electricity information iea

I E A S T A T I S T I C S

ELECTRICITYINFORMATION

I E A S T A T I S T I C S

InternationalEnergy Agency

2012

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(61 2012 14 1 P1) e150ISBN 978-92-64-17468-9


Electricity Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in the OECD electricity sector, including 2011 preliminary data.

An Introduction, notes, definitions and auxiliary information are provided in Part I. Part II of the publication provides an overview of the world electricity developments in 2010 covering world electricity and heat production, input fuel mix, supply and consumption, and electricity imports and exports. A greater focus is given to the 34 OECD countries with more detailed information covering production, installed capacity, input energy mix to electricity and heat production, consumption, electricity trades, input fuel prices and end-user electricity prices.

Part III of the publication provides a corresponding statistical overview of developments in the world and OECD electricity and heat market for 2010, as well as monthly OECD production and trade electricity data for 2011.

Part IV provides, in tabular form, detailed and comprehensive statistical coverage of the power and heat industry developments for each of the OECD member countries and for OECD and IEA regional aggregates. It provides comprehensive statistical details on overall energy consumption, economic indicators, electricity and heat production by energy form and plant type, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption, as well as prices for electricity and electricity input fuels for each country and regional aggregate.

Electricity Information is one of a series of annual IEA statistical publications on major energy sources; other reports are Coal Information, Natural Gas Information, Oil Information and Renewables Information.

2012


2012with 2011 data

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was and is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agencys aims include the following objectives:

n Secure member countries access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.

n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change.

n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data.

n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy

efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.

n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international

organisations and other stakeholders.IEA member countries:

Australia Austria

Belgium Canada

Czech RepublicDenmark

FinlandFrance

GermanyGreece

HungaryIreland

ItalyJapanKorea (Republic of)LuxembourgNetherlandsNew Zealand NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States

The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA.

OECD/IEA, 2012International Energy Agency

9 rue de la Fdration 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France

www.iea.org

Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution.

The terms and conditions are available online at http://www.iea.org/termsandconditionsuseandcopyright/

ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2012 Edition) - iii


TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

1. Introduction .................................................... I.3

2. Definitions ....................................................... I.5

3. Sources and notes ......................................... I.9

4. Country notes .............................................. I.15

5. Geographical coverage .............................. I.29

6. Conversion factors & calorific values ....... I.31 Country specific net calorific values ........................ I.34

PART II WORLD ELECTRICITY DEVELOPMENTS

1. Summary ........................................................ II.3 Production............................................................... II.3 Consumption ........................................................... II.4 Trade ...................................................................... II.4 OECD prices ........................................................... II.4

2. Production and installed capacity ............... II.5 OECD production and installed capacity ................ II.5

Hydroelectric power.................................................... II.5 Nuclear power ............................................................ II.6 Geothermal, solar, tide, wave and wind power ........... II.6 Combustible fuels ....................................................... II.6

Coal ..................................................................... II.7 Oil ........................................................................ II.7 Natural Gas.......................................................... II.7 Biofuels and waste ............................................... II.7

Heat production .......................................................... II.8 Direct use of heat ....................................................... II.8

Non-OECD production ............................................ II.8 Hydroelectric power.................................................... II.9 Nuclear power ............................................................ II.9 Geothermal, solar, tide, wave and wind power ........... II.9 Combustible fuels ....................................................... II.9

Coal ..................................................................... II.9 Oil ........................................................................ II.9 Natural Gas.......................................................... II.9 Biofuels and waste ............................................... II.9

Heat production ........................................................ II.10

3. Electricity consumption ............................. II.11 OECD consumption ............................................... II.11 OECD sectoral consumption ................................. II.11 Non-OECD consumption ....................................... II.11 OECD heat consumption ....................................... II.12 OECD market shares............................................. II.12

4. Electricity trade ........................................... II.15 OECD electricity trade ........................................... II.15 Non-OECD electricity trade ................................... II.15

5. OECD prices ................................................ II.17 Electricity prices for industry .................................. II.17 Electricity prices for households ............................ II.17 Prices of competing fuels ....................................... II.18

6. Trends in the OECD electricity sector ......................................... II.19 Energy and electricity intensity .............................. II.19 Electricity production.............................................. II.20

7. Co-generation and Renewables ................ II.21

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PART III ELECTRICITY DATA OVERVIEW

1. World Figure 1.1: World electricity and energy production........................................................................................................................... III.3 Table 1.1: World electricity production, imports, exports, final consumption, 2010 (TWh) ................................................................ III.4 Table 1.2: World gross electricity production, by country, by source, 2010 (TWh) ............................................................................ III.8 Table 1.3: World gross electricity production from combustible fuels, by country, 2010 (TWh) ....................................................... III.12 Table 1.4: World gross heat production from combustible fuels, by country 2010 (PJ) ................................................................... III.16 Table 1.5: World fuel use for electricity and heat production, by country, 2010 (PJ) ....................................................................... III.20

2. OECD Table 2.1: OECD electricity production, imports, exports, apparent consumption, 2011 (TWh) ...................................................... III.24 Table 2.2: OECD gross electricity production, by country, by source, 2011 (TWh) ......................................................................... III.25 Table 2.3: OECD monthly net electricity supply, by country, 2011 (GWh) ...................................................................................... III.26 Table 2.4: OECD gross electricity production from combustible fuels, by country, 2011 (TWh) ...................................................... III.33 Table 2.5: OECD gross heat production from combustible fuels, by country, 2011 (PJ) ................................................................. III.34 Table 2.6: Electricity production and consumption, OECD, 1973 - 2010 (TWh) .............................................................................. III.35 Table 2.7: Net maximum electricity generating capacity, OECD, by source, 1974 - 2010 (GW) ..................................................... III.36 Table 2.8: Electricity generation and heat sold, OECD, 1974 - 2010 .............................................................................................. III.37 Table 2.9: Electricity production from combustible fuels in electricity plants, OECD, 1980 - 2010 .................................................. III.38 Table 2.10: Electricity and heat produced for sale from combustible fuels in CHP plants, OECD,1980 2010 ................................ III.39 Table 2.11: Heat produced for sale from combustible fuels in heat plants, OECD, 1980 2010 ...................................................... III.40 Table 2.12: IEA electricity generating capacity, 1974 - 2010 (GW)................................................................................................... III.41 Table 2.13: OECD electricity consumption, by country, 1960 - 2010 (TWh) ..................................................................................... III.43 Table 2.14: Electricity consumption, OECD, by sector, 1973 - 2010 (TWh) ...................................................................................... III.44 Table 2.15: Electricity consumption, OECD, by industry, 1973 - 2010 (TWh) .................................................................................. III.44 Table 2.16: OECD final consumption of heat, by country, 1980 - 2010 (Mtoe) ................................................................................. III.45 Table 2.17: Final consumption of heat, OECD, by sector, 1980 - 2010 (per cent of total) ................................................................. III.46 Table 2.18: Share of final consumption, OECD, by source, by sector, 2010 (per cent of total) ......................................................... III.46 Table 2.19: Final consumption, OECD, by source, by sector, average annual rate of growth (%), 1960 - 1973 ................................ III.47 Table 2.20: Final consumption, OECD, by source, by sector, average annual rate of growth (%), 1973 - 2010 ................................ III.47 Table 2.21: OECD total electricity imports, by country, 1960 - 2011 (GWh) ..................................................................................... III.48 Table 2.22: OECD total electricity exports, by country, 1960 - 2011 (GWh) ..................................................................................... III.49 Table 2.23: Electricity trade, 1960 - 2011 (GWh) ............................................................................................................................. III.50

