ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF COLOR CENTERS IN DIAMONDFOR APPLICATIONS IN QUANTUM OPTICS

Sviatoslav Ditalia Tchernij

Supervisor: Dott. Paolo Olivero

1

A.A. 2017-2018

OUTLINE

2

Introduction

• Quantum technologies• Diamond color centers: structure and opto-physical properties• Single-photon luminescence confocal microscopy• Hanbury-Brown and Twiss interferometry

Experimental activities

• Devices fabrication: ion beam lithography• Electrical characterization• Optically detected magnetic resonance• New defects in diamond

Conclusions

• Current results• Future developments

Quantum Technologies

3

Introduction

Diamond as a promising quantum platform

• High robustness and stability• Isolated defects behaving like molecular systems (radiative transitions)

Promising applications in:• Quantum computing• Quantum cryptography• Quantum sensingetc

European Quantum Flagshipstarting in 2018 with1 G€ funding

• Wide interest in the recent years

MRS Bulletin vol. 38 (2013)

Diamond color centers

• Lattice defects Energy levels in the energy gap• different types:

1. Vacancies2. Substitutional3. Interstitial

• Radiative transitions• Visible light emission• Single photon sources• Charge carriers trap sites• Luminescence:

1. Photoluminescence2. Electroluminescence3. Ionoluminescence4. Thermoluminescence5. Cathodoluminescence6. …. 4

VB

CB

g

e

hν

Aharonvich et al., Nature Photonics 5 (7), 397-405, (2011)

Introduction

Main focus of PhD activity

5

Introduction

• Electromagnetic adressing of color centers in diamond: appealing and relatively unexplored in the state of the art

• More integrable devices in quantum sistems

• Dynamical control of the defect state

• Electrically stimulated photon emission

The Nitrogen-Vacancy center

• Visible light emission• Single photon emitter (on demand)• 2 different charge states: NV0 e NV-

• Zero Phonon Line (ZPL) : at 575 nmand 638 nm• Strong phononic coupling

6

Introduction

• Single photon emission→ quantum cryptography

• Optical spin readout→ quantum computing→ nano-magnetometry

Applications:

Single-photon luminescence confocal microscopy

7

Introduction

Photoluminescence confocalmicroscopy setup

• Optical sectioning

• High spatial resolution(0,5 μm in plane and in depth)

• Single photon avalanche photodiodedetector

• Laser filtering with dichrohic mirror

Electroluminescence confocalmicroscopy setup

Typical mapacquired with the confocalmicroscope withsingle photonemitters

Hanbury–Brown and Twiss interferometry

8

Introduction

• g2(0) functioncharacterizes the statistics of the photonemission

• Single photon source ifg2(0) < 0,5

9

Introduction

• Quantum technologies• Diamond color centers: structure and opto-physical properties• Single-photon luminescence confocal microscopy• Hanbury-Brown and Twiss interferometry

Experimental activities

• Devices fabrication: ion beam lithography• Electrical characterization• Optically detected magnetic resonance• New defects in diamond

Conclusions

• Current results• Future developments

Devices fabrication: ion beam lithography

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Implantations at• Ruđer Boškovid Institute

Experimental activities

Vac

ancy

de

nsi

ty (

cm-3

)

• Deep ion-beam lithography → ~ MeV energy ions implanted in the material

• Amorphization of the crystal structure → conversion in conductive graphitethrough thermal processing

• FIB milling → electric contacts

C3+ ions @ 6 MeV :fluence 4×1016 cm-2

• INFN National Laboratories of Legnaro

11

Experimental activities

Electrical characterization

• Low voltages → Ohmic beahviour

• Transition to high current regime

• Exponential growth of the electrical current after the transition and EL

Space Charge Limited Current model:

• Traps charging → Electric counter-fieldcurrent hysteresis decreasing at higher temperatures

• Polarization of the deviceS. Ditalia Tchernij et al., Diamond & Related Materials 74, 125-131 (2017)

