electrical technology lab (ee-103-f)

1

1 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LAB (EE-103-F)

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

(EE-103-F)

LAB MANUAL

1ST AND 2ND SEMESTER

RAO PAHALD SINGH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

BALANA(MOHINDER GARH)123029

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engg.

RPSCET , Balana(M/Garh)

2


CONTENTS

S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Page No.

1 To verify KCL AND KVL laws. 3-5

2 To verify Thevenin’s theorem. 6-8

3 To verify Norton’s theorem. 9-11

4 To verify maximum power transfer theorem. 12-13

5 To study frequency response of series RLC circuit and determine

resonant frequency and Q - factor.

14-16

6 To study frequency response of parallel RLC circuit and determine

resonant frequency and Q - factor.

17-19

7 Measurement of power in three phase system by using two wattmeter

methods.

20-21

8 To study voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and energy meter. 22-27

9 To perform the direct load test on the transformer and plot the curve

between efficiency and voltage.

28-29

10 To verify superposition theorem. 30-31

3


EXPERIMENT NO 1

AIM: To verify KCL and KVL.

THEORETICAL CONCEPT: KCL AND KVL are used to solve the electrical network,

which are not solved by the simple electrical formula. KCL: It states that in any electrical network the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point is

zero. Consider the case of few conductors meeting at a node in the fig. assuming incoming

currents to be positive and the outgoing currents to be negative.

I1+ I2 + I3 - I4 - I5 = 0 I1+ I2 + I3 = I4 + I5

Therefore Incoming current = outgoing current KVL: It states that the algebraic sum of product of current and resistances in each of the

conductors in any closed path in a network plus the algebraic sum of the electromotive force

in the closed path is zero.

ΣI.R. + ΣE.M.F. = 0

Here IR is the voltage drop and E.M.F. is electromotive force.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

KCL

4


KVL:

SPECIFICATION OF APPRATUS USED: DC network kit and connecting wires

PROCEDURE:

KCL: 1. Make the connection according to the circuit diagram

2. Set the three rheostats to their max value.

3. Switch on the power supply

4. Change the setting of the rheostats to get different readings in all the three ammeters.

5. Measure the current in the three ammeters

6. Check that at every time current in the main branch is equal to the sum of currents in the

two branches. repeat the setting of the rheostat

7. Switch off the power supply.

KVL: 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply

3. Note down the readings of the voltmeters

4. Change the value of the rheostat and repeat the step several times and switch off the

power supply.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All connections should be tight and correct.

2. Switch off the supply when not in use.

3. Reading should be taken carefully.

5


OBSERVATION DATA:

KCL:

SR. NO. Applied I1 I2 I I =I1+I2 REMARKS

Voltage (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)

(volts)

KVL:

SR. NO. Applied V1 V2 V3 RESULT REMARKS

Voltage (volts) (volts) (volts) V =V1+V2+V3

(volts) (volts)

RESULT AND COMMMENTS:-

1. The incoming current is found to be equal to the outgoing current.

2. The total input voltage is equal to the total voltage drop in the circuit.

3. KCL and KVL is very important in solving the circuits where direct formula can’t

be applied.

APPLICATIONS:

1. KCL is the basis of circuit simulation software.

2. It is applicable to any lumped network.

6


EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM: To verify Thevenin’s theorem.

THEORETICAL CONCEPT: Thevenin’s theorem applied to the dc network circuit may be stated as the current flowing through a load resistance RL connected across any two terminals A and B of a linear bilateral network is given by VTH / RTH+RL where VTH is the open circuit voltage and RTH is the internal resistance of the network from terminal A to B with all voltage sources replaced with their internal resistances and current sources with infinite resistance. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP: Step 1: Calculate the open circuit voltage VTH which appears across terminal A and B.

Step 2: Now calculate RTH =R1 R2 /R1+R2. Here RTH is Thevenin’s resistance.

