electronic toll collector
TRANSCRIPT
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Guidelines for the preparation of Synopsis Report
USE COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING /INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY appropriately. The students of CS use
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING and the students of IT use
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY at appropriate locations every where.
Synopsis should contain certificates from the company (if live project), and yourselfindicating that the work is original and is not submitted elsewhere.
1. One Copy of the Synopsis is submitted to the department.2. Report must be Spiral Bound.
3. Size and font
Complete Synopsis Report including pages and chart.
(i) type of font: Times New Roman(ii) Chapter heading 14 points
(iii) Heading 12 point capital and bold
(iv) Sub heading 12 point capital(v) Text 12 point
4. Page Margin
Top Margin 1Bottom Margin 1
Left Margin 1
Right Margin 15. Line Spacing 1 line
6. Paragraph Spacing 1.5 line
7. All pages (except front page and certificates) shall be numbered at bottom
with center alignment.8. Only one side of the page will be written.
9. Each new chapter will start from a new page.
10. An appendix shall be added for technology used, functions implemented etc ifrequired.
11. Students should clearly mention what kind of testing and how is done in the
project.12. Students should carefully read their synopsis reports to remove wrong
spellings, grammatical mistakes, and repetition of words, Lines or paragraph
in the text. They are advised not to repeat the same text again and again just to
increase the size of the chapter in their report. However giving reference isallowed.
13. The lists of the chapters with subtopics are available below. Use The Chapters
and their sub topics as per your projects requirements.
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Table of Contents
Index Page No
Chapter 1. Introduction
11. 1 Aims, Objectives , Vision
Chapter 2.Project / Problem Selection
Chapter 3.Project Monitoring System
3.1 Gantt Chart3.2 PERT Chart
Chapter 4. System Study
4.1 Existing System along with limitations/deficiencies4.2 Proposed system along with intended objectives
4.3 Feasibility study
4.3.1 Operational4.3.2 Technical
4.3.3 Economic
Chapter 5. System Analysis5.1 Requirement Specification
5.2 System flowcharts5.3 DFDs/HIPOs/ERDs
5.4 Sources of dataChapter 6. Scope of the Project
Bibliography & Web References
A
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MAJOR REPORT
ON
ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION
SUBMITTED TO
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
(M.P.)
In partial fulfillment for the requirement of VIII Sem of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
YEAR 2012-13
SUBMITTED BY
SHIVANI GUPTA
(0905IT091052)
GUIDED BY
SMITA DANDOTIYAAsst.Professor
Deptt. of IT
ITM, Gwalior (M.P)
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHENOLOGY
INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY & MANAGAMENT
GWALIOR-474001
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INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY & MANAGAMENT
GWALIOR
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shivani Gupta(0905IT091052), students of Bachelor of
Engineering (Information Techonology) VIII semester has developed a major report on
Electronic Toll Collection under the guidance of Smita Dandotiya using Java
Technology for the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering (Information
Techonology) and submitted a satisfactory Synopsis of the project. This work has not
been submitted in part or full to this or any other university for the award of any degree
or diploma to the best of my knowledge.
We wish their success in the future.
Rajend Singh Kushwaha External Examiner Smita Dandotiya
Head of Department Asst.Professor
CSE/IT Deptt. of CSE/IT
ITM,Gwalior(M.P.)
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1
Candidate Declaration
We Shivani Gupta (0905IT091052) students of Bachelor of Engineering
(Information Techonology) VIII semester, hereby declare that we have developed this
synopsis on Electronic Toll Collection. This major report is developed by us under the
guidance of Ms.Smita Dandotiya. using Java Technology. We submit this synopsis
report for the partial fulfillment of the VII semester of Bachelor of Engineering
(Information Techonology). This work has not been submitted in part or full to this or
any other university for the award of any degree or diploma to the best of our knowledge.
Shivani Gupta(0905IT091052)
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Acknowlegment
We take this golden opportunity to convey our inner felt gratitude and whole hearted
thanks to our esteemed project guide Yogendra Rathore, Department of CSE & IT, for
his keen interest, immense guidance, valuable suggestions, excellent supervision and
constant encouragement at every stage of the project work.
We extend our most sincere thanks to Dr. Rajendra Singh Kushwaha, Head of the
Department, and CSE & IT for providing excellent academic atmosphere which made our
project a reality.
