=
300D
elete “50”.i
. ?
Stat—
000A
dd “60”.60
JDATASET=300
Statistical C
alculatio
ns an
d V
ariables
The follow
ing results can be obtained for each statistical calcula-tion (refer to the table below
):
Sin
gle-variab
le statistical calculatio
ns
Section �
results only.
Lin
ear regressio
n calcu
lation
s
Section �
and � results, except for coeffi cients c.
The estim
ate of y for a given x (estimate y´) and the estim
ate of x for a given y (estim
ate x´) can also be found.
Qu
adratic reg
ression
calculatio
n
Section �
and � results, and coeffi cients a, b, and c in the qua-
dratic regression formula ( y =
a + bx +
cx2). In quadratic regres-
sion calculations, no correlation coeffi cient r can be obtained.
DA
TA
30404050
DA
TA
3045454560
5 Statistical C
alculations.indd 6706.7.10 8:03:39 P
M
68
The estim
ate of y for a given x (estimate y´) and the estim
ate of x for a given y (estim
ate x´) can also be found. When there
are two x values, the C
OM
P sym
bol will appear. P
ress @ to
switch betw
een x values.
Exp
on
ential reg
ression
, log
arithm
ic regressio
n, p
ow
-er reg
ression
, and
inverse regressio
n calcu
lation
s
Section �
and � results, except for coeffi cients c.
The estim
ate of y for a given x (estimate y´) and the estim
ate of x for a given y (estim
ate x´) can also be found. Because the
calculator converts each formula into a linear regression before
actual calculation takes place, it obtains all statistics — except
coeffi cients a and b — from
converted data rather than from
entered data.
Variab
lesC
on
tent
①
nN
umber of sam
ples
xM
ean of samples ( x values)
sxS
ample standard deviation ( x values)
�x
Population standard deviation ( x values)
�x
Sum
of samples ( x values)
�x
2S
um of squares of sam
ples ( x values)
②
yM
ean of samples ( y values)
syS
ample standard deviation ( y values)
�y
Population standard deviation ( y values)
�y
Sum
of samples ( y values)
�y
2S
um of squares of sam
ples ( y values)
�xy
Sum
of products of samples ( x, y)
aC
oeffi cient of regression equation
bC
oeffi cient of regression equation
cC
oeffi cient of quadratic regression equation
rC
orrelation coeffi cient
• Use i
or f to perform
a variable calculation in STAT
m
ode.
5 Statistical C
alculations.indd 6806.7.10 8:03:40 P
M
69
S
ing
le-variable statistical calcu
lation
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nR
esult
m 1
0 .
b
Stat—
000
9595
JDATASET=100
8080
JDATASET=200
80J
DATASET=300
75757575
> 3
JDATASET=400
5050
JDATASET=500
x =f
=–x
7571 =
�x =
f 2
1237σ≈=
n =f
n700
n=
�x =
f U
53000Í≈=
�x
2 =f
[4120000
Í≈Œ=
sx =f
41336
Sx=
sx2 =
. ;
=17857
SxŒ=
— × 10 +
50 =
( 95
- i
=
) 8
i
4 x
10
+ 50
=
6443
DA
TA
1
(95 – x)
sx
5 Statistical C
alculations.indd 6906.7.10 8:03:41 P
M
70
L
inear reg
ression
calculatio
n
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nR
esult
xy
m 1
1
Stat1
000
25
2 >
5 J
DATASET=100
25
JDATASET=200
1224
12
> 24
JDATASET=300
212121
40404021
> 40
> 3
JDATASET=400
1525
15
> 25
JDATASET=500
a =f
a105
a=
b =f
b183
b=
r =f
r100
r=
sx =f
4854
Sx=
sy =f
51567
Sy=
x = 3
y´ = ?
3 .
?653
3y
y = 4
6 x´ =
?46
. 9
246246x´
DA
TA 2
5 Statistical C
alculations.indd 7006.7.10 8:03:44 P
M
71
Q
uad
ratic regressio
n calcu
lation
Exam
ple
Key o
peratio
nR
esult
xy
m 1
2
Stat2
00012
4112
> 41
JDATASET=100
813
8 >
13
JDATASET=200
52
5 >
2 J
DATASET=300
23200
23
> 200
JDATASET=400
1571
15
> 71
JDATASET=500
a =f
a536
a=
b =f
b-312
b=
c =f
a050
c=
x = 1
0 y´ =
?10
. ?
