electrons in atoms. address of electrons in atoms

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ELECTRONS IN ATOMS ELECTRONS IN ATOMS

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Page 1: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

ELECTRONS IN ATOMSELECTRONS IN ATOMS

Page 2: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Address of electrons in atoms

Page 3: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

ELECTRONS IN ORBIT ABOUT ELECTRONS IN ORBIT ABOUT

THE NUCLEUSTHE NUCLEUS

Page 4: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

e- density (1s orbital) falls off rapidly as distance from nucleus increases

Where 90% of thee- density is foundfor the 1s orbital

ELECTRON DENSITY OF 1s ORBITAL

Page 5: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

= fn(n, l, ml, ms)

______________________________ l

for a given value of n, l = 0, 1, 2, 3, … n-1

n = 1, l = 0n = 2, l = 0 or 1

n = 3, l = 0, 1, or 2

Shape of the “volume” of space that the e- occupies

l = 0 s orbitall = 1 p orbitall = 2 d orbitall = 3 f orbital

Schrödinger Wave Equation

Page 6: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

l = 0 (s orbitals)

l = 1 (p orbitals)

Page 7: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

l = 2 (d orbitals)

Page 8: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1

ml = -2 ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1 ml = 2

Page 9: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Energy of orbitals in a single electron atom

Energy depends only on principal quantum number n

En = -RH ( )1n2

n=1

n=2

n=3

Page 10: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Energy of orbitals in a many-electron atom

Energy depends on n and l

n=1 l = 0

n=2 l = 0n=2 l = 1

n=3 l = 0n=3 l = 1

n=3 l = 2

Page 11: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle)

He 2 electrons

He 1s2

Page 12: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle)

Li 3 electrons

Li 1s22s1

Page 13: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle)

Be 1s22s2

Be 4 electrons

Page 14: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle)

B 5 electrons

B 1s22s22p1

Page 15: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle)

C 1s22s22p2

C 6 electrons

?

Page 16: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

C 6 electrons

C 1s22s22p2

Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.

Page 17: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

N 7 electrons

N 1s22s22p3

?

Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.

Page 18: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

N 7 electrons

N 1s22s22p3

Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.

Page 19: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

O 8 electrons

O 1s22s22p4

Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.

Page 20: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

F 9 electrons

F 1s22s22p5

Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.

Page 21: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Ne 10 electrons

Ne 1s22s22p6

Hund’s rule: The most stablearrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins.

Page 22: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom

1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s

Page 23: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Outermost subshell being filled with electrons

Page 24: ELECTRONS IN ATOMS. Address of electrons in atoms

Electrons determine all of the chemicalElectrons determine all of the chemicalproperties and some of the physical properties and some of the physical properties of elements.properties of elements.