elem glossary spanish

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GLOSSARY

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GLOSSARYOF

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AAdministrative The process by which immigration applications are

procedure considered or determined by the relevant governmentbody or department. Source: Immigrant Council of Ireland (ICI)

Admission The granting of entry into a state. An alien has beenadmitted if s/he passed through a checkpoint (air, land orsea) and is permitted to enter by border officials. An alienwho has entered clandestinely is not considered to havebeen admitted. Source: International Organisation for Migration (IOM)

Alien A person who is the citizen of a different country to wherethey reside is sometimes known as an alien. A non-Irish

national is referred to as an alien in Irish legislation, see theAliens Act, 1935. Source: ICI

Amnesty A general pardon that is used in tandem with legalisationand deals with people who can show residence in a countryfor which the amnesty is granted, despite the fact that suchresidence was illegal. Source: IOM See also Regularisation,Illegal immigrant, Irregular immigrant

Appeal A procedure undertaken to review a decision by bringing it

to a higher authority; often the submission of a lowercourts or agencys decision to a higher court for review andpossible reversal. Source: IOM

Asylum Protection granted by a state to an alien on its own territoryagainst the exercise of jurisdiction by the state of origin,based on the principle of non-refoulement, leading to theenjoyment of certain internationally recognised rights.Source: IOM See also Non-Refoulement

Asylum seekers Persons who file an application for asylum in a countryother than their own. They remain in the status of asylum-seeker until their application is considered and adjudicated.Source: United Nations Statistical Division See also Asylum,

Refugee

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BBiometrics The study of measurable biological characteristics.

"Biometric identifiers" (BIs) are pieces of information thatencode a representation of a persons unique biologicalmake-up (e.g. fingerprints, retinal scans or voice scans).Some governments have introduced the use of biometricsas an improved security measure in issuing passports, visasor residence permits. Source: IOM

Bonded labour Service rendered by a worker under condition of bondagearising from economic considerations, notably indebtednessthrough a loan or an advance. Where debt is the root causeof bondage, the implication is that the worker (or dependents

or heirs) is tied to a particular creditor for a specified orunspecified period until the loan is repaid. Source: IOM

Border Line separating the land territory or maritime zones of onestate from another. Source: IOM

Border control A states regulation of the entry of persons to its territory.Source: IOM

Border officials A generic term describing those officials whose primary task

is to guard the border and enforce the immigration (andpossibly customs) laws of the state. Also termed borderguards, border police or aliens police. Source: IOM

Brain drain Emigration of trained and talented individuals from thecountry of origin to a third country, due to causes such asconflict or lack of opportunities. Source: IOM

CCarrier Carrier in relation to conveyance means the owner or

charterer of the conveyance. A carrier usually refers to anairline, bus or rail company, or cruise line. Under the laws ofsome states, the term includes any owner of a means ofconveyance, which carries a person onto its territory. Source: IOM

Carrier liability A law imposing fines upon carriers who bring in to thelaw territory of a state persons who do not have valid entry

documents. Source: IOM

For Irish carrier liability law, see the Immigration Act, 2003.

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Certificate of Commonly known as green card and acting as a residenceregistration permit, a Certificate of Registration is issued to any

immigrant who is not an Irish citizen. Source: ICI See alsoGreen Card

Change of status Procedure whereby an alien lawfully present in a state mayseek a different immigration status. For example, provisionmay be made by law by which a non-national on a studentvisa, on completion of studies, is able to seek a change ofstatus so that his/her student visa is replaced by a workvisa. Source: IOM See also Alien, Immigration status, Visa

Child An individual being below the age of eighteen years unless,under the law applicable to the child, majority is attainedearlier (Art. 1, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child,1989). Source: IOM

Citizen A person who, either by birth or naturalisation, is a memberof a political community, owing allegiance to the communityand being entitled to enjoy all its civil and political rightsand protection; a member of the state, entitled to all itsprivileges. A person enjoying nationality of a given state.Source: IOM See also citizenship, nationality, naturalisation

The Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act1956 (as amended)defines an Irish citizen as a citizen of Ireland.