244910
y
y = 2
2 x´ =
?22
. 9
@@
963≈¡=
-343≈™=
963≈¡=
3
DA
TA
5 Statistical C
alculations.indd 7106.7.10 8:03:47 P
M
72
Ap
pe
nd
ixF
inan
cial Calcu
lation
Fo
rmu
lasT
VM
solver
PM
T, P
V, F
V, N
Error
I/Y
If PM
T = 0 then
If N =
1 then
If PM
T � 0 or N � 1 then � nd i using the fol-
lowing equations:
+
Errori� –1
Am
ortization calculationsC
alculations (for P
V, PM
T, and i, see the TV
M solver)
EN
D
INT
(1) = R
OU
ND
(–PV
× i)
BG
N
INT
(1) = 0
PR
N(1) =
–INT
(1) + R
OU
ND
(PM
T)
BA
L(1) =
PR
N(1) +
PV
INT
(m) =
RO
UN
D(–B
AL
(m – 1) × i)
PR
N(m
) = –IN
T(m
) + R
OU
ND
(PM
T)
BA
L(m
) = P
RN
(m) +
BA
L(m
– 1)
RO
UN
D(N
UM
): If a display notation tab setting has been chosen, N
UM
is rounded and truncated to the speci� ed num
ber of places after the decim
al point.
Results
ErrorA
MR
T P1 >
AM
RT P
2
Disco
un
ted cash
fl ow
an
alysismm
CF
where i =
RA
TE
(I/Y)
100, C
Fim
ax = the m
axi-
mum
data set number
IRR
is obtained as i, which satis� es N
PV
= 0
in the above equations.
Appendix.indd 72
06.7.10 8:41:48 PM
73 Bo
nd
calculatio
ns
In its bond calculations, this calculator conforms to rules set up by
the book titled Standard S
ecurities Calculation M
ethods, by Jan M
ayle, Securities Industry A
ssociation, 1993.B
ond calculation is based on the following rules:
1. W
henever the redemption date happens to be the last day of a
month, coupons are also paid on the last days of m
onths. For
example, if coupon paym
ents are semi-annual and the redem
p-tion date is S
eptember 30, coupon paym
ents occur on March 31
and Septem
ber 30.
2. If coupons are to be paid tw
ice a year and the redemption date
is set to August 29, 30, or 31, coupon paym
ents for February
occur on the 28th (29th for leap years).
3. T
he “Odd C
oupon” is not supported.
4. A
ll data stored or calculated for bonds are assumed to be posi-
tive values. Negative values in any of the variables used by bond
calculations will cause errors.
The form
ulas used for bond calculations are shown using the follow
-ing variable defi nitions:T
D: Total num
ber of days in the coupon period that begins with the
coupon date previous to the settlement date and ends w
ith the fi rst coupon date after the settlem
ent date. (On the 360-day
calendar, TD
is 180 for semi-annual coupon and 360 for annual
coupon.)P
D: T
he number of days preceding the settlem
ent date in the cou-pon period described above. (see “D
ay and date calculations”)F
D: T
he number of days follow
ing the settlement date in the coupon
period described above (in TD
).
FD
= T
D – P
DN
P: T
he number of w
hole coupon periods between the settlem
ent date and the redem
ption date (rounded up to the next highest w
hole number, if necessary).
For one coupon period or less until redem
ption of bond:
For m
ore than one coupon period until redemption:
where C
PN
= C
OU
PO
N(P
MT
), RD
V =
RE
DE
MP
T(F
V), N
= C
PN
/Y(N
), YIE
LD
= Y
IEL
D(I/Y
), P
RIC
E =
PR
ICE
(PV
). Yield is obtained as Y
IEL
D, w
hich satis� es the above equations.
Error
CP
N <
0 or RD
V <
0 or PR
ICE
< 0 or M
-D-Y
1 � M-D
-Y 2 or Y
IEL
D � –100
Appendix.indd 73
06.7.10 8:41:58 PM
74
Dep
reciation
calculatio
ns
RO
UN
D(N
UM
): If a display notation tab setting has been chosen, N
UM
is rounded and truncated to the speci� ed num
ber of places after the decim
al point.
