electromagentic phenomena associated with...
TRANSCRIPT
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Electromagentic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes
Masashi Hayakawa
Abstract
There have been accumulated a lot of evidences on the presences of electromagnetic phenomena
associated with earthquakes. This report reviews these seismo-electromagnetic phenomena
taking place not only in the lithosphere, but also in the atmosphere and ionosphere.
Observational results and also theoretical hypotheses are presented, and we finally suggest the
importance of a new science field, “Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphre coupling”.
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Table 1 Classification of observation methods of seismo - electromagnetic phenomena
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Fig.1 Temporal evolution of LF radio noise (81kHz) associated with an earthquake.
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Table 2 Summary of ULF emissions accosicated with large earthquakes.
�� �� 66 66SIKJIKJIKJIKJMLLLLTN�PRQ�CN�PRQ�CN�PRQ�CN�PRQ�C¿DGF DGFDGFDGF�U�M U�MU�MU�MV8°��� 8°���8°���8°���T:<;:<;:<;:<;M MMM3N*ON*ON*ON*OFig.2 Temporal evolution of ULF emissions (0.01Hz) for the Loma-Prieta earthquake.
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ÑÑ ÑѦ¥¥¥¥¨§�©�Ô1Ö§�©�Ô1Ö§�©�Ô1Ö§�©�Ô1Ö .. ..�ªªªª;...._$�& '$�& '$�& '$�& 'h)�+*« )�+*«)�+*«)�+*« << <<�¬-¬-¬-¬-;B BBB¯®®®® 0�+s°0�+s°0�+s°0�+s° << <<²±�³±�³±�³±�³�B BBB�....�´�µc¶3·´�µc¶3·´�µc¶3·´�µc¶3· << << ìì ìì BB BB5®®®®M±�³±�³±�³±�³�¸�. ¸�.¸�.¸�.´*¹´*¹´*¹´*¹U. ...�º�»º�»º�»º�» <½¼�B<½¼�B<½¼�B<½¼�B
Fig. 8 (a) Relative location of VLF transmitter (at Tsushima) and a receiving point (Inubo).
The epicenter is givin by a cross. (b) Sequential plot of the diurnal variation of phase
at Inubo. Seismic effect appears as significant changes in terminator times.
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Fig. 9 Network of VLF receivers in Japan (7 observing stations). At each station we observe
3 VLF transmitters (from China, Hawaii and Australia) and 1 LF transmitter (JJY).
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���x����uöMØ�� Ì!Ø�Ù9Ú�Û'Ø�Ù9º�Ý;Ø+Þ�ß�� `à ê{]�åF�$����Q�����c��v�ß�]�å )¦��¢�Ã���� ] O" �$���x�����è%��X�Y¦<Þ�ßã��]�+¹] $��ØG|�v�,�. ����*!É�k�,!��ø� ª�v��sá�_3w��nx+ä¯ °%n'¹+è��!ü ��y��#���å�����z������ ���#��uü ¶ �7����õ� �������������� ���#k �ü 0 ��#�� � � ÿ����#��õ��� �����o������ �#�#�,�. ���U� ¦ vW�;���sá�_3w�� �<Ì1{�vz¼n�<Ì���´¬°Mv'¾ ; _¢���C ��Ú�ÛGvze�º��sv��,�F��f ê ø9Ú�Û!º,Scv��Ôx�º�Ý�dg�h ��m;ã+�]«`è`|�v�,�.���;� ¶ ¦ v���}4�sá�_�w�� ��Ú�Û7n7ÁÕ���u �ö�¢!��Ú�Û!¤!~�³'ø¡Ú�Û���³ ¦ �°¿��'�w��� :�v,�,�!º�Ý7d���vog�×n�°¿���|�v���Ñ7ÃcvÕ� 0 ¦ v�º1¡��Gá�_�w7� �+º1¡!³F�°¿��`Þß4,�ø�Ì1{;¼�m�v+º1¡!³ � ��C>¸ ³-C ¦ �°¿��'�-TsF�º�Ý�d�õ�� Ù º�Ý�� ��C>¸ ³xo¡�Û'Ø��� > �Q¡���¢�£�¢4£�O5dÆ_4¤t¥�¦�§�¨©��ª¬«� ®�¯-°�±�²�³�´%µ·¶�¸-¹�ºJ»%¸�¼�½�¾�¿4¸�ÀÁ�Â!Ã!Ä�Å ½ÇÆ�ÈÊÉ�ËÍÌ�ÆÏÎÑÐtÆ�ÈÒÎÏÓ�ÓÒÉÊз¤ Ã!Ä�Ô ½ÕÎÖÆÏ×ÏØÑÙÏÚÑÌ�Æ�Æ�ÈÒÎÏÓ�ÓÒÉÊÐ Â�Û�Ü�Ý ½�Þ�ß à!á�â  ¹¸ ¤�ã�ä�å%¸�À�æ�ç ²aè%é8ê�ë�ì�í Â�Ý!î�ï�ð�Â4ñ!ò?óVô�õ ½!ö�÷4à8ø?ä�å Ý�Ü ¸�À
ùù ùùûú�üú�üú�üú�üþý�ÿý�ÿý�ÿý�ÿ�� �������4ÿ���4ÿ���4ÿ���4ÿ�� ������� ÿ�� ������ ÿ�� ������ ÿ�� ������ ÿ�� ����� �������ù����ù����ù����ùFig.10 Schematic illustration of possible channels of the lithosphere – atmosphere –
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