electronic components (el t )(elements) · engineering project (engineering project (1) lecture_2...

Engineering Project (1)Engineering Project (1)

Lecture_2

Electronic Components (El t )(Elements)

Instructor: Eng. IBRAHIM ABU-ISBEIH

6 March 2012 Eng. Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih 1

Objectives:

After completing this class, you will be able fto identify the most commonly used

electronic parts, their symbols, values and names.


Passive & Active components

A passive component is an electronic component that does not increase the power of the electrical signal on which it acts.

A passive component may draw the energy it uses for its own operation directly from the signal on which it is operating.

For example, resistors, capacitors,For example, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are passive components.


components.

Passive & Active components

An active component is an electronic fcomponent that does increase the power of

the signal on which it acts. The energy it adds to the signal must be

drawn from a power source other than the signal on which it is operating.

For example, diodes, transistors, andFor example, diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits are active components.


Power Supply

The source of emf (electromotivef ) h l f dforce), with a voltage of , measured inunits of volts, V. (e.g. battery, voltage

)source, current source,….).


Power Supplies (Batteries):


Power Supplies:


Resistors A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic

component that resists an electric current bycomponent that resists an electric current byproducing a voltage drop between its terminals inaccordance with Ohm's law: R=V/I.accordance with Ohm s law: R V/I.

The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage drop across the resistor divided by the current p ythrough the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.

The resistor, measured in units of ohms, .However, wires connecting parts of a circuit areeall not esistance f ee


really not resistance-free.

Resistor Color Coding

4 Band resistor 5 Band resistor

Tolerance

2nd digitMultiplier 1st digit Multiplier

Tolerance

2nd di it1st digit 3rd digit2nd digit

l i li b fMultiplier = number of zeros

Example: the color Red means 2 zeros or 210


C l C d T blColor Code Table:ToleranceCodeColor

10%Silver

5%Gold

0Bl k 0Black

1%1Brown

2%2Red

3%3Orange

4%4Yellow

5Green 5Green

6Blue

7Purple

8Gray

9White

20%No color


20%No color

Examples:

:1Ex

Green-Blue–Red - Gold

%5 5600 valueResistance

:2Ex

%108430valueResistance Gray-Yellow-Orange-Brown - Silver


%10 8430valueResistance

Resistors:


Resistors:Potentiometers

Faders

Variable Resistors


Variable Resistors

Inductors:

The inductor, with inductance L, measuredfin units of henrys, H.

Inductance is an effect which results fromthe magnetic field that forms around acurrent carrying conductor.


Inductors (Coils):


Capacitors (Condensers):

A capacitor is an electrical device that can fstore energy in the electric field between a pair

of closely-spaced conductors (called 'plates'). h l l d hWhen voltage is applied to the capacitor,

electric charges of equal magnitude, but l b ld h lopposite polarity, build up on each plate.

The capacitor, with capacitance C measured in units of farads, F.


Capacitors:

Capacitors are used in electrical circuits as energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and l f l d h k hlow-frequency signals and this makes them useful in electronic filters.

Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers.


Capacitors:

Electrolytic Capacitors


Capacitors:


Capacitor Color Codes A color code is used to indicate capacitance

and the tolerance rating of most capacitorsand the tolerance rating of most capacitors. On some, the code also indicated the temperature coefficient and working voltage rating.

It is interesting to note, however, that there is a strong trend on the part of manufacturersis a strong trend on the part of manufacturers to print the capacitance value and the working voltage rating directly on the mostworking voltage rating directly on the most common capacitors, thus eliminating the need for the color code.


Capacitors (Example):


Transformers:


Diodes: A diode is p-n junction formed by combining

N-type and P-type semiconductors together inN type and P type semiconductors together in very close contact.

e.g., Diode, Zener diode, LED, and g , , , ,Photodiode


Diodes


Diodes:


Diodes (LEDs):


Transistors A transistor is a semiconductor device,

commonly used as an amplifiercommonly used as an amplifier. The transistor may be used in a wide variety of

digital and analog functions, includingdigital and analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation, and oscillators.

b k d d d ll Transistors may be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit chip, which may hold thousands of transistors in a very smallhold thousands of transistors in a very small area.