In the following equations, M
01 = STA
RT
MO
NT
H, L
IF =
LIF
E(N
), CST =
CO
ST(P
V),
SAL =
SALVA
GE
(FV
), and DB
= D
B(I/Y
).
Straight-line method (SL
)C
alculations
If 1 < n <
end_year then
Results
Sum-of-the-years� digits m
ethod (SYD
)C
alculations
Results
Declining balance m
ethod (DB
)C
alculations
Results
Error
CST <
0
SAL <
0
CST <
SAL
LIF
: when SL
, LIF
� 0w
hen SYD
or DB
, LIF
is not a positive integer
I/Y <
0 (DB
only)
Co
nversion
betw
een
AP
R an
d E
FF
N, E
FF
¬ A
PR
(( + 1) –1) N
100E
FF
100
1N
Error
EF
F � –100
N, A
PR
¬ E
FF
(( + 1) –1) 100
AP
RN
100N
Error
≤ –100A
PR
N
Day and date calculations
In day and date calculations, this calculator conform
s to rules set up in the book titled Stan-dard Securities C
alculation Methods, by Jan
Mayle, Securities Industry A
ssociation, 1993.
Appendix.indd 74
06.7.10 8:42:00 PM
75 30/360
1. Adjust D
1 and D2 according to the fol-
lowing rules:
(1) If D2 and D
1 are both the last day of F
ebruary, change D2 to 30.
(2) If D1 is the last day of F
ebruary, change D
1 to 30.
(3) If D2 is 31 and D
1 is 30 or 31, change D
2 to 30.
(4) If D1 is 31, change D
1 to 30.
2. Calculate using the follow
ing formula:
DA
YS =
(Y2 – Y
1) × 360 + (M
2 – M1) ×
30 + (D
2 – D1)
Actual
Percent change/Com
pound interest calculations
where N
EW
= N
EW
PR
C(F
V), O
LD
= O
LD
P
RC
(PV
), %C
H =
%(I/Y
), PD
= P
ER
IOD
S(N)
Error
%C
H � –100
NE
W × O
LD
� 0
Co
st/Sell/M
argin
/Marku
p
calculatio
ns
where M
AR
= M
AR
GIN
, MU
= M
AR
K U
P
Breakeven
calculatio
ns
Statistical C
alcula-
tion
Fo
rmu
lasTyp
eR
egressio
n fo
rmu
la
Lineary =
a + bx
Quadratic
y = a +
bx + cx
2
Exponential
y = a • e
bx
Logarithmic
y = a +
b • Inx
Pow
ery =
a • xb
Inverse 1 y =
a + b x
x = xn Σ
sx = x
2 – nx2
n – 1Σ
x = x
2 – nx2
nσ
Σ
x = x
1 + x
2 + ··· +
xn
Σ
x2 =
x12 +
x22 +
··· + xn
2Σy =
yn Σ
sy = y
2 – ny2
n – 1Σ
y = y
2 – ny2
nΣ
σ
y = y1 +
y2 + ··· +
ynΣ
y2 =
y12 +
y22 +
··· + y
n2
Σ
xy = x1 y1 +
x2 y2 + ··· +
xn ynΣA
n error will occur in a statisti-
cal calculation if:
• The absolute value of an
intermediate or calculation
result is equal to or greater than 1 × 10
100.• T
he denominator is zero.
• An attem
pt is made to fi nd
the square root of a negative num
ber.• N
o solution exists for a qua-dratic regression calculation.
Appendix.indd 75
06.7.10 8:42:06 PM
76
Erro
rs and
Calcu
lation
Ran
ges
Erro
rs
An error w
ill occur if an operation exceeds the calculation rang-es, or if a m
athematically illegal operation is attem
pted. When
an error occurs, pressing g or y
automatically m
oves the cursor back to the place in the equation w
here the error oc-curred. E
dit the equation or press s to clear the equation.
No
te: If an error occurs during the automatic calculation of a
listed fi nancial variable, pressing s, g
, or y
displays the fi rst variable in the function.
Erro
r cod
es and
error typ
es
Syn
tax error (E
rror 1):
• An attem
pt was m
ade to perform an invalid operation.
Ex. 2 +
- 5 =
• During the editing or insertion of cash fl ow
or statistical data, a value w
as entered but . ?
was pressed before J
.
Calcu
lation
error (E
rror 2):
• The absolute value of an interm
ediate or fi nal calculation result equals or exceeds 10
100.• A
n attempt w
as made to divide by zero.