3. Prices Table 3.1: OECD indices of real energy prices for end-users ......................................................................................................... III.51 Table 3.2: United States of America indices of real energy prices for end-users ............................................................................ III.52 Table 3.3: OECD Europe indices of real energy prices for end-users ............................................................................................ III.53 Table 3.4: Japan indices of real energy prices for end-users ......................................................................................................... III.54 Table 3.5: Electricity prices for industry in US dollars/kWh ............................................................................................................. III.55 Table 3.6: Electricity prices for industry in US dollars/toe ............................................................................................................... III.55 Table 3.7: Electricity prices for households in US dollars/kWh ....................................................................................................... III.56 Table 3.8: Electricity prices for households in US dollars/toe ......................................................................................................... III.56 Table 3.9: Electricity prices for households in US dollars/kWh, converted with purchasing power parities ..................................... III.57 Table 3.10: Purchasing power parities, national currency/US dollars ............................................................................................... III.57 Table 3.11: Heavy fuel oil prices for electricity generation in US dollars/tonne ................................................................................. III.58 Table 3.12: Heavy fuel oil prices for electricity generation in US dollars/toe ..................................................................................... III.58 Table 3.13: Steam coal prices for electricity generation in US dollars/tonne .................................................................................... III.59 Table 3.14: Steam coal prices for electricity generation in US dollars/toe ........................................................................................ III.59 Table 3.15: Natural gas prices for electricity generation in US dollars/107 kcal, gross calorific value basis ....................................... III.60 Table 3.16: Natural gas prices for electricity generation in US dollars/toe, net calorific value basis .................................................. III.60 Table 3.17: US dollar exchange rates in national currencies ............................................................................................................ III.61 Figure 3.1: Indices of real energy end-use prices, OECD ................................................................................................................ III.62 Figure 3.2: Indices of real energy end-use prices, Japan ................................................................................................................ III.62 Figure 3.3: Indices or real energy end-use prices, United States .................................................................................................... III.63 Figure 3.4: Indices of real energy end-use prices, OECD Europe ................................................................................................... III.63

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PART IV DETAILED OECD ELECTRICITY AND HEAT DATA

Directory of Part III graphs and tables ........... IV.3 OECD Total ........................................................................... IV.5 OECD Americas .................................................................. IV.23 OECD Asia Oceania ............................................................ IV.41 OECD Europe...................................................................... IV.57 IEA Total.............................................................................. IV.75 IEA Americas ....................................................................... IV.93 IEA Asia Oceania .............................................................. IV.111 IEA Europe ........................................................................ IV.127 Australia ............................................................................ IV.145 Austria ............................................................................... IV.161 Belgium ............................................................................. IV.179 Canada .............................................................................. IV.197 Chile .................................................................................. IV.215 Czech Republic ................................................................. IV.231 Denmark ............................................................................ IV.249 Estonia .............................................................................. IV.267 Finland .............................................................................. IV.285 France ............................................................................... IV.303 Germany............................................................................ IV.321 Greece .............................................................................. IV.339 Hungary ............................................................................. IV.357

Iceland .............................................................................. IV.375 Ireland............................................................................... IV.389 Israel ................................................................................. IV.405 Italy ................................................................................... IV.419 Japan ................................................................................ IV.437 Korea ................................................................................ IV.453 Luxembourg ...................................................................... IV.469 Mexico .............................................................................. IV.487 Netherlands ...................................................................... IV.503 New Zealand ..................................................................... IV.521 Norway ............................................................................. IV.537 Poland .............................................................................. IV.555 Portugal ............................................................................ IV.573 Slovak Republic ................................................................ IV.591 Slovenia ............................................................................ IV.609 Spain ................................................................................ IV.627 Sweden ............................................................................. IV.645 Switzerland ....................................................................... IV.663 Turkey............................................................................... IV.681 United Kingdom ................................................................ IV.699 United States .................................................................... IV.717

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Units and technical abbreviations toe : tonne of oil equivalent (1 toe = 41.868 GJ = 107 kCal) Mtoe : million tonnes of oil equivalent kW : kilowatt (103 watts) kWh : kilowatt hour MW : Megawatt (electric) (106 watts) MWh : Megawatt hour GW : Gigawatt (109 watts) GWh : Gigawatt hour (1 GWh = 3.6 TJ) TW : Terawatt (1012 watts) TWh : Terawatt hour (1 TWh = 3.6 PJ) kcal : kilocalories (103 calories) KJ : kilojoule (103 joules) GJ : Gigajoule (109 joules) TJ : Terajoule (1012 joules) t : metric ton = tonne (1 t = 1000 kg) Mt : million tonnes GCV : Gross calorific value NCV : Net calorific value TFC : Total final consumption TPES : Total primary energy supply USD : U.S. dollars (unless otherwise specified) .. : not available e : estimated or preliminary data c : confidential data x : not applicable

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ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2012 Edition) PART 1 - I.1


PART I

INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

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1. INTRODUCTION IEA Electricity Information 2012 is the latest edition of an annual publication1 intended to provide sound market information on electricity and heat to policy and market analysts and those employed in all sectors of the electricity industry.

This monitoring and reporting of historical trends and current energy market situation provides a strong foundation for policy and market analysis to better inform the policy decision process toward selecting policy instruments that are best suited to meet domes-tic and/or international objectives.

IEA Electricity Information 2012 brings together in one volume the basic statistics compiled by the IEA on electricity and heat production. It also includes information on installed capacity, consumption, trade and prices.

This introduction is followed by important informa-tion that will assist the reader in correctly using the data in this publication. In addition, calorific values used for preparing national energy balances are presented.

This information is structured as follows:

Definitions Sources and notes Country notes Geographical coverage Conversion factors and calorific values Part II of the publication provides a short overview of world electricity developments in 2010, covering world electricity and heat production, input fuel mix, supply

1. This publication is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In addition, the term country refers to a country or a territory, as the case may be.

and consumption, and electricity imports and exports. A greater focus, with preliminary 2011 data, is given to OECD countries with more detailed information covering production, installed capacity, input energy mix to electricity and heat production, consumption, electricity trade, input fuel prices and end-user elec-tricity prices.

This edition of Electricity Information will also ac-quaint the reader with the benefits of co-generation and renewables as two solutions for a low-carbon energy future, developed from a paper by Mr. Jayen Veerapen and Ms. Milou Beerepoot.

Part III of the publication provides a corresponding statistical overview of developments in the world and OECD electricity and heat markets. Included is a syn-thesis of the 2011 monthly electricity statistics of OECD countries from the Monthly Electricity Statis-tics report.

Part IV provides, in tabular form, a more detailed and comprehensive picture of the power and heat industry developments for 34 OECD Member countries.

OECD data are taken from IEA/OECD databases of Energy Statistics that are based on annual submissions from OECD Member countries to the Secretariat. The Energy Data Centre of the IEA Secretariat works closely with national administrations to secure consis-tency in time series and with IEA product definitions and reporting conventions. The finalized data provide the basis for IEA/OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of OECD Countries.

Price data in Part IV are derived from IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes. Readers should consult this publication for detailed information on data coverage and sources.

The non-OECD data are based upon information collected by the IEA Secretariat, national submissions to the United Nations in Geneva and New York, and

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I.4 - ELECTRICITY INFORMATION (2012 Edition) PART 1


national energy publications. The resulting synthesis is published in Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries. Users of this publication are directed to the Methodology Sec-tion of those publications for more detail on individual non-Member countries covered in the publication.

