electronics principles & applications fifth edition chapter 6 introduction to small-signal...
TRANSCRIPT
ElectronicsElectronics
Principles & ApplicationsPrinciples & ApplicationsFifth EditionFifth Edition
Chapter 6Introduction to
Small-Signal Amplifiers
©1999 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Charles A. Schuler
• Gain• Common-Emitter Amplifier• Stabilizing the Amplifier• Other Configurations
INTRODUCTION
Amplifier Out
InGain =
In
Out= 3.33
1.5 V 5 V
1.5 V
5 VThe units cancel
Gain can be expressed in decibels (dB).
The dB is a logarithmic unit.
Common logarithms are exponents of the number 10.
102 = 100103 = 100010-2 = 0.01100 = 1103.6 = 3981
The log of 100 is 2
The log of 1000 is 3
The log of 0.01 is -2
The log of 1 is 0
The log of 3981 is 3.6
The dB unit is based on a power ratio.
dB = 10 x log POUT
PIN
50 W
1 W501.7017
The dB unit can be adapted to a voltage ratio.
dB = 20 x log VOUT
VIN
This equation assumes VOUT and VIN
are measured across equal impedances.
+10 dB -6 dB +30 dB -8 dB +20 dB
dB units are convenient for evaluating systems.
+10 dB -6 dB+30 dB -8 dB+20 dB
Total system gain = +46 dB
Gain quiz
Amplifier output is equal to the input________ by the gain. multiplied
exponents
Doubling a log is the same as _________the number it represents. squaring
System performance is found by ________dB stage gains and losses. adding
Logs of numbers smaller than one are____________. negative
Common logarithms are ________ of thenumber 10.
A small-signal amplifier can also be called a voltage amplifier.
Common-emitter amplifiers are one type.
C
BE
Start with an NPN bipolar junction transistor
VCC
Add a power supply
RL
Next, a load resistor
RB
Then a base bias resistor
CC
A coupling capacitor is often requiredConnect a signal sourceThe emitter terminal is grounded
and common to the input andoutput signal circuits.
RB RL
VCC
CC
C
BE
The outputis phase inverted.
RB
VCC
CC E
When the input signal goes positive:
B
The base current increases.
C
The collector current increases times.
RL
So, RL drops more voltage and VCE must decrease.
The collector terminal is now less positive.
RB
VCC
CC E
When the input signal goes negative:
B
The base current decreases.
C
The collector current decreases times.
RL
So, RL drops less voltage and VCE must increase.
The collector terminal is now more positive.
350 k
CC EB
C
1 k14 V
The maximum value of VCE for this circuit is 14 V.
The maximum value of IC is 14 mA.
IC(MAX) =14 V
1 k
These are the limits for this circuit.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
2468
101214
VCE in Volts
IC in mA
20 A
0 A
100 A
80 A
60 A
40 A
The load line connects the limits.
SAT.
This end is called saturation.
CUTOFFThis end is called cutoff.
LINEAR
The linear region is between the limits.
350 k
CC EB
C
1 k14 V
IB =14 V
350 k
Use Ohm’s Law to determine the base current:
= 40 A
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
2468
101214
VCE in Volts
IC in mA
20 A
0 A
100 A
80 A
60 A
40 A
An amplifier can be operated at any point along the load line.
The base current in this case is 40 A.
Q
Q = the quiescent point
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
2468
101214
VCE in Volts
IC in mA
20 A
0 A
100 A
80 A
60 A
40 A
The input signal varies the base current above and below the Q point.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
2468
101214
VCE in Volts
IC in mA
20 A
0 A
100 A
80 A
60 A
40 A
Overdriving the amplifier causes clipping.
The output is non-linear.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
2468
101214
VCE in Volts
IC in mA
20 A
0 A
100 A
80 A
60 A
40 A
What’s wrong with this Q point?
How about this one?
350 k
CC EB
C
1 k14 V
IB =14 V
350 k
= 150
IC = x IB
= 40 A
= 150 x 40 A = 6 mA
VRL = IC x RL = 6 mA x 1 k = 6 V
This is a good Q point for linear amplification.VCE = VCC - VRL = 14 V - 6 V = 8 V
350 k
CC EB
C
1 k14 V
IB =14 V
350 k
= 350
IC = x IB
= 40 A (IB is not affected)
= 350 x 40 A = 14 mA (IC is higher)
VRL = IC x RL = 14 mA x 1 k = 14 V (VRL is higher)
This is not a good Q point for linear amplification.VCE = VCC - VRL = 14 V - 14 V = 0 V (VCE is lower)
is higher
RB
CC EB
C
RL
VCC
It’s dependent!