• The calculation ranges w
ere exceeded while perform
ing cal-culations.
• There w
as a fi nancial calculation error, such as:• an error listed in “F
inancial Calculation F
ormulas” (see
pages 72 – 75) occurred• an attem
pt was m
ade to fi nd I/Y w
hen PV, P
MT
× N, and
FV
contain all negative or all positive values• an attem
pt was m
ade to fi nd IRR
when the cash fl ow
data contains all negative or all positive values
• an attempt w
as made to fi nd Y
IELD
in a bond calculation w
hen any of CO
UP
ON
, RE
DE
MP
T, or PR
ICE
contain negative values
Dep
th erro
r (Erro
r 3):• T
he available number of buffers w
as exceeded. (There are
10 buffers for numeric values and 24 buffers for calculation
instructions).• T
he number of entered cash fl ow
and statistics data items
combined exceeded 100.
Appendix.indd 76
06.7.10 8:42:13 PM
77 Eq
uatio
n to
o lo
ng
(Erro
r 4):• T
he equation exceeded its maxim
um input buffer (160 charac-
ters).A
n equation must be shorter than 160 characters.
No
solu
tion
(Erro
r 5):• T
he iteration limit w
as exceeded while calculating one of the
following values in an overly com
plex problem:
• I/Y (T
VM
solver)• IR
R (D
iscounted cash fl ow analysis)
• YIE
LD (B
ond calculations)
If you get an error w
hile calculating IRR
, enter an estimated
value into RAT
E(I/Y
) and calculate again.
Disp
lay error (E
rror 6):
• An attem
pt was m
ade to display “9.999 × 1099” w
hen the dis-play notation tab num
ber was set to “2”.
If this happens, press s
and ~ 0
2 to set the
display notation settings to “fl oating point”. Then try again.
Inp
ut valu
e error (E
rror 7):
• An attem
pt was m
ade to enter a nonexistent date.E
x. February 30th
• An attem
pt was m
ade to enter an invalid numeric value into a
fi nancial calculation.• a negative value or 0 into P
/Y or C
/Y• anything except an integer betw
een 1 and 9,999 into AM
RT
P
1 or AM
RT
P2
• a non-integer into DAY
S• anything except 1 or 2 into C
PN
/Y• anything except an integer betw
een 1 and 999 as a cash fl ow
frequency• anything except a positive integer into Y
EA
R• anything except a value betw
een 1 and 13 into STA
RT
M
ON
TH
* 1
* 1
Appendix.indd 77
06.7.10 8:42:13 PM
78
Calcu
lation
rang
es of fu
nctio
ns
• Within the ranges specifi ed, this calculator is accurate to w
ithin ±1 of the least signifi cant digit of the m
antissa. How
ever, a calculation error increases in continuous calculations due to accum
ulation of each calculation error. (T
his is the same for fi nancial calculations,
scientifi c calculations [ yx, x
, ex, ln, n!, etc.], w
here continuous calculations are perform
ed internally.)A
dditionally, a calculation error will accum
ulate and become larger
in the vicinity of infl ection points and singular points of functions.
In fi nancial calculations, a calculation error increases if the interest is low
or the number of paym
ents is high. Press s
if you’d like to cancel the calculation w
hile the “calculating!” screen is displayed.
• Calculation ranges
±
10–99 to ±
9.999999999 × 1099 and 0.
If the absolute value of an entry or a fi nal or intermediate result
of a calculation is less than 10–99, the value is considered to be
0 in calculations and in the display.