World electricity and heat production, supply and consumption are available on a CD-ROM, which also provides for each of the 34 OECD member countries details on installed capacity, input energy mix to elec-tricity and heat production and electricity trade. In-formation on ordering the CD-ROM and other energy statistics publications is available at the end of this book and on the IEA website at www.iea.org.

In addition, a data service is available on the internet. It includes unlimited access through an annual sub-scription, as well obtaining data on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at http://data.iea.org.

Further information on reporting methodologies is also available on the IEA Web site.

Annual energy data are collected by the Energy Data Centre (EDC) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Mr. Jean-Yves Garnier. The IEA would like to thank and acknowledge the dedication and professionalism of the statisticians working on energy data in the

countries. Within the IEA, OECD electricity statistics were the responsibility of Ms. Yasmina Abdelilah. Mr. Robert Schnapp had overall responsibility for this publication.

Also in the IEA Secretariat, thanks are due to the non-OECD Member countries section headed by Mr. Pierre Boileau, to the OECD Balances section headed by Ms. Karen Tranton. For their contribution to Part II of this publication, the IEA Secretariat also thanks Mr. Jayen Veerapen of the Energy Technology Policy Division and Ms. Milou Beerepoot from the Renewable Energy Division.

Editorial and desktop publishing support from Ms. Sharon Burghgraeve is also gratefully acknowledged.

Enquiries, comments and suggestions are welcome and should be addressed to:

Robert Schnapp or Yasmina Abdelilah Energy Data Centre International Energy Agency 9, rue de la Fdration, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France

Tel: (33 1) 40 57 66 31 or 40 57 66 47 Fax: (33 1) 40 57 66 49 E-mail: [email protected]

Whats New? The IEA periodically holds an Energy Statistics Working Group meeting with its Member Countries. In the last meeting, a request was made to collect and present the natural gas prices using a unit that is used internationally for that product.

The IEA contacted the end-user data providers in the Member Countries to determine the best unit for this pur-pose. As a result of this survey, starting with the 2012 edition, the prices for natural gas are presented per megawatt hour on a gross calorific value (GCV) basis instead of per 107 kilocalories GCV in Tables 3.1 3.17. The IEA also decided to present the electricity prices per megawatt hour instead of per kilowatt hour as was done previously.

We hope that users of this publication will find these changes useful.

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2. DEFINITIONS

Electricity and heat

Gross and net electricity production Gross electricity production is measured at the termi-nals of all alternator sets in a station; it therefore in-cludes the energy taken by station auxiliaries and losses in transformers that are considered integral parts of the station. Net electricity production is de-fined as gross production less own use of power plants. Net electricity production is measured at the station busbars, after deduction of electricity con-sumed within the station.

The difference between gross and net production is generally observed to be about 7% for conventional thermal stations, 1% for hydro stations and 6% for nuclear.

Hydroelectric stations production (gross and net) in-cludes production from pumped storage plants.

Electricity and heat data are organised by the type of producer and the type of plant. These are defined as follows:

Types of producers Producers are classified according to the purpose of production:

Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid.

Autoproducers generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. Autoproducers heat production includes only heat sold to third parties. The input fuels should correspond to the quantity of fuels used to produce the heat sold. The use of fuels

for heat which is not sold is recorded in the sectors in which the fuel use occurs.

Types of plants Electricity plants refer to plants which are designed to produce electricity only.

Combined heat and power plants (CHP) refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity (sometimes referred to as co-generation power stations). Where possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are reported on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis.

Heat plants refers to plants designed to produce heat only. Heat delivered from CHP or heat plants may be used for process or space heating purposes in any sec-tor of economic activity including the residential sector.

It should be noted that the reporting of data on fuel use and electricity and heat production according to plant type is normally conducted at the level of the plant. It is assumed that if a plant comprises at least one CHP unit then the entire plant is considered a CHP plant.

Electricity import and export Electricity is considered to be imported or exported when it has crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country. If electricity is wheeled or transited through a country, the amount is shown as both an import and an export.

Net maximum capacity Net maximum capacity is defined as the sum of the net maximum capacities of all stations taken individu-ally at a given period of operation. It is the maximum active power that can be supplied, continuously, with all plants running, at the point of outlet to the network. It is assumed that all equipment is in full working

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order, that the power produced can be disposed of without any restrictions and that optimum conditions prevail as regards primary sources (i.e. flow and head in the case of hydroelectric plants; grades and quantity of fuel in hand and water supply, temperature and purity, in the case of combustible fuel-fired plants and assuming that the output and method of production in CHP plants are those which contribute to maximum electricity production). It represents the sum of all individual plants maximum capacities available to run continuously throughout a prolonged period of operation in a day.

The capacity is net in the sense that it is the output capacity measured at the station busbars, i.e. after de-ducting the power consumed by station auxiliaries and losses in station transformers.

Single-fired capacity refers to units equipped to burn only one fuel type on a continuous basis. The conven-tional thermal fuel types are the following: - Coal and coal products: including all types of coal,

blast furnace gas and coke oven gas. - Liquids: including crude oil and oil products, re-

finery gas, and other fossil liquid fuels. - Natural gas: natural gas and gas works gas. - Biofuels and waste: covers biomass and waste.

Multi-fired capacity refers to units that can burn more than one fuel individually and/or a combination of fuels on a continuous basis. A multi-fired unit can have either one boiler which can use more than one fuel, or two boilers each utilising a single fuel but which feed the same generator either singly or to-gether. The unit is capable of generating its net maxi-mum capacity or a large proportion of its maximum capacity using any one of the fuels.

Heat Data collected on heat include more disaggregated data on inputs and outputs of combined heat and power plants and on heat only plants. Data on heat became available in different years for different coun-tries and thus aggregated country data should be used with caution.

Coal

Coal is a family name for a variety of solid organic fuels and refers to a whole range of combustible sedimentary rock materials spanning a continuous quality scale. For convenience, this continuous series

is often divided into two main categories, which are themselves divided into two subcategories:

Hard coal Anthracite Bituminous coal

- Coking coal - Other bituminous coal

Brown coal Sub-bituminous coal Lignite

However, coal quality can vary and it is not always possible to ensure that available descriptive and ana-lytical information is truly representative of the body of coal to which it refers.

The International Coal Classification of the Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) recognises two broad categories of coal:

i) Hard coal - Coal of gross calorific value not less than 5 700 kcal/kg (23.9 GJ/t) on an ash-free but moist basis and with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least 0.6.

ii) Brown coal - Non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value less than 5 700 kcal/kg (23.9 GJ/t) containing more than 31% volatile matter on a dry mineral matter free basis.

The IEA has adopted this definition of hard coal and brown coal in this book and in other publications.

It should be stressed that this classification system is based on the inherent qualities of the coal in question and not on the final use of the coal. In this way the classification system attempts to be objective and simple to apply.

In this context hard coal normally corresponds to an-thracite and bituminous coal. However, for the coun-tries listed below, hard coal also includes sub-bituminous coal - Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and the United States.

Except for these 12 countries, brown coal is equiva-lent to sub-bituminous coal and lignite. In this publi-cation coke oven coke, gas coke and patent fuel used for electricity generation or heat production are in-cluded in hard coal, while coal tar and brown coal briquettes (BKB) are included in brown coal.

In tables where data are presented in Mtoe in this book and sourced to OECD/IEA Energy Balances, the term Coal includes all primary coal types (including

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hard coal and brown coal), peat and coal products (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, BKB, coal tar, gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, and oxygen steel furnace gas). In some tables Coal gases are reported separately. In such cases Coal does not include these gases.