Transistors Transistors are divided into two main

categories:categories: Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) Field effect transistors (FETs).( )

Application of current in BJTs and voltage in pp gFETs between the input and common terminals increases the conductivity between the common and output terminals thereby controllingand output terminals, thereby controlling current flow between them.


Transistors BJT symbols:

PNP NPN

JFET symbols:

P-channel N channelP-channel N-channel


Transistors (Example) The popular 2N5961 NPN TO-92 Transistor is

shown belowshown below.

This is an excellent transistor to use when low- This is an excellent transistor to use when lownoise, high gain, and low-current are required.


Transistors


Operational Amplifiers An operational amplifier IC is a solid-

state integrated circuit that uses externalstate integrated circuit that uses external feedback to control its functions.

The op-amp without any external devices isThe op amp without any external devices is called 'open-loop' mode, referring actually to the so-called 'ideal' operational amplifier with infinite open loop gain inputwith infinite open-loop gain, input resistance, bandwidth and a zero output resistance.resistance.

However, in practice no op-amp can meet these ideal characteristics.


Operational Amplifiers The LM741/NE741/uA741 (741 family) Op-

Amps are the most popular oneAmps are the most popular one.

741 Type ICL7612 CMOS O A741-Type ICL7612 CMOS Op Amp


Operational Amplifiers


741 Op-Amp


Photocells A photoresistor is an electronic component

whose resistance decreases with increasing gincident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a light-dependent resistor (LDR), photoconductor, or photocell.p otoco ducto , o p otoce

A photoresistor is made of a high-resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequencythe device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band The resulting freethe conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.


Photocells


Relays A relay is an electrical switch that opens and

closes under the control of another electricalcloses under the control of another electrical circuit.

The switch is operated by an electromagnet to p y gopen or close one or many sets of contacts.


Crystal Oscillators A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit

that uses the mechanical resonance of athat uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise ffrequency.


Integrated Circuits (ICs) An integrated circuit (also known as IC,

microcircuit microchip silicon chip or chip) ismicrocircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is an electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive

t ) th t h b f t d icomponents) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor materialsemiconductor material.


Integrated Circuits (ICs) There are two main advantages of ICs over

discrete circuits: cost and performancediscrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their

components, are printed as a unit by p , p yphotolithography and not constructed a transistor at a time.P f i hi h i th t Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power, because the components are small and closebecause the components are small and close together. Chip areas range from a few square mm to around 350 mm2, with up to 1 million t i t 26 March 2012 Eng. Ibrahim Abu-Isbeih 44

transistors per mm2.

Integrated Circuits (ICs)SSI, MSI, LSI:

The first integrated circuits contained only a few The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Called "Small-Scale Integration" (SSI), they used circuits containing transistors numbering in the tensthe tens.

The next step in the development of integrated circuits, taken in the late 1960s, introduced devices , ,which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called "Medium-Scale Integration" (MSI).

Further development driven by the same economic Further development, driven by the same economic factors, led to "Large-Scale Integration" (LSI) in the mid 1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip


transistors per chip.

Integrated Circuits (ICs)VLSI:

The final step in the development process starting in The final step in the development process, starting in the 1980s and continuing on, was "Very Large-Scale Integration" (VLSI), with hundreds of tho sands of t ansisto s and be ond ( ell pastthousands of transistors, and beyond (well past several million in the latest stages).


Integrated Circuits (ICs)ULSI, WSI, SOC:

To reflect further growth of the complexity the term To reflect further growth of the complexity, the term ULSI that stands for "Ultra-Large Scale Integration" was proposed for chips of complexity mo e than 1 million of t ansisto smore than 1 million of transistors.

The most extreme integration technique is wafer-scale integration (WSI), which uses whole uncut g ( ),wafers containing entire computers (processors as well as memory).

The WSI technique failed commercially but advances The WSI technique failed commercially, but advances in semiconductor manufacturing allowed for another attack on IC complexity, known as System-on-Chip(SOC) design


(SOC) design.

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