Fu
nctio
nC
alculatio
n ran
ge
sin x, cos x, tan x
DE
G: | x | <
1010
(tan x : | x | � 90 (2n – 1))*�
RA
D: | x | <
— × 10
10
180�
(tan x : | x | � — (2n – 1))*
210
GR
AD
: | x | < —
× 1010
9(tan x : | x | � 100 (2n – 1))*
sin–1 x, cos
–1 x| x | � 1
tan–1 x
| x | < 10
100
In x, log x10
–99 � x < 10
100
y x
• y > 0: –10
100 < x log y <
100• y =
0: 0 < x <
10100
• y < 0: x =
n
(0 < | x | <
1: 1—x = 2n – 1, x � 0),*
–10100 <
x log | y | < 100
Appendix.indd 78
06.7.10 8:42:14 PM
79
Fu
nctio
nC
alculatio
n ran
ge
xy
• y > 0: –10
100 < 1—x log y <
100 ( x � 0)
• y = 0: 0 <
x < 10
100
• y < 0: x =
2n – 1
(0 < | x | <
1: 1—x = n, x � 0),*
–10100 <
1—x log | y | < 100
ex
–10100 <
x � 230.2585092
10x
–10100 <
x < 100
sinh x, cosh x, tanh x
| x | � 230.2585092
sinh–1 x
| x | < 10
50
cosh–1 x
1 � x < 10
50
tanh–1 x
| x | < 1
x2
| x | < 10
50
x0 � x <
10100
1/ x| x | <
10100 ( x � 0)
n!0 � n � 69*
nPr
0 � r � n � 9,999,999,999*n!
— <
10100
(n – r)!
nCr
0 � r � n � 9,999,999,999*0 � r � 69
n!—
< 10
100
(n – r)!
* n, r: integer
Appendix.indd 79
06.7.10 8:42:16 PM
80
Battery R
eplacem
ent
No
tes on
battery rep
lacemen
t
Improper handling of battery can cause electrolyte leakage or
explosion. Be sure to observe the follow
ing handling rules:• M
ake sure the new battery is the correct type.
• When installing, orient the battery correctly, as indicated in the
calculator.• T
he factory-installed battery may be exhausted before it
reaches the service life stated in the specifi cations.
No
te on
the erasu
re of m
emo
ry con
tents
When the battery is replaced, the m
emory contents are
erased. Erasure can also occur if the calculator is defective
or when it is repaired. M
ake a note of all important m
emory
contents in case accidental erasure occurs.
Wh
en to
replace th
e battery
If the display has poor contrast, or if nothing appears on the screen, even w
hen s is pressed, it is tim
e to replace the bat-tery.
Cau
tion
• Fluid from
a leaking battery accidentally entering an eye could result in serious injury. S
hould this occur, wash w
ith clean w
ater and imm
ediately consult a doctor.• S
hould fl uid from a leaking battery com
e into contact with your
skin or clothes, wash them
imm
ediately with clean w
ater.• If the product is not to be used for som
e time, to avoid dam
-age to the unit from
leaking battery, remove it and store in a
safe place.• K
eep battery out of the reach of children.• E
xhausted battery that is left in the calculator may leak and
damage the unit.
• Explosion risk m
ay be caused by incorrect handling.• D
o not throw battery into a fi re, as it m
ay explode.
Appendix.indd 80
06.7.10 8:42:17 PM
81 Rep
lacemen
t pro
cedu
re
1. Turn the pow
er off by pressing . c
.
2. Loosen the screw
and remove the battery cover.
(see fi g. 1)
3. R
emove the used battery using a ball-point
pen or similar object. D
o not use a mechani-
cal pencil or any sharp or pointed object to rem
ove the battery. (see fi g. 2)
4. Install a new
battery into the battery housing w
ith the positive side (+) facing up. (see fi g. 3)
5. R
eplace the battery cover and the screw.
6. P
ress the RE
SE
T sw
itch located on the back of the calculator w
ith the tip of a ball-point pen or sim
ilar object. Do not use an object w
ith a breakable or sharp tip. (see fi g. 4)
• Make sure that the display appears as show
n. If not, rem
ove the battery, reinstall, and check the display again.
Au
tom
atic po
wer-o
ff fun
ction
This calculator w
ill turn its power off autom
atically if no key is pressed for about 10 m
inutes.
Prio
rity Levels in
Calcu
lation
s
This calculator perform
s operations according to the following
priority:1.
Functions preceded by their argum
ent ( x2, n!, etc.)
2. y
x, x
3. Im
plied multiplication of a m
emory value (2Y, etc.)
4. F
unctions followed by their argum
ent (sin, cos, etc.)5.
Implied m
ultiplication of a function (2sin 30, etc.)6.
nCr, nP
r7.
× , ÷8. +
, –9.
=, M+, M
–, �M
, and any other calculation ending instructions
000
fi g. 3
fi g. 4
fi g. 1
fi g. 2
Appendix.indd 81
06.7.10 8:42:18 PM
82
K
ey op
eration
and
calculatio
n p
riority
5 +
2 x
. {
30
+ 25
x 5
. @
3 =
• Parenthesized operations take precedence over other operations.