Peat is defined as a combustible soft, porous or com-pressed fossil sedimentary deposit of plant origin with high water content (up to 90% in the raw state), easily cut and of light to dark brown colour.

Coal gases Derived gaseous fuels are products resulting from the transformation or manufacturing of hard coal, brown coal or other primary solid fuels, sometimes with the addition of other materials. Included in this category are gas works gas (from 1990), coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas. To calculate the net heat content of a coal gas, its gross heat content is multiplied by the following factors:

Product Gross to net ratioGas works gas 0.9 Coke oven gas 0.9 Blast furnace gas 1.0 Oxygen steel furnace gas 1.0

Biofuels and waste

This category refers to combustible fuels other than coal, oil and natural gas that are used for electricity and/or heat generation and covers biomass and wastes. Specific products included are: solid biofuels and original products, gases/liquids from biomass, industrial waste and municipal waste.

Oil

In this publication, oil includes crude oil, refinery feedstocks, natural gas liquids, hydrocarbons not of crude oil origin and all oil products: LPG, refinery gas, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuel, kero-sene, gas/diesel oil, residual (heavy) fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, pe-troleum coke and other oil products.

Natural gas

In this publication, natural gas excludes natural gas liquids.

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3. SOURCES AND NOTES

General notes

Energy data for OECD countries are submitted to the IEA Secretariat in a common reporting format and methodol-ogy to allow for international comparisons to be made.

Energy data reported for 2011 (shown as 2011e) are preliminary estimates based on submissions received in early 2012 and on monthly submissions to the IEA from member countries. Statistics of non-OECD countries presented in this publication are based on available data at the time of publishing and may differ from the final non-OECD data to be published in Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries. Additional information on methodologies and report-ing conventions are included in the notes in Energy Balances of OECD Countries 2012 Edition and Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2012 Edition.

Qualifiers Data marked as e are the estimates of the IEA secre-tariat. Data marked as c means that data are confiden-tial due to country specific regulations. Data marked as .. means that data are not available (either not col-lected or not submitted by national government). Data marked as x means that the data point is not applicable, there is no meaningful explanation of a value there (for example, unit price is not shown if there was no trade).

Data sources

Historical data (1960-2010) The annual historical data in Part II of this report are taken from the IEA/OECD databases of Energy Statis-tics which are based on annual submissions from all OECD member countries.

i) IEA/OECD Electricity Statistics. This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers generating capacity and electricity production from main activity producer and autoproducer plants. It includes information on electricity and heat produc-tion by fuel type and supply/demand balances for electricity and heat from different types of power and heat plants.

The main data from this system are published annually in this IEA/OECD publication, Electricity Information.

ii) IEA/OECD Coal Statistics This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers all primary solid fuels, derived fuels and re-lated manufactured gases. It contains detailed supply/demand balances for each fuel, as well as information on coal trade by origin and destination.

The main data from this system are published annu-ally in the IEA/OECD publication Coal Information.

iii) IEA/OECD Oil and Gas Statistics This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks and natural gas, as well as derived petroleum products. It includes detailed supply/demand balances, trade by origin and destination and stock levels and changes.

The main data from this system are published annu-ally in the IEA/OECD publications Oil Information and Natural Gas Information.

iv) IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers hydroelectricity, solid biofuels, geothermal, renewable municipal waste, wind, gas from biofuels, liquid biofuels, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, tide/wave/ocean, non-renewable municipal waste and industrial waste. It includes electricity and heat

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production from renewable sources, and a supply/demand balances of renewable and waste products.

The main data from this system are published annu-ally in the IEA/OECD publication Renewables Information.

v) IEA/OECD Energy Statistics.

This annual database integrates data from the four IEA/OECD statistical database systems listed above to provide a summary of energy supply and demand for each OECD country. It includes detailed statistics on production, trade and consumption for each source of energy, expressed in original units (e.g. tonne, TJ, GWh).

The main data from this data system are published annually in the IEA/OECD Energy Statistics of OECD Countries. Detailed country notes referring to histori-cal data can be found in this publication.

vi) IEA/OECD Energy Balances. Overall energy balances are constructed annually for all OECD countries from the basic energy statistics described above. The overall energy balance data are expressed in a common energy unit of tonne of oil equivalent (toe) and presented in a standard matrix format. The balances are published annually in the IEA/OECD publication Energy Balances of OECD Countries in which detailed country notes referring to historical data can be found.

vii) IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes.

The prices and taxes are published quarterly in IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes.

viii) OECD Main Economic Indicators OECD Main Economic Indicators is a monthly com-pilation of a range of indicators on recent economic developments for the 34 OECD member countries. Please refer to this publication for detailed notes re-garding the selected indicators.

Latest year data: 2011 Data reported for 2011 in this publication are submit-ted to the Secretariat by member countries as prelimi-nary data and are shown in this book as 2011e. Final 2011 data on electricity and heat will be submitted by OECD member countries to the Secretariat in Annual Questionnaires in late 2012. As a result, final data for 2011 and preliminary 2012 data will be published in the 2013 edition of Electricity Information.

Price data

Prices are published quarterly in IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes, where complete notes on prices may be obtained. The OECD National Accounts has rebased the GDP and GDP PPP series from 2000 USD to 2005 USD. As a result, staring with the 2012 edi-tion, those series and all associated ratios now refer to 2005 USD.

Indices of real energy end-use prices

The methodology for calculating the real and nominal indices of real energy end-use prices is as follows:

For products where more than one price is available, a representative series is created for each country. The representative heavy fuel oil price is a combination of high sulphur fuel oil and low sulphur fuel oil. The representative motor gasoline price is a combination of the most consumed unleaded gasoline for recent time periods and leaded gasoline for earlier time periods.

For oil, the industry index includes representative heavy fuel oil, light fuel oil and automotive diesel, but not fuels used for electricity generation. The house-hold index includes representative gasoline and light fuel oil.

Indices with the base year 2005=100 were computed for each price series from prices in national currencies and then aggregated over product groups, sectors and countries. The Paasche formula was used for index computation. The weights used were the physical quantities consumed, as published in the OECD/IEA Energy Statistics of OECD countries. To calculate the real price index, the nominal prices were deflated with country-specific producer price indices (2005=100) for the industry sector and with country-specific con-sumer price indices (2005=100) for the household sector. The regional aggregates were calculated as the weighted averages of country specific indices, using consumption quantities as the weights.

Energy end-user prices, taxes and price in national currencies General definitions:

In general, end-use prices:

Include transport costs to the consumer; Are prices actually paid (i.e. net of rebates); and

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Include taxes which have to be paid by the con-sumer as part of the transaction and which are not refundable. This excludes value added tax (VAT) paid in many European countries by industry (including electric power stations) and commer-cial end-users for all goods and services (includ-ing energy). In these cases VAT is refunded to the customer, usually in the form of a tax credit. Therefore, it is not included in the prices and taxes columns in the tables. This also applies to automotive diesel for the EU countries. The VAT percentages shown in the country notes refer to a pre-VAT price that includes all other taxes.

The major exception to the above rules is the United States due to a lack of information. Although all en-ergy products are subject to non-refundable taxes at least at the state and local level, only gasoline and automotive diesel include total average taxes. All other energy product prices shown exclude taxes since the national average of local taxes remains unknown and price data are collected on an ex-tax basis.

Conversion to euro Prices and taxes prior to the date of entry into the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) have been converted from the former national currency using the appropriate irrevocable conversion rate. The irrevoca-ble conversion rate on 1 January 1999 was used for all countries, except Greece (fixed rate as of 1 January 2001), Slovenia (fixed rate as of 1 January 2007), Malta and Cyprus (both fixed rate as of 1 January 2008), the Slovak Republic (fixed rate as of 1 January 2009), and Estonia (fixed rate as of 1 January 2011).

