elastisitas
TRANSCRIPT
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MICROECONOMIC
A.SUMARTO EKA PUTRA
Directorate General Of TreasuryHuman Reosurce Division
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ELASTISITAS
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
BEFORE CONTINUE......
• Understanding Demand and Supply• Determinant Factor of Demand and
Supply• Understanding Demand and Supply Curve• Relationship Between Demand and supply
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
What is Elasticity?
• Measure the reaction or responsiveness level of Quantity change to a change in price
• Elasticity of Demand and Elasticiy of Supply
• Other Elasticity• Cross elasticity of Demand
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Demand
• Defining price elasticity of demand (PeD)
responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price
PeD = % change in quantity demanded in response to a 1 % change in price
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Pri
ce
O Q1 Q2
P2
P1
a
S1
S2
D
b
Market Supply and Demand
Quantity
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Pri
ce
O Q3Q1 Q2
P2
P1
P3
c
S1
S2
D
D'b
a
Quantity
Market Supply and Demand
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Demand
• Measuring price elasticity of demand %QD / %P
– use of percentage measures
– the sign: positive or negative?
– the value: greater or less than 1?
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Demand
– PeD >1: Elastic demand
– PeD <1: Inelastic demand
– P e D =1: Unit elastic demand
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Information of Goods
Goods Unit Initial Price New Price
Cheese Per kg 1.700 1.500
Shirt Per piece 8.100 7.900
Radio Perunit 40.100 39.900
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Information of Goods
Can u measure the Elasticity?????
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Information of Goods
Goods Unit Initial Price
New Price
Average Price
Initial Quantity
New Quantity
Average Quantity
Cheese Per kg 1.700 1.500 1.600 116.250 123.750 120.000
Shirt Per piece
8.100 7.900 8.000 197.500 202.500 200.000
Radio Perunit 40.100 39.900 40.000 9.950 10.050 10.000
Goods Percentage of Price Fall
Percentage of Quantity Rise
Elasticity of Demand
Cheese 12,5 6,25 0,5
Shirt 2,5 2,5 1,0
Radio 0,5 1,0 2,0
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 10 20 30 40 50
P ($) DQ DPmid Q mid P
¸Ped =
Demand
m
n
Q = 10
P = –2
Mid P
7
Mid Q15
Measuring Elasticity
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
0 10 20 30 40 500
2
4
6
8
10 DQ DP
mid Q mid P¸Ped =
10 -2 15 7
¸=
= 10/15 x -7/2
= -70/30
= -7/3 = -2.33
Demand
m
n
Q = 10
P = –2
Mid P
7
Mid Q15
Measuring Elasticity
P ($)
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Demand
• Determinants of price elasticity of demand
– number and closeness of substitute goods
– proportion of income spent on the good
– the time period
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Demand andTotal Consumer Expenditure
• Defining total consumer expenditure
TE = P × Q
• Illustrating TE graphically
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Consumers’ total expenditure =
firms’ total revenue=
$2 x 3m = $6m
Consumers’ total expenditure =
firms’ total revenue=
$2 x 3m = $6m
P($)
Q
D
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5
Total Expenditure
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Demand and Total Consumer Expenditure
• Effects of a price change: elastic demandP rises: TE falls
P falls: TE rises
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
0
aD
Expenditure fallsas price rises
4
20
5
10
b
Elastic Demand Between Two Points
P($)
Q
Expenditure risesas price falls
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Demand and Total Consumer Expenditure
• Effects of price change: inelastic demandP rises: TE rises
P falls: TE falls
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
a4
200
D
Expenditure risesas price rises
8
15
c
Q
Inelastic Demand Between Two Points
P($)
Expenditure fallsas price falls
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Demand and Total Consumer Expenditure
• Special casesPeD = 0: Totally inelastic demand
PeD = : Infinitely elastic demand
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P2
P
QO Q1
P1
D
b
a
Totally Inelastic Demand (PÎD = 0)
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Q2
P
QO Q1
P1 Da b
Infinitely Elastic Demand (PÎD = ¥)
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Demand and Total Consumer Expenditure
• Special cases– PeD = 0: Totally inelastic demand
– PeD = : Infinitely elastic demand
– PeD = –1: Unit elastic demand
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P
QO 40
20
D
100
8
a
Unit Elastic Demand (PÎD = -1)
b
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Supply
• Meaning of price elasticity of supply
responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price
PeS = % change in quantity supplied in response to a 1 % change in price
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P
Q O
P1
Q1
S2
S1
Supply Curves with Different Price Elasticity of Supply
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P
Q O
P2
Q3
P1
Q1 Q2
S2
S1
Supply Curves with Different Price Elasticity of Supply
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Supply
• Measuring price elasticity of supply
%QS / %P
elastic and inelastic supply
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Price Elasticity of Supply
• Determinants of price elasticity of supply– amount that costs rise as output increases
• spare capacity or stocks of inventory• access to raw materials• ability to switch away from alternative products• avoidance of the need to pay overtime