Sp
ecifi cation
sC
alculations: F
inancial calculations
General arithm
etic calculations
Scientifi c calculations
S
tatistical calculations
Calculation m
ethod: D
.A.L. (D
irect Algebraic Logic)
Internal calculations: M
antissas of up to 14 digits
Pending operations:
24 calculations, 10 numeric values
Pow
er source: 3.0 V
… (D
C)
Lithium
battery (CR
2032) × 1
Pow
er consumption:
0.0004 W
Operating life:
Approx. 5 years (w
ith 1 hour of daily use)
• M
ay vary depending on the operating
environment and operation m
ethod.
Operating tem
perature: 0°C – 40°C
(32°F – 104°F
)
External dim
ensions: 83 m
m (W
) × 150 mm
(D) × 11 m
m (H
)3-9/32” (W
) × 5-29/32” (D) × 7/16” (H
)
Weight:
Approx. 98 g (0.22 lb.)
(including battery but not wallet-type
case)
Accessories:
Battery × 1 (installed), operation
manual, and w
allet-type case.
Fo
r mo
re info
rmatio
n ab
ou
t busin
ess/fi n
ancial calcu
lators
Visit us on the Internet at:
http://sharp-world.com
/calculator/
Appendix.indd 82
06.7.10 10:13:34 PM
83 Ind
ex>
, 37, 51, 64+
- x
8, 4, 11
=, 11, 15
,, 11, 37, 61
( )
, 11, 16, 61<
, 23}
:, 60, 61
%, 16, 62
B, 54
z i
g y
, 6, 13!
P, 51
., 11
t, 16, 61
;, 61
:, 61
., 4, 6, 7
&, 44, 45, 52
i, 4, 6, 7, 15
*, 33
/, 15, 16, 23
", 22, 28, 33
#, 45
$, 58
b, 12, 19
<, 41
>, 37, 38
?, 39, 66
@, 7, 19
I, 56
J, 37, 64
K, 52
L, 12
O, 49
Q, 7, 19
R, 61
S, 11
T, 22, 23
], 7, 61
f, 22, 23
d, 13
e, 39, 66
d, 61
h, 61
M, 15
h, 11, 16
j, 16
k, 5, 12, 13
l, 63
m, 6, 10, 12
N, 22, 23
o, 62
p q
, 62c
, 6s
, 6, 12w
, 22, 23u
, 22, 23
v, 22, 23
|, 62, 63
f, 7, 15
~, 6, 8–10
g, 7, 15
;, 16, 60, 61, 69
@, 61
% (I/Y
), 18, 54, 75�
INT
ER
ES
T, 33, 72�
PR
INC
IPAL, 33, 72
AC
CU
INT, 44
Am
ortization calculations,17, 33–36, 72
AM
RT
P1, A
MR
T P
2, 12, 33, 77A
ngular unit, 8, 9, 61A
nnuity due, 7, 22, 28A
NS
(last answer m
emory), 14, 15
AP
R, 17, 51, 74
Arithm
etic calculations, 11A
rithmetic operations (+
, –, × , ÷), 11
Autom
atic power-off function, 81
BA
LAN
CE
, 33, 72B
attery replacement, 80, 81
Bond calculations, 17, 18, 44–47, 73
Breakeven calculations, 17, 58, 59, 75 (sym
bol), 8, 20C
alculation ranges, 78, 79C
alculator layout, 6C
alendar range, 44, 47, 52C
ash flow data, 12, 37–40, 76
Cash flow
diagrams, 21
Chain calculations, 60
CO
MP
(symbol), 7, 20
Com
pound interest, 21, 54–56, 75C
onstant calculations, 60C
onversion between A
PR
and EFF, 17, 51
CO
ST, 56, 75
CO
ST
(PV
), 18, 48, 74C
ost/sell/margin/m
arkup calculations,17, 56, 57, 75
CO
UP
ON
(PM
T), 18, 44, 73, 76
CP
N/Y
(N), 18, 44, 77
Cursor key, 6, 13
C/Y, 18, 22, 72, 77
Date form
at, 10, 44, 47, 52D
ay and date calculations,17, 18, 52–54, 74
Day-count m
ethod (AC
T/360), 44, 52
DAY
S, 52, 53, 75
DB
, 9, 48, 74D
B (I/Y
), 18, 48, 74D
ecimal place, 8, 9, 63