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ABSTRACT
Electronic toll collection (ETC), an adaptation of military identification friend or foetechnology, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically.
ETC determines whether the cars passing are enrolled in the program, alerts enforcers forthose that are not, and electronically debits the accounts of registered car owners withoutrequiring them to stop.
In 1959, Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey was the first to propose a
system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area. He proposed that each
car would be equipped with a transponder. The transponders personalised signal wouldbe picked up when the car passed through an intersection, and then relayed to a central
computer which would calculate the charge according to the intersection and the time of
day and add it to the cars bill Electronic toll collection has facilitated the concession tothe private sector of the construction and operation of urban freeways, as well as made
feasible the improvement and the practical implementation of road congestion pricingschemes in a limited number of urban areas to restrict auto travel in the most congested
areas.
In the 1960s and 1970s, free flow tolling was tested with fixed transponders at the
undersides of the vehicles and readers, which were located under the surface of the
highway.
Norway has been the world's pioneer in the widespread implementation of thistechnology. ETC was first introduced in Bergen, in 1986, operating together with
traditional tollbooths. In 1991, Trondheim introduced the world's first use of completely
unaided full-speed electronic tolling. Norway now has 25 toll roads operating withelectronic fee collection (EFC), as the Norwegian technology is called (see AutoPASS).
In 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a single, universal system to all tolls
in the country, the Via Verde, which can also be used in parking lots and gas stations.
The United States is another country with widespread use of ETC in several states,though many U.S. toll roads maintain the option of manual collection.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(road_usage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vickreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_congestion_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoPASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Verdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Verdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(road_usage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vickreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_congestion_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoPASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Verde -
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1: LITERATURE SURVEY
1.1 ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTOR:
Figure 1.1: Electronic toll
Electronic toll is an inter-operate-ability system allowing cashless payment at toll booths
on national highways. It increases revenue, curbing leakages and ensuring smooth travel
across the country.
The problem without Electronic toll system is that most people have to wait in the queueof slow moving vehicles of the toll booth. Other problems include delay in reaching the
destination, time wasting, and cash exchange.
The main objective of E-toll project is to collect funds to finance the construction and
maintenance of road network. In addition E-toll facilitates the delivery of sophisticatedservices based on information that the systems able to collect. The services include
various things, from fleet management of private companies to directing traffic, avoiding
traffic congestion or informing drivers about traffic jams and road accidents ahead oftime. The E-toll system helps to avoid wasting of time. It will prove effective in tracking
of stolen vehicles and cash exchange. It also avoids the delay in reaching the destination.
Currently this technology is used in countries like U.S.A, Canada, Argentina, Mexico andChile.
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CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
AIM
Electronic toll collection (ETC), an adaptation of military "identification friend or foe"
technology, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roadsby collecting tolls electronically.
ETC determines whether the cars passing are enrolled in the program, alerts enforcers for
those that are not, and electronically debits the accounts of registered car owners without
requiring them to stop.
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is collecting toll and reduce traffic and improve
service. The RFID card will be given to the user which contains the digital code, which
have to the corresponding details stored in the centralized database system which can be
accessed in the relevant office as and when required. Radio-frequency Identification
(RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying/storing and remotely retrieving
data using called RFID tags (Transporters). An RFID tag is an object that can imbibe into
a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Some
tags can be read from several meters and also can be used beyond the line of sight of the
reader. The model developed uses an active RFID technology and wireless communicator
as it helps to improve data transfer between the tag and the host database over a long
distance. The main objective of this module development is to implement an automated
check in and checkout in Electronic Toll collection system. Electronic toll collection
system (ETC) is one of the means that have been adopted by all developed countries to
solve jam problem by parking charge and improve service quality. However the system
can also be used in car alarms, warehouse inventory, security access control, personnel
access & tracking without the need to swipe each item individually.
VISION
Project vision encompasses enabling every rental vehicle residing within an electronic
toll collection system with the ability to pay for tolls automatically, whether transponder
or video toll based.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(road_usage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(road_usage) -
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CHAPTER 3:
PROJECT/PROBLEM SELECTION
The problem without Electronic toll system is that most people have to wait in the queue
of slow moving vehicles of the toll booth. Other problems include delay in reaching thedestination, time wasting, and cash exchange.