Citizenship See Nationality

The terms on which citizenship and nationality are grantedin Ireland are set out in the Irish Nationality and CitizenshipAct, 1956 (as amended).

Constitution The fundamental and organic law of a state, establishingthe conception, character, and organisation of its

government, as well as prescribing the extent ofits sovereign power and the manner of its exercise. Treatyestablishing an international organisation and defining itsmandate and functioning. Source: IOM

Country of The country in which a person lives, that is to say, thehabitual/usual country in which s/he has a place to live where s/he

residence normally spends the daily period of rest. Temporary travelabroad for purposes of recreation, holiday, visits to friends

and relatives, business, medical treatment or religiouspilgrimage does not change a persons country of usualresidence. Source: IOM See also Residence

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Country of origin The country that is a source of migratory flows. Source: ICI

Country of transit The country through which migratory flows move. Source: ICI

DDeportation The act of a state in the exercise of its sovereignty in

removing an alien from its territory to a certain place afterrefusal of admission or termination of permission to remain.Source: IOM

Detention Restriction on freedom of movement, usually throughenforced confinement, of an individual by governmentauthorities. There are two types of detention. Criminaldetention, having as a purpose punishment for the

committed crime; and administrative detention,guaranteeing that another administrative measure (such asdeportation or expulsion) can be implemented. In themajority of the countries, irregular migrants are subject toadministrative detention, as they have violated immigrationlaws and regulations, which is not considered to be a crime.In many states, an alien may also be detained pending adecision on refugee status or on admission to or removalfrom the state. Source: IOM

Discretion The power to act and make decisions based on a personsown judgement. Source: ICI See also Ministerial discretion

Discrimination A failure to treat all persons equally where no reasonabledistinction can be found between those favoured and thosenot favoured. Discrimination is prohibited in respect ofrace, sex, language or religion (Art. 1(3), UN Charter, 1945)or of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,political or other opinion, national or social origin, property,

birth or other status (Art. 2, Universal Declaration of HumanRights, 1948). Source: IOM See also Racial discrimination

Documented A migrant who entered a country legally and remains in themigrant country in accordance with his/her admission criteria.

Source: IOM

Dublin An agreement between EU States (adopted in 1990, enteredConvention into force in 1997) determining which Member State of the

European Union is responsible for examining an application

for asylum lodged in one of the contracting states. TheConvention prevents the same applicants from beingexamined by several EU Member States at the same time, as

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well as ensuring that an asylum seeker is not re-directedfrom state to state simply because no one will take theresponsibility of handling his/her case. Source: IOM

EEconomic A person who voluntarily leaves his or her habitual place ofmigrant residence in order to take up a job or seek a better standard

of living in another country. Source: ICI See also Labourmigration, Migrant worker

EEA European Economic Area Agreement. In 1994, the EEA wassigned between the European Union and Norway, Iceland andLiechtenstein. Nationals of these states enjoy rights within the

EU that are similar to those of nationals of EU Member Statesand include those set out in the European Communities (Rightof Residence for Non-economically Active Persons)Regulation, 1997. Swiss nationals enjoy similar rights to EEAnationals. Source: ICI See also EU, EEA nationals

EEA Nationals Refers to citizens of European Economic Area (EEA)countries. Source: ICI See also EEA

Emigrant A person who leaves their country of origin to live in another

country on a temporary or long term basis. Source: ICISee also Immigrant, Migrant

Emigration A process by which people move abroad from their countryof origin on a temporary or long term basis. Source: ICISee also Country of origin, Immigration, Receiving country

Employment The legal term for what is commonly referred to as a workpermit permit. Source: ICI See also Work permit

Ethnic minority Ethnic minority is a generic term to describe people who areidentifiably different to the ethnic majority because oftheir ethnic origin (including language or religion).Source: Ward, T., CDVEC

EU European Union (formerly the EEC), consisting of 25Member States: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,

Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. EU citizen refersto nationals of these countries. Source: ICI See also EEA

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FFamily Process whereby family members already separated

reunification/ through forced or voluntary migration regroup in a countryreunion other than the one of their origin. It implies a certain degree

of state discretion over admission. Source: IOM See alsoFamily unity

Family unity, A familys right to live together and, as a fundamental unitright to of a society, to receive respect, protection, assistance and

support. This right is not limited to nationals living in theirown state and is protected by international law (e.g. Art. 16,Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948; Art. 8,European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights

and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950; Art. 16, European SocialCharter, 1961; Art. 17 and 23, International Covenant on Civiland Political Rights, 1966; Art. 1, International Covenant onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966; Art. 17,American Convention on Human Rights, 1969). Source: IOMSee also Family reunification/reunion

Feminisation The growing participation of women in migration. Womenof migration now move around more independently and no longer

in relation to their family position or under a mansauthority (roughly 48 per cent of all migrants are women).Source: IOM

Forced migration General term used to describe a migratory movement inwhich an element of coercion exists, including threats to lifeand livelihood, whether arising from natural or man-madecauses (e.g. movements of refugees and internallydisplaced persons as well as people displaced by natural orenvironmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters,famine or development projects). Source: IOM

Forced return The compulsory return of an individual to the country oforigin, transit or third country, on the basis of anadministrative or judicial act. Source: IOM See alsoDeportation, Removal, Voluntary repatriation

GGender based See Violence against women

violence

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Green card Green Cards are issued to all immigrants who are not Irishcitizens. Acting as a Residence Permit or Certificate ofRegistration, Green Cards also denote what rights andentitlements holders have by Stamp designations. Forexample, Work Permit holders have Stamp 1 and Convention

Refugees have Stamp 4. In practice, EU and EEA nationalsdo not have to register with the National Garda ImmigrationBureau or local Aliens office. Source: Ward. T., CDVEC Seealso Certificate of registration

HHost country See Receiving country

Human rights Those liberties and benefits which, by acceptedcontemporary values, all human beings should be able toclaim as of right in the society in which they live. Theserights are contained in the International Bill of Rights,comprising the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948and the International Covenants on Economic, Social andCultural Rights, and on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 andhave been developed by other treaties from this core (e.g.The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women, 1979; InternationalConvention on the Elimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination, 1965). Source: IOM

IIdentity A piece of documentation designed to prove the identity of

document the person carrying it. Source: IOM. See also Travel documents

Illegal The Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Act, 2000, defines aimmigrant non-national as a person who enters or seeks to enter, or

who has entered the State unlawfully as an illegalimmigrant. Source: ICI

The Immigrant Council of Ireland believes that no person isillegal, and thus prefers the term irregular orundocumented to refer to this category of immigrant.See Irregular immigrant

Illegal See also Irregular migrationimmigration

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Immigrant A person who enters and lives in a country, other than theircountry of origin, on a temporary or long term basis.Source: ICI See also Emigrant, Migrant

Immigration A process by which people enter and live in a country that is

not their country of origin, on a temporary or long termbasis. Source: ICI See also Country of origin, Emigration,Migration, Receiving country

Immigration Immigration policy is concerned with who should bepolicy allowed into a particular country or region and under what

conditions. Source: ICI

Immigration Status which a migrant is accorded under the immigrationstatus law of the host/receiving country. Source: IOM

Integration The process by which immigrants become accepted intosociety, both as individuals and as groups. The particularrequirements for acceptance by a receiving society varygreatly from country to country; and the responsibility forintegration rests not with one particular group, but ratherwith many actors: immigrants themselves, the hostgovernment, institutions, and communities. Source: IOM

Irregular A person who enters a country without correct legal docu-

immigrant ments, technically speaking, enters illegally. S/he may be inpossession of false identification or no documentation atall. A person is also illegal if s/he resides in a countrywithout formal permission. It is common for people seekingasylum to travel with false or no documentation. This isbecause they are frequently not in a position to seek thenecessary documents from their own government or anembassy. Article 31 of the Refugee Convention [GenevaConvention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951]

acknowledges this difficulty and obliges states not toimpose penalties on asylum seekers who arrive illegallyin their state. Source: Wyndham-Smith, University of Limerick Seealso Documented migrant, Irregular migration