7


Step 3: To find the current flowing through the load resistance RL as shown in fig.

SPECIFICATION OF APPRATUS USED: DC network kit and connecting leads

PROCEDURE:

1. To find the current flowing through the load resistance RL as shown in fig.

remove RL from the circuit temporarily and leave the terminals A and B open

circuited. 2. Calculate the open circuit voltage VTH which appears across terminal A and B. VTH = I.RTH. Here VTH is Thevenin’s voltage.

8


3. Now calculate RTH =R1 R2 /R1+R2. Here RTH is Thevenin’s resistance. 4. Calculate IL= VTH/ (RL+RTH). 5. VTH= E R2 / (R1+ R2)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Switch off the supply when not in use. 2. Reading should be taken carefully.


OBSERVATION DATA:-

SR.NO APPLIED VTH VTH RTH IL IL

Result

VOLTAGE (volts) (volts) (Ohms) (mA) (mA)

(volts) Theo. Pract. Pract. Theo.

RESULT AND COMMMENTS: In Thevenin’s equivalent circuit Thevenin’s equivalent

voltage is in series with Thevenin’s resistance and the load resistance. Thevenin’s has been

verified.

APPLICATIONS:

1. It is widely used to make circuit analysis simpler.

2. It is used to study a circuit's initial-condition and steady-state response.

9


EXPERIMENT NO 3

AIM: To verify Nortan’s theorem. THEORETICAL CONCEPT: Norton’s theorem replaces the electrical network by an equivalent constant current source and a parallel resistance. Norton’s equivalent resistance RN=R1*R2/(R1+R2) Actual load current in the circuit IL1 Theoretical load current IL2=ISC*RN/(RN+RL), ISC is the short circuit current. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:-

Step 1: Remove the load resistance temporarily and short it to calculate IN

Step 2: To calculate RN =R1 R2 /R1+R2. Here RN is Norton’s resistance.

10


Step 3: To find the current flowing through the load resistance RL as shown in fig.

SPECIFICATION OF APPRATUS USED: DC network kit and connecting leads .

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

2. Remove the load resistance 3. Find the Norton’s resistance RN 4. Measure the Norton’s current IN 5. Now measure the current in the load resistance directly

6. Find out the current in the load

7. Using formula find out the current in the load resistance

8. Verify that these two are equal.

11


PRECAUTIONS:




OBSERVATION DATA:-

SR.NO. Applied IN RN IL1 IL2 ERROR RESULT Voltage (mA) (Ω) (mA) (mA) IL1 - IL2

(volts)

RESULT AND COMMMENTS: In Norton’s equivalent circuit the Norton’s current source is

in parallel with Norton’s resistance and the load resistance. Norton’s theorem is verified

APPLICATIONS:

1. It is widely used to make circuit analysis simpler.

2. It is used to study a circuit's initial-condition and steady-state response.

12


EXPERIMENT NO. 4 AIM: To verify maximum power transfer theorem.

THEORETICAL CONCEPT: The maximum power transfer theorem states that a load resistance will abstract maximum power from the network when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance. For maximum power transfer Load resistance RL= Rin , Where Rin internal resistance of the circuit. Maximum power (Pmax) =V

2/4RL Where V is the dc supply voltage.


SPECIFICATION OF APPRATUS USED: DC network kit and connecting leads. PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig.

2. Take the readings of voltmeter and ammeter for different values of RL.

3. Verify that power is maximum when RL =RI.

PRECAUTIONS:

1 Switch off the supply when not in use.

2 Reading should be taken carefully.

3 All connections should be tight and correct.

13


OBSERVATION DATA:-

SR.NO. Applied RI RL IL POWER=IL

2. RL

Voltage (Ω) (Ω) (mA) (mW)

(VOLTS)

RESULT AND COMMMENTS: Maximum power transfer theorem has been verified. In

the network maximum power is transferred when the load resistance is equal to the

internal resistance of the network.