Country Rate Country Rate Austria 13.7603 Italy 1936.27 Belgium 40.3399 Luxembourg 40.3399 Cyprus 0.585274 Malta 0.4293 Estonia 15.6466 Netherlands 2.20371 Finland 5.94573 Portugal 200.482 France 6.55957 Slovak Republic 30.126 Germany 1.95583 Slovenia 239.64 Greece 340.75 Spain 166.386 Ireland 0.787564

This methodology facilitates comparisons within a country over time and ensures that the historical evo-lution (i.e. growth rate) is preserved. However, pre-EMU Euro are a notional unit and are not normally suitable to form area aggregates or to carry out cross-country comparisons.

Sources Most of the prices are submitted on a quarterly basis to the IEA Secretariat by Administrations; others are taken from national publications or web sites.

Oil products By decision dated 26 January 1977, the European Commission initiated a weekly reporting system of end-use prices and taxes for the following products: Residual (Heavy) fuel oil RFO 1 (sulphur content



contract or tariff conditions which link the prices to the quantity delivered, the continuity of the supply, load factors and the diurnal pattern of use. The contracts or tariffs may also include a fixed charge component.

However, when seeking a representative overall price of electricity and natural gas for broad sectors such as industry and households, the average unit value is the most appropriate. It is obtained either from utilities as average revenue per unit delivered or from industry or households as average expenditure per unit purchased. Most of the average unit values are only available on an annual basis.

The prices for natural gas refer to MWh using the gross calorific value of the gas. Prices for the net calo-rific value would be approximately 11% higher.

Prices per heat equivalent of 1 metric ton of oil The prices expressed in these tables are in terms of the heat content of the fuel rather than price per physical unit (e.g. tonne, litre). They have been calculated using the country specific calorific value (heat content). These factors reflect the average net heat content of a given fuel in a given country. The tables at the end of this section show the net calorific values for each country that are used to convert from physical to energy units. Please see section 6 Conversion Factors and Calorific Values for more explanation.

Energy end-user prices in US dollars

In general, country differentials between national end-use prices expressed in U.S. dollars are heavily influenced by exchange rate differentials. However, world market prices of primary fuels in U.S. dollars are an important parameter for the pricing of final energy consumption, particularly for countries which rely heavily on energy imports.

The difference between world market prices and na-tional end-use prices in U.S. dollars correspond to the remaining pricing parameters, i.e. transformation and distribution costs, non-internationally tradable energy sources (mainly hydro-power, but also natural gas), market structures (e.g. mix of large- and small-purchase lots), and the pricing policies of central or local authorities, which naturally include the national tax policies.

Household energy prices in US dollars: purchasing power parities versus exchange rates In recent years, there have been wide fluctuations in exchange rates and there has been some concern re-garding international price comparisons based on ex-change rates which may not reflect the relative pur-chasing power in each currency.

An alternative method of comparison is provided by Purchasing Power Parities (PPP) which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. A given sum of money, when converted into different currencies at the PPP rates, buys the same basket of goods and services in all countries. In other words, PPP's are the rates of currency conversion which eliminate the differences in price levels between different countries.

The Purchasing Power Parities used here were devel-oped jointly by the Economics and Statistics Division of the OECD and the Statistical Office of the Euro-pean Communities (EUROSTAT) to enable interna-tional price comparisons to be made for GDP and its components. (For more information on the methodol-ogy, see http://www.oecd.org/std/ppp.)

Quarterly energy statistics

Readers who are interested in recent quarterly data should consult the OECD/IEA publication Oil, Gas, Coal and Electricity Quarterly Statistics which is pub-lished in January, March, June and September each year.

This book provides current, accurate and detailed sta-tistics on quarterly production, supply and demand and trade of the major energy forms mainly in, but not limited to, the OECD area.

The information contained in this publication consists of:

Oil

- Production of crude oil and NGL for the major producers in the world;

- Refinery balances for crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks, and total (including inputs of origin other than crude oil and NGL);

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- Complete product balances of production, trade, refinery intake and output, final consumption, stock levels and changes;

- Crude, NGL and feedstock imports from 47 origins and exports to 24 destinations; and

- Trade data for main product groups, LPG and naphtha; imports from 44 origins and exports to 30 destinations.

Natural gas - Balances of supply and consumption of OECD

member countries; and

- Imports from 28 origins and exports to 20 destinations.

Coal - World hard coal and brown coal production;

- World steam coal and coking coal trade; and

- Coking coal and steam coal imports and exports for major OECD countries.

Electricity - Electricity net production, (separately from combus-

tible fuels, nuclear, hydroelectricity, geothermal and

other sources) in each of the OECD member coun-tries, excluding Israel; and

- Imports, exports and (apparent) consumption in each of the OECD member countries, excluding Israel.

Monthly electricity statistics

Readers who are interested in timely monthly electric-ity production and trade data for OECD countries should consult the OECD/IEA on-line publication Monthly Electricity Statistics, which is published in the middle of every month on the IEA website.

The Monthly Electricity Statistics provides up-to-date information fully reconciled to the definitions used for the annual reporting. It contains an online archive of the monthly data that goes back to the year 2000.

The information contained in the Monthly Electricity Statistics consists of:

- Net electricity production, (combustible fuels, nu-clear, hydroelectricity, and geothermal/wind/solar/other); and

- Total imports, exports and electricity supplied.

In this publication, data is provided for 33 of the 34 OECD countries and excludes data for Israel.

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4. COUNTRY NOTES General notes applicable to all countries These notes refer to data from 1960 to 2010. As a general rule, most series show a more detailed break-down from 1970, due to limited availability of data prior to that year. Data on inputs to and output from combined heat and power plants and from heat plants may have been estimated by the Secretariat.

Prior to 1974, there is no split available between main activity producer and autoproducer electricity plants for any country.

Australia

In the 2012 edition, data for Australia were revised back to 2005 due to the adoption of the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) data as the main energy consumption data source for the Australian Energy Statistics. As a result, there are breaks in the time series for many data between 2004 and 2005. The Australian administration plans on revising the data in prior years as resources become available.

Data refer to fiscal year (e.g. July 2009 to June 2010 for 2010). For the 2002 data, the Australian Admini-stration started to use a new survey methodology which caused shifts in the structure of industry con-sumption. The Australian Administration is planning to revise the historical series. Fuels used for genera-tion by autoproducers are for single-fuel-fired units only. The use of fuel in multi-fired units operated by autoproducers is included in industry consumption. Inputs to and outputs from autoproducer CHP plants are not available prior to 1986. In 2002, the Australian Administration reclassified the types of plants be-tween main activity producers and autoproducers.

The production of electricity from wind is available from 1994. Electricity production from solar PV starts

in 1992 and from solar thermal in 2003. Prior to 1995, electricity production from biogases is included with natural gas.

Heat data are not available from 1992 onwards.

Prior to 1971 electricity consumption in the commer-cial and public services sector is included in industry. Prior to 1974, the breakdown of electricity consump-tion in industry and energy sub-sectors is not available and energy industry consumption is included in indus-try. Electricity consumption in coke ovens has been estimated by the Australian Administration from 1974 to 1999. Prior to 2006, electricity consumption in the mining and quarrying sector includes consumption in liquefaction/regasification plants. From 1990 to 2007, electricity consumption in the wood and wood prod-ucts sector is included together with paper, pulp and printing.

