elcn100 electronic lab. instruments and measurements...

LAB 1 Cairo University

ELCN100 Electronic Lab.

Instruments and MeasurementsSpring 2018

Lecture 01: Introduction

Dr. Hassan Mostafa

حسن مصطفى. د

[email protected]


Course Outline

Course objectives

To introduce to students the theory and applications of measurement and instrumentation systems for electrical, electronics and computer engineering.


Course contents

1. Oscilloscopes

2. Measurements Errors

3. Digital Multi-meter

4. Frequency Meter

5. Logic Analyzer

6. Spectrum Analyzer


Course Outline

Instructor: Dr. Hassan Mostafa

[email protected]

Course website:

http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/hmostafa/classes/elcn100

Textbook:

Lecture Notes and slides

References

[1] Larry D. Jones / A. Foster Chin, “Electronic Instruments and Measurements“, Second Edition, Prentice Hall.

[2] David A. Bell, "Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements", Prentice-Hall.

mailto:[email protected]


Course Outline

Grading:

10% Quizzes (pop-up and arranged)

15% Course Project

15% Lab.

20% Midterm Examination

- (MCQ, T/F, Short answers, and Problems)

40% Final Examination

- (MCQ , T/F, Short answers, and Problems)


Semiconductor devices

Semiconductor devices are electronic devices that are fabricated using semiconductor materials such as Silicon, Germanium, and Gallium Arsenide.

Semiconductor devices are available as discrete components (available on shelf in electronics stores)

or can be integrated with a large number of similar devices onto a single chip, called an Integrated Circuit(IC).


Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

CMOS is a technology for constructing IC’s. This technology

is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, Memories, and other

digital logic circuits.

Microprocessor

Microcontroller

RAM


The ability to fabricate billions of

individual components (transistors,

resistors, capacitors, etc.) on a silicon

chip with an area of a few cm2 has

enabled the information age.

Shrinking geometries permit more

devices to be placed in a given are of

silicon.

It is widely expected that these historical

trends will continue for at least another 5-

10 years, resulting in Chips that contain

tens of billions of components.

Information age


First Transistor from Bell Labs (1947)


Kilby first IC (1958)


First monolithic integrated circuit

1961Picture shows a flip-

flop circuit containing

6 devices, produced in

planar technology.

Source:

R. N. Neyce, “Semiconductor

device-and-lead structure”,

U.S.Patent 2,981,877


first microprocessor

1971Picture shows a four-bit microprocessorIntel 4004.

10 μm technology

3 mm 4 mm

2300 MOS-FETs

108 kHz clock frequency

Source:Intel Corporation


Pentium IV processor

2001Picture shows a ULSI

chip with 32-bit processor

Intel Pentium 4.

0.18μm CMOS technology

17.5 mm 19 mm

42 000 000 components

1.6 GHz clock freuqncy

Source:

Intel Corporation


Moore’s Law

In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on a die would double every 18 to 14 months (i.e., grow exponentially with time).

Amazingly visionary – million transistor/chip barrier was crossed in the 1980’s.

2300 transistors, 1 MHz clock (Intel 4004) - 1971

16 Million transistors (Ultra Sparc III)

42 Million, 2 GHz clock (Intel P4) - 2001

Xilinx currently holds the "world-record" for an FPGA chip containing 20 billion transistors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilinx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA


Moore’s Law in Microprocessors

Transistors on microprocessors double every 2 years

Courtesy, Intel

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

10

100

11975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

8086

80286i386

i486Pentium®

Pentium® Pro

K1 Billion

Transistors

Source: Intel

Projected

Pentium® IIPentium® III


Moore’s law scaling


Moore and CMOS Scaling

“CMOS scaling will not stay forever, but, forever can be delayed”

Moore, 2003


Clean Rooms

Clean room facility:

Particle free walls, furniture, and accessories must be used

Airflow through 0.3 microns filters


Clean Rooms


Main function of clean rooms is control of particle contamination

Requires control of air flow, water and chemical filtrations,

human protocol

Class N clean room means fewer than N particles (>0.5 µm) in

1 cubic foot of air

Classes types:

Class 10,000

Class 1,000

Class 100

Class 10


Clean Rooms


Class 10,000 Class 1,000 Class 100 Class 10


Why electronics measurements/instrumentation?

Testing the chip after coming back from tape-out requires good knowledge of testing and measurements equipments such as:

Oscilloscope

Digital Multi-meter

Frequency meter

Logic Analyzer

Spectrum Analyzer

Frequency synthesizer

FPGA based testing

…..

Not only you need to know how to use these equipments but you should understand briefly what is inside them….?


Other measurements/instrumentation types:

Environmental measurements:

Pressure measurements

Temperature measurements

Humidity measurements

…

These measurements systems are used currently in smart phones

MEMS-VISION (Canadian-Egyptian company) that designed the pressure measurement circuitry for SAMSUNG to implement it in smart phones starting from S3.


Other measurements/instrumentation types:

Health measurements:

Blood pressure measurements

Blood sugar measurements

Heart beats measurements

…..

These measurements are essential to provide the required health care on-time to save lives.


Measurement/instrumentation system

Convert the measured quantity

into voltage

Perform signal processing such as

converting analog signal to digital

Display the measured value

(typically: in digital format)


Instrumentation Programs and Companies Examples


Virtual Instrumentation With NI LabVIEW


NI LABVIEW

LABVIEW builds virtual instruement that can be used to either:

Simulate a specific design and test its performance at the simulation level

Or interface with actual hardware and perform real testing and measurements

NI Egypt/Lebanon are targeting job applicants with good knowledge in NI LABVIEW

NI ELVIS NI RIO NI MYDAQ


VALEO AUTOMOTIVE TESTING

VALEO EGYPT:

Perform testing on all the automotive products

This testing includes FPGA based testing, oscilloscopes, logic analyzers.

Even with simple automotive products such as wipers, exhaustive measurements MUST be conducted


Intel Microprocessor testing

Connect all the processor pins to a test benchmark

Generate enough testing vectors to test most of the microprocessor functions

Normally, FPGA is used in this task


TESTING/MEASUREMENTS

In general, the testbench for any new electronic product (which might include transducers or health sensors), should be designed by the testing engineer

To design the testbench, you need to know the basics of measurements equipments as well as instrumentation programs such as LABVIEW

Also, you should understand the measurements errors that might result in completely wrong measurements

Within this course, we will cover most of these requirements……Keep tuned

elcn100 electronic lab. instruments and measurements...

Documents