APPLICATIONS:

1. It is used for impedance matching in radio, transmission lines, and other electronics.

2. The theorem also applies where the source and/or load are not totally resistive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

14


EXPERIMENT NO 5

AIM: To study frequency response of series RLC circuit and determine resonance frequency. THEORETICAL CONCEPT: In a series RLC circuit there becomes a frequency point were the inductive reactance of the inductor becomes equal in value to the capacitive reactance of the capacitor. In other words, XL = XC. The point at which this occurs is called the Resonant Frequency point, (ƒr) of the circuit, and as we are analysing a series RLC circuit this resonance frequency produces a series resonance. Series resonance circuits are one of the most important circuits used electrical and electronic circuits. They can be found in various forms such as in AC mains filters, noise filters and also in radio and television tuning circuits producing a very selective tuning circuit for the receiving of the different frequency channels. Consider the simple series RLC circuit below.

In the series resonance circuit the net reactance X=XL-XC So impedance of the circuit is Z=√ (R

2+ (XL-XC)

2)

At the resonance frequency the capacitive reactance becomes equal to the inductive reactance.

XL =XC

w0L=1/wC

fr =1/2π√LC

Here XL: Inductive reactance

XC Inductive capacitance

fr Resonant frequency


L

C

INPUT I1

AUDIO

680 R OUTPUT

FREQUENCY

Ohm

SPECIFICATION OF APPRATUS USED: CRO, audio frequency generator, multimeter and

connecting leads.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections shown in fig. 2. Frequency is given by audio frequency generator.

3. Change the frequency and note the reading carefully.

15


4. At certain frequency the voltage becomes maximum after which the voltage decreases.

this is the resonance frequency.

5. Plot a graph between frequency and voltage.

PRECAUTIONS:




OBSERVATION DATA:-

Sr. No. Frequency (KHz) Voltage (volts)

GRAPH:

RESULT AND COMMMENTS: The resonance frequency is found to be……kHz. impedance

is minimum at resonant frequency.

APPLICATIONS:

16


1. RLC circuit used as variable tuned circuits in oscillator circuits, radio receivers

and television sets.

2. RLC circuit can be used as a band-pass filter, band-stop filter, low-pass filter or high-

pass filter.

3. RLC circuit can be used as a noise filter.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_set

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-pass_filter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-stop_filter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filter


17


EXPERIMENT NO 6

AIM: To study frequency response of a parallel R-L-C circuit and determine resonance

frequency. THEORETICAL CONCEPT:

A parallel circuit containing a resistance, R, an inductance, L and a capacitance, C will produce a

parallel resonance (also called anti-resonance) circuit when the resultant current through the

parallel combination is in phase with the supply voltage. At resonance there will be a large

circulating current between the inductor and the capacitor due to the energy of the oscillations,

and then parallel circuits produce current resonance.

A parallel resonant circuit stores the circuit energy in the magnetic field of the inductor and the

electric field of the capacitor. This energy is constantly being transferred back and forth between

the inductor and the capacitor which results in zero current and energy being drawn from the

supply. This is because the corresponding instantaneous values of IL and IC will always be equal

and opposite and therefore the current drawn from the supply is the vector addition of these two

currents and the current flowing in IR.

The frequency response curve of a parallel resonance circuit shows that the magnitude of the

current is a function of frequency and plotting this onto a graph shows us that the response starts

at its maximum value, reaches its minimum value at the resonance frequency when IMIN = IR and

then increases again to maximum as ƒ becomes infinite.

For the parallel R-L-C circuit IC=IL Sin ΦL IL=V/Z Sin ΦL=XL/Z V/Z*XL /Z=V/XC or XL*XC=Z

2

Now XL= wL, and XC=1/wC There for wL/wC=Z

2

or L/C=Z

2

L/C=R2 + XL

2

fr=1/2π * √(1/LC - R2/L

2)

18



SPECIFICATION OF APPRATUS USED: CRO, audio frequency generator, multimeter and

connecting leads.