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Experimental activities

Electrical control of the spectra

J.Forneris , S.Ditalia Tchernij et al., Carbon 113, 76-86 (2017)

• Different current regime → different behaviorof color centers

• Ohmic conduction → charge injection in defects→ charge state conversion (with laser excitation)

• High current regime → Electroluminescence→ charge carriers detrapping

Optically detected magnetic resonance mapping

13

Experimental activities

NormalizedPL intensity

• Internal electric field sensing thanks to NVsensitivity to Stark shift effect

• Diamond as a sensor for electric and magneticfield

Bias voltage (V)

MW

fre

qu

ency

(M

Hz) PL intensity

X (µm)

Y (µ

m)

J.Forneris , S.Ditalia Tchernij et al., arXiv:1706.07935 (2017)

NV center advantages

• Nano-magnetometry for quantum sensing

• NV- spin triplet system with state control and readout → possible qubit implementation

NV center limitations• Wide spectral emission

– bad for applications in quantum communication

– not optimal for quantum metrology

Solution

Explore alternative color center in diamond for quantum communication

– Monochromatic photon emission

– Exploitation of the know-how in the electrical control adopted for NV centers

14

Experimental activities

He color center in diamond

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Experimental activities

New color center in diamond obtained via Helium ion implantation

ZPLs at 536,5 nm and 560,5 nmwith low phonon coupling

Both optical and electrical excitation

J. Forneris et al., Journal ofLuminescence 179, 59–63 (2016)

Sn color center in diamond

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Experimental activities

S.Ditalia Tchernij et al., ACS Photonics, Volume 4 (10), 2580–2586 (2017)

• Sn-related color center in diamond produced by ion-implantation

• Similarly to other group IV elements (Si, Ge) centers, sharp ZPL emission line and low phonon coupling

• Very bright emission and high creation efficiency

60 keV Sn-

implantations

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Introduction

• Quantum technologies• Diamond color centers: structure and opto-physical properties• Single-photon luminescence confocal microscopy• Hanbury-Brown and Twiss interferometry

Experimental activities

• Devices fabrication: ion beam lithography• Electrical characterization• Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance• New defects in diamond

Conclusions

• Current results• Future developments

Current results

• Development and optimization of a single photon sensitive confocal microscope forluminescence measurements, Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry and optically detected magnetic resonance

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Conclusions

• Investigation of charge injection mechanisms in defective diamond for the optimization of electricalcontrol quantum emitters

• Electrical control: charge state conversion and electroluminescence from color centers

• Fabrication and opto-physical characterization of newdefects with appealing properties for quantum applications (He and Sn related defects)

Solid state physics grouplaboratory, physics department

Future developments

Electrical control of color centers at a single defect level

Further investigation of recently discovered centers:– Electroluminescence from Sn-related defects

– Addressing single He defects to obtain single photon sources

Creation and opto-physical characterization of new defects

(Pb-related: work in progress)

19

Conclusions

Collaboations and participation in projects

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Conclusions

University of Torino and INFN Torino, ItalyJ. Forneris, F. Picollo, E.Vittone, P. Olivero

Ruder Boškovic Institute, Zagreb, CroatiaV. Grilj, N. Skukan, M. Jakšic

Italian National Institute for Metrological Research (INRiM), ItalyG. Amato, L. Boarino, I. P. Degiovanni, E. Enrico, E. Moreva, P. Traina, M. Genovese

Universität Leipzig Fakultät für Physik und GeowissenschaftenT. Herzig, S. Pezzagna, J. Meijer Visited in 2017 for 2 months thanks to Erasmus Traineeship funding

Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, GermanyB. Naydenov, F. Jelezko

INFN Grant for Young Researchers“DIESIS -“Diamond-based Electrically-controlled SIngle-photon Sources” Coordinator: J. Forneris

Scientific output

• Co-authored Indexed journal publications :