With the use ofElectronic Toll Collector (ETC) the throughput of the system can beincreased three times. For that reason, ETC systems might represent a more feasible
alternative than building additional toll lanes. One of the key factors for all the ETC
projects is to calculate the benefits that it might produce before the actual
implementation. There is a dearth of research done in integrating all the benefits for ETC.Previous studies show that the benefits for ETC are evaluated on an individual basis. In
addition, since most of these projects are relatively new, the benefit analysis has been
done with less accuracy.
The main objective of E-toll project is to collect funds to finance the construction and
maintenance of road network. In addition E-toll facilitates the delivery of sophisticatedservices based on information that the systems able to collect. The services include
various things, from fleet management of private companies to directing traffic, avoiding
traffic congestion or informing drivers about traffic jams and road accidents ahead oftime. The E-toll system helps to avoid wasting of time. It will prove effective in tracking
of stolen vehicles and cash exchange. It also avoids the delay in reaching the destination.
By using Electronic toll system in toll booth we will get the following benefits-
Increases patron convenience and safety with nonstop payment Improves traffic flow
Reduces patron commute time
Reduces traffic congestion Lowers patron fuel use
Reduces emissions which are a major cause of pollution
Reduces need for new roads Reduces operating costs for toll authorities
Provides proven reliability and unparalleled accuracy
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4.2 USECASE DIAGRAM
Admin
7
Registration
Autogen
Transaction
Balance
CardDetails
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CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM STUDY
5.1 EXISTING SYSTEM ALONG WITH LIMITATIONS/DEFICIENCIES
Exiting system is limited to Undetected Incorrect Reads referring to the incorrectread of a tag that the registration hardware or software does not catch. This scenario
constitutes either a free ride for the motorist, or an undeserved fine for failure to pay
which can be a hefty price.
Theft the tags are, in essence, electronic money and therefore there will be
motivation to steal them. Specially-designed tags that are permanently affixed to thewindshield have been created to deter anyone from trying to remove it without damaging
the tag.
A customers account can be subjected to hackers.
Job loss- attendants will be replaced with electronic tolls.
5.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM ALONG WITH INTENDED OBJECTIVES
User Friendly: We have tried to come up with the project which is as much user friendly
as it can. The administrator will have no problem in running the project.
Security: The Project determines whether the cars passing are enrolled in the program,alerts enforcers for those that are not, and electronically debits the accounts of registered
car owners without requiring them to stop..
Uniqueness: In this Project RFID tag will be a prepaid tag which will be affixed in theupper central portion of the vehicle's windscreen. It will work as a prepaid toll account
and there will be automatic toll deduction when the vehicle crosses a toll plaza.
The unique number of the Tag fitted on the windscreen of the vehicle would be read by
the 'readers' fitted in the dedicated "ETC" lanes of these plazas, and sent to the CentralClearing House.The user will get an instant SMS alert as well as email update. The
Clearing House pools the money collected electronically and later distributes among toll
plaza managements as per usage by vehicles.
5.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY
The feasibility study is carried out to test if the proposed system worth beingimplemented. Given unlimited resources and infinite time, all projects are feasible. Hence
it become booty necessary and prudent to evaluate the feasibility of the project at the
earliest possible time in order to avoid unnecessary wasted of time, effort andprofessional embarrassment over an all - conceived system. Feasibility study is a test of
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system proposed regarding its workability, impact on the organization ability to meet us
need and effective use of resources. It is usually carried out by the small group of peoplewho are familiar with the information system technique, understand the part of the
business or organization that will be involved or affected by the project, and are skilled in
the System Analysis and Design process. The purpose of feasibility study is not to solvethe problem but to determine if the problem is worth solving.
Feasibility usually includes the following aspects:
5.3.1OPERATIONALIt is operationally feasible in its nature also, because it is developed in Java and Ms
Access of which Java provides user-friendly environment due to its features.
The System will provide them automatic reporting and checks on entries while storing aswell as entering. So the front end has been made user friendly for Administrator.
5.3.2 TECHNICAL
The Technical issues usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation
include these:-
Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested?Does the proposed equipment have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use
the new system?
Can the system be expanded if developed?Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security?