PROCEDURE:

1 Make the connection s shown in fig.

2 Frequency is given by audio frequency generator.

3 Change the frequency and note the reading carefully.

4 At a certain frequency the voltage becomes minimum after which the voltage increases.

This is the resonance frequency.

5 Plot a graph between frequency and voltage.

PRECAUTIONS:

1 All connections should be tight and correct.

2 Switch off the supply when not in use.

3 Reading should be taken carefully.

OBSERVATION DATA:

SR.NO FREQUENCY (KHz) VOLTAGE (Volt)

19


GRAPH:

RESULT AND COMMMENTS: The resonance frequency is found to be……kHz impedance is

maximum at resonance frequency.

APPLICATIONS:

1. RLC circuit used as variable tuned circuits in oscillator circuits, radio

receivers and television sets.

2. RLC circuit can be used as a band-pass filter, band-stop filter, low-pass

filter or high-pass filter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillator



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_set

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-pass_filter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-stop_filter




20


EXPERIMENT-7

AIM: Measurement of power in a three phase system by two wattmeter method. THEORETICAL CONCEPT: Surprisingly, only two single phase wattmeter are sufficient to

measure the total power consumed by a three phase balanced circuit. The two wattmeters are

connected as shown in figure. The current coils are connected in series with two of the lines.

The pressure (or voltage) coils of the two wattmeters are connected between that line and

reference node.

Power in W1 = 3 VLIL cos(30 − ∅)

Power in W2= VLIL cos(30 + ∅)

Total power:

W1 +W2 = 3 VLIL cos∅

W1 - W2= VLIL sin∅

Power Factor:

Cos ∅ = Cos[ tan−1 3 [(W1-W2)/(W1+W2)]]

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP: SPECIFICATION OF APPRATUS USED: Three phase variable load, ammeters, two

wattmeters, two voltmeters and connecting leads.

PROCEDDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Keep the three phases variac at its zero position.

3. Switch on the main supply.

4. Increase the voltage supplied to the circuit by changing the positions of variac so

21


that all the meters give readable deflection. 5. Note down readings of all the meters

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections should be tight.

2. Take the readings carefully.

3. Switch off the circuit when not in use. OBSERVATION DATA:

Sr.No V I W1 W2 P= W1 + W2

Cos ∅

Here Cos ∅ = 𝐂𝐨𝐬[ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 [(W1-W2)/(W1+W2)]]

RESULT AND COMMMENTS: Measure three phase power by using two wattmeters and

verify that power factor will be unity.

22


EXPERIMENT NO 8 AIM: To study voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and multimeter.

THEORETICAL CONCEPT: There are different types of meters used in electrical circuit which

is explained below. Ammeters and voltmeters:

1. Moving iron type both for AC and DC.

2. Moving coil type for DC only.

3. Induction type for AC and DC. Wattmeters:

1. Electrostatic type for AC and DC.

2. Dynamometer type both for AC and D

3. Induction type for AC only.

4. Electrodynamics type for DC only.

Moving iron type both for AC and DC:

Moving-iron instruments are generally used to measure alternating voltages and currents. In

moving-iron instruments the movable system consists of one or more pieces of specially-shaped

soft iron, which are so pivoted as to be acted upon by the magnetic field produced by the

current in coil.

There are two general types of moving-iron instruments namely:

1. Repulsion (or double iron) type (figure 1)

2. Attraction (or single-iron) type (figure 2)

The brief description of different components of a moving-iron instrument is given below.

Moving element: a small piece of soft iron in the form of a vane or rod.

Coil: to produce the magnetic field due to current flowing through it and also to

magnetize the iron pieces.

In repulsion type, a fixed vane or rod is also used and magnetized with the same

polarity.

Control torque is provided by spring or weight (gravity).