10 (2 as first author) (2 under review)

• Non indexed journal publications:

3

• Talks:

6 (2 personal contributions)

• Posters:

9 (2 personal contributions)

21

Contributions

Indexed journals publications

• "Creation and characterization of He-related color centers in diamond", J. Forneris, A.Tengattini, S.Ditalia Tchernij, F.Picollo,.Battiato, P.Traina , I.P.Degiovanni, E.Moreva, G.Brida, V.Grilj, N.Skukan, M.Jakšid, M. Genovese, P.Olivero, Journal ofLuminescence 179(2016)59–63

• "Single-Photon-Emitting Optical Centers in Diamond Fabricated upon Sn Implantation", S. Ditalia Tchernij, T. Herzig, J. Forneris, J. Küpper, S. Pezzagna, P. Traina, E. Moreva, I. P. Degiovanni, G. Brida, N. Skukan, M. Genovese, M. Jaksic, J. Meijer, P. Olivero. ACS Photonics, Volume 4 (10), pp 2580–2586 (2017)

• "Photo-physical properties of He-related color centers in diamond", G. Prestopino, M. Marinelli, E. Milani, C. Verona, G. Verona-Rinati, P. Traina, E. Moreva, I.P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, S. Ditalia Tchernij, F. Picollo, P. Olivero, J. Forneris. AppliedPhysics Letters , Volume 111, Pag 111105 (2017)

• "Fabrication of monolithic microfluidic channels in diamond with ion beam lithography" F. Picollo, A. Battiato , L. Boarino, S. Ditalia Tchernij, E. Enrico, J. Forneris, A.Gilardino, M. Jaksic, F. Sardi, N. Skukan, A. Tengattini, P. Olivero, E. Vittone. NuclearInstruments and Methods in Physics Research B, Volume 404, Pages 193-197 (2017)

• "Channeling STIM analysis of radiation damage in single crystal diamond", I. Sudic, D. Cosic, S. Ditalia Tchernij, P. Olivero, M. Pomorski, N. Skukan, M. Jaksic. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, Volume 404, Pages 96-99 (2017)

• "Electrical control of deep NV centers in diamond by means of sub-superficial graphitic micro-electrodes", J. Forneris, S. Ditalia Tchernij, A. Tengattini, E. Enrico, V. Grilj, N. Skukan, G. Amato, L. Boarino, M. Jaksic, P. Olivero. Carbon, Volume 113, Pages 76-86 (2017)

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Contributions

23

Contributions

Indexed journals publications

• "Electrical characterization of a graphite-diamond-graphite junction fabricated by MeV carbon implantation", S. DitaliaTchernij, N. Skukan, F. Picollo, A. Battiato, V. Grilj, G. Amato, L. Boarino, E. Enrico, M. Jaksic, P. Olivero, J. Forneris. Diamondand Related Materials, Volume 74, Pages 125-131 (2017)

• "Nanodiamonds-induced effects on neuronal firing of mouse hippocampal microcircuits", L. Guarina, C. Calorio, D. Gavello, E. Moreva, P. Traina, A. Battiato, S. Ditalia Tchernij, J. Forneris, F. Picollo, P. Olivero, M. Genovese, E. Carbone, A. Marcantoni, V. Carabelli, under review at "Scientific Reports"

• “Direct experimental observation of nonclassicality in ensembles of single photon emitters”, E.Moreva, P. Traina, J. Forneris, I. P. Degiovanni, S. Ditalia Tchernij, F.Picollo, G.Brida, P.Olivero, M. Genovese, accepted by Physical Review B

• “Synthesis and characterization of porphyrin functionalized nanodiamonds”, F. Picollo, A. Battiato, L. Mino, S. DitaliaTchernij, J. Forneris , K. Martina, M. Sacco, S. Tagliapietra, E. Vittone, P. Olivero, A. Barge, submitted to Diamond and Related Materials