The direct use of solar energy (mostly domestic solar panels) is available from 1974.

Capacity refers to net maximum capacity on 30 June.

Austria

Breaks in the series from 1995 to 1996 and from 1998 to 1999 are due to different methods of survey.

Electricity plants data may include some CHP plants operating in electricity only mode. Prior to 1981, all electricity production by CHP plants is included in electricity plants, and only production from combusti-ble fuel sources is taken into account.

Prior to 1981, autoproducer CHP heat production is included in main activity producer CHP plants. For heat, own use is included in distribution losses.

Inputs to main activity producer electricity plants in-clude inputs to CHP plants prior to 1981. Inputs of

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other oil products to autoproducer CHP plants were reclassified as refinery gas and natural gas in 2009. Revisions to the historical time series are planned by the Austrian administration.

Electricity consumption in non-specified transport represents tramways, electric busses, ski-lifts and cable cars. Electricity consumption in oil refineries includes consumption in gas works prior to 1991. Also prior to 1991, electricity consumption in the iron and steel industry includes consumption in coke ovens and blast furnaces.

Prior to 1991, consumption in commercial and public services includes small industries, offices in the terti-ary sector and electricity use in electricity supply, dis-trict heating and water supply companies. From 1991, consumption in electricity supply, district heating and water supply companies is included in other energy sector. From 1990 2009, small amounts of electric-ity used in heat pumps have been included in the resi-dential sector.

Only gross maximum electrical capacity is available. The breakdown of capacity by type of generation and fuel for autoproducer plants is not available from 1988 to 1992. In the 2012 edition, pumped hydro ca-pacity was revised to include only the capacity relat-ing to pure-part of the mixed-storage pumping plant.

Exports of electricity to non-specified/others are to Liechtenstein.

Belgium

The federal authorities changed their method of col-lecting data: instead of receiving data from the Fdration des Producteurs dlectricit (FEP), the operators in the relevant sectors are surveyed by the Ministry of Economic Affairs using a survey based on that of the IEA. Moreover, the Institut de Conseil et dtudes en Dveloppement Durable (ICEDD), through its co-ordinating role with respect to the re-gional authorities, provides complementary informa-tion (such as small off-grid power stations, and data on heat from renewable sources) which may not be collected by the FEP.

Breaks in the series may exist between 2007 and 2008 due to revisions of the NACE classifications.

There is no heat consumption from 2007 in the iron and steel industry because the installation concerned became an autoproducer in July 2006 and the heat is no longer sold.

Prior to 1982, electricity production in main activity producer CHP plants is included in production from electricity plants. Also, inputs of fuels for electricity generation in main activity producer electricity plants include inputs for heat production in CHP plants.

For 1998 and 1999, electricity production at main ac-tivity producer CHP plants with annual heat output below 0.5 TJ is reported with main activity producer electricity only plants.

In 2000, most autoproducer electricity plants were reclassified as autoproducer CHP plants; the heat pro-duction from these plants was used for internal indus-trial processes and not sold to third parties until 2005. Heat from chemical processes used for electricity pro-duction is available from 2005.

Heat output from CHP plants is not available prior to 1973.

The production of electricity from wind is available from 1987. Prior to 1982, data on electrical capacity by type of generation are not available.

Canada

The breakdown of electricity and heat generation be-tween natural gas and oil products in main activity producer CHP plants has been estimated by the Cana-dian Administration starting in 1990. This may cause breaks in the time series between 1989 and 1990. For autoproducers generating electricity with process steam produced from biofuels and waste, the energy required to produce the initial steam is not taken into account by the Canadian Administration and as a re-sult the efficiencies are overstated. Net electricity production by autoproducers prior to 1990 includes production from combustible fuel sources only. Start-ing in 2009, a new source has been used for electricity production from solar, wind, and tide. This new source covers production from solar and wind only from plants with capacity higher than 500 kW.

Heat production includes heat produced by nuclear power stations for distribution to other consumers.

Secretariat estimates have been made for certain in-puts to CHP production based on output. However, incompatibility of data for inputs to and output from thermal production of autoproducers may result in variable efficiency rates. Inputs of fuels to heat plants are not available for 1979 to 1987.

Breaks in the series occur between 1973 and 1974 in agriculture, and between 1987 and 1988 in the indus-try sector. Consumption of electricity in coal mines is

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not available between 1982 and 1986. Consumption of electricity in oil and gas extraction is not available prior to 1987. In the 2010 edition, the Canadian Ad-ministration revised heat consumption data, causing statistical differences; revisions to production are pending.

Only gross maximum electrical capacity is available. From 2000 to 2002, data on capacity were estimated by the Secretariat based on Statistics Canadas Elec-tric Power Generating Stations publication. Prior to 1981, data on electrical capacity by type of generation are not available.

Chile

Electricity production from other bituminous coal includes sub-bituminous coal.

The split of electricity generation by main activity and autoproducer and by fuel was estimated by the Chil-ean Administration for 1990 to 2003. From 2004-2007, the split includes estimations by the secretariat.

The majority of electricity generation from other sources is from a conveyor belt transporting crushed rock from high altitude to lower altitude in a mine. A small amount from waste heat is also included. In-creases in electricity from natural gas in 2010 are due to the openings of new LNG terminals.

Detailed data on autoproducer electricity production by sector is available from 2009.

Prior to 2009, statistical differences are included in distribution losses. From 1990, consumption in paper and pulp includes forestry and consumption in agri-culture is included in non-specified industry. In gen-eral, a new methodology has been applied for data since 1990, leading to other breaks in the time series between 1989 and 1990.

Data for peak load is available from 1999. Installed capacity by type of technology is not available.

Imports of electricity to non-specified/others are from Argentina.

Czech Republic

Data are available from 1971.

Electricity statistics from 1971 to 1989 have been es-timated by the Secretariat, except for final consump-tion and trade which were submitted by the Czech

Administration. Data from 1990 onwards have been officially submitted by the Czech Administration. This may lead to breaks in the series between 1989 and 1990. Prior to 1990, electricity production in main activity producer and autoproducer CHP plants is in-cluded in main activity producer electricity plants. The breakdown of net electricity production by source is not available prior to 1990. In 1999 and 2000 vari-ous big enterprises were divided, sold and merged. This causes breaks in the time series of all types of plants. The new reporting methodology used by the Czech Administration for biofuels and wastes causes some breaks in the time series between 2002 and 2003.

Other sources for heat production refer to recovered waste heat from the glass industry. Electricity gener-ated from waste heat in CHP plants is included with the total production from combustible fuels.

Heat produced from heat pumps is reported from 2007, but the electricity inputs are not available. Heat produced from boilers is reported from 2010, but the electricity inputs are smaller than 1 GWh.

Data on heat production, and the corresponding fuel inputs, have been estimated from 1980 to 1989 based on consumption in the residential and commer-cial/public services sectors. Prior to that, inputs are included in industry. Heat production prior to 1990 excludes heat sold by industry. In addition, heat pro-duction prior to 1990 is reported under main activity heat plants because the breakdown by producer and plant type is not available before then.

Industrial waste use in main activity producer electric-ity plants is included with solid biofuels from 1996. Data on biogases and waste used in main activity pro-ducer CHP and autoproducer heat plants start in 1993.

From 1999 onwards, small amounts of heat have been exported to Slovak Republic.

The direct use of solar energy is available from 2004.

The breakdown of generating capacity is not available prior to 1990. Starting in 2000, the peak load data reported in main activity producers include the auto-producers value.

Denmark

The production of electricity from wind is available from 1978.