Damping torque is normally pneumatic, the damping device consisting of an air chamber

and a moving vane attached to the instrument spindle.

Deflecting torque produces a movement on an aluminum pointer over a graduated scale.

Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument:

The permanent magnet moving coil instrument or PMMC type instrument uses two permanent

magnets in order to create stationary magnetic field. These types of instruments are only used for

measuring the dc quantities as if we apply ac current to these type of instruments the direction of

current will be reversed during negative half cycle and hence the direction of torque will also be

reversed which gives average value of torque zero. The pointer will not deflect due to high

frequency from its mean position showing zero reading. However it can measure the direct

current very accurately.

Dynamo type wattmeter:

http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/electrical-engineering/instrument-transformers-part-1-3

http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/what-is-the-eddy-current

http://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-magnetic-field/

http://www.electrical4u.com/electric-current-and-theory-of-electricity/



23


Dynamo type wattmeter works on very simple principle and this principle can be stated as when

any current carrying conductor is placed inside a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force

and due this mechanical force deflection of conductor takes place.

(a) Moving coil: Moving coil moves the pointer with the help of spring control instrument. A

limited amount of current flows through the moving coil so in order to limit the current we have

connect the high value resistor in series with the moving coil. The moving is air cored and is

mounted on a pivoted spindle and can moves freely.The moving coil works as pressure coil.

Hence moving coil is connected across the voltage and thus the current flowing through this coil

is always proportional to the voltage.

(b) Fixed coil: The fixed coil is divided into two equal parts and these are connected in series with

the load, therefore the load current will flow through these coils. These coils are called the current

coils.

(c) Control system: Out of two controlling systems i.e. (1) Gravity control (2) Spring control, only

spring controlled systems are used in these types of wattmeter. Gravity controlled system cannot

be employed because they will appreciable amount of errors.

(d) Damping system: Air friction damping is used, as eddy current damping will distort the weak

operating magnetic field and thus it may leads to error.

(e) Scale: There is uniform scale is used in these types of instrument as moving coil moves

linearly over a range of 40 degrees to 50 degrees on either sides.

Induction type energy meter:

It is the popularly known and most common type of age old watt hour meter. It consists of

rotating aluminum disc mounted on a spindle between two electro magnets. Speed of rotation of

disc is proportional to the power and this power is integrated by the use of counter mechanism

and gear trains. It comprises of two silicon steel laminated electromagnets i.e., series and shunt

magnets.

Series magnet carries a coil which is of few turns of thick wire connected in series with line

whereas shunt magnet carries coil with many turns of thin wire connected across the supply.

Breaking magnet is a permanent magnet which applies the force opposite to normal disc rotation

to move that disc at balanced position and to stop the disc while power is off.

Vertical spindle or shaft of the aluminum disc is connected to gear arrangement which records a

number, proportional to the number of revolutions of the disc. This gear arrangement sets the

number in a series of dials and indicates energy consumed over a time. This type of meter is

simple in construction and accuracy is somewhat less due to creeping and other external fields. A

major problem with these types of meters is their easy prone to tampering, leading to a

requirement of an electrical energy monitoring system. These are very commonly used in

domestic and industrial applications.

Digital Multimeter:

As the name suggests, it is a multipurpose instrument. It can measure AC and DC current,

voltage, frequency, resistance. It can also test capacitors, diodes, PNP and NPN junctions. Its

operation is also very simple. It gives very accurate value. It has no errors. It has many ranges

which are following: -

1. DC range up to 100 V in 5 ranges 2. AC range up to 750 V in 5 ranges

3. DC Current ranges up to 10 A in 5 ranges





http://www.electrical4u.com/types-of-resistor-carbon-composition-and-wire-wound-resistor/

http://www.electrical4u.com/voltage-or-electric-potential-difference/


http://www.electrical4u.com/voltage-or-electric-potential-difference/


http://www.electrical4u.com/hysteresis-eddy-current-iron-or-core-losses-and-copper-loss-in-transformer/