– time period• immediate: very inelastic• short run: some responsiveness• long run: highly elastic
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Other Elasticities• Income elasticity of demand
– measurement
%QD / %Y
– determinants• degree of necessity• rate at which people are satisfied• level of income
– normal goods; income elasticity positive– inferior goods; income elasticity negative– applications; marketing, planning, govt. policy
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Normal Good
Barang yang Dibeli pada semua tingkat pendapatan yang tinggi dimana sebagian dari pendapatan itu dibelanjakan untuk barang ini, walaupun proporsinya cenderung menurun
Ex: Primary Goods
QI
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Normal Good
I
Barang yang bersifat inelastis terhadap pendapatan setelah tingkat pendapatan
Ex: Electronic, Vehicles
QI
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Inferior Goods
C
I I
Q
Barang yang tergolong kebutuhan pokok untuk tingkat pendapatan yang rendah, yang menjadi barang inferior untuk tingkat pendapatan setelah C
Ex: Electronic, Vehicles
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Other Elasticities
• Cross-price elasticity of demand– measurement
%QD of good A / %P of good B
– determinants• closeness of substitute goods• closeness of complementary goods
– Applications; marketing, advertising
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Markets and Adjustment Over Time
• Short-run and long-run adjustment– short-run and long-run supply curves
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
D1
D2
P1
Q1
P
Q O
a
Response of Supply to an Increase in Demand
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
D1
D2
S long-run
P1
P3
P2
Q1 Q2 Q3
P
Q O
b
c
S short-run
a
Response of Supply to an Increase in Demand
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Markets and Adjustment over Time• Short-run and long-run adjustment
– short-run and long-run supply curves
– short-run and long-run demand curves
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
S1
P1
Q1
P
Q O
a
S2
Response of Demand to an Increase in Supply
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
S1
S2
D short-run
P1
P2
Q1 Q2
P
Q O
a
b
Response of Demand to an Increase in Supply
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
S1
S2
D short-run
D long-run
P1
P3
P2
Q1 Q2 Q3
P
Q O
a
b
c
Response of Demand to an Increase in Supply
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Response of Demand to a Decrease in Supply
• What are the short run consequences for buyers of a rise in price?– Can they adjust?– What determines ability to adjust?– What is different in the longer term?– Draw diagrams to show short run and long
run demand responses to short supply and higher prices.
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Markets and Adjustment over Time• Speculation
– stabilising speculation
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P1
P2
P
Q O
S1
D1
D2
a
b
Stabilising Speculation: Initial Price Rise
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P1
P2
P
Q O
P3
S1
S2
D1
D2
a
b
D3
c
Stabilising Speculation: Initial Price Rise
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P1
P2
P
Q O
D2
a
b
S1
D1
Stabilising Speculation: Initial Price Fall
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
S2
D3
P1
P2
P
Q O
P3
D2
a
b
c
S1
D1
Stabilising Speculation: Initial Price Fall
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Markets and Adjustment over Time• Speculation
– stabilising speculation
– destabilising speculation
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P1
P2
P
Q O
S1
D1
D2
a
b
Destabilising Speculation: Initial Price Rise
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P1
P2
P
Q O
P3
S1
S2
D1
D2
a
b
D3
c
Destabilising Speculation: Initial Price Rise
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P1
P2
P
Q O
S1
D1
D2
a
b
Destabilising Speculation: Initial Price Fall
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P1
P2
P
Q O
P3
S1
S2
D1
D2
a
b
D3
c
Destabilising Speculation: Initial Price Fall
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Markets and Adjustment over Time• Dealing with uncertainty and risk
– defining risk and uncertainty
• uncertainty = unexpected change = volatility = risk
– reducing risks by holding stocks
– a market in information
• Information is valuable, will be paid for
• Market research, predictions,
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Markets Where Prices are Controlled
• Minimum (high) price - price floor– Justification
• price stabilisation, industry support
– effect: surplus
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P
Q O
Pe
minimumprice
Qd Qs
S
D
surplus
Minimum Price: Price Floor
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Markets Where Prices are Controlled
– consequences• dealing with resulting surpluses• cushion inefficiency• discourage production of more efficient
alternative products• higher prices for consumers
– eg: Common Agricultural Policy (EU); OPEC
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Markets Where Prices are Controlled
• Maximum (low) price – price ceiling– Justification
• Social welfare, prevent abuse of monopoly power
– effect: shortage
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
P
Q O
Pe
S
D
Qs Qd
maximumprice
shortage
Minimum Price: Price Ceiling
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Sumarto Eka Putra, Presentasi Microeconomic @2010
Markets Where Prices are Controlled
– consequences• dealing with resulting shortages• preferential treatment to particular customers• rationing• black markets