Processor used in this project is Intel Core i3 CPU M370 @ 2.40GHz, 3.2GBRAM.
System type- 64 bit operating system.
Software like Java, Ms-Access, Text pad and operating system WINDOWS-7 HomeBasic were already installed on the existing computer system. So no additional hardware
and software were required to purchase and it was technically feasible.
The aspects of our study included the following factors.
1. FRONT-END SELECTION:
It must have servlet, swing and concepts of multithreading that
assists employees that are not from IT background.
Scalability and extensibility.
Flexibility.
Robustness.
According to the organization requirement and the culture.
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Must provide excellent reporting features with good printing
support.
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Platform independent.
Easy to debug and maintain.
Event driven programming facility.
Front end must support some popular back end like SQL Server.
According to the above stated features we selected JDK as the front-end for developing
our project.
2. BACK-END SELECTION:
Ms-Access
Multiple user support.
Efficient data handling.
Provide inherent features for security.
Efficient data retrieval and maintenance.
Stored procedures.
Popularity.
Operating System compatible.
Easy to install.
Various drivers must be available.
Easy to implant with the Front-end.
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According to above stated features we selected Ms-Access as the backend. The technical
feasibility is frequently the most difficult area encountered at this stage. It is essential thatthe process of analysis and definition be conducted in parallel with an assessment to
technical feasibility. It centers on the existing computer system (hardware, software etc.)
and to what extent it can support the proposed system.The technical requirement for our proposed system is economic and it does not use any
other additional Hardware and software.
5.3.2 ECONOMIC
Economic feasibility is the study of both whether or not the technology can be
afforded and whether it is cost-effective, meaning the benefits out weight the costs.
The proposed system is economically feasible because the cost involved inpurchasing the hardware and the software are within approachable. The personal
cost like salaries of employees hired are also nominal, because working in this
system need not required a highly qualified professional.. The less time involvedalso helped in its economical feasibility.
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CHAPTER 6:
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
6.1 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
i. Hardware Specification
Processor : Pentium 4 or Later.
Memory : 1 GB RAM.
Hard disk : 160 GB.
RFID(Radio frequency indentifier) Kit
ii. Software Specification
Operating System : Windows XP/7/8.
Front End : Java, Servlet, Swing.
DataBase : Ms-Access.
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6.2 FLOWCHART
Keep reading rfid
reader
SUFFICIENT
BALANCE?
No
Yes
START
READ RTC
B
CONFIGURE KEYPAD
Enter password to
recharge card
Update the same to EEPROM for that
CARDparticular
A
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6.3 DFDS/HIPOS/ERDS
Data Flow Diagram
The Data flow Diagram shows the flow of data. It is generally made of symbols given
below:
(1) A square shows the Entity: -
(2) A Circle shows the Process: -
(3) An open Ended Rectangle shows the data store: --
(4) An arrow shows the data flow:-
The DFD can be up to several levels. The 0 level DFD states the flow of data in the
system as seen from the outward in each module.The first level DFD show more detail, about the single process of the 0 level DFD
The second level DFD can show even more details and so on.
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DFD 0
TransactionRegistration
Registered user
have
transaction
Generate
Card No
Autogen
Have
Card Details Balanc
Have
Update
Balance
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DFD 1
cid
Tid
Cid
Registration Process tostore data
Autogen RFID Devic
Registration
Database
Process to
Generate ID
Transaction
Database
Transaction
Process to
store data
Get ID when
car Passes
CarDetailsDeduceBalance
Balance
Database
Update
Balance
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Entity Relationship Diagram
An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that illustrates the
interrelationships between entities in a database. ER diagrams often use symbols torepresent three different types of information. Boxes are commonly used to represent
entities. Diamonds are normally used to represent relationships and ovals are used to
represent attributes.
Entity Relationship (ER) diagram:
This diagramming technique is used to visually present a database schema or data
model and was original proposed by Chen in the 1970s. There are many different data
modeling notations; some are very similar to UML class diagrams (with the exception ofoperations). However, the notation the used here is slightly different, as proposed by
Elmasri, et al.
The database schema for this system is shown in figure. The table object has been left out
of the diagram because the table management feature set had been dropped from therequirements before this stage of the design process.