24


4. AC Current ranges up to 10 A in 5 ranges 5. Resistance up to 200M Ω in 7 ranges.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Moving coil type both for ammeter and voltmeter:

Moving iron type both for AC and DC ammeter and voltmeter:

25


Repulsion type

Dynamo type wattmeter:

26


Induction type energy meter:

PRECAUTIONS:


27



3. Reading should be taken carefully. RESULT AND COMMMENTS: The different measuring instruments have been studied. Ammeters

are used to measure the current but the moving coil type ammeter is used only for AC. Induction type

wattmeter is used to measure the AC only, while the electrodynamics type wattmeter is used for DC

only.

APPLICATIONS:

1. Voltmeter (measures voltage)

2. Ammeter (measures resistance)

3. Ammeter, e.g. galvanometer or milliameter (measures current)

4. Multimeter e.g., vom (volt-ohm-milliameter) or DMM (digital multimeter) (measures all of the

above)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmmeter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammeter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanometer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimeter

28


EXPERIMENT NO 9

AIM: To perform the direct load test on the transformer and plot the curve between efficiency

and voltage.

THEORETICAL CONCEPT: The ac voltage is applied to the primary coil, the ac current in the

primary coil gives rise to flux change. The change of flux induces emf in the secondary coil due

to mutual induction. We can calculate the efficiency by using voltmeter and ammeter since we are

using resistive load.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SPECIFICATION OF APPRATUS USED: Auto transformer, single phase double wound

transformer, ammeter and voltmeter.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Take the readings of I1 and V1 for primary.

3. Take the readings of I2 and V2 for secondary.

4. Calculate the efficiency of the transformer using the formula.

5. Efficiency= output power/input power.

PRECAUTIONS:




OBSERVATION DATA:

29


GRAPH:

The efficiency increases with the increase in voltage and becomes maximum at a particular

voltage and after that it decreases.

RESULT AND COMMENTS: The efficiency of the single-phase transformer comes out to

be………………

Mutual induction is the basic principle in the transformer. Direct load test is carried out to find out

the efficiency of the transformer.

30


EXPERIMENT NO 10

AIM: To verify superposition theorem.

THEORETICAL CONCEPT: According to this theorem if two or more than two voltage

sources or current source both are acting simultaneously in a linear bilateral network then the

current flowing in any branch of the circuit is the algebraic sum of current produced by each source

acting individually when all other voltage source are replaced by their internal resistance and

current source by open circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Case 1: To calculate I when both E1 and E2 are working.

Case 2: To calculate I’ when E1 working and E2 short circuit.

Case 3: To calculate I’’ when E2 working and E1 short circuit.

31


SPECIFICATION OF APPRATUS USED: Network theorem kit, connecting wires, power

supply (220,50HZ).

PROCEDURE:

(1) First, connect the main lead of the kit on AC source 230V, 50 HZ and Switched on.

(2) Note down the reading of ammeter as I.

(3) Remove voltage source V2 and put short circuit between the points from where V2 is

remove again note down the reading of ammeter as I1.

(4) Connect source V2 at its original position.

(5) Now Remove voltage source V1 and put short circuit between the points from

where V1 is remove again note down the reading of ammeter as I2.

(6) According to superposition theorem I=I1+I2.

(7) Repeat the same procedure at least five times by changing the value of voltage

source V1 and V2.

PRECAUTION:

(1) All the connections should be tight.

(2) Before connecting the instrument, check their zero reading.

(3) Don’t touch any terminal or switch without ensuring that it is dead.

(4) Use sufficient long connecting wires.

(5) Make sure that the electrical connections are right and tight.

(6) The circuit should be switched off before changing any connections.

RESULT AND COMMENTS: Hence Superposition theorem is verified.

APPLICATIONS: The superposition theorem is very important in circuit analysis.

electrical technology lab (ee-103-f)

Documents