Irregular Movement that takes place outside the regulatory norms ofmigration the sending, transit and receiving countries. There is no clear

or universally accepted definition of irregular migration.From the perspective of destination countries it is illegalentry, stay or work in a country, meaning that the migrantdoes not have the necessary authorisation or documentsrequired under immigration regulations to enter, reside orwork in a given country. From the perspective of the sending

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country, the irregularity is for example seen in cases in whicha person crosses an international boundary without a validpassport or travel document or does not fulfil theadministrative requirements for leaving the country. There is,however, a tendency to restrict the use of the term illegal

migration to cases of smuggling of migrants and traffickingin persons. Source: IOM See also Regular migration

JJudicial review A courts power to invalidate legislative and executive

actions as being unconstitutional or being contrary to law; acourts review of a lower courts or an administrative bodysfactual or legal findings. Source: IOM

Jus sanguinis The rule that a childs nationality is determined by itsparents nationality, irrespective of the place of its birth.Source: IOM See alsoJus soli

Jus soli The rule that a childs nationality is determined by its placeof birth (although nationality can also be conveyed by theparents). Source: IOM See alsoJus sanguinis

L

Labour migration Movement of persons from their home state to another statefor the purpose of employment. Labour migration isaddressed by most states in their migration laws. In addition,some states take an active role in regulating outward labourmigration and seeking opportunities for their nationalsabroad. Source: IOM See also Economic migrant, Migration

Leave to remain Leave to remain is granted at the discretion of the Ministerfor Justice, Equality and Law Reform as an exceptionalmeasure to allow a person to remain in Ireland, who does

not fully meet the requirements of the Geneva Conventionrelating to the Status of Refugees 1951 and 1967 Protocolbut who may still need protection. Leave to remain isgranted on the basis of grounds outlined in Section 3 of theImmigration Act, 1999. Source: Ward, T., CDVEC

Legislation The act of bringing new law into being, or the legal provisionsthemselves. Source: ICI See also Legislative provisions

Legislative The regulations and procedures which govern the functioningprovisions of a body (such as a state), which carry with them the force

of established law, i.e. they are permanently applicable andnot open to discretion. Source: ICI See also Legislation

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MMember state European countries that are members of the EU. There are

currently 25 Member States. Source: ICI See also EU

Migrant At the international level, no universally accepted definitionof migrant exists. The term migrant is usually understood tocover all cases where the decision to migrate is taken freelyby the individual concerned for reasons of personalconvenience and without intervention of an externalcompelling factor. This term therefore applies to persons,and family members, moving to another country or region tobetter their material or social conditions and improve theprospect for themselves or their family. Source: IOMSee also Emigrant, Immigrant

Migrant worker A person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has beenengaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which heor she is not a national (Art. 2(1), International Conventionon the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant

Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990). Source: IOMSee also Documented migrant, Economic migrant

Migration The movement of people either across an internationalborder, or within a state. It is a population movement,encompassing any kind of movement of people, whateverits length, composition and causes; it includes migrationof refugees, displaced persons, uprooted people,and economic migrants. Source: IOM See also Emigration,Immigration

Ministerial The power to act and make decisions based on a ministers

discretion own judgement within the bounds imposed by law.Source: ICI See also Secondary legislation

NNational See also Citizen, Nationality, Naturalisation

Nationality Legal bond between an individual and a state. TheInternational Court of Justice defined nationality inthe Nottebohm case, 1955, as ...a legal bond having as its

basis a social fact of attachment, a genuine connection ofexistence, interests and sentiments, together withthe existence of reciprocal rights and duties...the individual

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upon whom it is conferred, either directly by law or as aresult of the act of the authorities, is in fact more closelyconnected with the population of the state conferring thenationality than with any other state. According to Art. 1,Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the

Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930, it is for each state todetermine under its own laws who are its nationals. This lawshall be recognised by other states insofar as it is consistentwith international conventions, international custom, andthe principles of law generally recognised with regard tonationality. Source: IOM See also Citizen

The terms on which citizenship and nationality are grantedin Ireland are set out in the Irish Nationality and Citizenship

Act, 1956 (as amended).Naturalisation Granting by a state of its nationality to an alien through a

formal act on the application of the individual concerned.International law does not provide detailed rules fornaturalisation, but it recognises the competence of everystate to naturalise those who are not its nationalsand who apply to become its nationals. Source: IOMSee also Citizen, Nationality

A naturalised Irish citizen is defined as a person whoacquires Irish citizenship by naturalisation in the IrishNationality and Citizenship Act, 1956 (as amended).

NGO Non-governmental organisation. Source: ICI

Non-EEA Refers to individuals who are not citizens of Europeannational Economic Area (EEA) countries. Source: ICI See also EEA, EEA

national

Non-national A person who is a citizen of a different country to where they

reside is sometimes known as a non-national. This term isdefined in the Immigration Act 1999 as a person who is nota citizen of Ireland. This replaces the use of the term alienused in the Aliens Act 1935. Source: ICI See alsoAlien, Citizen

Non- A principle laid down in the Geneva Convention Relating torefoulement the Status of Refugees, 1951 according to which no

Contracting State shall expel or return (refouler) a refugee

in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territorieswhere his life or freedom would be threatened on account ofhis race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular

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social group or political opinion. This principle cannot beclaimed by a refugee, whom there are reasonable groundsfor regarding as a danger to the security of the country inwhich he is, or who, having been convicted by a finaljudgement of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a

danger to the community of that country. (Art. 33(1) and (2),Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees,

1951.) Source: IOM See also Asylum, Asylum seeker, Refugee

PPartner This is a term generally used to refer to a person who is in a

cohabiting relationship with another person that is akin to

marriage. Source: ICIPrimary Acts of Law that have been voted on by all members of

legislation Parliament (the Oireachtas in Ireland). Source: ICI See alsoSecondary legislation

Provisions See Legislative provisions

RRacial Any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based

discrimination on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin whichhas the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing therecognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, ofhuman rights and fundamental freedoms in the political,economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life(Art. 1, International Convention on the Elimination of AllForms of Racial Discrimination, 1965). Source: ICI

See also DiscriminationRatification Ratification refers to the acceptance or approval of a

treaty. In an international context, ratification is theinternational act so named whereby a State establishes onthe international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty(Art. 2 (1)(b) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,1969). Instruments of ratification establishing the consentof a state take effect when exchanged between thecontracting states, deposited with a depositary or notifiedto the contracting states or to the depositary, if so agreed(Art. 16). In a domestic context, it denotes the process

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whereby a state puts itself in a position to indicate itsacceptance of the obligations contained in a treaty. Anumber of states have in their constitutions procedureswhich have to be followed before the government canaccept a treaty as binding. Source: IOM

Receiving Country of destination or a third country. In the case ofcountry return or repatriation, also the country of origin. Country

that has accepted to receive a certain number of refugeesand migrants on a yearly basis by presidential, ministerial orparliamentary decision. Source: IOM See also Country ofdestination, Country of origin

Refugee A person who has been recognised as needing protectionunder the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the Status ofRefugees and 1967 Protocol. In the Convention, a refugee isdefined as someone who has a well-founded fearof persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality,membership of a particular social group, or politicalopinion; is outside the country they belong to or normallyreside in and is unable or unwilling to return home for fearof persecution. Source: Ward, T., CDVEC See also Asylum seeker

Regularisation Any process by which a country allows aliens in an irregular

situation to obtain legal status in the country. Typical practicesinclude the granting of an amnesty (also knownas legalisation) to aliens who have resided in the country inan irregular situation for a given length of time and are nototherwise found inadmissible. Source: IOM See also Amnesty