Some important database design decisions are as follows:_ To store the total price of an order with the order rather than calculating it on the fly
when looking at past orders. This is because the price of menu items could change at any
time, so the total price at the time of ordering must be stored so that the total price is notincorrectly calculated in future.
_ Similar to the previous point, the order receipt is stored as a hard-copy and notregenerated when reviewing past orders because things such as the restaurant name or
VAT percentage are subject to change. Receipts stored need to be exactly the same as the
customer copy in case of dispute.
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ER DIAGRAM
Registration
Cust-idCname
Reg_No
V-type
Licen-
no
Have Autogen
Cust-id Tran-id
Have
Transaction
Rech_dat
e
Cust-id
Cardno
Tran-id
AmountBalance
Balance Cust-id
Cardno
AddBalance
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MODEL USED
ITERATIVE MODEL
An iterative life cycle model does not attempt to start with a full specification of
requirements. Instead, development begins by specifying and implementing just part of
the software, which can then be reviewed in order to identify further requirements. Thisprocess is then repeated, producing a new version of the software for each cycle of the
model.
For example:
In the diagram above when we work iteratively we create rough product or product piecein one iteration, then review it and improve it in next iteration and so on until its
finished.Diagram of Iterative model:
Advantages of Iterative model: In iterative model we can only create a high-level design of the application before
we actually begin to build the product and define the design solution for the entire
product. Later on we can design and built a skeleton version of that, and then evolvedthe design based on what had been built.
In iterative model we are building and improving the product step by step. Hence
we can track the defects at early stages. This avoids the downward flow of thedefects.
In iterative model we can get the reliable user feedback. When presenting
sketches and blueprints of the product to users for their feedback, we are effectivelyasking them to imagine how the product will work.
In iterative model less time is spent on documenting and more time is given for
designing.
Disadvantages of Iterative model:
Each phase of an iteration is rigid with no overlaps.
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http://istqbexamcertification.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Iterative-model.jpghttp://istqbexamcertification.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Iterative-model-example.jpg -
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Costly system architecture or design issues may arise because not all requirements
are gathered up front for the entire lifecycle.
When to use iterative model:
Requirements of the complete system are clearly defined and understood. When the project is big.
Major requirements must be defined; however, some details can evolve with time.
TESTING USED
WHITE BOX TESTING
White box testing is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.
White box testing (a.k.a. clear box testing, glass box testing or structural testing) uses an
internal perspective of the system to design test cases based on internal structure. Itrequires programming skills to identify all paths through the software. The tester chooses
test case inputs to exercise paths through the code and determines the appropriate outputs.
In electrical hardware testing, every node in a circuit may be probed and measured; anexample is in-circuit testing (ICT).
Since the tests are based on the actual implementation, if the implementation changes, the
tests probably will need to change too. For example ICT needs updates if component
values change, and needs modified/new fixture if the circuit changes. This adds financialresistance to the change process, thus buggy products may stay buggy. Automated optical
inspection (AOI) offers similar component level correctness checking without the cost of
ICT fixtures; however changes still require test updates.
While white box testing is applicable at the unit, integration and system levels of the
software testing process, it is typically applied to the unit. While it normally tests paths
within a unit, it can also test paths between units during integration, and betweensubsystems during a system level test. Though this method of test design can uncover an
overwhelming number of test cases, it might not detect unimplemented parts of thespecification or missing requirements, but one can be sure that all paths through the test
object are executed.
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CHAPTER 8
SYSTEM DESIGN
8.1 SNAPSHOT
Admin Login
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Registration
Customer Details
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Customer Details Updation
Customer Details Deletion
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Transaction Details
Transaction Updation
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Transaction Deletion
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REFERENCES
1. Ariponnammal, S. and Natarajan, S. (1994) TransportPhonomena of Sm Sel X Asx, Pramana Journal of Physics Vol.42,
No.1, pp.421-425.
2. Barnard, R.W. and Kellogg, C. (1980) Applications of Convolution
Operators to Problems in Univalent Function Theory, Michigan Mach, J.,
Vol.27, pp.8194.
3. Shin, K.G. and Mckay, N.D. (1984) Open Loop Minimum Time Control
of Mechanical Manipulations and its Applications,
Proc.Amer.Contr.Conf., San Diego, CA, pp. 1231-1236.
Name Address and Email:
1.Nishigandha KhandaitThaipur Gwalior(M.P),
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