Heat data are not available prior to 1976. Geothermal and solar heat production for sale is available from

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1989. Heat produced for sale in heat pumps starts in 1994.

From 1984 onwards, small amounts of heat have been imported from Germany.

The amount of heat reported under other sources is heat recovered from industrial processes and sold for district heating.

Electricity consumption in non-specified energy in-dustry includes consumption in district heating plants and use for the distribution of electricity.

The direct use of solar thermal energy is available from 1978.

Prior to 1981 for main activity producers, to 1994 for autoproducers, data on electrical capacity by type of generation are not available.

Estonia

Data for Estonia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union in Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries.

Data reported under lignite are for oil shale. From 1990 1999 some electricity and heat production are reported under other oil products while the inputs are reported under the individual fuels. Revisions to clas-sify the electricity and heat production by oil product are pending. Inputs of residual fuel oil and gas works gas to the transformation sector include shale oil.

Finland

A new survey system and a reclassification of the data led to breaks in the time series between 1999 and 2000.

Electricity production from biofuels and waste is not available between 1974 and 1976. Inputs of liquid fuels and natural gas to CHP plants are included with the inputs of these fuels to main activity producer electricity only and heat only plants prior to 1978. Electricity and heat production from biogases are available from 1996. The breakdown of net electricity production by autoproducers is not available before 1999. The decrease in electricity production in 2005 is mainly due to lower generation from coal and peat which was offset by increased electricity imports from Sweden.

Heat production from autoproducer CHP plants is available starting in 1996 and from autoproducer heat

plants starting in 2000; corresponding inputs may be under-reported. Heat from chemical processes and associated electricity generation are available from 2004. The increasing heat production from heat pumps in 2007 and 2008 is from the new Katri Vala district heating and cooling plant. Other sources in-cludes hydrogen and purchased steam.

Consumption of electricity in the industry sub-sector machinery includes consumption in transport equip-ment prior to 1995. Consumption of electricity in non-specified transport corresponds to use for urban trans-port systems.

Consumption of heat in residential includes consump-tion in commercial and public services and agriculture.

Net maximum electrical capacity data are not avail-able prior to 1974. Prior to 2000, capacity reported in autoproducers steam generation includes all types of generation.

France

A new survey and a reclassification between main activity producer electricity plants and autoproducer electricity plants may cause breaks in the series for other bituminous coal between 1998 and 1999. The French Administration is working to reconcile their data collection methods for the inputs and the outputs for electricity generation. Plants using municipal waste were reclassified as autoproducer CHP plants from 1995, which leads to a break in the time series. From 2000 - 2008, there are further classification is-sues for inputs of and outputs of electricity from oil.

Net electricity production by autoproducers prior to 1983 includes production from combustible fuel sources only. Net electricity production by autopro-ducer CHP plants is available from 1989. Electricity production from wind is available from 1993.

Due to a new survey, for the 2007 edition the French Administration revised the heat data back to 2000 and included heat produced from fossil fuels in CHP plants. Data for heat produced from fossil fuels in heat only plants are not available. However, it is not possi-ble to separate out the amount of heat not sold in autoproducer plants, so these amounts are included. But, no double counting occurs since the correspond-ing inputs have not been included in final consump-tion. In 2005, autoproducer CHP efficiencies for other biogases drop due to the opening of a larger, less effi-cient plant.

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There are major breaks in the time series in 1965 when more detailed breakdown of data on electricity consumption became available. The industry classifi-cations used by the French Administration were changed in 1986.

A large part of energy industry electricity consump-tion in non-specified is consumption in uranium treatment plants; this electricity consumption is not available prior to 1980. Consumption of electricity in the nuclear industry is not available prior to 1980. Consumption of electricity in oil refineries is included in oil and gas extraction from 1988 to 2000. Total energy industry includes the statistical differences from 1992. Consumption of electricity in non-specified includes exports to Monaco prior to 1992.

From 1995, due to a change in the economic activity classification, data have been reported in non-specified other sectors.

Prior to 1981 and after 1998, data on electrical capac-ity by type of generation and fuel are not available.

Germany

Data for Germany include the new federal German states from 1970, but only the former Federal Repub-lic of Germany from 1960 to 1969. A new survey for the renewable products can cause breaks in the time series between 1998 and 1999.

GDP figures prior to 1991 are based on conversions made by the German Institute for Economic Research (Deutsches Institut fr Wirtschaftsforschung) and the former Statistical Office of the GDR (Statistisches Amt der DDR). These conversions are calculations which are highly dependent on specific hypotheses and do not necessarily reflect economic realities.

Electricity production in electricity plants includes production from CHP plants prior to 2003. In 2007, many main activity CHP plants that burn biofuels and waste were reclassified as electricity only which re-sults in breaks in the time series between 2006 and 2007. Data on electricity production from wind and solar are available from 1986 and 1990, respectively. In some instances, electricity generation from nuclear, hydroelectric, solar and wind in autoproducer electric-ity plants are confidential or non-available and, there-fore, included in main activity producer electricity plants. The same applies to biogases from 1999. For 2002 and 2003, the German Administration did not submit the breakdown of electricity and heat produc-tion from combustible fuels. The data were estimated

by the Secretariat as follows: renewables and waste were taken from the Renewables and Waste question-naire and the other combustible fuels were estimated pro rata based on 2001 estimates. The German Ad-ministration started reporting near the surface geo-thermal energy in 1995, which leads to a break in the time series with 1994, where only deep geothermal energy is reported. From 1999 -2008, small amounts of electricity generation that are not accounted for in the data submission have been attributed to various combustible fuels. Electricity production from other sources is available starting in 2009. This refers to the production of electricity from turbines which are lo-cated at pressure drops in fluid transport and from purchased waste heat.

Due to the implementation of the Energy Statistics Act, data collection concerning heat produced in heat plants and district heating plants became more effi-cient and more complete. This leads to breaks in the time series between 2002 and 2003 and between 2003 and 2004. Detailed data by fuel are not available for total heat production. The non-allocated part is re-ported as heat production from non-specified com-bustible fuels. Starting in the 2010 edition, the German Administration changed their methodology for reporting heat. From 2007 onwards all heat pro-duction in autoproducers is considered as non-sold (i.e. for self-use) and, therefore, not reported. Inputs for this heat production are no longer reported in the transformation sector. Also, more information on dis-trict heat has become available. This causes breaks in the time series between 2006 and 2007. Prior to 1993, all heat production from BKB/peat briquettes is in-cluded in main activity CHP plants.

Heat production and consumption prior to 1970, have been estimated by the Secretariat based on Energiebi-lanz der Bundesrepublic fr das Jahr 1990 provided by the German Institute for Economic Research.

Prior to 1991, electricity trade data includes only trade of the Former Federal Republic of Germany.

Starting in 1984, small amounts of heat have been exported to Denmark.

Between 1971 and 1980 electricity consumption in coal mines includes consumption in coke ovens and BKB plants. The German Federal Statistics Office reclassified some industrial branches which may cause a break in the time series in the industry sub-sectors of industry between 1994 and 1995.

The breakdown of heat consumption is not available for 2003 to 2006. The data for that period were esti-mated as follows: the transformation and distribution

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losses were estimated based on previous years, the heat produced by autoproducers was included in non-specified industry, and the remaining consumption included in non-specified other.

Prior to 1974, data on electrical capacity by type of generation are not available. Electricity generating ca-pacity before 1991 is for the Former Federal Republic.

Greece

No production of solar heat is reported. Production or consumption of distributed heat (heat sold) that is produced from lignite is available from 1997.

In 2008 a new plant using refinery gas started operat-ing in an experimental phase. For this reason the effi-ciency is low.