Regular Migration that occurs through recognised, legal channels.migration Source: IOM See also Irregular migration

Removal Similar to deportation, removal refers to the act of a state

removing an alien from its territory to a certain place afterrefusal of admission or termination of permission (leave) toremain, though it carries with it no ban on return. SeeSection 5 of Immigration Act 2003. Source: ICI See alsoDeportation

Repatriation To return a person to their country of birth, citizenship ororigin. Source: ICI See also Voluntary repatriation

Residence The act or fact of living in a given place for some time; theplace where one actually lives as distinguished from adomicile. Residence usually just means bodily presence as

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an inhabitant in a given place, while domicile usuallyrequires bodily presence and an intention to make the placeones home. A person thus may have more than oneresidence at a time but only one domicile. Source: IOMSee also Country of habitual/usual residence

Residence A document issued by a state to someone who is not apermit citizen of that country, which confirms that the person has

permission to remain in the state. Source: ICI See also Residence

SSchengen Intergovernmental agreement signed in 1985 to create a

Agreement European free-movement zone without controls at internal

land, water and airport frontiers. In order to maintaininternal security, a variety of measures have been taken,such as the coordination of visa controls at external bordersof Member States. Although the Schengen Agreementwasconcluded outside the context of the European Union (EU),it has been brought into the realm of the EuropeanCommunities/European Union under the AmsterdamTreaty, 1997. Source: IOM

Several European countries are not a party to the SchengenAgreement, including Ireland.

Secondary This is law made by ministers under powers given to themlegislation by primary legislation, in order to implement or administer

the requirements of the primary legislation. Source: ICI Seealso Ministerial discretion, Primary legislation

Sending country A country from which people leave to settle abroadpermanently or temporarily. Source: IOM See also Country of

origin, Receiving countrySmuggling The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a

financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry ofa person into a state of which the person is not a national ora permanent resident (Art. 3(a), UN Protocol Against theSmuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementingthe United Nations Convention against TransnationalOrganised Crime, 2000). Smuggling contrary to traffickingdoes not require an element of exploitation, coercion,or violation of human rights. Source: IOM See also Traffickingin persons

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State of origin See Country of origin

State of transit See Country of transit

Statutory Required, permitted or enacted by statute. Source: OxfordEnglish Dictionary online See also Legislation

TTemporary Skilled, semi-skilled or untrained workers who remain in the

migrant workers receiving country for definite periods as determined in awork contract with an individual worker or a service contractconcluded with an enterprise. Also called contract migrantworkers. Source: IOM See also Migrant worker

Third-country Term sometimes used to refer to any person who is not annational EEA or Swiss national. Source: ICI See also Alien, Citizen

Trafficking in The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring orpersons receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force

or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, ofdeception, of the abuse of power or of a positionof vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments orbenefits to achieve the consent of a person having controlover another person, for the purpose of exploitation(Art. 3(a), UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punishtrafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children,

supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational

Organised Crime, 2000). Source: IOM See also Smuggling

Travel Generic term used to encompass all documents which aredocuments acceptable proof of identity for the purpose of entering

another country. Passports and visas are the most widelyused forms of travel documents. Some states also accept

certain identity cards or other documents. Source: IOMSee also Identity document, Visa

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UUnaccompanied Persons under the age of majority who are not accompanied

minors by a parent, guardian, or other adult who by law or customis responsible for them. Unaccompanied minors presentspecial challenges for border control officials, becausedetention and other practices used with undocumentedadult aliens may not be appropriate for minors. Source: IOM

Undocumented See Irregular immigrantimmigrant

Undocumented See Irregular migrationmigration

VViolence against Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely

women to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm orsuffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercionor arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring inpublic or in private life (Art. 1, Declaration on the Eliminationof Violence against Women, 1993). Source: IOM

Visa An endorsement by a consular officer in a passport or a

certificate of identity that indicates that the officer, at thetime of issuance, believes the holder to fall within acategory of non-nationals who can be admitted under thestates laws. A visa establishes the criteria of admission intoa state. International practice is moving towards issuance ofmachine-readable visas which comply with ICAO(International Civil Aviation Organisation) standards,printed on labels with security features. Source: IOMSee also Biometrics, Identity document, Travel documents

In the Irish context, a visa entitles the holder to present atthe border to enter the State, but does not guarantee entryto the State.