DE
G, 8, 9, 61, 78
Delete key, 12
DE
PR
EC
IATE
, 48D
epreciation calculations,17, 18, 48–50, 74
Depreciation m
ethod, 9, 48
Appendix.indd 83
06.7.10 8:42:20 PM
84
Discounted cash flow
analysis,17, 18, 37–43, 72
Display layout, 7
Display notation, 8
EF
F, 17, 51, 74E
NT
(symbol), 7, 20
Entering dates, 47
Entering num
bers, 11E
rror, 14, 76–78E
XP, 64
Financial calculations, 17, 18, 72
FIX
ED
, 58, 75FLO
_A (FLO
AT A), FLO
_B (FLO
AT B), 7, 9
Floating point, 8, 9
Form
ulas, 72–75F
V, 18, 22, 72G
RA
D, 8, 9, 61, 78
Independent mem
ory (M), 8, 12, 14, 15
Insert mode, 13
INV, 64
IRR
, 40, 41, 72, 77I/Y, 18, 22, 72, 77LIF
E (N
), 18, 48, 74LIN
E, 64
Listed financial variables, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19LO
G, 64
M (sym
bol), 8M
AR
GIN
, 56, 75M
AR
K U
P, 56, 75M
-D-Y
1, M-D
-Y 2, 18, 44, 52, 73, 75
Mem
ory clear key, 5, 12, 13M
odify function, 63N
, 18, 22, 72N
OR
MA
L mode, 10, 17, 60
NE
T_P
V, 40N
EW
PR
C (F
V), 18, 54, 75
NP
V, 40, 41, 72O
LD P
RC
(PV
), 18, 54, 75O
rdinary annuity, 7, 22, 28O
verwrite m
ode, 13P
ayment period (paym
ent due), 22, 28P
ercent change/compound interest
calculations, 17, 18, 54–56, 75P
ER
IOD
S (N
), 18, 54, 75P
layback function, 13P
MT, 18, 22, 72
PR
ICE
, 58, 75P
RIC
E (P
V), 18, 44, 45, 73, 76
Priority levels in calculations, 81, 82
PR
OF
IT, 58P
V, 18, 22, 72P
WR
, 64P
/Y, 18, 22, 72, 77Q
UA
D, 64
QU
AN
TIT
Y, 58R
AD
, 8, 9, 61, 78R
andom coin, 62
Random
dice, 62R
andom functions, 62–63
Random
integer, 63R
andom num
bers, 62R
ATE
(I/Y), 18, 40, 72
RB
V, 48, 74R
DV, 48, 74
RE
DE
MP
T (F
V), 18, 44, 73, 76
RE
SE
T sw
itch, 5, 12, 81R
esetting the calculator, 5S
ALV
AG
E (F
V), 18, 48, 74
SC
I, 7, 8S
cientific calculations, 60–63S
cientific notation, 8, 9, 11, 63S
D, 64
SE
LL, 56, 75S
ET
UP
menu, 8–10
SL, 9, 48, 74
Specifications, 82
STA
RT
MO
NT
H, 48, 74, 77
(symbol), 8, 10, 64
STAT
(statistics) mode, 10, 64
Statistical calculations, 10, 64–71
Statistical data, 12, 64–67, 76
Statistical variables, 12, 14, 16, 68
Sym
bol, 7S
YD
, 9, 48, 74TA
B, 7, 8
Temporary m
emory (A
-H, X
-Z), 12, 14, 15
TV
M (tim
e value of money) solver,
17, 22–32, 72T
VM
variable, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22V
AR
IAB
LE, 58, 75
YE
AR
, 12, 48, 77Y
IELD
(I/Y), 18, 44, 45, 73, 76, 77
Appendix.indd 84
06.7.10 8:42:22 PM
85 ME
MO
Appendix.indd 85
06.7.10 8:42:24 PM
86
For US
A only:
This product contains a C
R C
oin Lithium B
attery which
contains Perchlorate M
aterial – special handling may apply,
California residents,
See w
ww
.dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlorate/
Appendix.indd 86
06.8.2 1:48:35 PM
PR
INT
ED
IN C
HIN
A / IM
PR
IMÉ
EN
CH
INE
/ IMP
RE
SO
EN
CH
INA
06GG
K (T
INS
E1258E
HZ
Z)