Electricity consumption in iron and steel and in the non-ferrous metals industry prior to 1971 has been estimated by the Secretariat. There is a break in the series between 1991 and 1992 for electricity con-sumption in transport. Prior to 1981, data on electrical capacity by type of generation are not available.

Hungary

Data are available from 1965.

The Hungarian Administration reclassified some of their plants in 1996 and 2000 which may lead to breaks in the time series.

The electricity and heat statistics were revised by the Hungarian Administration in early 2000. The revision of heat production data to conform to IEA reporting methodologies may result in a mismatch of fuel inputs with electricity and heat outputs by plant type, causing high efficiencies.

Autoproducer electricity, CHP, and heat plants using coke oven gas and blast furnace gas were reclassified as main activity power plants in 1998. Prior to 2000, electricity output from sub-bituminous coal is in-cluded with lignite. Nuclear electricity production in main activity producer electricity plants is available from 1983. Electricity and heat production from solid biofuels in autoproducer CHP plants is available from 1995. Geothermal heat production in main activity producer heat plants is also available from 1995.

Direct use of geothermal heat is available from 1990. Direct use of solar thermal heat is available from 2001.

Iceland

Electricity production from geothermal sources in main activity producer CHP plants is available from 1992. In 1998, 60 MW of generating capacity was installed in the geothermal CHP plant at Nesjavellir. Since the plant was inoperable for four months, production of geothermal heat decreased compared to 1997. However, the extra electricity capacity caused electricity production from geothermal to almost dou-ble over the same period.

Heat production from municipal waste is available from 1993. In 2002, the increase of heat produced by geothermal was due to the installation of a third unit at the Nesjavellir CHP power plant. The increase in hydro and geothermal electricity production from 2007 is due to expansion of the aluminium industry.

Energy industry consumption of electricity refers mainly to the use of electricity by the geothermal in-dustry to pump hot water from underground sources. From 1991, it includes electricity used for the trans-port by pipeline of hot water from Nesjavellir to Reykjavik. Prior to 1970, total final consumption in-cludes inputs to and outputs from heat production and non-energy use. After 1970, data on inputs and out-puts in CHP plants and in main activity producer heat plants (district heat plants) and for non-energy use are separately specified. The consumption of electricity reported in non-specified other sectors corresponds to a NATO base at Keflavik airport which closed in 2005. Residential sector includes agriculture prior to 1983. The industrial classifications used by the Ice-landic Administration changed in 1987. The increase of electricity consumption in the construction sector from 2003 to 2007 is due to the drilling of tunnels for the Krahnjkar power plant. Prior to 2008, all heat for space heating was reported in residential. From 2008 a portion is estimated by the Iceland Administra-tion to be consumed in commercial and public services.

Ireland

Electricity production from wind begins in 1992 and from landfill gas in 1996.

Fuels used by autoproducers have been estimated by the Irish Administration for 1991 and 1992. Inputs of peat in kilo tonnes (kt) for electricity production have been estimated by the Secretariat prior to 1992 based on data submitted in terajoules (TJ) by the Irish Ad-ministration. Inputs of hard coal in autoproducer CHP

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plants have been estimated by the Secretariat from 1984 to 1989.

Prior to 1990, electricity consumption in agriculture is included with residential. Electricity consumption in the iron and steel industry includes consumption in the non-ferrous metals industry prior to 1990. The decrease of electricity consumption in the iron and steel industry from 2001 onwards is due to the fact that the main steel plant in Ireland ceased production. Electricity used for urban transport is included in non-specified transport. The increase in 2004 is due to the new light rail transit system in Dublin.

Direct use of geothermal heat and solar thermal heat is available from 1989 and 1990, respectively.

Prior to 1981, data on electrical capacity by type of gen-eration are not available for main activity producers.

Capacity reported under other sources corresponds to cross-border transmission capacity with Northern Ireland.

Israel

Electricity production from wind begins in 2001. Data on the breakdown of hydroelectric plants are available from 2008. For 2009, solar photovoltaic electricity generation is estimated. Data for oil shale are included with lignite.

Italy

From 2000 onwards, the Italian Administration de-fines electricity and heat production from autoproduc-ers as including generation from producers that con-sume more than 70% of their own electricity produc-tion. However, for the 2000 to 2002 period, all elec-tricity production from autoproducers is reported with main activity producers.

Prior to 2004, electricity production from orimulsion is confidential and is included with residual fuel oil. The production of electricity reported in the category other fuel sources refers to produced from turbines which are located at pressure drops in fluid transport. Prior to 1984, net electricity production by autopro-ducers includes production from combustible fuel sources only. From 1989, not all outputs are reported for industrial waste used in autoproducer CHP plants.

Heat production is reported starting in 2004 and includes self-generation in industry. With the introduction of a

new survey in 2008, amounts of naphtha and other kerosene that were previously included in other oil products have been reported separately in autopro-ducer CHP plants.

The breakdown of renewables and waste inputs into electricity, heat and CHP plants is available from 1989 only. Prior to that year, the total of the different fuels involved is reported as non-specified renew-ables. Prior to 2009, sub-bituminous coal used in main activity electricity plants was included under other bituminous coal.

Consumption of electricity in transport includes elec-tricity used for pumping in oil pipelines from 1981. Other energy industry includes electricity consump-tion for blast furnaces. From 2000 it also includes consumption for the distribution of gas, and prior to 1989 consumption of electricity used for uranium ex-traction. The breakdown of heat consumption by sec-tor has been estimated by the Italian Administration.

Prior to 1981, data on electrical capacity by type of generation are not available.

Japan

Data for the entire time series refer to fiscal year.

Fuels used and corresponding electricity and heat pro-duced in CHP plants are not included in the data se-ries. Inputs of biofuels and waste for electricity pro-duction and related outputs are available from 1982. Net electricity production by autoproducers prior to 1982 includes production from combustible fuel sources only. Net electricity production by autopro-ducers in the transport sector is included in non-specified prior to 1982. Net electricity production by autoproducers in the energy industry is not available prior to 1982. The production of electricity from wind began in 1993.

The IEA Secretariat estimated the photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation from autoproducers starting in 1992 based on an average capacity factor of 12% and capacity data for autoproducers. Autoproducer PV capacity is derived from data from the Japanese Ad-ministration as well as the IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA-PVPS) report, Trends in Photovoltaic Applications published in 2011. The capacity factor was based on the report National sur-vey report of PV Power Applications in Japan 2009, published in 2011 by IEA-PVPS. The corresponding electricity consumption has been included with non-specified other consumption.

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Prior to 1998, the electricity produced using TRT technology (Top pressure Recovery Turbines) was included with electricity generated from solid biofu-els. Starting in 1998, it is included with electricity generated from coal gases.

Fuels used and heat produced for sale by autoproduc-ers from heat plants are not available. Heat production from geothermal and solar thermal sources in Japan is not reported by the Japanese Administration. Heat produced for sale in main activity heat plants is not available prior to 1972. Heat produced for sale in main activity producer heat plants from waste heat and from electric boilers is available from 1977 and 1983, respectively.

Between 1972 and 1976, the use of combustible fuels in main activity producer heat plants is included in non-specified. Fuels used to produce heat for sale in heat plants are not available prior to 1977.

Consumption of electricity in non-specified industry includes wood and wood products and construction prior to 1982. Electricity consumption in urban trans-port systems is included with rail.

Prior to 1981, data on electrical capacity by type of generation are not available for main activity producer plants. Prior to 1974, data on electrical capacity by type of fuel are not available for autoproducer p

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