Non indexed journals publications

• "Conductive-AFM study of emerging graphitic channels implanted in CVD diamond", A. Battiato, E. Bernardi, S. Ditalia Tchernij, J. Forneris, L. La Torre, F. Picollo, V. Rigato, A. Tengattini, P. Olivero, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro Annual Report 2015, 148-149 (2016), ISSN: 1828-8545 (printedvolume), 1828 8561 (web version)

• "He-related luminescent defects in ion-implanted diamond", J. Forneris, A. Battiato, S. Ditalia Tchernij, F. Picollo, A. Tengattini, P. Traina, E. Moreva, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, L. La Torre, V. Rigato, P. Olivero, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro Annual Report 2016, 131-132 (2017), ISSN: 1828-8545 (printed volume), 1828 8561 (web version)

• "Super-resolution from single photon emission: toward biological application", E. Moreva, P. Traina, J. Forneris, S. Ditalia Tchernij, L. Guarina, C. Franchino, F. Picollo, I. Ruo Berchera, G. Brida, I. P. Degiovanni, V. Carabelli, P. Olivero, M. Genovese, Proc. SPIE. 10358, 1035802, Quantum PhotonicDevices, DOI: 10.1117/12.2275040 (2017), invited paper

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Contributions

TalksPersonal contributions

• "Electrical control of NV centers with sub-superficial graphitic micro-electrodes" S. Ditalia Tchernij, J. Forneris, A. Tengattini, F. Picollo, A. Battiato, E. Enrico, V. Grilj, N. Skukan, G. Amato, L. Boarino, M. Jaksic, P. Olivero, DIADEMS Diamond and Spins Summer School, Cargese 2016

• "Electrical control of NV centers in diamond with graphitic electrodes fabricated by MeV ion implantation", S. Ditalia Tchernij, J. Forneris, V. Sicari, P. Olivero, B. Naydenov, F. Jelezko, V. Grilj, N. Skukan, M. Jaksic, G. Amato, L. Boarino, I.P. Degiovanni, E. Enrico, E. Moreva, P. Traina, M. Genovese. Quantum 2017, Torino

Talks

Co-author

• "Fabrication and characterization of graphite-diamond-graphite junctions for the electrical control of diamond color centers", J. Forneris, S. DitaliaTchernij, V. Sicari, P. Olivero, B. Naydenov, F. Jelezko, V. Grilj, N. Skukan, M. Jakic, G. Amato, L. Boarino, I. P. Degiovanni, E. Enrico, E. Moreva, P. Traina, M. Genovese, Hasselt Diamond Workshop, 8-10 March 2017, Hasselt (Belgium)

• "Super-resolution from single photon emission: toward biological application", P. Traina, E. Moreva, J. Forneris, I. Ruo-Berchera, F. Picollo, S. DitaliaTchernij, P. Olivero, V. Carabelli, I. P. Degiovanni, G. Brida, M. Genovese, 24th Central European Workshop on Quantum Optics, 26-30 June 2017, DTU Lyngby (Denmark), invited

• "Fabrication by ion implantation and optical characterization of single-photon emitters in nanodiamonds", J. Forneris, E. Moreva, A. Tengattini, P. Traina, F. Picollo, S. Ditalia Tchernij, A. Battiato, G. Brida, I. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, P. Olivero, 19th International Conference on Radiation Effectsin Insulators (REI-19), 2-7 July 2017, Versailles (France)

• "Super-resolution from single photon emission: toward biological application", E. Moreva, P. Traina, J. Forneris, S. Ditalia Tchernij, L. Guarina, C. Franchino, F. Picollo, I. Ruo Berchera, G. Brida, I. P. Degiovanni, V. Carabelli, P. Olivero, M. Genovese, SPIE - Quantum Photonic Devices, 6 - 10 August 2017, San Diego (USA), invited