This common-emitter amplifier is not practical.
It’s also temperature dependent.
Basic C-E amplifier quiz
The input and output signals in C-E arephase ______________. inverted
The limits of an amplifier’s load line aresaturation and _________. cutoff
Linear amplifiers are normally operated nearthe _________ of the load line. center
The operating point of an amplifier is alsocalled the ________ point. quiescent
Single resistor base bias is not practical sinceit’s _________ dependent.
RB1
CC
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE
This common-emitter amplifier is practical.
It uses voltage divider bias and
emitter feedback to reduce sensitivity.
+VCC
RL
RE
RB1
RB2
Voltage divider bias
{RB1 and RB2 form a voltage divider
+VCC
RB1
RB2
+VB
Voltage dividerbias analysis:
VB =RB2
RB1 + RB2
VCC
The base current is normallymuch smaller than the dividercurrent so it can be ignored.
RB1
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE = 220
= 12 V
2.7 k
22 k = 2.2 k
Solving the practical circuit for its dc conditions:
VB = RB2
RB1 + RB2
x VCC
VB = 2.7 k
22 k2.7 k +x 12 V
VB = 1.31 V
RB1
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE = 220
= 12 V
2.7 k
22 k = 2.2 k
Solving the practical circuit for its dc conditions:
VE = VB - VBE
VE = 1.31 V - 0.7 V = 0.61 V
RB1
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE = 220
= 12 V
2.7 k
22 k = 2.2 k
Solving the practical circuit for its dc conditions:
IE = RE
VE
IE = 0.61 V
220 = 2.77 mA
IC IE
RB1
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE = 220
= 12 V
2.7 k
22 k = 2.2 k
Solving the practical circuit for its dc conditions:
VRL = IC x RL
VRL = 2.77 mA x 2.2 k
VRL = 6.09 V
VCE = VCC - VRL - VE
VCE = 12 V - 6.09 V - 0.61 V
VCE = 5.3 V
A linear Q point!
Review of the analysis thus far:
1. Calculate the base voltage using the voltage divider equation.
2. Subtract 0.7 V to get the emitter voltage.
3. Divide by emitter resistance to get the emitter current.
4. Determine the drop across the collector resistor.
5. Calculate the collector to emitter voltage using KVL.
6. Decide if the Q-point is linear.
7. Go to ac analysis.
RB1
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE = 220
= 12 V
2.7 k
22 k = 2.2 k
Solving the practical circuit for its ac conditions:
The ac emitter resistance is rE:
rE = 25 mV
IE
rE =25 mV
2.77 mA= 9.03
RB1
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE = 220
= 12 V
2.7 k
22 k = 2.2 k
Solving the practical circuit for its ac conditions:
The voltage gain from base to collector:
AV =RL
RE + rE
AV =2.2 k
220 9.03= 9.61
RB1
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE
= 12 V
2.7 k
22 k = 2.2 k
Solving the practical circuit for its ac conditions:
AV =RL
rE
AV =2.2 k
9.03= 244
An emitter bypass capacitormay be used to increase AV:
CE
Practical C-E amplifier quiz
-dependency is reduced with emitter feedbackand voltage _________ bias. divider
To find the emitter voltage, VBE is subtractedfrom ____________. VB
To find VCE, VRL and VE are subtractedfrom _________. VCC
Voltage gain is equal to the collector resistance_______ by the emitter resistance. divided
Voltage gain can be increased by ________the emitter resistor. bypassing
RB1
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE CE
The common-emitter configuration is used most often.
It has the best power gain.
RB1
EB
C
RC
VCC
RB2 RL
The common-collector configuration is shown below.
Its input impedance and current gain are both high.
It’s often called an emitter-follower.
In-phaseoutput
RB1
EB
C
RL
VCC
RB2 RE
The common-base configuration is shown below.
Its voltage gain is high. It’s used mostat RF.
In-phaseoutput
Amplifier configuration quiz
In a C-E amplifier, the base is the input andthe __________ is the output. collector
In an emitter-follower, the base is the inputand the ______ is the output. emitter
The only configuration that phase-inverts isthe ________. C-E
The configuration with the best power gainis the ________. C-E
In the common-base configuration, the________ is the input terminal. emitter
REVIEW
• Gain• Common-Emitter Amplifier• Stabilizing the Amplifier• Other Configurations