Visa required This is a term used to refer to a national of a country whosenational citizens require visas to enter Ireland for any purpose.

Citizens of some countries are exempt from this requirementand an up to date list of those countries is available from theDepartment of Foreign Affairs. Source: ICI See also Visa

Visa scheme There are different types of visas issued to visa requirednationals depending on the purpose of their intended visitto Ireland. These are known as visa schemes. For example,

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there are working holiday visas, visitor visas, working visasetc. Source: ICI See also Visa, Visa system

Visa system This is a term used to refer to the overall administrationof visas for the purposes of entry to Ireland. Source: ICI

See also Visa, Visa schemeVoluntary Return of eligible persons to the country of origin on the

repatriation basis of freely expressed willingness to so return.Source: IOM See also Repatriation

WWork Non-EEA/Swiss nationals require permission to work in

authorisation Ireland. This permission may take the form of a work permit,

a work authorisation, or a working visa depending on thetype of employment, and whether the applicant is requiredto possess a visa in order to travel to Ireland. A workauthorisation is the type of permission to work in Irelandissued to persons who have an offer and contract ofemployment from an employer in Ireland in a designatedsector, and who do not need to have a visa to travel toIreland. Source: ICI See also Work permit, Working visa

Work permit The common term for what is officially referred to as an

employment permit. Non-EEA/Swiss nationals requirepermission to work in Ireland. This permission may take theform of a work permit, a work authorisation, or a working visadepending on the type of employment, and whether theapplicant is required to possess a visa in order to travel toIreland. A work permit is only valid for the named employeeand the job specified. It is not granted to migrant workersthemselves, but is obtained and held by their employer. Itcovers periods of one month to one year and can be renewed.Source: ICI See also Work authorisation, Working visa

Working visa Non-EEA/Swiss nationals require permission to work inIreland. This permission may take the form of a work permit,a work authorisation, or a working visa depending on thetype of employment, and whether the applicant is requiredto possess a visa in order to travel to Ireland. A working visais the type of permission to work in Ireland issued to personswho have an offer and contract of employment from an

employer in Ireland in a designated sector, and who need avisa to travel to Ireland. Source: ICI See also Workauthorisation, Work permit

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Bibliography

Immigrant Council of Ireland (2003) Handbook on Immigrants Rights andEntitlements in Ireland. Dublin: Immigrant Council of Ireland. Available at:http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/handbook.htm

International Organisation for Migration (2004) Glossary on Migration. Geneva:International Organisation for Migration. Available at:http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/glossary.pdf

Kelleherassociates (2004) Voices of Immigrants, The Challenge of Inclusion.Dublin: The Immigrant Council of Ireland. Available at:http://www.immigrantcouncil.ie/voices.htm

Oxford English Dictionary online. Available at: http://www.askoxford.com

United Nations Statistical Division (1997) Recommendations on Statistics ofInternational Migration. New York: The United Nations. Available at:http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/migration/index.htm

Ward, T. (2003) Immigration and Residence in Ireland: An Overview for

Education Providers. Dublin: City of Dublin VEC and County Dublin VEC.Available at: http://www.cdvec.ie/immigration.pdf

Wyndham-Smith, T. (2002)Asylum and the Press, A Study of PoliticalLeadership in Ireland. Limerick: University of Limerick. Available at:http://migration.ucc.ie/immigration/ts/glossary.htm

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2 St Andrew Street,

Dublin 2, Ireland.

Information Service: 01 674 0200.

Administration: 01 674 0202. Fax: 01 645 8031.E-Mail: [email protected]

Website: www.immigrantcouncil.ie

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