PostersPersonal contributions

• "Electrical control of NV centers with sub-superficial graphitic micro-electrodes“, S. Ditalia Tchernij, J. Forneris, A. Tengattini, F. Picollo, A. Battiato, E. Enrico, V. Grilj, N. Skukan, G. Amato, L. Boarino, M. Jaksic, P. Olivero, DIADEMS Diamond and Spins Summer School, Cargese 2016

• "Electrical control of diamond color centers by means of sub-superficial graphitic electrodes", S. Ditalia Tchernij, J. Forneris, V. Sicari, P. Olivero, B. Naydenov, F. Jelezko, V. Grilj, N. Skukan, M. Jaksic, G. Amato, L. Boarino, I. P. Degiovanni, E. Enrico, E. Moreva, P. Traina, M. Genovese, 9th Optoelectronics and Photonics Winter School, 26 March – 1 April 2017, Folgaria (Italy)

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Contributions

Posters

Co-author

• "Towards diamond sensing with NV centers", E. Moreva, P. Traina, I. P. Degiovanni, G. Brida, M. Genovese, J. Forneris, S. Ditalia Tchernij, F. Picollo, V. Carabelli, L. Guarina, C. Franchino, P. Olivero, "From Foundations of Quantum Mechanics to Quantum Information and Quantum Metrology & Sensing" (Quantum 2017), 8-12 May 2017, Torino (Italy)

• "Single-photon sources with colour centres in diamond", P. Traina, E. Moreva, J. Forneris, S. Ditalia chernij, G. Brida, E. Enrico, G. Amato, L. Boarino, P. Olivero, M. Jaksic, N. Skukan, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, "From Foundations of Quantum Mechanics to Quantum Information and Quantum Metrology & Sensing" (Quantum 2017), 8-12 May 2017, Torino (Italy)

• "Electrical control of NV centers in diamond by means of ion-beam-micro-machined sub-superficial graphitic micro-electrodes", S. Ditalia Tchernij, F. Picollo, A. Battiato, E. Enrico, V. Grilj, N. Skukan, G. Amato, L. Boarino, M. Jaksic, P. Olivero, J. Forneris, 19th International Conference on RadiationEffects in Insulators (REI-19), 2-7 July 2017, Versailles (France)

• "Diamond microfluidic channels obtained with ion beam lithography", F. Picollo, A. Battiato, L. Boarino, S. Ditalia Tchernij, E. Enrico, J. Forneris, M. Jaksic, N. Skukan, A. Tengattini, P. Olivero, E. Vittone, 1st Workshop on NanoFluidics and NanoMechanics (NFNM), 14 – 15 September 2017, Torino, Italy

• "STIM channelling analysis of radiation damage in single crystal diamond“, I. Sudic, D. D. Cosic, S. Ditalia Tchernij, P. Olivero, M. Pomorski, N. Skukan, M. Jaksic, 15th International Conference on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications (ICNMTA2016), 31 July - 5 August 2016, Lanzhou, China

• "Diamond microfluidic channels obtained with ion beam lithography", F. Picollo, A. Battiato, L. Boarino, S. Ditalia Tchernij, E. Enrico, J. Forneris, M. Jaksic, N. Skukan, A. Tengattini, P. Olivero, E. Vittone, 15th International Conference on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications(ICNMTA2016), 31 July - 5 August 2016, Lanzhou, China

• "Ion microbeam fabrication techniques for addressing luminescent defects in diamond", J. Forneris, A. Tengattini, S. Ditalia Tchernij, F. Picollo, A. Battiato, P. Traina, E. Moreva, I. P. Degiovanni, E. Enrico, L. Boarino, G. Amato, N. Skukan, V. Grilj, M. Jaksic, M. Genovese, P. Olivero, E. Vittone, 15th International Conference on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications (ICNMTA2016), 31 July - 5 August 2016, Lanzhou, China

26

Contributions

NV- Hamiltonian

27

d⫽ = 0,35 Hz V cm-1

d⟘= 17 Hz V cm-1