electric vehicles where to go

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CIENCIA 2009 Veículos eléctricos e novas formas de mobilidade – Gulbenkian, 29 Julho, 2009

Electric Vehicles

where to go

Jorge Martins(Un. do Minho)

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Electric carsWhat existed

Le Jamais Content max speed: 100 km/h

1899

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Lohner-Porsche

max speed: 60 km/h bateries: 1800 kg

1901 4 motor-in-wheel

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Lunar Rover

max speed: 13 km/h range: 36 km

production: 4 price: 380 000 000 $

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Sinclair

C5


production: 12 000 price: 400 £

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Segway max speed: 20 km/h range: 40 km

2 motor-in-wheel price: 6 500 €

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G M

EV1


1160 buit; 1990 price: 34 000 $

Electric cars What existed

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Electric carsthey are here and they are good

Teslamax speed: 200 km/h range: 390 km

0-100km/h: 4.0 s price: 100 000 $

6831 batteries450 kg

500 sold

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Electric carsthey are here and they are good

Lightning max speed: 209 km/h range: 300 km

0-100km/h: 4.0 s price: 155 000 €

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Electric carsSome were sold by the million

Honda Insight Toyota Prius

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Electric carssome are small, city cars

Kewet (Buddy)


0-50km/h: 7.0 s price: 28 000 €

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Electric carssome are small, city cars

Mitsubishi iMIEV


available from 2009 price: 25 000 €

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Electric carsother are commercial vehicles (including milk floats)

Edison

Ampere


price: ~60 000 €

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Electric carssome are getting visibility with the London tax

Reva


2500 vehicles built

(30000/year potential)price: 9 000 €

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Electric carsWho are making electric cars? Batteries companies

Electrovayamax speed: 55 km/h range: 190 km

price: 20 000 $

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Electric carsWho are making electric cars? Chinese Companies

BYD max speed: 160 km/h range: 400 km

0-100km/h: 8.0 s price: 22 000 $

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Flybo

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Huoyun

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Jiayuan

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Electric carsWho are making electric cars? Traditional OEM

Mini max speed: 150 km/h range: 250 km

0-100km/h: 8.5 s 500 vehicles for test (2008)

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Smart


innovative drivetrain

design 200 vehicles on tests (2007)

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GEM

(Chrysler)


for sale in Portugal price: 14 000 €

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Aixam

Mega


quadriciclo price: 12-20 000 €

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Electric carsExtreme electric vehicles

Killacycle 400m: 270 km/h; 4.7 s power: 350 kW

0-100km/h: 1.4 s 990 A123 bateries

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Electric carsExtreme electric vehicles

Buckeye Bullet

max speed: 508 km/h 10 000 batteries

300 kW batteries: 900 kg

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Electric carsConcept cars

Eliica max speed: 370 km/h range: 200 km

0-100km/h: 4.0 s 8 motor-in-wheel

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AC Propulsion

1997 range: 500 km

0-100km/h: 4.0 s batteries: 317 kg

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MIT City Car stackable

2 motor-in-wheel

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Electric carsWhat do we learn from these cars?

performance is not an issue (except range)

electric motors do not constrain vehicle design

no conventional design

market niches

energy storage is the main problem

charging is a constrain

several technical solutions for charging (including

range extenders and battery replacement)

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Electric carsHow to improve?

energy storage•better batteries• supercapacitors

intensive regenerative braking

energy control•efficient control of load •efficient charging• system capable of absorbing extreme power (regenerative braking)

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Electric carsHow to improve?

“in vehicle” energy production (extended range, fuel cells)•high efficient ICE • cheap fuel cells runing on liquid fuel

weight• lighter energy storage devices• lighter construction (materials, manufacturing processes)•energy storage vs in vehicle energy production

powertrain design solutions•motors with capability for extreme power (regenerative braking)•motor-in-wheel units

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Electric carsWhat are the challenges?

batteries with better power density than supercapacitors

supercapacitors with better energy storage than batteries

minimizing recharging time without straining the grid

very efficient “in vehicle” energy production

powertrain moving parts exclusively within the wheels

compact, efficient, powerfull and resistant motor-in-

wheels

eco-friendly materials intensive use

body and frame design

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thank you

electric vehicles where to go

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