E lectricsystems

~chnology

Institute

ElectricalTransmission andDistributionReference Book

ABB PowerT&D Company Inc.

Preface to the fifth edition

Fifty-five years ago, the Central Station Engineering Group ofWestinghouse Electric Company first published a book focused onthe practical application of electrical engineering to thetransportation and delivery of electric power. The ElectricalTransmission and Distribution Reference Book proved to be asimple, practical, and useful reference book for electric utilityengineers as well as electrical equipment designers. Threegenerations of power engineers have used what has becomepopularly known as the "T&0 Book" both as a core technicalreference and as a tutorial on the finer points of power deliverysystem design and operation.

In the five and one half decades between its original publicationand this latest edition, the T&D Book was revised and expandedthree times. In many ways, the T&D book's growth and evolutionmirrored that of the electric power industry itself. The originalbook focused almost exclusively on transmission systems,addressing the higher voltages and longer lines then becomingcommon, as well as the rapidly growing complexity of transmissionsystems, particularly due to interconnection of individual electricutility systems into large power grids.

The long-term trend, however, was toward an increasing focuson distribution, that portion of the T&D system nearest thecustomer. Subsequent revisions of the T&0 book added sectionson power distribution systems, primary and secondary networkdesign, capacitor application, and voltage flicker.

This latest revision continues the trend of increasing attention tothe levels of the T&0 system nearest the customer. Chapter 24,Characteristics of Distribution Loads, focuses on consumer loadrequirements and how they interact with distribution systemeconomy and reliability. It presents detailed guidelines and designmethods to identify the behavior of electric load on the distributionsystem, and to address it with respect to the "two Qs" - quantityand quality that consumers of electric power have come to expectthe T&0 system will provide.

A more recent and accelerating trend in the power industry isthe growth through mergers and acquisitions of both powercompanies and equipment suppliers into international companiesoperating on a worldwide scale. Several enormous powercompanies operate large power grids on three or more continents.More directly associated with this book, \vhat was once the CentralStation Engineering Group of Westinghouse Electric Company hasbeen absorbed into ABB ELECTRIC SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGYINSTITUTE, part of a global company with technical and businessresources vastly beyond anything the original authors of the T&Dbook could have envisioned. ABB- ETI continues to maintain thetraditional, practical focus of the T&D book's creators, but hasadded research and development activities focused on meeting theneeds of the 21 Sl century with new equipment, designs, andtechnology.

This latest revision does more than just talk about newtechnologies. Electrical Transmission and Distribution ReferenceBook, fifth edition, is available in the traditional printed fonnat aswell as on computerized CD-ROM. The new format expands thebook's usefulness as a resource for modem power engineers.

The material presented here is the result of research,investigation and practical application by many engineers andscientists, including cooperative studies with electric utilities,conductor and cable manufacturers, communications companiesand industrial power users. It is not feasible to list here all of thenames of the companies and individuals who have contributed tothe body of knowledge covered in this book. Theseacknowledgements are given in the individual chapters. The authorsgratefully acknowledge the hearty cooperation of all those whoworked to produce this book. In particular, we wish to thank Ms.Kathy Hendricks, who tirelessly assisted in the preparation, editing,and formatting of this fifth edition.

Enrique SantacanaVice-President and Director

October I, 1997

Contents

Original Author - and Revisinf{ Aurhor

CHAPTER I General Considerations of Transmission pageC. A. Pmvel • C. A. PowP!

2 Symmetrical Components page 12J. E. Hobson • D. L. Whitehead

3 Characteristics of Aerial Lines page 32Sherwin H. Wright and C. F Hall - D. F. Shankle ({nd R. L. Tremaine

4 Electrical Characteristics of CablesH. N. Muller, 11: - J. S. Williams

page 64

5 Power Transformers and Reactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 96J. E. Hobso/1 and R. L. Witzke - R. L. Wit::ke ({nd I S. Williams

6 Machine Characteristics page 145C. F Wagner • C. F Wagner

7 Excitation Systems '" page 195J. E. Barkle. 1r.

8 Application of Capacitors to Power Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. page 233A. A. Johnson

Regulation and Losses of Transmission Lines page 265G. D. McCann • R. F Lawrence

10 Steady-State Performance of Systems Including Methods ofNetwork Solution page 290E. L. Harder - E. L. Harder

I 1 Relay and Circuit Breaker Application page 342E. L Harder and 1. C. Cunningham - E L. Harder and 1. C. CW/flingham

12 Power-Line Carrier ApplicationR. C. Cheek

page 401

13 Power-System Stability-Basic Elements of Theory andApplication page 433R. D. EI'(IIl.\· and II. N. Muller,.It: - 1. E. Burkle. .IF: and R. 1.. Tremaine

14 Power-System Voltages and Currents During AbnormalConditions page 496R. L. Wide • R. L. Witzke